He has a house across the river.

NOUN 

Nouns make up the largest class of words in most languages, including English. A
noun is a word that refers to a thing (book), a person (Betty Crocker), an animal (cat),
a place (Omaha), a quality (softness), an idea (justice), or an action (yodeling). It's
usually a single word, but not always: cake, shoes, school bus, and time and a half are
all nouns.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF NOUN

1. COMMON NOUN

Definition of common noun

: a noun that may occur with limiting modifiers (such as a or an, some, every, and
my) and that designates any one of a class of beings or things

2. PROPER NOUN

Definition of proper noun

: a noun that designates a particular being or thing, does not take a limiting
modifier, and is
usually capitalized in English

— called also proper name

Example of Common Noun:

 Alex is a wonderful player.

 Sydney Sixers is the team he plays for.
 He was not born in this country.
 Sydney is the city he lives in.
 He is a man of dream.
 He plays cricket with intensity.
 Michael Clarke is his mentor.
  Most of his boyhood was spent playing football and it is only later that he began to
take interest in his studies.

 He goes for a walk by the river every day.

 His friend accompanies him.
 They talk about movies and celebrities.
 He is a fan of Hugh Jackman and the movie Wolverine.
 He has a dog named Poppy.
DEFINITION OF DISAPPOINTMENT
 He has a house and a car also.
1 : the act or an instance of disappointing : the state or emotion of being disappointed
3. CONCRETE NOUN
 Argh! The car broke down! (Disappointment)
Definition of Concrete Noun
Aw! Don’t lose your faith! ( mild protest or disappointment)
Objects and substances that can be experienced through our senses are referred to
as a concrete noun. That means we can touch, feel, smell, taste or hear them.
Examples: DEFINITION OF DISMISSIVE
1. Suddenly, a large roaring black panther appeared from behind the rock.
2. The pink flowers flowed from a glass blue vase. : serving to dismiss or reject someone or something : having or showing a disdainful
attitude toward someone or something regarded as unworthy of serious attention He
3. Cassie nestled the black kitten in her arms. responded to the question with a dismissive wave.
4. Dayna and Jemm ordered a large pizza for lunch.
EXAMPLE:
5. Birds build their nests on trees. Bah! He got what he deserved! ( dismissive )

4. ABSTRACT NOUN

Definition of Abstract Noun

An abstract noun names a quality or an idea. Abstract nouns are nouns that
name abstract concepts, or concepts that cannot be experienced with the senses.

Examples:
 If we have the right attitude to troubles in life, we can remain happy.
  Each chapter covers 5 topics.
 Alex has four pencils.
 He also has three erasers.
 He has a car.
 The car contains four seats.

5. COLLECTIVE NOUN  He had a cat when he was young.

Definition of Collective Noun The cat used to eat a cookie every day

A collective noun is a noun—such as team, committee, jury, squad, orchestra, crowd,

audience, and family—that refers to a group of individuals. It is also known as a
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the emotion of sadness
group noun.
about something unfortunate has happened such as alas, ouch, ah, oh, etc.
Examples:
For example:
 animals like to live in a herd.
 Alas! He is no more.
 I come first in the class.
 Ouch! It's very paining.
 The committee agrees to perform all the responsibilities at right time.
1. INTERJECTIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING/MISUNDERSTANDING
 Members of this group are very active
Interjections of understanding and misunderstanding are used to express ones
6. COUNT NOUN understanding of a subject being talked about or something which wasn’t well
understood before the moment.
Definition of Count Noun
For example:
: a noun that forms a plural and is used with a numeral, with words such as
many or few, or with the indefinite article a or an.  Aha! So it was you!
 Ahh! I got it!
Example Countable Noun:  Eh? I didn’t get it!
 Oh! So this way it is supposed to be done!
 I bought a book of neurology.
 The book has 269 pages in it.
2. ANGER INTERJUNCTION
 It has 39 chapters in it.
 Anger is the strong emotion that you feel when you think that someone has behaved  We need a lot of money for the business.
in an unfair, cruel, or unacceptable way.
 Do you want some milk?
 Grr! What is this ridiculous behavior? ( Anger)  I need some rice, bacon, cream, and oil.

