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GATE EE 2015 Solved Paper PDF
GATE EE 2015 Solved Paper PDF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
www.nodia.co.in
Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable. However,
neither NODIA & COMPANY nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information herein,
and NODIA & COMPANY nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions, or damages arising out of
use of this information. This book is published with the understanding that NODIA & COMPANY and its author
are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services.
MRP Free
GENERAL ABILITY
Verbal Ability : English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series.
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss
and Green’s theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s
and Euler’s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and
variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylor’s and Laurent’ series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods
for differential equations.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient
response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts;
ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s, Norton’s and Superposition and Maximum
Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Ampere’s and
Biot-Savart’s laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and
scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of
continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer – equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers – connections, parallel operation; auto-
transformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines – types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors – principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and
speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines – performance, regulation
and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance;
cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit
quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor
correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of over-
current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit
breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission
and FACTS concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors;
Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state
space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron,
dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy
and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time
and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers – biasing,
equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational
amplifiers – characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers;
combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators;
sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture,
programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs – static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters – fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.
***********
PREFACE
This book doesn’t make promise but provides complete satisfaction to the readers. The
market scenario is confusing and readers don’t find the optimum quality books. This book
provides complete set of problems appeared in competition exams as well as fresh set of
problems.
The book is categorized into units which are then sub-divided into chapters and the
concepts of the problems are addressed in the relevant chapters. The aim of the book is
to avoid the unnecessary elaboration and highlights only those concepts and techniques
which are absolutely necessary. Again time is a critical factor both from the point of view
of preparation duration and time taken for solving each problem in the examination. So
the problems solving methods is the books are those which take the least distance to the
solution.
But however to make a comment that this book is absolute for GATE preparation will be
an inappropriate one. The theory for the preparation of the examination should be followed
from the standard books. But for a wide collection of problems, for a variety of problems
and the efficient way of solving them, what one needs to go needs to go through is there
in there in the book. Each unit (e.g. Networks) is subdivided into average seven number of
chapters on an average each of which contains 40 problems which are selected so as to avoid
unnecessary redundancy and highly needed completeness.
I shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments and suggestion from the users of
this book.
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
CONTENTS
***********
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Chapter 1 Electric Circuits and Fields Page 1
CHAPTER 1
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND FIELDS
EE SP 1.1 The three circuit elements shown in the figure are part of an electric circuit. The
total power absorbed by the three circuit elements in watts is _____.
EE SP 1.2
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C 0 is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air as dielectric (as
in figure (a)). If, half of the entire gap as shown in figure (b) is filled with a
dielectric of permittivity e r , the expression for the modified capacitance is
(A) C 0 ^1 + e r h (B) ^C 0 + e r h
2
(C) C 0 e r (D) C 0 ^1 + e r h
2
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EE SP 1.4 The undesirable property of an electrical insulating material is
(A) high dielectric strength
(B) high relative permittivity
(C) high thermal conductivity
(D) high insulation resistivity
EE SP 1.5 In the figure, the value of resistor R is ^25 + I/2h ohms , where I is the current
in amperes. The current I is _____.
EE SP 1.6 The following four vector fields are given in Cartesian co-ordinate system. The
vector field which does not satisfy the property of magnetic flux density is
(A) y2 ax + z2 ay + x2 az
(B) z2 ax + x2 ay + y2 az
(C) x2 ax + y2 ay + z2 az
(D) y2 z2 ax + x2 z2 ay + x2 y2 az
EE SP 1.7 Two identical coupled inductors are connected in series. The measured inductances
for the two possible series connections are 380 mH and 240 mH . Their mutual
inductance in mH is _____.
EE SP 1.8 The switch SW shown in the circuit is kept at position ‘1’ for a long duration.
At t = 0+ , the switch is moved to position ‘2’. Assuming Vo2 > Vo1 , the voltage
vc ^ t h across the capacitor is
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(D) vc ^ t h = ^Vo2 - Vo1h^1 - e-t/2RC h + Vo1
EE SP 1.9 A parallel plate capacitor consisting two dielectric materials is shown in the
figure. The middle dielectric slab is placed symmetrically with respect to the
plates.
If the potential difference between one of the plates and the nearest surface of
dielectric interface is 2 Volts, then the ratio e 1 : e 2 is
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 2 : 3
(C) 3 : 2 (D) 4 : 1
EE SP 1.10 The voltage across the capacitor, as shown in the figure, is expressed as
vc ^ t h = A1 sin ^w 1 t - q 1h + A2 sin ^w 2 t - q 2h
EE SP 1.11 The magnitude of magnetic flux density ^B h at a point having normal distance
d meters from an infinitely extended wire carrying current of I A is 2mpdI (in
0
SI units). An infinitely extended wire is laid along the x -axis and is carrying
current of 4 A in the + ve x direction. Another infinitely extended wire is
laid along the y axis and is carrying 2 A current in the + ve y direction. m 0 is
permeability of free space. Assume i , j , k to be unit vectors along x , y and z
axes respectively.
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Assuming right handed coordinate system, magnetic field intensity, H at
coordinate ^2, 1, 0h will be
(A) 3 k weber/m2 (B) 4 i A/m
2p 3p
(C) 3 k A/m (D) 0 A/m
2p
EE SP 1.13 The line A to neutral voltage is 10 15c V for a balanced three phase star
connected load with phase sequence ABC . The voltage of line B with respect to
line C is given by
(A) 10 3 105c V (B) 10 105c V
(C) 10 3 - 75c V (D) - 10 3 90c V
EE SP 1.14 The driving point impedance Z ^s h for the circuit shown below is
4 2 4 2
(A) s +3 3s + 1 (B) s +22s + 4
s + 2s s +2
2 3
(C) 4 s +2 1 (D) 4 s +2 1
s +s +1 s +s +1
EE SP 1.16 The power delivered by the current source, in the figure, is ____.
EE SP 1.17
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A perfectly conducting metal plate is placed in x -y plane in a right handed
coordinate system. A charge of + 32pe 0 2 coulombs is placed at coordinate
^0, 0, 2h. e 0 is the permittivity of free space. Assume i , j , k to be unit vectors
along x , y and z axes respectively. At the coordinate ^ 2 , 2 , 0h, the electric
field vector E (Newtons/Coulomb) will be
(A) 2 2 k (B) - 2k
(C) 2k (D) - 2 2 k
EE SP 1.19 The Norton’s equivalent source in amperes as seen into terminals X and Y is
____.
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YEAR 2013 ONE MARK
EE SP 1.20 Consider a delta connection of resistors and its equivalent star connection as shown
below. If all elements of the delta connection are scaled by a factor k , k > 0 , the
elements of the corresponding star equivalent will be scaled by a factor of
(A) k2 (B) k
(C) 1/k (D) k
EE SP 1.21 The flux density at a point in space is given by Bv = 4xavx + 2kyavy + 8avz Wb/m2 .
The value of constant k must be equal to
(A) - 2 (B) - 0.5
(C) + 0.5 (D) + 2
V2 ^s h
EE SP 1.24 The transfer function of the circuit shown below is
V1 ^s h
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YEAR 2013 TWO MARKS
EE SP 1.25 A dielectric slab with 500 mm # 500 mm cross-section is 0.4 m long. The slab
is subjected to a uniform electric field of Ev = 6avx + 8avy kV/mm . The relative
permittivity of the dielectric material is equal to 2. The value of constant e0 is
8.85 # 10-12 F/m . The energy stored in the dielectric in Joules is
(A) 8.85 # 10-11 (B) 8.85 # 10-5
(C) 88.5 (D) 885
EE SP 1.27 In the circuit shown below, if the source voltage VS = 100+53.13c V then the
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage in Volts as seen by the load resistance RL is
EE SP 1.28 The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the given circuit is
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(A) 50 W (B) 100 W
(C) 5 kW (D) 10.1 kW
EE SP 1.29 In the circuit shown below, the current through the inductor is
(A) 2 A (B) - 1 A
1+j 1+j
(C) 1 A (D) 0 A
1+j
(s2 + 9) (s + 2)
EE SP 1.30 A system with transfer function G (s) =
(s + 1) (s + 3) (s + 4)
is excited by sin (wt). The steady-state output of the system is zero at
(A) w = 1 rad/s
(B) w = 2 rad/s
(C) w = 3 rad/s
(D) w = 4 rad/s
EE SP 1.32 In the following figure, C1 and C2 are ideal capacitors. C1 has been charged to 12
V before the ideal switch S is closed at t = 0. The current i (t) for all t is
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EE SP 1.33 If VA - VB = 6 V then VC - VD is
(A) - 5 V (B) 2 V
(C) 3 V (D) 6 V
EE SP 1.34 Assuming both the voltage sources are in phase, the value of R for which
maximum power is transferred from circuit A to circuit B is
EE SP 1.36 For the same network, with 6 V dc connected at port A, 1 W connected at port
B draws 7/3 A. If 8 V dc is connected to port A, the open circuit voltage at port
B is
(A) 6 V (B) 7 V
(C) 8 V (D) 9 V
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In the circuit shown, the three voltmeter readings are V1 = 220 V, V2 = 122 V,
V3 = 136 V .
EE SP 1.39 The r.m.s value of the current i (t) in the circuit shown below is
(A) 1 A (B) 1 A
2 2
(C) 1 A (D) 2 A
EE SP 1.40 The voltage applied to a circuit is 100 2 cos (100pt) volts and the circuit draws
a current of 10 2 sin (100pt + p/4) amperes. Taking the voltage as the reference
phasor, the phasor representation of the current in amperes is
(A) 10 2 - p/4 (B) 10 - p/4
(C) 10 + p/4 (D) 10 2 + p/4
EE SP 1.41 In the circuit given below, the value of R required for the transfer of maximum
power to the load having a resistance of 3 W is
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(A) zero (B) 3 W
(C) 6 W (D) infinity
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(B) 1 W
(C) 2W
(D) 2 W
(C) + j 1
2
A (D) + j2A
EE SP 1.48 The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time. It is opened at t = 0.
At t = 0+ , the current through the 1 mF capacitor is
(A) 0 A (B) 1 A
(C) 1.25 A (D) 5 A
EE SP 1.49 As shown in the figure, a 1 W resistance is connected across a source that has a
load line v + i = 100 . The current through the resistance is
(A) 25 A (B) 50 A
(C) 100 A (C) 200 A
EE SP 1.50 If the 12 W resistor draws a current of 1 A as shown in the figure, the value of
resistance R is
(A) 4 W (B) 6 W
(C) 8 W (D) 18 W
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EE SP 1.51 The two-port network P shown in the figure has ports 1 and 2, denoted by
terminals (a,b) and (c,d) respectively. It has an impedance matrix Z with
parameters denoted by Zij . A 1 W resistor is connected in series with the network
at port 1 as shown in the figure. The impedance matrix of the modified two-port
network (shown as a dashed box ) is
(A) 0 mA (B) 1 mA
(C) 2 mA (D) 6 mA
EE SP 1.53 How many 200 W/220 V incandescent lamps connected in series would consume
the same total power as a single 100 W/220 V incandescent lamp ?
(A) not possible (B) 4
(C) 3 (D) 2
EE SP 1.54 In the figure shown, all elements used are ideal. For time t < 0, S1 remained closed
and S2 open. At t = 0, S1 is opened and S2 is closed. If the voltage Vc2 across the
capacitor C2 at t = 0 is zero, the voltage across the capacitor combination at
t = 0+ will be
(A) 1 V (B) 2 V
(C) 1.5 V (D) 3 V
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EE SP 1.55 The equivalent capacitance of the input loop of the circuit shown is
EE SP 1.56 For the circuit shown, find out the current flowing through the 2 W resistance.
Also identify the changes to be made to double the current through the 2 W
resistance.
EE SP 1.57 For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s resistance across the terminals A and B is
(A) 0.5 kW (B) 0.2 kW
(C) 1 kW (D) 0.11 kW
EE SP 1.58 For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s voltage across the terminals A and B is
(A) 1.25 V (B) 0.25 V
(C) 1 V (D) 0.5 V
EE SP 1.59 The number of chords in the graph of the given circuit will be
EE SP 1.60
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(A) 3
(C) 5
(B) 4
(D) 6
EE SP 1.63 Assuming ideal elements in the circuit shown below, the voltage Vab will be
(A) - 3 V (B) 0 V
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(C) 3 V (D) 5 V
EE SP 1.65 The capacitor charged upto 5 ms, as per the current profile given in the figure,
is connected across an inductor of 0.6 mH. Then the value of voltage across the
capacitor after 1 ms will approximately be
(A) 18.8 V
(B) 23.5 V
(C) - 23.5 V
(D) - 30.6 V
EE SP 1.66 In the circuit shown in the figure, the value of the current i will be given by
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z = 20 will be
(A) 7.5 mC
(B) 13.5 mC
(C) 15.0 mC
(D) 22.5 mC
EE SP 1.68 A capacitor consists of two metal plates each 500 # 500 mm2 and spaced 6 mm
apart. The space between the metal plates is filled with a glass plate of 4 mm
thickness and a layer of paper of 2 mm thickness. The relative primitivities of
the glass and paper are 8 and 2 respectively. Neglecting the fringing effect, the
capacitance will be (Given that e0 = 8.85 # 10 - 12 F/m )
(A) 983.3 pF
(B) 1475 pF
(C) 637.7 pF
(D) 9956.25 pF
EE SP 1.69 A coil of 300 turns is wound on a non-magnetic core having a mean circumference
of 300 mm and a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2. The inductance of the coil
corresponding to a magnetizing current of 3 A will be
(Given that m0 = 4p # 10 - 7 H/m)
(A) 37.68 mH
(B) 113.04 mH
(C) 3.768 mH
(D) 1.1304 mH
EE SP 1.71 The state equation for the current I1 in the network shown below in terms of the
voltage VX and the independent source V , is given by
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(C) dI1 =- 1.4VX + 3.75I1 + 5 V
dt 4
(D) dI1 =- 1.4VX + 3.75I1 - 5 V
dt 4
EE SP 1.72 The R-L-C series circuit shown in figure is supplied from a variable frequency
voltage source. The admittance - locus of the R-L-C network at terminals AB for
increasing frequency w is
EE SP 1.73 In the circuit shown in figure. Switch SW1 is initially closed and SW2 is open.
The inductor L carries a current of 10 A and the capacitor charged to 10 V with
polarities as indicated. SW2 is closed at t = 0 and SW1 is opened at t = 0 . The
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Chapter 1 Electric Circuits and Fields Page 19
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2
resistance characterized by the relation VNL = INL . The power dissipated in the
non linear resistance is
(A) 1.0 W (B) 1.5 W
(C) 2.5 W (D) 3.0 W
EE SP 1.75 In the figure given below all phasors are with reference to the potential at point
''O'' . The locus of voltage phasor VYX as R is varied from zero to infinity is shown
by
EE SP 1.76 The matrix A given below in the node incidence matrix of a network. The columns
correspond to branches of the network while the rows correspond to nodes.
Let V = [V1V2 .....V6]T denote the vector of branch voltages while I = [i1 i2 .....i6]T
that of branch currents. The vector E = [e1 e2 e3 e4]T denotes the vector of node
voltages relative to a common ground.
R1 1 1 0 0 0 V
S W
S 0 -1 0 -1 1 0 W
S- 1 0 0 0 - 1 - 1W
S W
S 0 0 -1 1 0 1 W
T X
Which of the following statement is true ?
(A) The equations V1 - V2 + V3 = 0,V3 + V4 - V5 = 0 are KVL equations for the
network for some loops
(B) The equations V1 - V3 - V6 = 0,V4 + V5 - V6 = 0 are KVL equations for the
network for some loops
(C) E = AV
(D) AV = 0 are KVI equations for the network
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EE SP 1.77 A solid sphere made of insulating material has a radius R and has a total charge
Q distributed uniformly in its volume. What is the magnitude of the electric field
intensity, E , at a distance r (0 < r < R) inside the sphere ?
(A) 1 Qr (B) 3 Qr
4pe0 R3 4pe0 R3
Q QR
(C) 1 2 (D) 1
4pe0 r 4pe0 r3
EE SP 1.79 The average force on the core to reduce the air gap will be
(A) 832.29 N (B) 1666.22 N
(C) 3332.47 N (D) 6664.84 N
EE SP 1.80 In the figure the current source is 1+0 A, R = 1 W , the impedances are ZC =- j W
and ZL = 2j W . The Thevenin equivalent looking into the circuit across X-Y is
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(A) 1 V, 3, 10 W (B) 1 V, 0, 10 W
(C) 1 V, 0, 3 (D) 10 V, 3, 10 W
EE SP 1.82 In the circuit shown in the figure, the current source I = 1 A , the voltage source
V = 5 V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 W, L1 = L2 = L3 = 1 H, C1 = C2 = 1 F
The currents (in A) through R3 and through the voltage source V respectively
will be
(A) 1, 4 (B) 5, 1
(C) 5, 2 (D) 5, 4
EE SP 1.83 The parameter type and the matrix representation of the relevant two port
parameters that describe the circuit shown are
0 0 1 0
(A) z parameters, = G (B) h parameters, = G
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
(C) h parameters, = G (D) z parameters, = G
0 0 0 1
EE SP 1.84 The circuit shown in the figure is energized by a sinusoidal voltage source V1 at
a frequency which causes resonance with a current of I .