 Argh! The car broke down! (Disappointment/frustration/Anger)  Do you drink coffee or tea in the morning?
FRUSTRATION INTERJUNCTION  Can you please check the salt of the curry?
The definition of frustration is the state of being annoyed or a source of annoyance.
 I would like to have some beer after lunch.
 Argh! The car broke down! (frustration)
 How much time do you need?
 I need some more time.
 Bring me a cup of soup.

8. MASS NOUN

 I have a phone, few books, a notepad, a table-calendar, and a computer on my Definition of Mass Noun
desk.
 I love to listen to songs when I work. A mass noun is a noun such as 'wine' which is usually uncount but is used with 'a' or
 How many times did I tell you to do this? 'an' or used in the plural when it refers to types of that substance,

 I did it many times when I was young.

 Bring me a glass of water.
 Hurray! We successfully won this football match.
7. UN-COUNTABLE NOUN
3. INTERJECTIONS FOR APPROVAL
Definition of Un-countable Noun:
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of
A noun that cannot be counted with the cardinal numbers is called an uncountable
approval or agreement for something that has happened such as well done, bravo,
noun.
brilliant, etc.
Example Un-countable Noun:
For example:
Well done! You win the race.
 I need some drinking water.
Bravo! The first rank is yours this year.
 Have some juice, please.
4. INTERJECTIONS FOR ATTENTION
 Do you need some gas for your car?
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to draw attention of someone such as
look, behold, listen, hush, etc.
PRONOUN
For example: A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to
either a noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun that does not need to be
 Look! You so arrogant. named specifically.
 Listen! I have never copied you.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRONOUN
 Behold! Someone strange is there.
1. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
5. INTERJECTIONS FOR SURPRISE
Definition of Possessive Pronoun
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of surprise
about something that has happened such as ha, what, hey, ah, oh, eh, etc. Possessive pronouns refer to things or people that belong to someone. The main
possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs.
For example:
Examples:
 What! You failed.
 Oh! Really you completed the task, I can't believe.  The kids are yours and mine.
 Ah! I got new job.  The house is theirs and its paint is flaking.
 The money was really theirs for the taking.
6. INTERJECTIONS FOR SORROW
 We shall finally have what is rightfully ours.
 Their mother gets along well with yours.
 What's mine is yours, my friend.
Examples:  The dog is mine.
 The cat is yours.
1. There is no more water in the pond.
2. Please help yourself to some cheese.  The ring is hers.
3. I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners.
4. You seem to have a high level of intelligence.
 Not only / but also
5. Please take good care of your equipment.  Rather / or
6. Let’s get rid of the garbage.  Whether / or
 EXAMPLES: Definition of Demonstrative Pronoun

 Either you will eat your dinner or you will go to bed. demonstrative pronouns—this, that, these, and those—distinguish the person
 He is neither employed nor looking for a job. or thing being referred to from other people or things; they are identical to the
demonstrative adjectives.
 Not only do I love this band, but I have also seen them in concert twice.
Examples:
INTERJECTIONS
 These are obedient children.
An interjection is an exclamatory word (or words) that shows weak, mild, or strong  This is my father’s suit.
feeling and has no grammatical function in the construction of a sentence.  Felix selected that.
TYPES OF INTERJECTION  That may take some time to finish.
 Tess, would you please send this?
7. INTERJECTIONS FOR GREETING
3. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate the emotion of warmth to
the person meeting with such as hey, hello, hi, etc.
Definition of Relative Pronoun
For example:
Relative pronouns are used to add more information to a sentence. Which, that,
who (including whom and whose) and where are all relative pronouns.
 Hey! Nice to see you here in the party.
 Hello! I am Pooja.
Examples:
 Dr Adam Sissons, who lectured at Cambridge for more than 12 years, should
8. INTERJECTIONS FOR JOY
have known the difference.
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate immediate joy and
(In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause who studied
happiness on any happy occasion occurred such as hurrah, wow, hurray, etc.
at Cambridge for 12 years and refers back to Dr Adams Sissons.)
 The man who first saw the comet reported it as a UFO.
For example:

 Wow! You are looking gorgeous.

A subordinate clause is one that cannot stand alone as a sentence. These clauses are
 The bag is theirs.
also called dependent clauses because they depend on an independent clause to create
a complete sentence.
2. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
Example, (In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause who first saw the
comet and refers back to the man.)
 After I go to the movies.
4. ABSOLUTE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
This is a dependent clause. It is introduced by the subordinate conjunction after, and
the clause itself cannot stand by itself. It must have an independent clause attached to Definition of Absolute Possessive Pronoun
it to make sense.
These pronouns also show possession. Unlike possessive pronouns (see above),
 After I go to the movies, I will eat dinner. which are adjectives to nouns, these pronouns sit by themselves. Mine, yours, his,
hers, ours and theirs are all absolute possessive pronouns.
EXAMPLE:
DEPENDENT CLAUSE: Because he wouldn’t wear a seat belt. Examples:
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any longer.  The tickets are as good as ours.
DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: Robin wasn’t allowed in the Batmobile any  Shall we take yours or theirs?
longer because he wouldn’t wear a seatbelt.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION 5. PERSONAL PRONOUN

Correlative conjunction definition: Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that
function as separable compounds, occurring in pairs, and have corresponding
meanings.
1. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS LIST
Definition of Personal Pronoun
The personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and who. More often than
not (but not exclusively), they replace nouns representing people. When most people
think of pronouns, it is the personal pronouns that usually spring to mind.

There are many examples of correlative conjunctions; some are used more frequently Example:
than others, but here is list of the most common pairs  We can't all be heroes because somebody has to sit on the curb and clap as
they go by.
 Both / and  I bought some batteries, but they weren't included.
 Either / or
 Hardly / when 6. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

 If / then Defintion of Interrogative Pronoun

 Just as / so
These pronouns are used in questions. Although they are classified as pronouns, it is
 Neither / nor not easy to see how they replace nouns. Who, which, what, where and how are all

TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
 2. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION interrogative pronouns.

Coordinating conjunction definition: A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction that is Example:

placed between words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank. They are most commonly uses to  Who told you to do that?
join two independent clauses or to join items in a list.  Which dog won the race?

It’s a good idea to use the mnemonic “FANBOYS” to memorize coordinating 7. INDEFINITE PRONOUN
conjunctions so you’ll never forget them. They are:
 F = for Unlike demonstrative pronouns, which point out specific items, indefinite pronouns
 A = and are used for non-specific things. This is the largest group of pronouns. All, some, any,
several, anyone, nobody, each, both, few, either, none, one and no one are the most
 N = nor
common.
 B = but
 O = or Example:
 Y = yet  Somebody must have seen the driver leave.
(somebody – not a specific person)
 S = so  We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars. (Oscar Wilde)
 I have nothing to declare except my genius. (Oscar Wilde)
Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions
8. RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
In the following examples, the coordinating conjunctions have been italicized for easy
identification. Definition of Reciprocal Pronoun

1. You can eat your cake with a spoon or fork.
2. My dog enjoys being bathed but hates getting his nails trimmed.
3. Bill refuses to eat peas, nor will he touch carrots.
4. I hate to waste a drop of gas, for it is very expensive these days.
3. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION
Reciprocal pronouns are used for actions or feelings that are reciprocated. The
two most common reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another.
Examples:
 They like one another.
 They talk to each other like they're babies.

Subordinating conjunction meaning: Subordinating conjunctions, also called

subordinate conjunctions, are used when linking subordinate clauses to independent
clauses.

o The teacher has gone to the loo again.

 o She warned them to keep away from his daughter. 9. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
o Two tigers in the circus have escaped from their cage. Definition of Reflexive Pronoun
o The strong wind blew the wig off his head.
A reflexive pronoun ends ...self or ...selves and refers to another noun or pronoun
PREPOSITION OF INSTRUMENT in the sentence (usually the subject of the sentence). The reflexive pronouns
aremyself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves.
A preposition for instrument is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the
sentence. Different prepositions are used by different devices, instruments or Examples:
machines.  The dog bit itself.
(In this example, the intensive pronoun itself refers back to the noun the dog.)
By with without
 Are you talking to yourself?
10. INTENSIVE PRONOUN
Examples of some prepositions of Instrument:
Definition of Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronoun

-The Odyssey was written by Homer. An intensive pronoun (sometimes called an emphatic pronoun) refers back to another
noun or pronoun in the sentence to emphasize it (e.g., to emphasize that it is the thing
-The project was completed by him
carrying out the action).
-The room is being decorated by her.
Examples:
-He was hit by a ball.
-This poem was written by Walt Whitman.  John bakes all the bread himself.
-That man opened the door with the key.
(In this example, the intensive pronoun himself refers back to the noun John.)
-You can’t play soccer without a ball.
-I can write better with my own pen.  The cat opened the door itself.