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EE SP 1.85 An ideal capacitor is charged to a voltage V0 and connected at t = 0 across an
ideal inductor L. (The circuit now consists of a capacitor and inductor alone). If
we let w0 = LC1
, the voltage across the capacitor at time t > 0 is given by
(A) V0 (B) V0 cos (w0 t)
(C) V0 sin (w0 t) (D) V0 e - w t cos (w0 t)
0
EE SP 1.87 Which of the following statement holds for the divergence of electric and magnetic
flux densities ?
(A) Both are zero
(B) These are zero for static densities but non zero for time varying densities.
(C) It is zero for the electric flux density
(D) It is zero for the magnetic flux density
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Chapter 1 Electric Circuits and Fields Page 23
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EE SP 1.89 The RMS value of the voltage u (t)= 3 + 4 cos (3t) is
(A) 17 V
(B) 5 V
(C) 7 V
(D) (3 + 2 2 ) V
EE SP 1.90 For the two port network shown in the figure the Z -matrix is given by
Z1 Z1 + Z2 Z1 Z1
(A) =
Z2 G
(B) =
Z1 + Z2 Z1 + Z2 Z2 G
Z1 Z2 Z1 Z1
(C) =
Z2 Z1 + Z2 G
(D) =
Z1 Z1 + Z2 G
EE SP 1.91 In the figure given, for the initial capacitor voltage is zero. The switch is closed
at t = 0 . The final steady-state voltage across the capacitor is
(A) 20 V (B) 10 V
(C) 5 V (D) 0 V
EE SP 1.93 If, at t = 0+ , the voltage across the coil is 120 V, the value of resistance R is
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(A) 0 W (B) 20 W
(C) 40 W (D) 60 W
EE SP 1.94 For the value as obtained in (a), the time taken for 95% of the stored energy to
be dissipated is close to
(A) 0.10 sec (B) 0.15 sec
(C) 0.50 sec (D) 1.0 sec
EE SP 1.95 The RL circuit of the figure is fed from a constant magnitude, variable frequency
sinusoidal voltage source Vin . At 100 Hz, the Rand L elements each have a
voltage drop mRMS .If the frequency of the source is changed to 50 Hz, then new
voltage drop across R is
5 2
(A) 8 uRMS (B) 3 uRMS
8 3
(C) 5 uRMS (D) 2 uRMS
EE SP 1.96 For the three-phase circuit shown in the figure the ratio of the currents IR: IY : IB
is given by
(A) 1 : 1 : 3 (B) 1 : 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 1 : 0 (D) 1 : 1 : 3/2
EE SP 1.97 The circuit shown in the figure is in steady state, when the switch is closed at
t = 0 .Assuming that the inductance is ideal, the current through the inductor at
t = 0+ equals
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(A) 0 A
(B) 0.5 A
(C) 1 A
(D) 2 A
EE SP 1.99 In the given figure, the Thevenin’s equivalent pair (voltage, impedance), as seen
at the terminals P-Q, is given by
(A) (2 V, 5 W)
(B) (2 V, 7.5 W)
(C) (4 V, 5 W)
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(D) (4 V, 7.5 W)
EE SP 1.100 The value of Z in figure which is most appropriate to cause parallel resonance
at 500 Hz is
EE SP 1.101 A parallel plate capacitor is shown in figure. It is made two square metal plates
of 400 mm side. The 14 mm space between the plates is filled with two layers of
dielectrics of er = 4 , 6 mm thick and er = 2 , 8 mm thick. Neglecting fringing of
fields at the edge the capacitance is
EE SP 1.102 The inductance of a long solenoid of length 1000 mm wound uniformly with 3000
turns on a cylindrical paper tube of 60 mm diameter is
(A) 3.2 mH (B) 3.2 mH
(C) 32.0 mH (D) 3.2 H
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Chapter 1 Electric Circuits and Fields Page 27
(A) 12 V (B) 24 V
(C) 30 V (D) 44 V
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, R2 and R 3 in W of an equivalent star-connection are
(A) 10 (B) 20
(C) 30 (D) 40
EE SP 1.107 In figure, the capacitor initially has a charge of 10 Coulomb. The current in the
circuit one second after the switch S is closed will be
EE SP 1.108 The rms value of the current in a wire which carries a d.c. current of 10 A and a
sinusoidal alternating current of peak value 20 A is
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(A) 10 A (B) 14.14 A
(C) 15 A (D) 17.32 A
0.9 0.2
The Z-matrix of a 2-port network as given by =
0.2 0.6G
EE SP 1.109
The element Y22 of the corresponding Y-matrix of the same network is given by
(A) 1.2 (B) 0.4
(C) - 0.4 (D) 1.8
EE SP 1.110 Figure Shows the waveform of the current passing through an inductor of
resistance 1 W and inductance 2 H. The energy absorbed by the inductor in the
first four seconds is
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(C) 70+30% (D) 34.4+65%
EE SP 1.113 Two conductors are carrying forward and return current of +I and - I as shown
in figure. The magnetic field intensity H at point P is
(A) I Y (B) I X
pd pd
(C) I Y (D) I X
2pd 2pd
EE SP 1.114 Two infinite strips of width w m in x -direction as shown in figure, are carrying
forward and return currents of +I and - I in the z - direction. The strips are
separated by distance of x m. The inductance per unit length of the configuration
is measured to be L H/m. If the distance of separation between the strips in
snow reduced to x/2 m, the inductance per unit length of the configuration is
EE SP 1.115 In the circuit of figure, the magnitudes of VL and VC are twice that of VR . Given
that f = 50 Hz , the inductance of the coil is
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EE SP 1.116 In figure, the potential difference between points P and Q is
(A) 12 V
(B) 10 V
(C) - 6 V
(D) 8 V
EE SP 1.117 Two ac sources feed a common variable resistive load as shown in figure. Under
the maximum power transfer condition, the power absorbed by the load resistance
RL is
(A) 2200 W
(B) 1250 W
(C) 1000 W
(D) 625 W
(A) 10 W
(B) 18 W
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(C) 24 W
(D) 12 W
EE SP 1.119 In the circuit shown in figure, the switch S is closed at time (t = 0). The voltage
across the inductance at t = 0+ , is
(A) 2 V
(B) 4 V
(C) - 6 V
(D) 8 V
(A) 0.125
(B) 0.167
(C) 0.625
(D) 0.25
EE SP 1.122 A parallel plate capacitor has an electrode area of 100 mm2, with spacing of
0.1 mm between the electrodes. The dielectric between the plates is air with
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a permittivity of 8.85 # 10 - 12 F/m. The charge on the capacitor is 100 V. The
stored energy in the capacitor is
(A) 8.85 pJ (B) 440 pJ
(C) 22.1 nJ (D) 44.3 nJ
EE SP 1.123 A composite parallel plate capacitor is made up of two different dielectric material
with different thickness (t1 and t2 ) as shown in figure. The two different dielectric
materials are separated by a conducting foil F. The voltage of the conducting
foil is
(A) 52 V (B) 60 V
(C) 67 V (D) 33 V
***********
SOLUTION
SOL 1.1 Correct answer is 330 W.
We redraw the given electric circuit as
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From the given circuit, we have the following observations for the connected
batteries:
100 V battery: As the current flows through the battery from positive to negative
terminal, so it absorbs power.
80 V battery: As the current flows through the battery from negative to positive
terminal, so it delivers power.
15 V battery: As the current flows through the battery negative to positive
terminal, so it delivers power.
Thus, the net power absorbed by circuit elements is obtained as
Pnet = Power absorbed by 100 V battery
– [Power emitted by 80 V battery + Power emitted by 15 V battery]
= 100 # 10 - 6^80 # 8h + ^15 # 2h@
= 1000 - 640 - 30
= 330 W
(a) (b)
A
eo
C1 = 2
d
eo e r
A
and C2 = 2
d
Therefore, we get the net capacitance as
C net = C1 + C2
Ae o /2 Ae o e r /2 Ae o Ae o e r
= + = + = Ae o ^1 + e r h ...(2)
d d 2d 2d 2d
Thus, from equations (1) and (2), we get
C net = Co ^1 + e r h
2
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SOL 1.3 Correct answer is (C)
We have the given circuit as
In the given circuit, the switches operates as shown by the respective arrows. So,
at t = 0 ,
Switch 1 (switch across Vs ) changes it state from short circuit to open circuit.
Switch 2 changes it state from open circuit to short circuit.
Therefore, we have the equivalent circuit at t = 0- as (given Vc ^0 h =- 2 V )
^ s h I ^s h Vc ^0+h
V = +
Sc S
So, we draw the equivalent circuit for given initial voltage across capacitor as
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-3
or - 2 + 20 # 10 1 + 100 20 # 10-3 V
s s # # s s
s # 1006
Thus, we obtain
3
Vs =- 2 + 20 #2 10 + 2
s s s
= 22 # 10 4
s
So, Vs ^ t h = 2 # 10 4 t
i.e. the plot of source voltage is a straight line passing through origin, as shown
below.
2
300 = 25I + I
2
I 2 + 50I - 600 = 0
I 2 + 60I - 10I - 600 = 0
I ^I + 60h - 10 ^I + 60h = 0
^I - 10h^I + 60h = 0
So, I = 10 A , - 60 A
Now, for the two obtained values of current, we get
R = b 25 + 10 l = 30
2
R = b 25 - 60 l =- 5 (Resistance can not be
2
negative)
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Thus, the current through the circuit is
I = 10 A
So, D : B = 2 y2 z2 + 2 x2 z2 + 2 x2 y2 = 0
2x 2y 2z
Thus, the vector given in option (C) does not satisfy the property of magnetic
flux density.
Equivalent inductance
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
380 = L + L + 2M
or L + M = 190 ...(1)
(2) Series opposing connection
Equivalent inductance
Leq = L1 + L2 - 2M
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240 = L + L - 2M
or L - M = 120 ...(2)
Substituting eq (2) from eq (1), we get
2L = 70
or L = 35 mH
vC ^3h = Vo2
Time constant t = RTh C
RTh is the Thevenin resistance across the capacitor terminal after t = 0 . So
t = 2RC
Now, at any time t > 0 , capacitor voltage is given by
vC ^ t h = vC ^3h + 6vC ^0 h - vC ^3h@e-t/t
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As shown in Figure above this arrangement is equivalent to series combination
of three capacitors C1 , C2 and C 3 . We have
C1 = Ae 1 = 4Ae 1
d/4 d
C2 = Ae 2 = 2Ae 2
d/2 d
C 3 = Ae 1 = 4Ae 1
d/4 d
Now given that voltage across first capacitor is C1 is 2 V, so we write
1 /jwC 1
VC1 = V =2
1 + 1 + 1 # s
j w C 1 j wC 2 j w C 3
^Vs = 10 Vh
C2 C3 10 = 2
C 2 C 3 + C1 C 3 + C1 C 2 #
Substituting values of C1 , C2 and C 3 , we get
8e 1 e 2
# 10 = 2
8e 1 e 2 + 16e 12 + 8e 1 e 2
8e 1 e 2 =1
16e 1 e 2 + 16e 12 5
e2 =1
2e 2 + 2e 1 5
2 e 2 + 2 e 1 = 5e 2
2e 1 = 3e 2
e1 = 3
e2 2
e1 : e 2 = 3 : 2
superposition to obtain vC ^ t h.
First consider source v ^ t h = 20 sin 10t . Open circuit current source and redrawing
circuit in domain with w 1 = 10 rad/ sec .
1
j10
VC1 = # 20 (Using voltage division)
1+ 1
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j10
= 1 20
1 + j10 #
VC1 = 20 - tan-1 10
101
A1 = VC1 = 20 = 1.99 A
101
Now, consider current source i ^ t h = 10 sin 5t . Short circuit voltage source and
redrawing circuit in frequency domain with w 2 = 5 rad/ sec .
IC2 = 1 10 0c = j5 10 0c
1+ 1 1 + j5 #
j5
VC2 = IC2 # 1
j5
10 0c
VC2 =
1 + j5
VC2 = 10 - tan-5
26
A2 = VC2 = 10 = 1.96 A
26
SOL 1.11 Correct option is (C).
H By wire on x -axis = I k
2pd
=4# 1 k
1 2p
H by wire on y -axis = I ^- k h
2pd
= 2 # 1 ^- k h
2 2p
H on (2, 1, 0) = 4 k - 1 k
2p 2p
H = 3 k A/m
2p
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Given the relation
d : ^ f v h = x2 y + y2 z + z2 x ...(1)
where f , v are scalar and vector field respectively. From the properties of vector
field, we have
d : ^ f v h = v : ^df h - f ^d : v h
or v : ^df h = d : ^ f v h + f ^d : v h ...(2)
Again, we have
v = yi + zj + xk
2y 2z 2x
So, d:v = + +
2x 2y 2z
=0
Therefore, we get
f ^d : v h = 0
Substituting it in equation (2), we get
v : ^df h = d : ^ f v h
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The capacitor and inductor can be replaced with its equivalent reactance (in
frequency domain) as shown below.
Solving the above circuit, we get the equivalent driving point impedance as
Z ^s h = s + 1 || bs + 1 l
s s
2
= s + 1 || b s + 1 l
s s
1 s2 + 1
# s
= s+ s
1 + s2 + 1
s s
2
= s+ 3 s + 1
s + 2s
4 2
or Z ^s h = s +3 3s + 1
s + 2s
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To obtain the Norton equivalent along X -Y terminal, we redraw the given circuit
as
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Applying KCL at node Vx , we have
or
or
Vx - 1 + Vx = 2
1 1
2Vx - 1 = 2
Vx = 3
2
Therefore, the power delivered by current source is obtained as
= Voltage across current source # current through
current source
= 3#2 = 3W
2
Due to presence of conducting plane, we can assume an image charge for the
system as shown below
So, we can observe from the figure that electric field vector along x -y plane
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is cancelled, i.e. zero. Therefore, the electric field vector acts along negative z
-direction and given as
E = d E1 + E2 n^- kth
"
...(1)
2 2
where E1 and E2 are the field intensity due to the charge Q and - Q at point
( 2 , 2 , 0). So, we obtain
Q 32pe 0 2
E1 = 1 2 = 1
4pe 0 r 4pe 0 ( ( 2 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + (2) 2) 2
= 2
Similarly, we get, E2 = 2
Substituting these values in equation (1), we obtain
o^ h
"
E =e 2 + 2 - kt
2 2
=- 2kt
dP = 0
dRL
[^Rs + RL h2 + X s2 ] 1 - 2RL ^Rs + RL h
or =0
^^Rs + RL h2 + X s2h
2
or R s2 + R L2 + 2Rs RL + X s2 - 2Rs RL - 2R L2 = 0
or R s2 + X s2 = R L2
or RL = R s2 + X s2
i.e. to maximise the power transferred to pure resistive load (RL ), its value must
be equal to the magnitude of Zs of internal circuit.
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Given the current and voltage at different frequencies as
At w 1 = 1 krad /s, V1 = 100 0 I1 = 0.03 31c
At w 2 = 2 krad /s, V2 = 100 0 I 2 = 2 0c
From the given data, it is clear that voltage and current are in phase at w 2 = 2 .
So, it satisfies the resonance condition. Therefore, we have
R = V = 100 = 50 W
I 2
Also, for the resonance circuit, we have
wL = 1
wC
or 103 # 2 # L = 1
2 # C # 103
or 4 # 106 L = 1 ...(1)
C
Again, at w = 1 krad/s, we have
cos 31c = R
Z
or cos 31c = R
R + b wL - 1 l
2
2
wC
RC = Rb Ra ; RB = Ra Rc and RA = Rb Rc
Ra + Rb + Rc Ra + Rb + Rc Ra + Rb + Rc
So, if the delta connection components Ra , Rb and Rc are scaled by a factor k
then
^k Rb h^k Rc h 2
Rb Rc
RAl = =k = k RA
kRa + kRb + kRc k Ra + Rb + Rc
Hence, it is also scaled by a factor k
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We obtain the power delivered by load as
Pdelivered = I L* VL = ^10 + 150ch^10 60ch = 100 210c
= 1000 cos 210c + j1000 sin 210c =- 866.025 - j500
As both the reactive and average power (real power) are negative so, power is
absorbed by load. i.e., load absorbs real as well as reactive power.
wE = 1 e E 2 J/m2
2
The electric field inside the dielectric will be same to given field in free space
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Consider that the voltage across the three capacitors C1 , C 2 and C 3 are V1 , V2 and
V3 respectively. So, we can write
V2 = C 3
V3 C2
Since, Voltage is inversely proportional to capacitance
Now, given that
C1 = 10 mF ; ^V1hmax = 10V
....(1)
C2 = 5 mF ; ^V2hmax = 5 V
C 3 = 2 mF ; ^V3hmax = 2V
So, from Eq (1) we have
V2 = 2
V3 5
for ^V3hmax = 2
We obtain, V2 = 2 # 2 = 0.8 volt < 5
5
i.e., V2 < ^V2hmax
Hence, this is the voltage at C2 . Therefore,
V3 = 2 volt
V2 = 0.8 volt
and V1 = V2 + V3 = 2.8 volt
Now, equivalent capacitance across the terminal is
Ceq = C 2 C 3 + C1
C2 + C3
= 5 # 2 + 10 = 80 mF
5+2 7
Equivalent voltage is (max. value)
Vmax = V1 = 2.8
So, charge stored in the effective capacitance is
Q = Ceq Vmax = b 80 l # ^2.8h = 32 mC
7
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or, j40I2 = 0
i.e., the dependent source in loop 1 is short circuited. Therefore,
^ j4h Vs
VL1 =
j4 + 3
j40
VTh = 10 VL1 = 100 53.13c
j4 + 3
40 90c
= 100 53.13c
5 53.13c
= 800 90c
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Applying KCL at top right node
Vtest + Vtest - 99I = I
9 k + 1k 100 b
ZTh = Vtest
test
Itest
Alternate Method:
Z = (4 - j3) W
I = 5 cos (100pt + 100) A
Pavg = 1 Re $ I Z .