-I'm going to England next week with my girlfriend.

VERB
CONJUNCTION Definition of verb

The definition of a conjunction is the joining together of elements and it is a word : a word that characteristically is the grammatical center of a predicate and expresses
that connects sentences, phrases or clauses. an act, occurrence, or mode of being, that in various languages is inflected for
  This article is about smartphones.
 Most of the guests have already left.
agreement with the subject, for tense, for voice, for mood, or for aspect, and that
 I will always be here for you. typically has rather full descriptive meaning and characterizing quality but is
 He is playing with his brothers.
sometimes nearly devoid of these especially when used as an auxiliary or linking verb

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VERB

1. PHRASAL PREPOSITIONS:
1. MAIN VERBS OR ACTION VERBS
A phrasal preposition is not a prepositional phrase, but they are a combination of
two or more words which functions as a preposition.
Main verbs or action verbs are used to express action; something that an animal, a
person or a thing does. In each of the following sentences, we only have a main verb.
Along with, apart from, because of, by means of, according to, in front of, contrary
to, in spite of, on account of, in reference to, in addition to, in regard to, instead of,
 The sun shines.
on top of, out of, with regard to, etc. are the most common phrasal prepositions.
 The horse neighs.
Example:  The monkey jumps.

 They along with their children went to Atlanta. 2. HELPING VERBS

 According to the new rules, you are not right.
As the name suggests, helping verbs help or support the main verb.
 In spite of being a good player, he was not selected.
 I’m going out of the city.  We are learning about helping verbs. (are: helping verb; learning: main verb)
 We are in the Green House Club. (are: helping verb)
Preposition of Direction  You should complete the work by tomorrow. (should: helping verb; complete:
main verb)
 Prepositions of direction tell you where to go or where to put something.
Prepositions of direction show where or in which direction something moves. 3. STATE OF BEING VERBS (LINKING VERBS)
Some examples are to, on, onto, in, into, towards, through, etc. are used to
describe the direction. These prepositions are most often used with verbs of State of Being verbs state that something 'is'. State of being verbs also known as
motion and are found after the verb. The preposition may happen alone or in linking verbs. Linking verbs explain a link between the subject of the sentence and a
the phrase in order. noun or adjective being linked to it.
Examples: List of Example Sentences
o A fly got into his soup while he was eating it.
o I must have put the pumpkin onto someone else’s trolley in the  The flowers are bright.
supermarket.  Diamond is the hardest substance.
 I feel scared.
 Example:

On, at, in, from, to, for, since, ago, before, till/until, by, etc. are the most common
preposition of time.
4. TRANSITIVE VERB
Example:
A transitive verb is one whose action must be used in relation to an object, and when
 He started working at 10 AM.
using the verb, it only makes sense if the verb is transferring action upon an object.
 The company called meeting on 25 October.
That means the verb doesn’t sound good or work on its own without an object.

 There is a holiday in December. Consider the verb to bring: The verb will not make sense if the action of the verb is
not acting on something, i.e. you have to bring something or someone. Simply saying
 He has been ill since Monday.
I bring will not make sense on its own, you must bring something, an object or a
person or a feeling. That something or someone – Joe, a book, your brother, a good
2. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
mood – is the direct object of the sentence, i.e. the thing that the verb is acting upon.
Prepositions of place show the relationship of place between the nouns to the other
Examples of Transitive Verbs
parts of a sentence.
There are lots of examples of transitive verbs. They can be any verb that fulfils the
On, at, in, by, from, to, towards, up, down, across, between, among, through, in
criteria of needing to confer action upon an object. Consider these examples and see
front of, behind, above, over, under, below, etc. are the most common prepositions of
how the verb exerts action on an object.
place/direction.
 I love
Example:
 Please carry the books for me.
 He is at home.  Can we buy these ones?
 He came from England.
 Johnny kicked the ball.
 The police broke into the house.
 She didn’t take anything from the table.
 I live across the river.
 I will send the note for the doctor.
3. PREPOSITIONS OF AGENTS OR THINGS:
Consider how these verbs need to confer the action upon the object. This makes them
Prepositions of agents or things indicate a casual relationship between nouns and transitive verbs:
other parts of the sentence.
 Love – you need to love something or someone for the verb to make sense.
Of, for, by, with, about, etc. are the most used and common prepositions of agents or  Carry – you need to carry something or someone for the verb to make sense.
things.
  Buy – you need buy something for the verb to make sense. Types of Preposition
 Kick – you need to kick something or someone for the verb to make sense.
1. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:
 Take – you need to take something or someone for the verb to make sense.
 Send – you need to send something or someone for the verb to make sense. Prepositions of time show the relationship of time between the nouns to the other
parts of a sentence.