2
2
= 1 # Re "(5) 2 # (4 - j3),
2
= 1 # 100 = 50 W
2
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vc (0) /s
1 + 1
C1 s C 2 s
= c
v (0)
1 + 1
C1 C 2
= b C1 C2 l (12 V) vC (0) = 12 V
C1 + C 2
= 12Ceq
Taking inverse Laplace transform for the current in time domain,
i (t) = 12Ceq d (t) (Impulse)
For a one port network current entering one terminal, equals the current leaving
the second terminal. Thus the outgoing current from A to B will be equal to the
incoming current from D to C as shown
i.e. IDC = IAB = 3 A
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Chapter 1 Electric Circuits and Fields Page 51
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SOL 1.35 Correct option is (A).
We obtain Thevenin equivalent of circuit B .
Thevenin Impedance :
ZTh = R
Thevenin Voltage :
VTh = 3 0c V
Now, circuit becomes as
2+R 2+R (2 + R) (2 + R)
49R + 21 (2 + R)
= 2 = 42 + 70R2
(2 + R) (2 + R)
2
dP = (2 + R) 70 - (42 + 70R) 2 (2 + R) = 0
dR (2 + R) 4
(2 + R) [(2 + R) 70 - (42 + 70R) 2] = 0
140 + 70R - 84 - 140R = 0
56 = 70R
R = 0.8 W
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When 10 V is connected at port A the network is
Now, we obtain Thevenin equivalent for the circuit seen at load terminal, let
Thevenin voltage is VTh, 10 V with 10 V applied at port A and Thevenin resistance
is RTh .
VTh,10 V
IL =
RTh + RL
For RL = 1 W , IL = 3 A
VTh,10 V
3= ...(i)
RTh + 1
For RL = 2.5 W , IL = 2 A
VTh,10 V
2= ...(ii)
RTh + 2.5
Dividing above two
3 = RTh + 2.5
2 RTh + 1
3RTh + 3 = 2RTh + 5
RTh = 2 W
Substituting RTh into equation (i)
VTh,10 V = 3 (2 + 1) = 9 V
Note that it is a non reciprocal two port network. Thevenin voltage seen at port
B depends on the voltage connected at port A. Therefore we took subscript
VTh,10 V . This is Thevenin voltage only when 10 V source is connected at input
port A. If the voltage connected to port A is different, then Thevenin voltage
will be different. However, Thevenin’s resistance remains same.
Now, the circuit is
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VTh,10 V
For RL = 7 W , IL = = 9 = 1A
2 + RL 2 + 7
VTh, 6 V = RTh # 7 + 1 # 7 = 2 # 7 + 7 = 7 V
3 3 3 3
This is a linear network, so VTh at port B can be written as
VTh = V1 a + b
where V1 is the input applied at port A.
We have V1 = 10 V , VTh,10 V = 9 V
9 = 10a + b ...(i)
When V1 = 6 V , VTh, 6 V = 9 V
7 = 6a + b ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii)
a = 0.5 , b = 4
Thus, with any voltage V1 applied at port A, Thevenin voltage or open circuit
voltage at port B will be
So, VTh, V = 0.5V1 + 4
1
For V1 = 8 V
VTh,8 V = 0.5 # 8 + 4 = 8 = Voc (open circuit voltage)
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Voltage across load resistance
VRL = V3 cos q = 136 # 0.45 = 61.2 V
2
(61.2) 2
Power absorbed in RL PL = V RL = - 750 W
RL 5
Since the capacitor and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, the net
impedance of that branch will become zero.
Equivalent circuit
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Power transferred to the load
Rth = 6R = 0
6+R
R =0
10
P = I 2 RL = b
Rth + RL l
2
RL
For maximum power transfer Rth , should be minimum.
2
(5 103) 2
Power loss = V rated = # = 20 W
Rp 1.25 # 106
For an parallel combination of resistance and capacitor
tan d = 1 = 1
wC p R p 2p # 50 # 1.25 # 0.102
= 1 = 0.025
40
V = 50 103 kV/cm
d #
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Input power factor
I1 (rms)
pf = cos f1
Irms
I1 (rms) is rms values of fundamental component of current and Irms is the rms value
of converter current.
pf = 10 cos p/3 = 0.44
10 + 52 + 22
2
For capacitor at t = 0+
vc (0+) = vc (0) = 4 V
v (0+)
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current in 4 W resistor at t = 0+ , i1 = c =1A
4
so current in capacitor at t = 0+ , ic (0+) = i1 = 1 A
i = 100 = 50 A
1+1
Current in R W resistor is
i = 2-1 = 1 A
Voltage across 12 W resistor is
VA = 1 # 12 = 12 V
So, i = VA - 6 = 12 - 6 = 6 W
R 1
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So, Zl11 = Z11 + 1
Zl12 = Z12
Similarly for output port
V l2 = Zl21 I l1 + Zl22 I l2 = Zl21 I1 + Zl22 I2
So, Zl21 = Z21 , Zl22 = Z22
Z11 + 1 Z12
Z =>
Z21 Z22H
Z-matrix is
In the bridge
R1 R 4 = R 2 R 3 = 1
So it is a balanced bridge
I = 0 mA
(2 + 1) # 3 = 1 # 3 + 2 # VC (0+) 2
9 = 3 + 2VC (0+) 2
VC (0+) = 3 Volt
2
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Applying KVL in the input loop
v1 - i1 (1 + 1) # 103 - 1 (i1 + 49i1) = 0
jwC
v1 = 2 # 103 i1 + 1 50i1
jw C
Input impedance, Z1 = v1 = 2 # 103 + 1
i1 jw (C/50)
Ceq = C =
100 nF
Equivalent capacitance, = 2 nF
50 50
VP - 5 + VP + VS = I
S
2 2 1
VP - 5 + VP + 2VS = 2IS
2VP + 2VS = 2Is + 5
VP + VS = IS + 2.5 ...(1)
VP - VS = 3VS
& VP = 4VS
So, 4VS + VS = IS + 2.5
5VS = IS + 2.5
VS = 0.2IS + 0.5 ...(2)
For Thevenin equivalent circuit
SOL 1.59
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By comparing (2) and (3),
Thevenin resistance Rth = 0.2 kW
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Ceq = 2 F
3
Equivalent Resistance
Req = 3 + 3 = 6 W
Time constant t = Req Ceq = 6 # 2 = 4 sec
3
SOL 1.66
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Correct option is (D).
Q =Area OABCDO
Q
V0 = o = 13 nC = 43.33 Volt
C 0.3 nF
When capacitor is connected across an inductor it will give sinusoidal esponse as
vc (t) = Vo cos wo t
where wo = 1 = 1
LC 0.3 # 10 # 0.6 # 10- 3
-9
Vb = 1.25 V
Current i = Vb = 1.25 A
1
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= 442.5 # 10- 11 F
- 12
C1 = e0 er1 A = 8.85 # 10 # 8 # 500
- 12
4 # 10- 3
- 11
Ceq = 442.5 # 10 - 11 # 221.25 # 10- 11
442.5 # 10 + 221.25 # 10
3
# 500 # 10
# 500 # 10
-6
-6
= 147.6 # 10- 11
- 1476 pF
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0.8 dI1 =- 1.12Vx - 3I1 + V
dt
dI1 =- 1.4V - 3.75I + 5 V
x 1
dt 4
R j ^wL - w1C h
= 2 -
R + ^wL - w1C h2 R2 + ^wL - w1C h2
= Re (Y) + Im (Y)
Varying frequency for Re (Y) and Im (Y) we can obtain the admittance-locus.
Applying KCL
vL (0+) vL (0+) - vc (0+)
+ = iL (0+) = 10
10 10
2vL (0+) - 10 = 100
Voltage across inductor at t = 0+
vL (0+) = 100 + 10 = 55 V
2
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So, current in capacitor at t = 0+
+ vL (0+) - vc (0+)
iC (0 ) =
10
= 55 - 10 = 4.5 A
10
Applying KVL
2
3 - 2 # I NL = VNL
2 2
3 - 2I NL = I NL
2
3I NL = 3 & INL = 1 A
VNL = (1) 2 = 1 V
VX = V+0c
Vy - 2V+0c
+ (Vy) jwC = 0
R
Vy (1 + jwCR) = 2V+0c
Vy = 2V+0c
1 + jwCR
VYX = VX - VY = V - 2V
1 + jwCR
R " 0, VYX = V - 2V =- V
R " 3, VYX = V - 0 = V
So power dissipated in the non-linear resistance
P = VNL INL = 1 # 1 = 1 W
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In node incidence matrix
b1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b 6
R V
n1 S 1 1 1 0 0 0 W
n2S 0 - 1 0 - 1 1 0 W
n 3SS- 1 0 0 0 - 1 - 1WW
n 4S 0 0 - 1 1 0 1 W
T X
In option (C)
E = AV
R V
S1 1 1 0 0 0W
S 0 -1 0 -1 1 0 W
8e1 e2 e 3 e 4B = S- 1 0 0 0 - 1 - 1W8V1 V2 -- V6B
T T
S W
S 0 0 -1 1 0 1 W
R V RT V X
Se1W S V1 + V2 + V3 W
Se2W S- V2 - V4 + V5W
Se W = S- V - V - V W which is true.
S 3W S 1 5 6W
Se 4W S- V3 + V4 + V6W
T X T X
SOL 1.78 Correct option is (A).
Assume a Gaussian surface inside the sphere (x < R)
Qr3
So, # D : ds =
R3
Qr3 Q r
or D # 4pr2 = 3 = a D = e0 E
R 4pe0 R3
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` XL = 2pfL
2pfL
= 230 = 2.28 A
2 # 3.14 # 50 # 321.6 # 10- 3
Vth = I (R + ZL + ZC )
= 1+0c [1 + 2j - j]
= 1 (1 + j) = 2 +45% V
Thevenin impedance:
Zth = R + ZL + ZC = 1 + 2j - j = (1 + j) W
Output voltage
vo = Avi = 106 # 1 mV = 1 V
Input impedance
Zi = vi = vi = 3
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ii 0
Output impedance
Zo = vo = Avi = Ro = 10 W
io io
Voltage across R 3 is
5 = I1 R 3
5 = I1 (1)
I1 = 5 A (current through R 3 )
By applying KCL, current through voltage source
1 + I 2 = I1
I2 = 5 - 1 = 4 A
Current IR = V1 +0c
R1 + R 2
Voltage V2 = IR R2 + j (VL - VC )
V2 = V1 +0c R2
R1 + R 2
Voltage across capacitor
VC = 1 I
jw C # R
= 1 # VR +0c
jwC R1 + R 2
= VR + - 90c
wC (R1 + R2)
So phasor diagram is
SOL 1.86
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Correct option is (B).
This is a second order LC circuit shown below
V (s) = Vo 2 s 2 , a w20 = 1
s + w0 LC
Taking inverse Laplace transformation
v (t) = Vo cos wo t , t>0
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SOL 1.88 Correct option is (D).
From maxwell’s first equation
4: D = rv
r
4: E = v (Divergence of electric field intensity is non-Zero)
e
Maxwell’s fourth equation
4: B = 0 (Divergence of magnetic field intensity is zero)
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= 10 V
iL (0-) = 120 = 2 A
20 + 40
At t = 0 , when switch is moved to position 1,inductor current does not change
simultaneously so
iL (0+) = iL (0-)=2 A
Voltage across inductor at t = 0+
vL (0+) = 120 V
By applying KVL in loop
120 = 2 (40 + R + 20)
120 = 120 + R
R = 0W
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SOL 1.96 Correct option is (C).
At f1 = 100 Hz, voltage drop across R and L is mRMS
mRMS = Vin .R
R + jw1 L
V (jw L)
= in 1
R + jw1 L
So, R = w1 L
At f2 = 50 Hz, voltage drop across R
mlRMS = Vin .R
R + jw2 L
mRMS R + jw2 L R2 + w22 L2
= =
mlRMS R + jw1 L R2 + w12 L2
= w12 L2 + w22 L2 , R = w1 L
w12 L2 + w12 L2
w12 + w22 = f 12 + f 22
=
2w12 2f 12
(100) 2 + (50) 2
= = 5
2 (100) 2 8
mlRMS = 8m
5 RMS
iL (0-) = 10 = 1 A
10
Inductor current does not change simultaneously so at t = 0 when switch is
closed current remains same
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iL (0+) = iL (0-)=1 A
Nodal analysis at P
Vth - 4 + Vth = 0
10 10
2Vth - 4 = 0
Vth = 2 V
Thevenin resistance:
Rth = 10 W || 10 W = 5 W
1 + j wC = 0
j wL
1 - w2 LC = 0
w= 1 (resonant frequency)
LC
1
C = 2 = 1 = 0.05 m F
wL 4 # p # (500) 2 # 2
2
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- 12
= 8.85 # 10 # 4 # 16 # 10- 2 = 94.4 10- 11 F
-3 #
6 # 10
Similarly
8.85 # 10- 12 # 2 # (400 # 10- 3) 2
C2 = e0 er2 A =
d2 8 # 10- 3
- 12
= 8.85 # 10 # 2 # 16 # 10- 12
-3
8 # 10
- 11
= 35.4 # 10 F
- 11 - 11
Ceq = 94.4 # 10 # 35.4 #-10 11 = 25.74 # 10- 11 - 257 pF
(94.4 + 35.4) # 10
Voltage VA = (2 + 1) # 6 = 18 Volt
So, 2 = E - VA
6
2 = E - 18
6
E = 12 + 18 = 30 V
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SOL 1.106 Correct option is (D).
For parallel circuit
I = E = EYeq
Zeq
Yeq " Equivalent admittance of the circuit
Yeq = YR + YL + YC
= (0.5 + j0) + (0 - j1.5) + (0 + j0.3)
= 0.5 - j1.2
So, current I = 10 (0.5 - j1.2) = (5 - j12) A
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Current in the circuit
i (t) = C dvc = C d [100 - 80e- t]
dt dt
= C # 80e- t
= 0.5 # 80e- t
= 40e- t
At t = 1 sec,
i (t) = 40e- 1 = 14.71 A
Where power P = VI = I bL dI l
dt
t
So, EL = # LIb dI
dt l
dt
0
For0 # t # 4 sec
4
EL = 2 # Ib dI
dt l
dt
0
a dI = 3, 0 # t # 2
2 4
=2 # #
I (3) dt + 2 * dt
I (0) dt ,
0
2
2 = 0, 2 < t < 4
= 6 # I.dt =6(area under the curve i (t) - t )
0
= 6 # 1 # 2 # 6 = 36 J
2
Energy absorbed by 1 W resistor is
t 2 4
I = 3t, 0 # t # 2
ER = # I2 Rdt = # (3t) 2 # 1dt + # (6) 2 dt )
0 0 2 = 6A 2 # t # 4
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3 2
= 9 # :t D + 36[t]2 = 24 + 72 =96 J
4
3 0
Total energy absorbed in 4 sec
E = EL + ER = 36 + 96 = 132 J
iL = iC + 1 + 2
iL = iC + 3
iC =- C dvc =- 1 d [4 sin 2t]
dt dt
=- 8 cos 2t
so iL =- 8 cos 2t + 3 (current through inductor)
Voltage across inductor
vL = L diL = 2 # d [3 - 8 cos 2t] = 32 sin 2t
dt dt
5 (1 - 3j) 5 (1 + 3 j)
So, Zth = 10 (3 + 4j) +
5 (1 - 3 j) + 5 (1 + 3 j)
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25 (1 + 3)
= 10 (3 + 4j) +
10
= 30 + 40j + 10 = 40 + 40j
Zth = 40 2 +45c W
R 5
so, VL = wL = 2VR
wL = 2 # 5 VR = 5 V, at resonance
2 # p # 50 # L = 10
L = 10 = 31.8 mH
314
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5VQ - 54 = 0
VQ = 54 V
5
Potential difference between P-Q
VPQ = VP - VQ
= 24 - 54 =- 6 V
5 5
Thevenin voltage
Vth - 110+0c + Vth - 90+0c 0
6 + 8j 6 + 8j =
2Vth - 200+0c = 0
Vth = 100+0c V
Thevenin impedance
Power in load
2
P = ieff RL
P = 100 2
5
3 + 4j + 5 #
(100) 2
= 5
80 #
= 625 Watt
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SOL 1.119 Correct option is (D).
Applying mesh analysis in the circuit
I1 = 10 A, I2 =- 5 A
Current in 2 W resistor
I2W = I1 - (- I2)
= 10 - (- 5) = 15 A
So, voltage VA = 15 # 2 = 30 Volt
Now we can easily find out current in all branches as following
Current in resistor R is 5 A
5 = 100 - 40
R
R = 60 = 12 W
5
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Simplified circuit
At node A
E A - E1 + E A - E 2 + E A = 0
2 2 4
5EA = 2E1 + 2E2 ...(1)
Similarly
E1 - E A + E1 = 0
2 2
2E1 = EA ...(2)
From (1) and (2)
5 (2E1) = 2E1 + 2E2 4
8E1 = 2E2
h12 = E1 = 1
E2 4
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KQ KQ
= -
OP OQ
9
= 9 # 10 # 1 # 10- 9 - 9 # 109 # 1 # 10- 9
-3
40 # 10 20 # 10- 3
= 9 # 103 : 1 - 1 D =- 225 Volt
40 20
= 8.85 # 10- 12 F
E = 1 # 8.85 # 10- 12 # (100) 2
2
= 44.3 nJ
C1 = e0 er1 A , C2 = e0 er2 A
t1 t2
Since C1 and C2 are in series charge on both capacitor is same.
Q1 = Q 2
C1 (100 - V) = C2 V (Let V is the voltage of foil)
************
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CHAPTER 2
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
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(C) 5 (D) 21
EE SP 2.2 For a periodic square wave, which one of the following statements is TRUE ?
(A) The Fourier series coefficients do not exist.
(B) The Fourier series coefficients exist but the reconstruction converges at no
point.
(C) The Fourier series coefficients exist and the reconstruction converges at
most points.
(D) The Fourier series coefficients exist and the reconstruction converges at
every point.
EE SP 2.3 Let f ^ t h be a continuous time signal and let F ^wh be its Fourier Transform
defined by
F ^w h = # f ^ t h e-jwt dt
3
-3
-3
What is the relationship between f ^ t h and g ^ t h ?
(A) g ^ t h would always be proportional to f ^ t h
(B) g ^ t h would be proportional to f ^ t h if f ^ t h is an even function
(C) g ^ t h would be proportional to f ^ t h only if f ^ t h is a sinusoidal function
(D) g ^ t h would never be proportional to f ^ t h
^t - T h ^t - 2T h
(A) u ^ t h - u ^t - T h + u ^t - T h - u ^t - 2T h
T T
(B) u ^ t h + t u ^t - T h - t u ^t - 2T h
T T
^t - T h ^t - 2T h
(C) u ^ t h - u ^t - T h + u^t h - u^t h
T T
^t - T h ^t - 2T h
(D) u ^ t h + u ^t - T h - 2 u ^t - 2T h
T T
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s ^s + 4h
If the input to the system is cos ^3t h and the steady state output is A sin ^3t + ah
, then the value of A is
(A) 1/30 (B) 1/15
(C) 3/4 (D) 4/3
EE SP 2.6 Consider an LTI system with impulse response h ^ t h = e-5t u ^ t h. If the output of
the system is y ^ t h = e-3t u ^ t h - e-5t u ^ t h then the input, x ^ t h, is given by
(A) e-3t u ^ t h
(B) 2e-3t u ^ t h
(C) e-5t u ^ t h
(D) 2e-5t u ^ t h
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(B) real and odd function of w
(C) imaginary and odd function of w
(D) imaginary and even function of w
EE SP 2.11 For the signal f ^ t h = 3 sin 8pt + 6 sin 12pt + sin 14pt , the minimum sampling
frequency (in Hz) satisfying the Nyquist criterion is _____.
EE SP 2.12 A continuous-time LTI system with system function H ^wh has the following pole-
zero plot. For this system, which of the alternatives is TRUE ?
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(D) X ^wh is imaginary and Y ^wh is real
EE SP 2.16 For a periodic signal v ^ t h = 30 sin 100t + 10 cos 300t + 6 sin ^500t + p/4h, the
fundamental frequency in rad/s
(A) 100 (B) 300
(C) 500 (D) 1500
EE SP 2.17 Two systems with impulse responses h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h are connected in cascade.
Then the overall impulse response of the cascaded system is given by
(A) product of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(B) sum of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(C) convolution of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(D) subtraction of h2 ^ t h from h1 ^ t h
EE SP 2.18 Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE for a continuous time
causal and stable LTI system?
(A) All the poles of the system must lie on the left side of the jw axis
(B) Zeros of the system can lie anywhere in the s-plane
(C) All the poles must lie within s = 1
(D) All the roots of the characteristic equation must be located on the left side
of the jw axis.
output is
2 t ^t - 1h
(A) t u ^ t h (B) u ^t - 1h
2 2
^t - 1h2 2
(C) u ^t - 1h (D) t - 1 u ^t - 1h
2 2
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YEAR 2012 ONE MARK
EE SP 2.21 If x [n] = (1/3) n - (1/2) n u [n], then the region of convergence (ROC) of its z
-transform in the z -plane will be
(A) 1 < z < 3 (B) 1 < z < 1
3 3 2
(C) 1 < z < 3 (D) 1 < z
2 3
EE SP 2.23 Let y [n] denote the convolution of h [n] and g [n], where h [n] = (1/2) n u [n] and
g [n] is a causal sequence. If y [0] = 1 and y [1] = 1/2, then g [1] equals
(A) 0
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
(D) 3/2
EE SP 2.24 The Fourier transform of a signal h (t) is H (jw) = (2 cos w) (sin 2w) /w . The value
of h (0) is
(A) 1/4
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
(D) 2
t
EE SP 2.25 The input x (t) and output y (t) of a system are related as y (t) = # x (t) cos (3t) dt
-3
. The system is
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Chapter 2 Signals and Systems Page 89
3
EE SP 2.26 The Fourier series expansion f (t) = a 0 + / an cos nwt + bn sin nwt of
n=1
the periodic signal shown below will contain the following nonzero terms
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(A) a 0 and bn, n = 1, 3, 5, ...3
(B) a 0 and an, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3
(C) a 0 an and bn, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3
(D) a 0 and an n = 1, 3, 5, ...3
EE SP 2.27 Given two continuous time signals x (t) = e-t and y (t) = e-2t which exist for
t > 0 , the convolution z (t) = x (t) * y (t) is
(A) e-t - e-2t
(B) e-3t
(C) e+t
(D) e-t + e-2t
EE SP 2.28 Let the Laplace transform of a function f (t) which exists for t > 0 be F1 (s)
and the Laplace transform of its delayed version f (t - t) be F2 (s). Let F1 * (s)
be the complex conjugate of F1 (s) with the Laplace variable set s = s + jw . If
F (s) F1 * (s)
G (s) = 2 , then the inverse Laplace transform of G (s) is an ideal
F1 (s) 2
(A) impulse d (t)
(B) delayed impulse d (t - t)
(C) step function u (t)
(D) delayed step function u (t - t)
EE SP 2.29 The response h (t) of a linear time invariant system to an impulse d (t), under
initially relaxed condition is h (t) = e-t + e-2t . The response of this system for a
EE SP 2.30 For the system 2/ (s + 1), the approximate time taken for a step response to
reach 98% of the final value is
(A) 1 s
(B) 2 s
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(C) 4 s
(D) 8 s
5t
EE SP 2.32 The system represented by the input-output relationship y (t) = # x (t) dt, t > 0 is
-3
(A) Linear and causal
(B) Linear but not causal
(C) Causal but not linear
(D) Neither liner nor causal
EE SP 2.33 The second harmonic component of the periodic waveform given in the figure
has an amplitude of
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2/p
(D) 5
(A) 2 (B) 2p
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(C) 4 (D) 4p
EE SP 2.35 Given the finite length input x [n] and the corresponding finite length output y [n]
of an LTI system as shown below, the impulse response h [n] of the system is
EE SP 2.38 A Linear Time Invariant system with an impulse response h (t) produces output
y (t) when input x (t) is applied. When the input x (t - t) is applied to a system
with impulse response h (t - t), the output will be
(A) y (t)
(B) y (2 (t - t))
(C) y (t - t)
(D) y (t - 2t)
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EE SP 2.39 A cascade of three Linear Time Invariant systems is causal and unstable. From
this, we conclude that
(A) each system in the cascade is individually causal and unstable
(B) at least on system is unstable and at least one system is causal
(C) at least one system is causal and all systems are unstable
(D) the majority are unstable and the majority are causal
EE SP 2.42 The impulse response of a causal linear time-invariant system is given as h (t).
Now consider the following two statements :
Statement (I): Principle of superposition holds
Statement (II): h (t) = 0 for t < 0
Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Statements (I) is correct and statement (II) is wrong
(B) Statements (II) is correct and statement (I) is wrong
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Chapter 2 Signals and Systems Page 93
EE SP 2.43 A signal e - at sin (wt) is the input to a real Linear Time Invariant system. Given K
and f are constants, the output of the system will be of the form Ke - bt sin (vt + f)
where
(A) b need not be equal to a but v equal to w
(B) v need not be equal to w but b equal to a
(C) b equal to a and v equal to w
(D) b need not be equal to a and v need not be equal to w
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YEAR 2008 TWO MARKS
EE SP 2.45 A system with x (t) and output y (t) is defined by the input-output relation :
- 2t
y (t) = #- 3x (t) dt
The system will be
(A) Casual, time-invariant and unstable
(B) Casual, time-invariant and stable
(C) non-casual, time-invariant and unstable
(D) non-casual, time-variant and unstable
A signal x (t) = sinc (at) where a is a real constant ^sinc (x) = px h is the input
sin (px)
EE SP 2.46
to a Linear Time Invariant system whose impulse response h (t) = sinc (bt), where
b is a real constant. If min (a, b) denotes the minimum of a and b and similarly,
max (a, b) denotes the maximum of a and b, and K is a constant, which one of
the following statements is true about the output of the system ?
(A) It will be of the form Ksinc (gt) where g = min (a, b)
(B) It will be of the form Ksinc (gt) where g = max (a, b)
(C) It will be of the form Ksinc (at)
(D) It can not be a sinc type of signal
EE SP 2.47 Let x (t) be a periodic signal with time period T , Let y (t) = x (t - t0) + x (t + t0)
for some t0 . The Fourier Series coefficients of y (t) are denoted by bk . If bk = 0 for
all odd k , then t0 can be equal to
(A) T/8 (B) T/4
(C) T/2 (D) 2T
EE SP 2.48 H (z) is a transfer function of a real system. When a signal x [n] = (1 + j) n is the
input to such a system, the output is zero. Further, the Region of convergence
(ROC) of ^1 - 12 z - 1h H(z) is the entire Z-plane (except z = 0 ). It can then be
inferred that H (z) can have a minimum of
(A) one pole and one zero
(B) one pole and two zeros
(C) two poles and one zero
D) two poles and two zeros
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(C) 2 sinc` w j cos ` w j (D) sinc` w j sin ` w j
2p 2 2p 2
EE SP 2.50 Given a sequence x [n], to generate the sequence y [n] = x [3 - 4n], which one of
the following procedures would be correct ?
(A) First delay x (n) by 3 samples to generate z1 [n], then pick every 4th sample
of z1 [n] to generate z2 [n], and than finally time reverse z2 [n] to obtain y [n].
(B) First advance x [n] by 3 samples to generate z1 [n], then pick every 4th
sample of z1 [n] to generate z2 [n], and then finally time reverse z2 [n] to
obtain y [n]
(C) First pick every fourth sample of x [n] to generate v1 [n], time-reverse v1 [n]
to obtain v2 [n], and finally advance v2 [n] by 3 samples to obtain y [n]
(D) First pick every fourth sample of x [n] to generate v1 [n], time-reverse v1 [n]
to obtain v2 [n], and finally delay v2 [n] by 3 samples to obtain y [n]
EE SP 2.51 Let a signal a1 sin (w1 t + f) be applied to a stable linear time variant system. Let
the corresponding steady state output be represented as a2 F (w2 t + f2). Then
which of the following statement is true?
(A) F is not necessarily a “Sine” or “Cosine” function but must be periodic
with w1 = w2 .
(B) F must be a “Sine” or “Cosine” function with a1 = a2
(C) F must be a “Sine” function with w1 = w2 and f1 = f2
(D) F must be a “Sine” or “Cosine” function with w1 = w2
EE SP 2.52 The frequency spectrum of a signal is shown in the figure. If this is ideally
sampled at intervals of 1 ms, then the frequency spectrum of the sampled signal
will be
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YEAR 2007 TWO MARKS
EE SP 2.54 Consider the discrete-time system shown in the figure where the impulse response
of G (z) is g (0) = 0, g (1) = g (2) = 1, g (3) = g (4) = g = 0
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EE SP 2.55 For a distortion free output signal wave form, G (s) must
(A) provides zero phase shift for all frequency
(B) provides constant phase shift for all frequency
(C) provides linear phase shift that is proportional to frequency
(D) provides a phase shift that is inversely proportional to frequency
EE SP 2.56 G (z) = az - 1 + bz - 3 is a low pass digital filter with a phase characteristics same as
that of the above question if
(A) a = b (B) a =- b
(C) a = b(1/3) (D) a = b(- 1/3)
EE SP 2.57 If u (t), r (t) denote the unit step and unit ramp functions respectively and
u (t) * r (t) their convolution, then the function u (t + 1) * r (t - 2) is given by
(A) 12 (t - 1) u (t - 1) (B) 12 (t - 1) u (t - 2)
(C) 1
2 (t - 1) 2 u (t - 1) (D) None of the above
EE SP 2.60 x (t) is a real valued function of a real variable with period T . Its trigonometric
Fourier Series expansion contains no terms of frequency w = 2p (2k) /T; k = 1, 2g
Also, no sine terms are present. Then x (t) satisfies the equation
(A) x (t) =- x (t - T)
(B) x (t) = x (T - t) =- x (- t)
(C) x (t) = x (T - t) =- x (t - T/2)
(D) x (t) = x (t - T) = x (t - T/2)
EE SP 2.61 A discrete real all pass system has a pole at z = 2+30% : it, therefore
(A) also has a pole at 12 +30%
(B) has a constant phase response over the z -plane: arg H (z) = constant
constant
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(C) is stable only if it is anti-causal
(D) has a constant phase response over the unit circle: arg H (eiW) = constant
n
EE SP 2.63 The discrete-time signal x [n] X (z) = n3= 0 3 z2n , where
/ denotes a
2+n
transform-pair relationship, is orthogonal to the signal
n
(A) y1 [n] ) Y1 (z) = n3= 0 ` 2 j z - n
/ 3
(B) y2 [n] ) Y2 (z) = / n3= 0 (5n - n) z - (2n + 1)
EE SP 2.64 A continuous-time system is described by y (t) = e - x (t) , where y (t) is the output
and x (t) is the input. y (t) is bounded
(A) only when x (t) is bounded
(B) only when x (t) is non-negative
(C) only for t # 0 if x (t) is bounded for t $ 0
(D) even when x (t) is not bounded
t
EE SP 2.65 The running integration, given by y (t) = #- 3 x (t') dt'
(A) has no finite singularities in its double sided Laplace Transform Y (s)
(B) produces a bounded output for every causal bounded input
EE SP 2.66 For the triangular wave from shown in the figure, the RMS value of the voltage
is equal to
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(A) 1 (B) 1
6 3
(C) 1 (D) 2
3 3
2
EE SP 2.67 The Laplace transform of a function f (t) is F (s) = 5s 2+ 23s + 6 as t " 3, f (t)
approaches s (s + 2s + 2)
(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 17 (D) 3
2
EE SP 2.69 If u (t) is the unit step and d (t) is the unit impulse function, the inverse z
-transform of F (z) = z +1 1 for k > 0 is
(A) (- 1) k d (k) (B) d (k) - (- 1) k
(C) (- 1) k u (k) (D) u (k) - (- 1) k
EE SP 2.70 The rms value of the resultant current in a wire which carries a dc current of 10
A and a sinusoidal alternating current of peak value 20 is
(A) 14.1 A (B) 17.3 A
(C) 22.4 A (D) 30.0 A
(A) 2 6 A (B) 6 2 A
(C) 4/3 A (D) 1.5 A
***********
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SOLUTION
SOL 2.1 Correct option is (B).
Given the Laplace transform,
X ^s h = 3s + 5
s2 + 10s + 21
From final value theorem, we know
x ^ t h = lim sX ^s h
s"3
So, we obtain
x ^0+h = lim sX ^0+h
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s"3
= lim s d 3s + 5 n
s"3 s2 + 10s + 21
s _3 + s5 i
= lim s
s"3 s 2 `1 + 10s + 21s j
2
3+ 5
= 3 =3
1 + 10 + 21
3 3
For the square wave, we observe that the Fourier series coefficients exist and the
reconstruction converges at most point.
F ^w h = # f ^t he -jwt
dt
and the function g ^ t h is defined as
-3
f ^t h = # F ^w h e jwt
dw
-3
Replacing t by - t and w by u in above expression, we get
3
f ^- t h = # F^u he -jut
du ...(2)
-3
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Chapter 2 Signals and Systems Page 101
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The function represented in the waveform can be resolved in the following four
waveforms; where u (t) is the unit step function.
y ^ t h = A sin ^3t + ah
We can see that output differs only in phase. In Laplace domain
Y ^s h = X ^s h H ^s h
Y ^s h = X ^s h H ^s h
Y ^ jwh = X ^ jwh H ^ jwh
A = 1# 1
w w2 + 16
For w = 3 , A = 1# 1
3 9 + 16
= 1
15
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Impulse response h ^ t h = e-5t u ^ t h
Laplace transform, H ^s h = 1
s+5
Output, y ^ t h = e-3t u ^ t h - e-5t u ^ t h
Laplace transform, Y (s) = 1 + 1
s+3 s+5
= 2
^s + 3h^s + 5h
We know that, Y (s) = X ^s h H ^s h
Y ^s h
So, X ^s h =
H ^s h
Substituting Y ^s h and H ^s h, we get
X ^s h = 2
s+3
Taking inverse Laplace, transform
x ^ t h = 2e-3t u ^ t h
z z a a-1
So, zI - A = > H-> H
0 0 a+1 a
z - a -a + 1
=> H
-a - 1 z - a
z-1 0
For a = 1, zI - A = > H
-2 z - 1
Characteristic equation
zI - A = 0
^z - 1h2 = 0
z = 1 ! j0
The roots of characteristic equation gives the system poles.