about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, because of, before, 5. INTRANSITIVE VERB
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, close to, down, during, except, inside,
instead of, into, like, near, off, on top of, onto, out of, outside, over, past, since, As you might guess, an intransitive verb is one that does not need to transfer action
through, toward, under, until, up, upon, within, without on an object in order to make sense.
Consider the verb to run. You can run without transferring the action of running on a
Prepositions typically show how the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun is related to direct object.
another word in the sentence.
How did you get here so quickly? I ran. (There is no need for a direct object).
EXAMPLE:
a friend of mine Examples of Intransitive Verbs
the dress with the stripes
hit by a ball As with transitive verbs, there are many examples of intransitive verbs. They can be
no one except me any verb that fulfills the criteria of not needing a direct object to confer action upon:
Prepositions with their objects form prepositional phrases. A preposition may appear  It snowed.
at the end of a sentence or clause, but only when its object comes earlier. Contrary to  We laughed.
what some may say, there is nothing ungrammatical about such structures.
 He cried. He will probably cry again tonight.
EXAMPLES:
 We didn’t know.
Was he the man you worked with?
That isn't what a hammer is for.  They died.
It's the chair you're sitting on.
She just needs someone to talk to.  When did they arrive?

Many prepositions (such as past, under, off, along, and on) may also act as adverbs. A None of the actions described above require direct objects for the action of the verb to
few (including before, after, for, and since) may act as conjunctions (words that join make sense. However, you should be aware that intransitive verbs are often followed
together other words or groups of words). by prepositions or adverbs.
  It snowed While it is good to remember the order of adverbs, there is always flexibility with
 We laughed language, and we have already mentioned that adverbs of time and frequency can be
placed at the start of a sentence to change the emphasis. So, bottom line: think of the
 He cried order of adverbs as more of a guideline than a rule that can’t be broken
 We didn’t know right away.
 They died on Sunday night. PREPOSITION
 Did they arrive on time? Prepositions show direction, location, or time, or introduce an object. They are
usually followed by an object—a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. The most common
prepositions are little and very common:

at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with

Also common are:

1. ORDER OF ADVERBS

Adverb order is so important it has clear rules. It’s already mentioned that some
adverbs will act to modify another, but how do you decide the structure of a sentence
with several adverbs? Thankfully, there is a simple set of rules to follow, called the
order of adverbs. Handily, the order of adverbs, sometimes also called the royal order
of adverbs, can help us determine sentence structure too. In short, the adverbs get
preference (are placed first) in the following order:
1. Adverbs of manner.
2. Adverbs of place.
3. Adverbs of frequency.
4. Adverbs of time.
5. Adverbs of purpose.
Consider this sentence:
I run (verb) quickly (manner) down the road (place) every morning (frequency)
before school (time) because (purpose) I might miss the bus.
ADJECTIVES
What is an adjective?
Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your
writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words
like small, blue, and sharp are descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives.
Because adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people and unique
things, they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify.
Some sentences contain multiple adjectives.
Adjective Examples
In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:
1. They live in a big, beautiful
2. Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless
 3. The mountaintops are covered in sparkling  Last year was the worst year of my life.
 Tomorrow our fate will be sealed.
4. On her birthday, Brenda received an antique vase filled with fragrant
 Yesterday my troubles seemed so far away.
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
3. ADVERBS OF PURPOSE
Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words, and you’ll find
it much easier to identify different types of adjectives when you see them. Adverbs of purpose, sometimes called adverbs of reason, help to describe why
something happened. They can come in the form of individual words – so, since,
1. ARTICLES thus, because – but also clauses – so that, in order to. Notice in the examples that the
adverbs of purpose are used to connect sentences that wouldn’t make sense if they
There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because were formed alone.
they are used to discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called indefinite
articles. For example: Adverbs of purpose examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 I’d like a
 Let’s go on an  I was sick, thus didn’t go to work today.
 I started jogging so that I wouldn’t be late.
 Because I was late, I jogged a little faster.
 Since it’s your birthday, I will buy you a gift.
2. ADVERBS OF TIME