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1 0 # n # N-1
or h ^n h =* N
0 otherwise
fs
N= = 400 =8 f = 100p = 50 Hz
f 50 2p
1 0#n#7
So h ^n h = *8
0 otherwise
y ^n h = x ^n h * h ^n h
1, t < 1
x (t ) = *
0, t > 1
The waveform for the given signal is drawn as
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So, comparing the two waveforms, we get
x (t ) = rect a t k
2
Now, the Fourier transform pair for rectangular function is
rect c t m * t sin C c wt m
t 2p
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SOL 2.12 Correct option is (D).
To obtain the system function, we redraw the given pole-zero plot as
it is clear that only lower component (fs - fx ) passes through the filter, i.e.
fS - fx < 25
and fS - fx = 20
50 - fx = 20
fx = 50 - 20 = 30 Hz
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Then Y (w) = jwX (w) ...(1)
where X (w) and Y (w) are the Fourier transform of x (t ) and y (t ) respectively.
Now, we have the function x (t ), which is differentiable, non-constant, even
function. So, its frequency response will be real, i.e. X (w) is real
Hence, equation (1) gives the result that Y (w) is imaginary.
or, T0 = 2p
100
Thus, the fundamental frequency in rad/sec is
w0 = 2p = 100 rad/s
10
SOL 2.18
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Correct option is (C).
For a system to be casual, the R.O.C of system transfer function H ^s h which is
rational should be in the right half plane and to the right of the right most pole.
For the stability of LTI system. All poles of the system should lie in the
left half of S -plane and no repeated pole should be on imaginary axis. Hence,
options (A), (B), (D) satisfies both stability and causality an LTI system.
But, Option (C) is not true for the stable system as, S = 1 have one pole
in right hand plane also.
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3 2
= b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [- n - 1] - b 1 l u (n)
n -n n
3 3 2
Taking z -transform
X 6z @ =
3 3
1 n -n 1 -n -n
/ b 3 l z u [n ] + / b 3 l z u [- n - 1]
n =- 3 n =- 3
3 3 -1 3
1 n -n 1 n -n 1 -n -n 1 n -n
- / b 2 l z u [n ] = /
b3l z + b3l z - / b2l z /
n =- 3 n=0 n =- 3 n=0
3 3 3
/ b 31z l + / b 13 z l / b 21z l
n m n
= - Taking m =- n
n=0 m=1 n=0
14
42I
4
43 1 44 2
II
44 3 14
42III
4
43
= 2 2s + 1 2
(s + s + 1)
2 2 2 2 2
1 = g [1] + g [0]
g [1] = 1 - g [0]
y [0] 1
From equation (i), g [0] = = =1
h [0] 1
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So, g [1] = 1 - 1 = 0
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2 -3 2 -3
As t " 3, y (t) " 3 (unbounded)
System is not stable.
3
f (t) = a 0 + / (an cos wt + bn sin nwt)
n=1
• The given function f (t) is an even function, therefore bn = 0
• f (t) is a non zero average value function, so it will have a non-zero value of a 0
a 0 = 1 # f (t) dt (average value of f (t))
T/2
^T/2h 0
• an is zero for all even values of n and non zero for odd n
an = 2 # f (t) cos (nwt) d (wt)
T
T 0
So, Fourier expansion of f (t) will have a 0 and an , n = 1, 3, 5f3
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= "a F1 (s) F 1 (s) = F1 (s)
) 2
F1 (s) 2
= e-st
Taking inverse Laplace transform
g (t) = L - 1 [e-st] = d (t - t)
=2- 2
s (s + 1)
Taking inverse Laplace transform
y (t) = (2 - 2e- t) u (t)
Final value of y (t),
yss (t) = lim y (t) = 2
t"3
Let time taken for step response to reach 98% of its final value is ts .
So,
2 - 2e- ts = 2 # 0.98
0.02 = e- ts
ts = ln 50
= 3.91 sec.
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SOL 2.31 Correct option is (D).
Period of x (t),
T = 2p = 2 p
w 0.8 p
= 2.5 sec
Causality :
y (t) depends on x (5t), t > 0 system is non-causal.
For example t = 2
y (2) depends on x (10) (future value of input)
Linearity :
Output is integration of input which is a linear function, so system is linear.
4 , n odd
bn = * np
0 , n even
So only odd harmonic will be present in x (t)
For second harmonic component (n = 2) amplitude is zero.
2p - 3
#- 3
3
X (w) 2 dw = 2p # 2 = 4p
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SOL 2.35 Correct option is (C).
Given sequences x [n] = {1, - 1}, 0 # n # 1
-
y [n] = {1, 0, 0, 0, - 1}, 0 # n # 4
-
If impulse response is h [n] then
y [ n ] = h [ n ] * x [ n]
Length of convolution (y [n]) is 0 to 4, x [n] is of length 0 to 1 so length of h [n]
will be 0 to 3.
Let h [n] = {a, b, c, d}
-
Convolution
y [n] = {a, - a + b, - b + c, - c + d, - d}
-
Comparing we have
a =1
-a + b = 0 & b = a = 1
-b + c = 0 & c = b = 1
-c + d = 0 & d = c = 1
So, h [n] = {1, 1, 1, 1}
-
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g (t) = f` t - 3 j
2 2
H2 (z) = z3 + z2 + 1 (non-causal)
Overall response of the system
H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) H3 (z)
H (z) = (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) H3 (z)
To make H (z) causal we have to take H3 (z) also causal.
Let H3 (z) = z - 6 + z - 4 + 1
= (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) (z - 6 + z - 4 + 1)
H (z) " causal
Similarly to make H (z) unstable atleast one of the system should be unstable.
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3
x (t) = / ak e j2pkt/T
k =- 3
Let w0 is the fundamental frequency of signal x (t)
a 2p = w0
3
x (t) = / ak e jkw t 0
T
k =- 3
x (t) = a - 2 e - j2w t + a - 1 e - jw t + a0 + a1 e jw t + a2 e j2w t
0 0 0 0
Since the given system is LTI, So principal of Superposition holds due to linearity.
For causal system h (t) = 0 , t < 0
Both statement are correct.
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SOL 2.44 Correct option is (D).
Given that X (z) = z , z >a
(z - a) 2
Residue of X (z) zn - 1 at z = a is
= d (z - a) 2 X (z) zn - 1 z = a
dz
= d (z - a) 2 z zn - 1
dz (z - a) 2 z=a
= d z n
dz z = a
= nzn - 1 z = a
= nan - 1
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So, Y (jw) = K rect ` w j
2g
Where g = min (a, b)
And y (t) = K sinc (gt)
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= 2 cos w sinc` w j
2 2p
fs = 1 = 1 = 1 kHz
Ts 1 m sec
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SOL 2.53 Correct option is (C).
Given signal has the following wave-form
G (z)
H (z) =
1 - KG (z)
g [n] = d [n - 1] + d [n - 2]
G (z) = z - 1 + z - 2
(z - 1 + z - 2)
So H (z) = -1 -2
= 2 z+1
1 - K (z + z ) z - Kz - K
For system to be stable poles should lie inside unit circle.
z #1
2
z = K ! K + 4K # 1 K ! K2 + 4K # 2
2
K 2 + 4K # 2 - K
K2 + 4K # 4 - 4K + K2
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8K # 4
K # 1/2
H (s) = e - s c 13 m
s
Taking inverse Laplace transform
h (t) = 1 (t - 1) 2 u (t - 1)
2
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H (z) = z - 1 (1 - 3z - 1) (1 + 2z - 2)
Output of the system for input u [n] = d [n - 1] is ,
y (z) = H (z) U (z) U (z) = z - 1
Z
U [n ]
So
Y (z) = z - 1 (1 - 3z - 1) (1 + 2z - 2) z - 1
= z - 2 (1 - 3z - 1 + 2z - 2 - 6z - 3)
= z - 2 - 3z - 3 + 2z - 4 - 6z - 5
Taking inverse z-transform on both sides we have output.
y [n] = d [n - 2] - 3d [n - 3] + 2d [n - 4] - 6d [n - 5]
Where t = T - t & dt =- dt
T0 /2 T
= 2; #T x (T - t) sin nw0 (T - t) (- dt)+ #T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E
T0 0 0
TO T
= 2;
T0
#T /2 x (T - t) sin n` 2Tp T - t j dt ++ #T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E
O 0
T0 T0
= 2; #T /2 x (T - t) sin (2np - nw0) dt+ #T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E
T0 0 0
T0 T0
= 2 ;- #T /2 x (T - t) sin (nw0 t) dt + + #T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E
T0 0 0
bn = 0 if x (t) = x (T - t)
1 - z0 z
It has a pole at z 0 and a zero at 1/z)
0.
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system is stable if z < 1 and for this it is anti-causal.
y [n] = {- a, 2a - b, 2b - c, 2c}
-
y [n] = {- 1, 3, - 1, - 2}
So, a = 1 -
2a - b = 3 & b =- 1
2a - c =- 1 & c =- 1
Impulse response h [n] = "1, - 1, - 1,
-
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SOL 2.65 Correct option is (B).
t
Given y (t) = # x (t') dt'
-3
Laplace transform of y (t)
X (s)
Y (s) = , has a singularity at s = 0
s
t
For a causal bounded input, y (t)= # x (t') dt' is always bounded.
-3
(5s2 + 23s + 6)
= lim s = 6 =3
s"0 2
s (s + 2s + 2) 2
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Z-transform F (z) = 1 = 1- z = 1- 1
z+1 z+1 1 + z- 1
so, f (k) = d (k) - (- 1) k
Thus (- 1) k
Z 1
1 + z- 1
= 1 [6T + 18T] = 24
T
Irms = 24 = 2 6 A
***********
CHAPTER 3
ELECTRIC MACHINES
EE SP 3.2 For a specified input voltage and frequency, if the equivalent radius of the core of
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a transformer is reduced by half, the factor by which the number of turns in the
primary should change to maintain the same no load current is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2
(C) 2 (D) 4
EE SP 3.3 A star connected 400 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole synchronous machine gave the following
open circuit and short circuit test results :
Open circuit test : Voc = 400 V (rms, line-to-line) at field current, I f = 2.3 A
Short circuit test : Isc = 10 A (rms, phase) at field current, I f = 1.5 A
The value of per phase synchronous impedance in W at rated voltage is_____.
EE SP 3.4 The core loss of a single phase, 230/115 V , 50 Hz power transformer is measured
from 230 V side by feeding the primary (230 V side) from a variable voltage
variable frequency source while keeping the secondary open circuited. The core
loss is measured to be 1050 W for 230 V, 50 Hz input. The core loss is again
measured to be 500 W for 138 V, 30 Hz input. The hysteresis and eddy current
losses of the transformer for 230 V, 50 Hz input are respectively,
(A) 508 W and 542 W (B) 468 W and 582 W
(C) 498 W and 552 W (D) 488 W and 562 W
EE SP 3.5 A 15 kW, 230 V dc shunt motor has armature circuit resistance of 0.4 W and
field circuit resistance of 230 W . At no load and rated voltage, the motor runs at
1400 rpm and the line current drawn by the motor is 5 A. At full load, the motor
draws a line current of 70 A. Neglect armature reaction. The full load speed of
the motor in rpm is_____.
EE SP 3.6 A 3 phase, 50 Hz, six pole induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.1 W and
reactance of 0.92 W . Neglect the voltage drop in stator and assume that the rotor
resistance is constant. Given that the full load slip is 3%, the ratio of maximum
torque to full load torque is
(A) 1.567 (B) 1.712
(C) 1.948 (D) 2.134
EE SP 3.7 Assuming an ideal transformer, the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage and impedance
as seen from the terminals x and y for the circuit in figure are
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(C) 1 sin ^wt h, 2 W (D) 2 sin ^wt h, 0.5 W
EE SP 3.8 A single phase, 50 kVA, 1000 V/100 V two winding transformer is connected as
an autotransformer as shown in the figure.
EE SP 3.9 A three-phase, 4-pole, self excited induction generator is feeding power to a load
at a frequency f 1 . If the load is partially removed, the frequency becomes f 2 . If
the speed of the generator is maintained at 1500 rpm in both the cases, then
(A) f 1 , f 2 > 50 Hz and f 1 > f 2 (B) f 1 < 50 Hz and f 2 > 50 Hz
(C) f 1 , f 2 < 50 Hz and f 2 > f 1 (D) f 1 > 50 Hz and f 2 < 50 Hz
EE SP 3.10 A single phase induction motor draws 12 MW power at 0.6 lagging power. A
capacitor is connected in parallel to the motor to improve the power factor of the
combination of motor and capacitor to 0.8 lagging. Assuming that the real and
reactive power drawn by the motor remains same as before, the reactive power
delivered by the capacitor in MVAR is ______.
EE SP 3.11 In a constant V/f control of induction motor, the ratio V/f is maintained
constant from 0 to base frequency, where V is the voltage applied to the motor
at fundamental frequency f . Which of the following statements relating to low
frequency operation of the motor is TRUE ?
(A) At low frequency, the stator flux increases from its rated value.
(B) At low frequency, the stator flux decreases from its rated value.
(C) At low frequency, the motor saturates.
(D) At low frequency, the stator flux remains unchanged at its rated value.
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Chapter 3 Electric Machines Page 127
EE SP 3.12 A 250 V dc shunt machine has armature circuit resistance of 0.6 W and field
circuit resistance of 125 W . The machine is connected to 250 V supply mains. The
motor is operated as a generator and then as a motor separately. The line current
of the machine in both the cases is 50 A. The ratio of the speed as a generator
to the speed as a motor is _____.
EE SP 3.13 A three phase slip-ring induction motor, provided with a commutator winding,
is shown in the figure. The motor rotates in clockwise direction when the rotor
windings are closed.
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If the rotor winding is open circuited and the system is made to run at rotational
speed f r with the help of prime-mover in anti-clockwise direction, then the
frequency of voltage across slip rings is f 1 and frequency of voltage across
commutator brushes is f 2 . The values of f 1 and f 2 respectively are
(A) f + f r and f
(C) f - f r and f + f r
(B) f - f r and f
(D) f + f r and f - f r
EE SP 3.14 A 20-pole alternators is having 180 identical stator slots with 6 conductors in
each slot. All the coils of a phase are in series. If the coils are connected to realize
single-phase winding, the generated voltage is V1 . If the coils are reconnected to
realize three phase star connected winding, the generated phase voltage is V2 .
Assuming full pitch, single-layer winding, the ratio V1 /V2 is
(A) 1 (B) 1
3 2
(C) 3 (D) 2
EE SP 3.15 For a single phase, two winding transformer, the supply frequency and voltage
are both increased by 10%. The percentage changes in the hysteresis loss and
eddy current loss, respectively, are
(A) 10 and 21 (B) - 10 and 21
(C) 21 and 10 (D) - 21 and 10
EE SP 3.17 A single phase induction motor is provided with capacitor and centrifugal switch
in series with auxiliary winding. The switch is expected to operate at a speed of
0.7 Ns, but due to malfunctioning the switch fails to operate. The torque-speed
characteristic of the motor is represented by
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EE SP 3.18 The no-load speed of a 230 V separately excited dc motor is 1400 rpm. The
armature resistance drop and the brush drop are neglected. The field current is
kept constant at rated value. The torque of the motor in Nm for an armature
current of 8 A is ________.
EE SP 3.19 The torque speed characteristics of motor ^TM h and load ^TL h for two cases are
shown in the figures (a) and (b). The load torque is equal to motor torque at
points P , Q , R and S .
EE SP 3.21
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The hysteresis and eddy current losses of the transformer at 25 Hz respectively
are
(A) 250 W and 2.5 W
(C) 312.5 W and 62.5 W
(B) 250 W and 62.5 W
(D) 312.5 W and 250 W
EE SP 3.22 A separately excited 300 V DC shunt motor under no load runs at 900 rpm
drawing an armature current of 2 A. The armature resistance is 0.5 W and
leakage inductance is 0.01 H. When loaded, the armature current is 15 A. Then,
the speed in rpm is _____.
EE SP 3.23 The load shown in the figure absorbs 4 kW at a power factor of 0.89 lagging.
EE SP 3.24 The parameters measured for a 220 V/110 V, 50 Hz , single phase transformer
are :
Self inductance of primary winding = 45 mH
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(A) flux that leaks through the machine
(B) flux that links both stator and rotor windings
(C) flux that links none of the windings
(D) flux that links the stator winding or the rotor winding but not both
VYZ2 = 100 V is applied across YZ to get an open circuit voltage VWX2 across WX.
Then, VYZ1 /VWX1 , VWX2 /VYZ2 are respectively,
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YEAR 2012 ONE MARK
EE SP 3.31 A 220 V, 15 kW, 100 rpm shunt motor with armature resistance of 0.25 W, has
a rated line current of 68 A and a rated field current of 2.2 A. The change in
field flux required to obtain a speed of 1600 rpm while drawing a line current of
52.8 A and a field current of 1.8 A is
(A) 18.18% increase
(B) 18.18% decrease
(C) 36.36% increase
(D) 36.36% decrease
EE SP 3.32 The locked rotor current in a 3-phase, star connected 15 kW, 4 pole, 230 V, 50 Hz
induction motor at rated conditions is 50 A. Neglecting losses and magnetizing
current, the approximate locked rotor line current drawn when the motor is
connected to a 236 V, 57 Hz supply is
(A) 58.5 A (B) 45.0 A
(C) 42.7 A (D) 55.6 A
EE SP 3.35 A three phase, salient pole synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus. It
is operated at no load a normal excitation. The field excitation of the motor is
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first reduced to zero and then increased in reverse direction gradually. Then the
armature current.
(A) Increases continuously
(B) First increases and then decreases steeply
(C) First decreases and then increases steeply
(D) Remains constant
EE SP 3.36 A single phase air core transformer, fed from a rated sinusoidal supply, is operating
at no load. The steady state magnetizing current drawn by the transformer from
the supply will have the waveform
EE SP 3.37 A 220 V, DC shunt motor is operating at a speed of 1440 rpm. The armature
resistance is 1.0 W and armature current is 10 A. of the excitation of the machine
is reduced by 10%, the extra resistance to be put in the armature circuit to
EE SP 3.38 A three-phase 440 V, 6 pole, 50 Hz, squirrel cage induction motor is running at
a slip of 5%. The speed of stator magnetic field to rotor magnetic field and speed
of rotor with respect of stator magnetic field are
(A) zero, - 5 rpm
(B) zero, 955 rpm
(C) 1000 rpm, - 5 rpm
(D) 1000 rpm, 955 rpm
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YEAR 2010 ONE MARK
EE SP 3.39 A Single-phase transformer has a turns ratio 1:2, and is connected to a purely
resistive load as shown in the figure. The magnetizing current drawn is 1 A, and
the secondary current is 1 A. If core losses and leakage reactances are neglected,
the primary current is
(C) Vs (D) Vs
2 2
(rs + rr ) + (Xm + Xr ) rs + (Xm + Xr ) 2
2
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EE SP 3.42 A balanced star-connected and purely resistive load is connected at the secondary
of a star-delta transformer as shown in figure. The line-to line voltage rating of
the transformer is 110 V/200 V.
Neglecting the non-idealities of the transformer, the impedance Z of the equivalent
star-connected load, referred to the primary side of the transformer, is
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EE SP 3.44 For the motor to deliver a torque of 2.5 Nm at 1400 rpm, the armature voltage
to be applied is
(A) 125.5 V (B) 193.3 V
(C) 200 V (D) 241.7 V
EE SP 3.46 The single phase, 50 Hz iron core transformer in the circuit has both the vertical
arms of cross sectional area 20 cm2 and both the horizontal arms of cross
sectional area 10 cm2 . If the two windings shown were wound instead on opposite
horizontal arms, the mutual inductance will
EE SP 3.47 A 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor supplied from a balanced 3-phase source drives
a mechanical load. The torque-speed characteristics of the motor(solid curve) and of the
load(dotted curve) are shown. Of the two equilibrium points A and B, which of
the following options correctly describes the stability of A and B ?
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EE SP 3.48 A 200 V, 50 Hz, single-phase induction motor has the following connection
diagram and winding orientations as shown. MM’ is the axis of the main stator
winding(M1 M2) and AA’ is that of the auxiliary winding(A1 A2). Directions of
the winding axis indicate direction of flux when currents in the windings are in
the directions shown. Parameters of each winding are indicated. When switch S
is closed the motor
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EE SP 3.49 The peak voltage across A and B, with S open is
(A) 400 V (B) 800 V
p
(C) 4000 V (D) 800 V
p p
EE SP 3.50 If the wave form of i (t) is changed to i (t) = 10 sin (100pt) A, the peak voltage
across A and B with S closed is
(A) 400 V
(B) 240 V
(C) 320 V
(D) 160 V
The star-delta transformer shown above is excited on the star side with balanced,
4-wire, 3-phase, sinusoidal voltage supply of rated magnitude. The transformer is
under no load condition
EE SP 3.51 With both S1 and S2 open, the core flux waveform will be
(A) a sinusoid at fundamental frequency
(B) flat-topped with third harmonic
(C) peaky with third-harmonic
(D) none of these
EE SP 3.52 With S2 closed and S1 open, the current waveform in the delta winding will be
(A) a sinusoid at fundamental frequency
(B) flat-topped with third harmonic
(C) only third-harmonic
(D) none of these
EE SP 3.53 Figure shows the extended view of a 2-pole dc machine with 10 armature
conductors. Normal brush positions are shown by A and B, placed at the
interpolar axis. If the brushes are now shifted, in the direction of rotation, to A’
and B’ as shown, the voltage waveform VA'B' will resemble
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The figure above shows coils-1 and 2, with dot markings as shown, having 4000
and 6000 turns respectively. Both the coils have a rated current of 25 A. Coil-1
is excited with single phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply.
400
EE SP 3.54 The coils are to be connected to obtain a single-phase, 1000 V,
auto-transformer to drive a load of 10 kVA. Which of the options given should
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Chapter 3 Electric Machines Page 139
EE SP 3.55 In the autotransformer obtained in Question 16, the current in each coil is
(A) Coil-1 is 25 A and Coil-2 is 10 A
(B) Coil-1 is 10 A and Coil-2 is 25 A
(C) Coil-1 is 10 A and Coil-2 is 15 A
(D) Coil-1 is 15 A and Coil-2 is 10 A
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YEAR 2008 ONE MARK
EE SP 3.56 Distributed winding and short chording employed in AC machines will result in
(A) increase in emf and reduction in harmonics
(B) reduction in emf and increase in harmonics
(C) increase in both emf and harmonics
(D) reduction in both emf and harmonics
The Wattmeters used in open circuit test and short circuit test of the transformer
will respectively be
(A) W1 and W2 (B) W2 and W4
EE SP 3.60 A 230 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, single-phase induction motor is rotating in the clockwise
(forward) direction at a speed of 1425 rpm. If the rotor resistance at standstill is
7.8 W, then the effective rotor resistance in the backward branch of the equivalent
circuit will be
(A) 2 W (B) 4 W
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(C) 78 W (D) 156 W
The induced emf (ers) in the secondary winding as a function of time will be of
the form
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The motor is coupled to a 220 V, separately excited d.c generator feeding power
to fixed resistance of 10 W. Two-wattmeter method is used to measure the
input power to induction motor. The variable resistance is adjusted such the
motor runs at 1410 rpm and the following readings were recorded W1 = 1800 W,
W2 =- 200 W.
EE SP 3.63 The speed of rotation of stator magnetic field with respect to rotor structure will
be
(A) 90 rpm in the direction of rotation
(B) 90 rpm in the opposite direction of rotation
(C) 1500 rpm in the direction of rotation
(D) 1500 rpm in the opposite direction of rotation
EE SP 3.64 Neglecting all losses of both the machines, the dc generator power output and
the current through resistance (Rex) will respectively be
(A) 96 W, 3.10 A (B) 120 W, 3.46 A
(C) 1504 W, 12.26 A (D) 1880 W, 13.71 A
EE SP 3.65 A 400 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, 1400 rpm, star connected squirrel cage induction motor
has the following parameters referred to the stator:
R'r = 1.0 W, Xs = X'r = 1.5 W
Neglect stator resistance and core and rotational losses of the motor. The motor
is controlled from a 3-phase voltage source inverter with constant V/f control.
The stator line-to-line voltage(rms) and frequency to obtain the maximum torque
at starting will be :
(A) 20.6 V, 2.7 Hz (B) 133.3 V, 16.7 Hz
(C) 266.6 V, 33.3 Hz (D) 323.3 V, 40.3 Hz
80 W.
EE SP 3.66 The net voltage across the armature resistance at the time of plugging will be
(A) 6 V (B) 234 V
(C) 240 V (D) 474 V
EE SP 3.67 The external resistance to be added in the armature circuit to limit the armature
current to 125% of its rated value is
(A) 31.1 W (B) 31.9 W
(C) 15.1 W (D) 15.9 W
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A synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus at 1.0 pu voltage and
draws 0.6 pu current at unity power factor. Its synchronous reactance is 1.0 pu
resistance is negligible.
EE SP 3.68 The excitation voltage (E ) and load angle (d) will respectively be
(A) 0.8 pu and 36.86c lag (B) 0.8 pu and 36.86c lead
(C) 1.17 pu and 30.96c lead (D) 1.17 pu and 30.96c lag
EE SP 3.69 Keeping the excitation voltage same, the load on the motor is increased such
that the motor current increases by 20%. The operating power factor will become
(A) 0.995 lagging (B) 0.995 leading
(C) 0.791 lagging (D) 0.848 leading
EE SP 3.71 The dc motor, which can provide zero speed regulation at full load without any
controller is
(A) series (B) shunt
(C) cumulative compound (D) differential compound
EE SP 3.72 The electromagnetic torque Te of a drive and its connected load torque TL are
as shown below. Out of the operating points A, B, C and D, the stable ones are
(A) A, C, D (B) B, C
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(C) A, D (D) B, C, D
EE SP 3.75 A single-phase, 50 kVA, 250 V/500 V two winding transformer has an efficiency
of 95% at full load, unity power factor. If it is re-configured as a 500 V/750 V
auto-transformer, its efficiency at its new rated load at unity power factor will be
(A) 95.752% (B) 97.851%
(C) 98.276% (D) 99.241%
EE SP 3.76 A three-phase, three-stack, variable reluctance step motor has 20 poles on each
rotor and stator stack. The step angle of this step motor is
(A) 3c (B) 6c
(C) 9c (D) 18c
EE SP 3.77 A three-phase squirrel cage induction motor has a starting torque of 150% and
a maximum torque of 300% with respect to rated torque at rated voltage and
rated frequency. Neglect the stator resistance and rotational losses. The value of
slip for maximum torque is
(A) 13.48% (B) 16.42%
(C) 18.92% (D) 26.79%
EE SP 3.78 If an auto transformer is used for reduced voltage starting to provide 1.5 per unit
starting torque, the auto transformer ratio(%) should be
(A) 57.77 % (B) 72.56 %
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(C) 78.25 % (D) 81.33 %
EE SP 3.79 If a star-delta starter is used to start this induction motor, the per unit starting
torque will be
(A) 0.607 (B) 0.816
(C) 1.225 (D) 1.616
EE SP 3.80 If a starting torque of 0.5 per unit is required then the per unit starting current
should be
(A) 4.65 (B) 3.75
(C) 3.16 (D) 2.13
EE SP 3.82 For a single phase capacitor start induction motor which of the following
statements is valid ?
(A) The capacitor is used for power factor improvement
(B) The direction of rotation can be changed by reversing the main winding
terminals
(C) The direction of rotation cannot be changed
(D) The direction of rotation can be changed by interchanging the supply
terminals
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to generator speed is
(A) 0.87 (B) 0.95
(C) 0.96 (D) 1.06
EE SP 3.85 A synchronous generator is feeding a zero power factor (lagging) load at rated
current. The armature reaction is
(A) magnetizing
(B) demagnetizing
(C) cross-magnetizing
(D) ineffective
EE SP 3.86 Two transformers are to be operated in parallel such that they share load in
proportion to their kVA ratings. The rating of the first transformer is 500
kVA ratings. The rating of the first transformer is 500 kVA and its pu leakage
impedance is 0.05 pu. If the rating of second transformer is 250 kVA, its pu
leakage impedance is
(A) 0.20 (B) 0.10
(C) 0.05 (D) 0.025
EE SP 3.87 The speed of a 4-pole induction motor is controlled by varying the supply
frequency while maintaining the ratio of supply voltage to supply frequency (
V/f ) constant. At rated frequency of 50 Hz and rated voltage of 400 V its speed
is 1440 rpm. Find the speed at 30 Hz, if the load torque is constant
(A) 882 rpm (B) 864 rpm
(C) 840 rpm (D) 828 rpm
EE SP 3.88 A 3-phase, 4-pole, 400 V 50 Hz , star connected induction motor has following
circuit parameters
r1 = 1.0 W, r'2 = 0.5 W, X1 = X'2 = 1.2 W, Xm = 35 W
The starting torque when the motor is started direct-on-line is (use approximate
equivalent circuit model)
(A) 63.6 Nm (B) 74.3 Nm
(C) 190.8 Nm (D) 222.9 Nm
EE SP 3.89 A 3-phase, 10 kW, 400 V, 4-pole, 50Hz, star connected induction motor draws 20
A on full load. Its no load and blocked rotor test data are given below.
No Load Test : 400 V 6A 1002 W
Blocked Rotor Test : 90 V 15 A 762 W
Neglecting copper loss in no load test and core loss in blocked rotor test, estimate
motor’s full load efficiency
(A) 76% (B) 81%
(C) 82.4% (D) 85%
EE SP 3.90 A 3-phase, 400 V, 5 kW, star connected synchronous motor having an internal
reactance of 10 W is operating at 50% load, unity p.f. Now, the excitation is
increased by 1%. What will be the new load in percent, if the power factor is to
be kept same ? Neglect all losses and consider linear magnetic circuit.
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(A) 67.9% (B) 56.9%
(C) 51% (D) 50%
EE SP 3.91 The line-to-line induced emf(in volts), for a three phase star connection is
approximately
(A) 808 (B) 888
(C) 1400 (D) 1538
EE SP 3.92 The line-to-line induced emf(in volts), for a three phase connection is approximately
(A) 1143 (B) 1332
(C) 1617 (D) 1791
EE SP 3.93 The fifth harmonic component of phase emf(in volts), for a three phase star
connection is
(A) 0 (B) 269
(C) 281 (D) 808
EE SP 3.94 The iron loss (Pi) and copper loss (Pc) in kW, under full load operation are
(A) Pc = 4.12, Pi = 8.51 (B) Pc = 6.59, Pi = 9.21
(C) Pc = 8.51, Pi = 4.12 (D) Pc = 12.72, Pi = 3.07
EE SP 3.96 The equivalent circuit of a transformer has leakage reactances X1, X'2 and
magnetizing reactance XM . Their magnitudes satisfy
(A) X1 >> X'2 >> XM (B) X1 << X'2 << XM
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difference of 30c between its output and corresponding input line voltages
(A) Star-Star (B) Star-Delta
(C) Delta-Delta (D) Delta-Zigzag
EE SP 3.98 On the torque/speed curve of the induction motor shown in the figure four points
of operation are marked as W, X, Y and Z. Which one of them represents the
operation at a slip greater than 1 ?
(A) W (B) X
(C) Y (D) Z
EE SP 3.99 For an induction motor, operation at a slip s , the ration of gross power output
to air gap power is equal to
(A) (1 - s) 2
(B) (1 - s)
(C) (1 - s)
(D) (1 - s)
EE SP 3.100 Two magnetic poles revolve around a stationary armature carrying two coil
(c1 - c1l , c2 - c2l ) as shown in the figure. Consider the instant when the poles are
in a position as shown. Identify the correct statement regarding the polarity of
the induced emf at this instant in coil sides c1 and c2 .
(A) 9 in c1 , no emf in c2
(B) 7 in c1 , no emf in c2
(C) 9 in c2 , no emf in c1
(D) 7 in c2 , no emf in c1
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EE SP 3.101 A 50 kW dc shunt is loaded to draw rated armature current at any given speed.
When driven
(i) at half the rated speed by armature voltage control and
(ii) at 1.5 times the rated speed by field control, the respective output powers
delivered by the motor are approximately.
(A) 25 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii)
(B) 25 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)
(C) 50 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii)
(D) 50 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)
EE SP 3.103 In relation to DC machines, match the following and choose the correct
combination
List-I List-II
Performance Variables Proportional to
P. Armature emf (E ) 1. Flux(f), speed (w) and armature current (Ia)
Q. Developed torque (T ) 2. f and w only
R Developed power (P ) 3. f and Ia only
4. Ia and w only
5. Ia only
Codes:
P Q R
(A) 3 3 1
(B) 2 5 4
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(C) 3 5 4
(D) 2 3 1
EE SP 3.104 Under no load condition, if the applied voltage to an induction motor is reduced
from the rated voltage to half the rated value,
(A) the speed decreases and the stator current increases
(B) both the speed and the stator current decreases
(C) the speed and the stator current remain practically constant
(D) there is negligible change in the speed but the stator current decreases
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and the full load slip is 4%, then ratio of the starting developed torque to the full
load torque is approximately equal to
(A) 0.24 (B) 1.44
(C) 2.40 (D) 6.00
EE SP 3.106 In a single phase induction motor driving a fan load, the reason for having a high
resistance rotor is to achieve
(A) low starting torque (B) quick acceleration
(C) high efficiency (D) reduced size
EE SP 3.107 Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following assertion[A] and the
reason[R]
Assertion [A] : Under V/f control of induction motor, the maximum value of
the developed torque remains constant over a wide range of speed in the sub-
synchronous region.
Reason [R] : The magnetic flux is maintained almost constant at the rated value
by keeping the ration V/f constant over the considered speed range.