Adverbs of time, while seemingly similar to adverbs of frequency, tell us when

something happens. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of a sentence. Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain adventure.
Without more clarification, any banana or adventure will do.
Adverbs of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification. The word the is called the definite article. It’s the only definite article, and it is used
to indicate very specific people or things:
 I will see you tomorrow
 Harvey forgot his lunch yesterday and again today.  Please give me a banana. I’d like the one with the green stem.
 Let’s go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds perfect!
 I have to go now.
2. Possessive Adjectives
 We first met Julie last year.

While it’s almost always correct to have the adverb of time at the end of the sentence, As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They
you can place it at the start of the sentence to put a different emphasis on the time if it are:
is important to the context.
 My - It's just not my style.
  Your - What is your father's name?
 His - Nurturing was in his personality.
 Her - Even so, she had accepted it in her mind to a degree.
 Its - He could hear its footsteps.
 Our - In a profound way, our lives will be better.
 Their - At home, presents were under the tree, waiting for their return.
Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns.
3. Demonstrative Adjectives
Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate
specific people, animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative
adjectives.
 These books belong on that
 This movie is my favorite.
 Please put those cookies on the blue plate.
Notice that here and there are often used at the beginning of a sentence to express
emphasis or in exclamation.
 Here comes the sun.
 There is love in the air.
 Here you are!
Many times, adverbs of place can be used as prepositions as well. The difference is,
when the phrase is used as an adverb, it is modifying a verb; when it is used as a
preposition, it is always followed by a noun.
 New York is located north of Philadelphia -> New York is on the map.
 They travelled down river -> They travelled in the first compartment.
 That puppy was walking around by itself-> We put a collar around its neck.
4. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of frequency are used to express time or how often something occurs.
Adverbs of frequency can be split two main groups. The first, adverbs of indefinite
frequency, are terms that have an unclear meaning as to how long are how often
something occurs: usually, always, normally. These adverbs will usually be placed
after the main verb or between the auxiliary verb and infinitive.
Adverbs of frequency examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 The adverb is usually placed before the main verb.
 I can normally make the shot.
 I will always love
Adverbs of definite frequency will usually be placed at the end of the sentence.
 We get paid hourly.
 I come here 1 hour ago
 The situation seems to change monthly.
 The newspaper is bought daily.
4. Coordinate Adjectives
Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one
after another to modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day
and long and dark night are coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two
coordinate adjectives, the word and always appears before the last one; for example:
The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.
Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not coordinate. In the
phrase green delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not separated by a
comma because green modifies the phrase delivery truck. To eliminate confusion
when determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is coordinate, just insert the
word and between them. If and works, then the adjectives are coordinate and need to
be separated with a comma.
5. Numbers Adjectives
When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell
that a number is an adjective when it answers the question “How many?”
 The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six
 He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.
6. Interrogative Adjectives
There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all other types
of adjectives, interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three
of these words are used to ask questions.
 Which option sounds best to you?
 What time should we go?
 Whose socks are those?
form.
Some examples of adverbs of manner include:
1. Slowly - She walked slowly back to the kitchen.
2. Rapidly - She blinked rapidly to clear her vision as she entered the dark building.
3. Clumsily - She blocked clumsily at first but ordered herself not to look weak in
front of such a man and focused hard.
4. Badly - Could you tell how badly he was hurt?
5. Diligently - Greek models were diligently studied by Virgil and Horace.
6. Sweetly - She smiled sweetly at Mr. Marsh.
7. Warmly - She smiled warmly when Adrienne walked in.
8. Sadly - One day she said, sadly: I am blind and deaf.
Notice how the adjectives are formed by adding -ly to the adjectives bad, correct and
slowly although there is a slight spelling change when forming an adverb with the
adjective easy.
5. ADVERBS OF PLACE
An adverb of place, sometimes called spatial adverbs, will help explain where an
action happens. Adverbs of place will be associated with the action of the verb in a
sentence, providing context for direction, distance and position: southeast,
everywhere, up, left, close by, back, inside, around. These terms don’t usually end in