(A) Both [A] and [R] are true and [R] is the correct reason for [A]
(B) Both [A] and [R] are true and but [R] is not the correct reason for [A]
(C) Both [A] and [R] are false
(D) [A] is true but [R] is false
EE SP 3.110 A 500 kVA, 3-phase transformer has iron losses of 300 W and full load copper
losses of 600 W. The percentage load at which the transformer is expected to
have maximum efficiency is
(A) 50.0% (B) 70.7%
(C) 141.4% (D) 200.0%
EE SP 3.111 For a given stepper motor, the following torque has the highest numerical value
(A) Detent torque (B) Pull-in torque
(C) Pull-out torque (D) Holding torque
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EE SP 3.112 The following motor definitely has a permanent magnet rotor
(A) DC commutator motor
(B) Brushless dc motor
(C) Stepper motor
(D) Reluctance motor
EE SP 3.113 The type of single-phase induction motor having the highest power factor at full
load is
(A) shaded pole type (B) split-phase type
(C) capacitor-start type (D) capacitor-run type
EE SP 3.116 The synchronous speed for the seventh space harmonic mmf wave of a 3-phase,
8-pole, 50 Hz induction machine is
(A) 107.14 rpm in forward direction
(B) 107.14 rpm in reverse direction
(C) 5250 rpm in forward direction
EE SP 3.117 A rotating electrical machine its self-inductances of both the stator and the rotor
windings, independent of the rotor position will be definitely not develop
(A) starting torque (B) synchronizing torque
(C) hysteresis torque (D) reluctance torque
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(C) 59.2% (D) 88.8%
EE SP 3.123 A 400 V, 15 kW, 4-pole, 50Hz, Y-connected induction motor has full load slip of
4%. The output torque of the machine at full load is
(A) 1.66 Nm (B) 95.50 Nm
(C) 99.47 Nm (D) 624.73 Nm
EE SP 3.124 For a 1.8c, 2-phase bipolar stepper motor, the stepping rate is
100 steps/second. The rotational speed of the motor in rpm is
(A) 15 (B) 30
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(C) 60 (D) 90
EE SP 3.126 A 400 V, 50 kVA, 0.8 p.f. leading 3-connected, 50 Hz synchronous machine has
a synchronous reactance of 2 W and negligible armature resistance. The friction
and windage losses are 2 kW and the core loss is 0.8 kW. The shaft is supplying
9 kW load at a power factor of 0.8 leading. The line current drawn is
(A) 12.29 A (B) 16.24 A
(C) 21.29 A (D) 36.88 A
EE SP 3.127 A 500 MW, 3-phase, Y-connected synchronous generator has a rated voltage of
21.5 kV at 0.85 p.f. The line current when operating at full load rated conditions
will be
(A) 13.43 kA (B) 15.79 kA
(C) 23.25 kA (D) 27.36 kA
EE SP 3.128 A simple phase transformer has a maximum efficiency of 90% at full load and
unity power factor. Efficiency at half load at the same power factor is
(A) 86.7% (B) 88.26%
(C) 88.9% (D) 87.8%
EE SP 3.129 Group-I lists different applications and Group-II lists the motors for these
applications. Match the application with the most suitable motor and choose the
right combination among the choices given thereafter
Group-I Group-II
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EE SP 3.130 A stand alone engine driven synchronous generator is feeding a partly inductive
load. A capacitor is now connected across the load to completely nullify the
inductive current. For this operating condition.
(A) the field current and fuel input have to be reduced
(B) the field current and fuel input have to be increased
(C) the field current has to be increased and fuel input left unaltered
(D) the field current has to be reduced and fuel input left unaltered
EE SP 3.131 Curves X and Y in figure denote open circuit and full-load zero power factor(zpf)
characteristics of a synchronous generator. Q is a point on the zpf characteristics
at 1.0 p.u. voltage. The vertical distance PQ in figure gives the voltage drop
across
EE SP 3.132 No-load test on a 3-phase induction motor was conducted at different supply
voltage and a plot of input power versus voltage was drawn. This curve was
extrapolated to intersect the y-axis. The intersection point yields
(A) Core loss
(B) Stator copper loss
(C) Stray load loss
(D) Friction and windage loss
EE SP 3.133 Figure shows an ideal single-phase transformer. The primary and secondary coils
are wound on the core as shown. Turns ratio N1 /N2 = 2 .The correct phasors of
voltages E1, E2 , currents I1, I2 and core flux F are as shown in
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EE SP 3.134 To conduct load test on a dc shunt motor, it is coupled to a generator which
is identical to the motor. The field of the generator is also connected to the
same supply source as the motor. The armature of generator is connected to
a load resistance. The armature resistance is 0.02 p.u. Armature reaction and
mechanical losses can be neglected. With rated voltage across the motor, the
load resistance across the generator is adjusted to obtain rated armature current
in both motor and generator. The p.u value of this load resistance is
(A) 1.0
(B) 0.98
(C) 0.96
(D) 0.94
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4: 2: 1. A resistor of 10 W is connected across winding-2. A capacitor of reactance
2.5 W is connected across winding-3. Winding-1 is connected across a 400 V, ac
supply. If the supply voltage phasor V1 = 400+0% , the supply current phasor I1 is
given by
EE SP 3.138 When stator and rotor windings of a 2-pole rotating electrical machine are excited,
each would produce a sinusoidal mmf distribution in the airgap with peal values
Fs and Fr respectively. The rotor mmf lags stator mmf by a space angle d at any
instant as shown in figure. Thus, half of stator and rotor surfaces will form one
pole with the other half forming the second pole. Further, the direction of torque
The following table gives four set of statement as regards poles and torque. Select
the correct set corresponding to the mmf axes as shown in figure.
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Stator Surface Stator Surface Rotor Surface Rotor surface Torque
ABC forms CDA forms abc forms cda forms is
(A) North Pole South Pole North Pole South Pole Clockwise
(B) South Pole North Pole North Pole South Pole Counter
Clockwise
(C) North Pole South Pole South Pole North Pole Counter
(D) South Pole North Pole South Pole North Pole Clockwise
Clockwise
EE SP 3.140 A 3-phase induction motor is driving a constant torque load at rated voltage
and frequency. If both voltage and frequency are halved, following statements
relate to the new condition if stator resistance, leakage reactance and core loss
are ignored
1. The difference between synchronous speed and actual speed remains same
2. The airgap flux remains same
3. The stator current remains same
4. The p.u. slip remains same
Among the above, current statements are
(A) All
(B) 1, 2 and 3
(C) 2, 3 and 4
(D) 1 and 4
EE SP 3.141 A single-phase induction motor with only the main winding excited would exhibit
the following response at synchronous speed
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EE SP 3.142 A dc series motor driving and electric train faces a constant power load. It is
running at rated speed and rated voltage. If the speed has to be brought down to
0.25 p.u. the supply voltage has to be approximately brought down to
(A) 0.75 p.u (B) 0.5 p.u
(C) 0.25 p.u (D) 0.125 p.u
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***********
SOLUTION
SOL 3.1 Correct answer is 3.33 Hz.
For the given induction motor, we have
P = 8 , f = 50 Hz , Nr = 700 rpm
So, we obtain
120f
Ns = = 120 # 50 = 750 rpm
P 8
Therefore, the slip
s = Ns - Nr = 750 - 700 = 1
Ns 750 15
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Thus, the frequency of rotor current of the motor is obtained as
Frequency of rotor current = s # f
= 1 # 50 = 3.33 Hz
15
I = 2.3 A g
Again, for short circuit test, we have phase rms current at I f = 1.5 A as
Isc = 10 A I = 1.5 A
Ph g
Since Isc and I f are linearly related, so we get the short circuit phase current at
I f = 2.3 A as
Iscl = 10 # 2.3 = 46 A
Ph
1.5 3 I = 2.3 A
g
Iscl I = 2.3 A
Ph
g
400/ 3
= = 400 # 3 = 15.06 W
46/3 46
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nodia
Again, for V = 138 V and f = 30 Hz , we have
Core loss = 500 W
or Iron loss + Hysteresis loss = 500 W
^138h1.6
or KP ^138h2 + KH = 500
^30h0.6
= 541.69 W
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or 228.4 = 1400
202.4 w2
Thus, w 2 = 202.4 # 1400 = 1241.1 rpm
228.4
VTh = b N2 l Vs
N1
VTh = 2 sin ^wt h = 2 sin ^wt h
1
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RTh = b 2 l RP
2
1
= b 2 l RP = 4 # 1 = 4 W
2
Vi = V1 = 1000 V
Vo = V1 + V2 = 1000 + 100 = 1100 V
Rating of auto transformer
S 0a = V0 # I2a ^I2a = I2h
= 1100 # 500 = 550 kVA
As the load decreases, the speed increases. Relative speed between stator rmf
and rotor speed reduced which decrease the slip consequently emf induced in the
rotor and current decreases. Hence frequency decreases.
So f 1, f 2 < 50 Hz
but f2 > f1
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Reactive power Q = S sin q
or Q = P sin q = P tan q
cos q
Initially when the real power is 12 MW and power factor is 0.6, the reactive
power is
Q1 = P1 tan q 1
= 12 tan ^53.13ch q = cos-1 ^0.6h = 53.13c
= 12 # 4 = 16 MVR
3
Now, when capacitor is added, improved power factor angle
Q2 = cos-1 ^0.80h = 36.86c
Total reactive power after adding capacitor
Q2 = P1 tan q 2 (P1 is same)
Q2 = 12 # tan ^36.86ch
= 12 # 3 = 9 MAR
4
From the power triangle (before and after capacitor is added)
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Induced Emf Eg = 250 + 52 ^0.6h = 281.2 V
When the machine is running as a motor
Field current Ilsn = 250 = 2 A
125
Load current IlL = 50 A
Armature current Ila = I lL - I lsn = 50 - 2 = 48 A
Induced Emf Em = 250 - 48 ^0.6h = 221.2 V
For DC machine, f is constant, so
Ng
= Nm
Eg Em
Ng E
Speed Ratio = g = 281.2 = 1.27
Nm Em 221.2
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For single, phase, V1 = 4.44 kd 1 ffN1
For three phase, V2 = 4.44kd2 ffN2
V1 = kd 1 # N1 = 0.6398 # 540
V2 kd 2 # N2 0.9597 # 180
-2
Pe1 = 1 2
Pe2 b 1.1 l
So
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has to search or hunt for its new equilibrium position. It causes the hunting,
which can be damped by rotor copper losses.
But, the switch does not operate due to malfunctioning. So, there will be no
discontinuity in the characteristic curve. Thus, we have the modified characteristic
curve of the motor as
Given
No load speed, N = 1400 rpm
Armature current, Ia = 8 A
Excitation voltage, V = 230 V
So, we obtain the torque of the motor as
t = V Ia = 2pV Ia
w 60 # N
= 2p230 # 8
60 # 1400
= 9.55 # 230 # 8
1400
= 12.55 N-m
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SOL 3.19 Correct option is (B).
Since, increase in torque accelerates the motor, so the slope of torque speed
characteristic should be negative to restore the speed to original value, which in
turn makes the system stable.
Thus, for stable operating point, the slope of torque-speed characteristic should
be negative.
Hence, the points P and S are stable operating points.
PH = 10 ; Pe = 1
10
From equation (i), we have the hysteresis and eddy current losses as
Pe = PH f + Pe f 2
S S
Hysteresis loss Eddy current loss
Thus, we get PH f = 10 # 25 = 250 W
Pe f 2 = 1 # ^25h2 = 62.5 W
10
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Power, factor, cos f = 1
Terminal voltage, Vt = 1.1 p.u.
Since, power factor is unity, so phase angle of armature current is also zero. So,
we get
Ia = P = 1 = 1
Vt cos f (1.1) (1) 1.1
or Ia = 1 < 0c
1.1
Again, we define the armature current as
E +d - Vt +0
Ia = f
jXS
So, E f +d = Ia (jXS ) + Vt < 0
= 1 (j 0.8) + 1.1+0
1.1+0
= 1 0.8+90c + 1.1+0
1.1+0
= 1.1+0 + 0.8 +90c
1.1
or E f cos d + jE f sin d = 1.1 + j 0.8 ...(i)
1.1
Now, we have the power equation
E V
P = f t sin d
XS
E (1.1)
1= f sin d
0.8
E f sin d = 0.8 ...(ii)
1.1
So, from equation (i), we get
E f cos d = 1.1 ...(iii)
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (iii), we get
E f sin d 0.8
=
E f cos d 1.1 # 1.1
tan d = 0.8
1.21
0.8
d = tan-1 b 1.21 l = 33.47c
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E no load (1) = V - Ia Ra
or E1 = 300 - 2 ^0.5h
= 300 - 1 = 299 V
Again, when the load is applied, we have
Armature resistance, ra = 0.5 W
Armature current, Ia = 15 A
So, we draw the circuit as
Therefore, we obtain
E load (2) = V - Ia Ra
or E2 = 300 - 15 # 0.5
= 300 - 7.5 = 292.5
Since, we know that
E\N
So, E1 = N1
E2 N2
or 299 = 900 (given N1 = 900 rpm )
292.5 N2
or N2 = 880 rpm
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110 # 0.89
= 40.858+ - 27.13c
This is the current through secondary winding of transformer. So, the current
through primary winding is given by
I1 = N 2
I 2 N1
where N1 = number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding.
From the given circuit, we have
N1 = 2
N2 1
So, I1 = 1
I2 2
Therefore, I1 = I2 = 40.858+ - 27.13c
2 2
= 20.43+27.13c
Since, it is required to improve the input power factor to unity. So, the input
current should be red. Therefore, the imaginary part of I1 should pass through
reactance X . Thus, current through X is
IX = Im {I1}
= 20.43 sin (27.13c)
= 9.31
Hence, the reactance is
X = 220 = 220
IX 9.31
= 23.618 W
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Y = yl = total shunt admittance/phase
So, Z = j 0.5 # 400 = j200 W
Y = j 5 # 10-6 # 400 = j2 # 10-3 W
j 2 20-3 # j 200
So, Zl = j 200 c1 + # m = j 200 (- 0.066)
6
= j 200 # 0.934 = j 186.8 W
| Zl | = 186.8 W
Primary leakage reactance
Ll1 = L1 - 2M = 45 - 2 (20) = 5 mH
Self inductance of secondary winding refers to primary side
N1 2 V1 2
Ll2 = b N2 l L2 = bV2 l L 2
220 2
= b 110 l # 30
measured as
copper loss at 90% load = 81 watt
or, Wcu ^at 90%h = 81 watt
Now, we have the copper loss for x load as
2
Wcu ^x h = Wcu ^at full loadh # c Ix m
IFL
2
or, Wcu ^at full loadh = Wcu ^at x% loadh # c FL m
I
Ix
= ^81h # 1
^0.9h2
= 100 watt
For maximum efficiency we must have
copper lossed = no-load loss
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= 64 watt
Consider at x% load copper loss is 64 watt. So,
^x2h Wcu ^at full loadh = 64
or, x = 64 = 0.8
100
or x = 80% load
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1
V
at VWZ = 100 V ; WX = 100
2
2
VYZ 100
2
E2 = Vt - Ia Ra 2
- 36.3%
I2 = E2 = E2 \ E2
X2 wL 2 f
50 230 57
I l b 236 lb 50 l
So =
2
I2l = 45.0 A
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SOL 3.33 Correct option is (B).
Since the core length of the second transformer is 2 times of the first, so the
core area of the second transformer is twice of the first.
Let subscript 1 is used for first transformer and 2 is used for second transform.
Area a2 = 2a1
Length l2 = 2 l1
N 2 ma
Magnetizing inductance, L =
l
N = no. of turns
m = length of flux path
a = cross section area
l = length
L\a N and m are same for both the
l
transformer
L1 = a1 : l 2
L2 a 2 l1
L 1 = a1 : 2 l1
L2 2a1 l1
L 2 = 2 L1
Thus, magnetizing reactance of second transformer is 2 times of first.
Magnetizing current Xm2 = 2 Xm1
Im = V
Xm
Im1 = V1 : Xm2 = V1 2 Xm1
Im2 V2 Xm1 b 2V1 lc Xm1 m (V2 = 2V1)
Im2 = 2 Im1
Thus, magnetizing current of second transformer
Im2 = 2 # 0.5 = 0.707 A
Since voltage of second transformer is twice that of first and current is 2 times
that of first, so power will be 2 2 times of first transformer.
P2 = 2 2 # 55 = 155.6 W
Ia = V - Eb
Ra
at the time of starting, Eb = 0 . If the full supply voltage is applied to the motor,
it will draw a large current due to low armature resistance.
A variable resistance should be connected in series with the armature resistance
to limit the starting current.
A 4-point starter is used to start and control speed of a dc shut motor.
nodia
SOL 3.36 Correct option is (C).
An air-core transformer has linear B -H characteristics, which implies that
magnetizing current characteristic will be perfectly sinusoidal.
Now the flux is reduced by 10% keeping the torque to be constant, so the current
will be
Ia f1 = Ia f2
1 2
f
Ia = Ia 1 = 10 # 1 = 11.11 A ` f2 = 0.9f1
2 1
f2 0.9
Eb \ Nf
Eb Nf
& = 2 2 = 0.9
2
N1 = N 2
Eb N1 f 1
1
nodia
IP = i 02 + i 22
= 1+4 = 5 = 2.24 Amp
Eb1 = Va = 200 V
E
N \ Eb & N1 = b 1
N2 Eb 2
nodia
Given field excitation of = 20 A
Armature current = 400 A
Short circuit and terminal voltage = 200 V
On open circuit, load current = 200 A
So, Internal resistance = 2000 = 5 W
400
Internal vol. drop = 5 # 200
= 1000 V
SOL 3.52
SOL 3.53
nodia
Correct option is (B).
When both S1 and S2 open, star connection consists 3rd harmonics in line current
due to hysteresis A saturation.
N1 = 4000
N2 = 6000
I = 25 A
V = 400 V , f = 50 Hz
Coil are to be connected to obtain a single Phase, 400 V auto transfer to drive
1000
Load 10 kVA. Connected A & D common B
nodia
SOL 3.57 Correct option is (B).