-ly.
Adverbs of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
Directions
 New York is located north of Philadelphia.
 They traveled down the mountainside.
 First, I looked here, and then I looked there, but I can’t find them anywhere.
 7. Indefinite Adjectives
Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific
things. You might recognize them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns.
The most common indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few.
 Do we have any peanut butter?
 Grandfather has been retired for many
 There are no bananas in the fruit bowl.
 I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it.
 We looked at several cars before deciding on the best one for our family.
8. Attributive Adjectives
Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words,
they are used to discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive adjectives:
 Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest
can indicate value or talk about subjective measures.
 Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective qualities including
specific physical properties. Some examples include small, large, square, round,
poor, wealthy, slow and
 Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as well as general ages. Examples
are old, young, new, five-year-old, and
 Color adjectives are exactly what they sound like – they’re adjectives that indicate
color. Examples include pink, yellow, blue, and
 Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, whether it’s a person, place,
animal or thing. Examples include American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
 Material adjectives denote what something is made of. Some examples include
cotton, gold, wool, and
 Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a noun. They make nouns more
specific; examples include log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover.
There are many rules for using adverbs, and these rules often depend upon which type
of adverb you are using. Remember these basics and using adverbs to make sentences
more meaningful will be easier for you.
 Adverbs can always be used to modify verbs. Notice that the second of these
two sentences is much more interesting simply because it contains an adverb:
o The dog ran. (You can picture a dog running, but you don’t really
know much more about the scene.)
o The dog ran excitedly. (You can picture a dog running, wagging its tail,
panting happily, and looking glad to see its owner. You can paint a
much more interesting picture in your head when you know how or
why the dog is running.)
 Adverbs are often formed by adding the letters “-ly” to adjectives. This makes
it very easy to identify adverbs in sentences. There are many exceptions to this
rule; everywhere, nowhere, and upstairs are a few examples.
 An adverb can be used to modify an adjective and intensify the meaning it
conveys. For example:
o He plays tennis well. (He knows how to play tennis and sometimes he
wins.)
o He plays tennis extremely well. (He knows how to play tennis so well
that he wins often.)
As you read the following adverb examples, you’ll notice how these useful words
modify other words and phrases by providing information about the place, time,
manner, certainty, frequency, or other circumstances of activity denoted by the verbs
or verb phrases in the sentences.
Types of Adverbs
6. ADVERBS OF MANNER
An adverb of manner will explain how an action is carried out. Very often adverbs of
manner are adjectives with -ly added to the end, but this is certainly not always the
case. In fact, some adverbs of manner will have the same spelling as the adjective
9. PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (i.e.,
refers back to) the subject of the linking verb.
A predicate adjective contrasts with an attributive adjective, which typically sits
immediately before the noun it modifies.
For example:
Examples of Predicate Adjectives
Below are some examples of predicate adjectives. In these examples, the predicate
adjective is shaded and the subject being modified is in bold.
 Lee seems drunk.
(The linking verb is seems.)
 Everything is funny as long as it is happening to somebody else.
(The linking verb is is.)
ADVERB
What is an Adverb?
An adverb is a word that is used to change, modify or qualify several types of words
including an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word
or phrase, with the exception of determiners and adjectives, that directly modify
nouns. A good way to understand adverbs is to think about them as the words that
provide context. Specifically, adverbs provide a description of how, where, when, in
what manner and to what extent something is done or happens. Normally, we can spot
an adverb by the fact that it often ends in –ly, but there are lots of adverbs that don’t
end in this way. Moreover, adverbs can be used in many combinations with each
other.
Traditionally considered a single part of speech, adverbs perform a wide variety of
functions, making it difficult to treat them as a single, unified category. However,
spotting an adverb, especially one that ends in -ly is easy. Adverbs normally help pain
a fuller picture by describing how something happens, such as
 When? She always arrives early.
 How? He drives carefully.
 Where? They go everywhere together.
 In what way? She eats slowly.
 To what extent? It is terribly hot.
This function of providing more information about how something is done is called
the adverbial function, and it may be accomplished by using adverbial clauses and
adverbial phrases as well as by adverbs that stand alone.