Transformer connection will be represented by Y d1.
nodia
df
During - 0 < t < 1, E1 =- (100) =- 12 V
dt
E1 and E2 are in opposition
E2 = 2E1 = 24 V
df
During time 1 < t < 2 , = 0 , then E1 = E2 = 0
dt
df
During 2 < t < 2.5 , E1 =- (100) =- 24 V
dt
Then E2 =- 0 - 48 V
motor.
R = 1.00 W, Xs = Xlr = 1.5 W
So, for max. torque slip Sm = Rlr
Xsm + Xlrm
For starting torque Sm = 1
Then Xsm + Xlrm = Rlr
2pfm Ls + 0.2pfm Llr = 1
Frequency at max. torque
fm = 1
2p (Ls + Llr )
Ls = Xs = 1.5
2p # 50 2p # 50
Llr = 1.5
nodia
2p # 50
fm = 1 = 50 = 16.7 Hz
1.5 + 1.5 3
50 50
In const V/f control method
V1 = 400 = 8
f1 50
V2 = 8
f1
So V2 = f2 # 8
= 16.7 # 8 = 133.3 V
V = 1+0c p.u.
Ia = 0.6+0c p.u.
Zs = Ra + jXs = 0 + j1 = 1+90c p.u.
V = E+d + Ia Zs = 1+0c - 0.6+0c # 1+90c
E+d = 1.166+ - 30.96c p.u.
Excitation voltage = 1.17 p.u.
Load angle (d) = 30.96c(lagging)
nodia
SOL 3.71 Correct option is (B).
Speed-armature current characteristic of a dc motor is shown as following
The shunt motor provides speed regulation at full load without any controller.
Efficiency 95% = 50 # 1 # 1
50 # Wcu + Wi
So Wcu + Wi = 2.631
nodia
Reconfigured as a 500 V/750 V auto-transformer
auto-transformer efficiency
h= 150 = 98.276%
150 + 2.631
ISt = 7I Fl
S Fl = 5%
TSt = ISt 2 x2 S
TFl bTFl l # # Fl
1.5 = (7) 2 # x2 # 0.05
x = 78.252%
nodia
SOL 3.80 Correct option is (C).
Given starting torque is 0.5 p.u.
TSt = Isc 2 S
So,
TFl b I Fl l # Fl
I Fl
Per unit starting current
Isc = 0.5 = 3.16 A
I Fl 0.05
The two windings are displaced 90c in space. The direction of rotation can be
changed by reversing the main winding terminals.
nodia
for motor Em = V - Ia Ra
= 200 - 20 # 0.2
Em = 196 volt
Eg N f
So = g # g
Em Nm fm
204 = Ng 1
196 Nm # 1.1
Nm = 196 = 0.87
Ng 204 # 1.1
2
T \ cV m S
f
S2 = V1 2 f2 T2
S1 bV2 l # f1 # T1
So
Given T1 = T2
S2 = 0.04 # b 400 l # 30
2
Then
240 50
S2 = 0.066
Nr = Ns (1 - S)
120f
Nr =
P
So Nr = 120 # 30 ^1 - 0.066h
nodia
4
= 840.6 rpm
15
Total losses = 1354.67 + 1002 = 2356.67
Efficiency = 10000 100 = 81%
10000 + 2356.67 #
nodia
(236) 2 - c 400 m = 48.932
2
=
3
Ia = 48.932 = 4.8932
10
Load (%) = 4 . 8932 = 67.83 %
7.22
nodia
So Angle = 180 = 36c
5
the phase emf of fifth harmonic is zero.
So X = 4.118 = 0.6956
8.51
h% = 0.6956 # 1 # 300
0.6956 # 300 + 4.118 + 8.51 # (0.6956) 2
h = 96.20%
nodia
When the speed of the motor is in forward direction then slip varies from 0 to 1
but when speed of motor is in reverse direction or negative then slip is greater
then 1. So at point W slip is greater than 1.
Pnew = 50 = 25 kW
2
At 1.5 time the rated speed by field control
P = constant
So P = 50 kW
In synchronous machine, when the armature terminal are shorted the field current
should first be decreased to zero before started the alternator.
In open circuit the synchronous machine runs at rated synchronous speed. The
field current is gradually increased in steps.
The short circuit ratio is the ratio of field current required to produced the rated
voltage on open to the rated armature current.
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PZfIa
T =
2pA
So, torque(T ) is depends of f and Ia and developed power(P ) is depend of flux
f, speed w and armature current Ia .
If the stator voltage drop is neglected the terminal voltage E1 . To avoid saturation
and to minimize losses motor is operated at rated airgap flux by varying terminal
voltage with frequency. So as to maintain (V/f ) ratio constant at the rated
value, the magnetic flux is maintained almost constant at the rated value which
keeps maximum torque constant.
nodia
So, IX = 87.47 # 20 = 1.75 kV
2
E ph = c 6.5 m + (1.75) 2
E ph =
E ph
3
2
6.5 2
c 3 m + (1.75)
= 4.2 kV
2
EL = 3 E ph a Star connection
EL = 1.732 # 4.2 = 7.26 kV
nodia
SOL 3.113 Correct option is (D).
1-phase induction motor is not self starting, so it’s used to start different method
at full load condition, capacitor-run type motor have higher power factor. In this
type the capacitor is connected in running condition.
nodia
Given that the armature of a permanent magnet dc motor is
Ra = 0.8 W
At no load condition
V = 25 V , I = 1.5 A , N = 1500 rpm
No load losses = E # I
a E = V - IRa
So no load losses = (25 - 1.5 # 0.8) 1.5 = 35.7 W
At load condition I = 3.5 A
Iron losses = I2 R = (3.5) 2 # 0.8 = 9.8 W
Total losses = No load losses + iron losses
= 35.7 + 9.8 = 45.5 W
Total power P = VI
P = 25 # 3.5
P = 87.5 W
output
Efficiency =
input
total power - losses
h =
total power
= 87.5 - 45.5 # 100
87.5
= 48.0%
Vin = 3300 V
Vout = 3300 + 230 = 3530 V
Output current I2 and output voltage 230 V
Shop GATE Electrical in 4 Volumes by RK Kanodia at maximum discount at
www.nodia.co.in
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Chapter 3 Electric Machines Page 193
So
3
I2 = 50 # 10 = 217.4 A
230
When the output voltage is Vout then kVA rating of auto transformer will be
I2 = 3530 # 217.4
= 767.42 kVA
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2
(11 # 103) 2
Z Base = V P = = 3630 W
VL IL /3 100 # 103
3
The phase impedance referred to primary
Z primary = Z pu # Z Base
= (0.02 + j0.07) (3630) = 72.6 + j254.1
Zm = Rm + Xm = 6.0 + j4.0 W
ZA = RA + XA = 8.0 + j6.0 W
Phase angle of main winding
+I m = + - Z m
=- + (6 + j4) =- +33.7c
So angle of the auxiliary winding when the capacitor is in series.
+IA =- + (8 + j6) + 1
jwC
j
= + (8 + j6) -
wC
a = +I A - +I m
6- 1
So 90 =- tan >f -1 wC p - (- 33.7)H
8
1 = 18 w = 2pf
wC
So C = 1 = 1
18 # 2pf 18 # 2 # 3.14 # 50
= 176.8 mF
nodia
both alternator voltage are in phase
So,
E f1 = 3300
3
E f2 = 3200
3
Synchronizing current or circulating current
= EC
TS1 + TS2
Reactance of both alternator are same
E - Ef 2
So = f1
TS 1 + TS 2
= 1 b 3300 - 3200 l = 16.98 A
3 1.7 + 1.7
SOL 3.123 Correct option is (C).
Given V = 400 V, 15 kW power and P = 4
f = 50 Hz , Full load slip (S ) = 4%
120f
So Ns = = 120 # 50 = 1500 rpm
P 4
Actual speed = synchronous speed - slip
N = 1500 - 4 # 1500 = 1440 rpm
100
Torque developed T = P , where ws (1 - S) = 2pN
ws (1 - S) 60
3
= 15 # 10 # 60 = 99.47 Nm
2p # 1440
nodia
Eg = 0.06 # 250 # 3.84 # 8
60 # 2
a A = 2 for wave winding
Eg = 384 volt
IL = 15.79 kA
nodia
phase induction motor and escalator used the three phase induction motor.
Given open circuit and full-load zero power factor of a synchronous generator. At
point Q the zero power factor at 1.0 pu voltage. The voltage drop at point PQ is
across synchronous reactance.
nodia
value of emf induced by motor is
Eb = 0.98
The DC shunt motor is mechanically coupled by the generator so the emf
induced by motor and generator is equal
Eg = Eb
so voltage generated by the generator is
V = 0.98 - 1 # 0.2 = 0.96
per unit value of load resistance is equal to 0.96
so I 3 = V3 = 100 = j40
- jXc - j2.5
When the secondary winding current I2 is referred to primary side i.e I 1'
So I 1' = N2 = 2
I2 N1 4
I 1' = 20 = 10 A
2
and winding third current I 3 is referred to Primary side i.e I 1'' . I 3 flows to opposite
to I1
So I 1'' = N 3 = 1
- I3 N1 4
I 1'' =- j10
So total current in primary winding is
nodia
I1 = I 1'' + I 2'' = 10 - j10 A
nodia
Given that:
3-f induction motor is driving a constant load torque at rated voltage and
frequency. Voltage and frequency are halved and stator resistance, leakage
reactance and core losses are ignored.
Then the motor synchronous speed and actual speed difference are same.
120f
Ns =
P
The leakage reactance are ignored then the air gap flux remains same and the
stator resistance are ignored then the stator current remain same.
***********
nodia
CHAPTER 4
POWER SYSTEMS
EE SP 4.1 Three-phase to ground fault takes place at locations F1 and F2 in the system
shown in the figure.
nodia
If the fault takes place at location F1 , then the voltage and the current at bus
A are VF1 and IF1 respectively. If the fault takes place at location F2 , then the
voltage and the current at bus A and VF2 and IF2 respectively. The correct
statement about voltages and currents during faults at F1 and F2 is
(A) VF1 leads IF1 and VF2 leads IF2
(C) VF1 lags IF1 and VF2 leads IF2
(B) VF1 leads IF1 and VF2 lags IF2
(D) VF1 lags IF1 and VF2 lags IF2
EE SP 4.2 A 2-bus system and corresponding zero sequence network are shown in the figure.
EE SP 4.4 A three phase synchronous generator is to be connected to the infinite bus. The
nodia
lamps are connected as shown in the figure for the synchronization. The phase
sequence of bus voltage is R-Y-B and that of incoming generator voltage is
Rl - Yl - Bl.
It was found that the lamps are becoming dark in the sequence La - Lb - Lc . It
means that the phase sequence of incoming generator is
(A) opposite to infinite bus and its frequency is more than infinite bus
(B) opposite to infinite bus but its frequency is less than infinite bus
(C) same as infinite bus and its frequency is more than infinite bus
(D) same as infinite bus and its frequency is less than infinite bus
(B) 50 A and 50 A
(C) 25 A and 75 A
(D) 0 A and 100 A
EE SP 4.6 A two bus power system shown in the figure supplies load of 1.0 + j0.5 p.u.
nodia
The values of V1 in p.u. and d 2 respectively are
(A) 0.95 and 6.00c
(B) 1.05 and - 5.44c
(C) 1.1 and - 6.00c
(D) 1.1 and - 27.12c
EE SP 4.8 The over current relays for the line protection and loads connected at the buses
are shown in the figure.
EE SP 4.9 A three phase star-connected load is drawing power at a voltage of 0.9 pu and
0.8 power factor lagging. The three phase base power and base current are 100
MVA and 437.38 A respectively. The line-to-line load voltage in kV is _____.
EE SP 4.10 Shunt reactors are sometimes used in high voltage transmission systems to
(A) limit the short circuit current through the line
(B) compensate for the series reactance of the line under heavily loaded
condition
(C) limit over-voltages at the load side under lightly loaded condition.
(D) compensate for the voltage drop in the line under heavily loaded condition.
nodia
YEAR 2014 EE02 TWO MARKS
EE SP 4.12 There are two generators in a power system. No-load frequencies of the generators
are 51.5 Hz and 51 Hz, respectively, and both are having droop constant of
1 Hz/MW . Total load in the system is 2.5 MW. Assuming that the generators
are operating under their respective droop characteristics, the frequency of the
power system in Hz in the steady state is ______.
EE SP 4.14 A three phase, 100 MVA, 25 kV generator has solidly grounded neutral. The
positive, negative, and the zero sequence reactances of the generator are 0.2 pu,
0.2 pu and 0.05 pu, respectively, at the machine base quantities. If a bolted single
phase to ground fault occurs at the terminal of the unloaded generator, the fault
current in amperes immediately after the fault is_____.
EE SP 4.15 In a long transmission line with r , l , g and c are the resistance, inductance,
shunt conductance and capacitance per unit length, respectively, the condition
for distortionless transmission is
(A) rc = lg (B) r = l/c
(C) rg = lc (D) g = c/l
EE SP 4.17 A 183 bus power system has 150 PQ buses and 32 PV buses. In the general
case, to obtain the load flow solution using Newton-Raphson method in polar
coordinates, the minimum number of simultaneous equations to be solved is
_____.
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EE SP 4.18 For a 400 km long transmission line, the series impedance is ^0.0 + j0.5h W/km
and the shunt admittance is ^0.0 + j5.0h mmho/km . The magnitude of the series
impedance (in W ) of the equivalent p circuit of the transmission line is ____.
EE SP 4.19 The complex power consumed by a constant-voltage load is given by ^P1 + jQ1h,
where, 1 kW # P1 # 1.5 kW and 0.5 kVAR # Q1 # 1 kVAR
A compensating shunt capacitor is chosen such that Q # 0.25 kVAR , where
Q is the net reactive power consumed by the capacitor load combination. The
reactive power (in kVAR) supplied by the capacitor is ____.
EE SP 4.20 The figure shows the single line diagram of a single machine infinite bus system.
EE SP 4.21 For a power system network with n nodes, Z 33 of its bus impedance matrix is
j0.5 per unit. The voltage at node 3 is 1.3 - 10c per unit. If a capacitor having
reactance of - j3.5 per unit is now added to the network between node 3 and the
reference node, the current drawn by the capacitor per unit is
(A) 0.325 - 100c (B) 0.325 80c
(C) 0.371 - 100c (D) 0.433 80c
nodia
EE SP 4.22 The voltage phase angles in rad at buses 2 and 3 are
(A) q2 =- 0.1, q3 =- 0.2 (B) q2 = 0 , q3 =- 0.1
(C) q2 = 0.1, q3 = 0.1 (D) q2 = 0.1, q3 = 0.2
EE SP 4.23 If the base impedance and the line-to line base voltage are 100 ohms and 100 kV
respectively, then the real power in MW delivered by the generator connected at
the slack bus is
(A) - 10 (B) 0
(C) 10 (D) 20
EE SP 4.25 A two-phase load draws the following phase currents : i1 (t) = Im sin (wt - f 1),
i2 (t) = Im cos (wt - f 2). These currents are balanced if f 1 is equal to.
(A) - f 2 (B) f 2
(C) (p/2 - f 2) (D) (p/2 + f 2)
nodia
EE SP 4.27 The sequence components of the fault current are as follows : I positive = j 1.5 pu,
I negative =- j 0.5 pu, I zero =- j1 pu . The type of fault in the system is
(A) LG (B) LL
(C) LLG (D) LLLG
EE SP 4.28 For the system below, SD1 and SD2 are complex power demands at bus 1 and bus
2 respectively. If V2 = 1 pu , the VAR rating of the capacitor (QG2) connected
at bus 2 is
EE SP 4.29 A cylinder rotor generator delivers 0.5 pu power in the steady-state to an infinite
bus through a transmission line of reactance 0.5 pu. The generator no-load voltage
is 1.5 pu and the infinite bus voltage is 1 pu. The inertia constant of the generator
is 5 MW- s/MVA and the generator reactance is 1 pu. The critical clearing angle,
in degrees, for a three-phase dead short circuit fault at the generator terminal is
(A) 53.5 (B) 60.2
(C) 70.8 (D) 79.6
EE SP 4.30 A nuclear power station of 500 MW capacity is located at 300 km away from a
load center. Select the most suitable power evacuation transmission configuration
among the following options
EE SP 4.31
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A negative sequence relay is commonly used to protect
(A) an alternator
(C) a transmission line
(B) an transformer
(D) a bus bar
EE SP 4.32 For enhancing the power transmission in along EHV transmission line, the most
preferred method is to connect a
(A) Series inductive compensator in the line
(B) Shunt inductive compensator at the receiving end
(C) Series capacitive compensator in the line
(D) Shunt capacitive compensator at the sending end
EE SP 4.33 A load center of 120 MW derives power from two power stations connected by
220 kV transmission lines of 25 km and 75 km as shown in the figure below. The
three generators G1, G2 and G 3 are of 100 MW capacity each and have identical
fuel cost characteristics. The minimum loss generation schedule for supplying the
120 MW load is
P1 = 80 MW + losses P1 = 60 MW
(A) P2 = 20 MW (B) P2 = 30 MW + losses
P3 = 20 MW P3 = 30 MW
Shop GATE Electrical in 4 Volumes by RK Kanodia at maximum discount at
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Chapter 4 Power Systems Page 209
P1 = 40 MW P1 = 30 MW + losses
(C) P2 = 40 MW (D) P2 = 45 MW
P3 = 40 MW + losses P3 = 45 MW
EE SP 4.34 The direct axis and quadrature axis reactances of a salient pole alternator are
1.2 p.u and 1.0 p.u respectively. The armature resistance is negligible. If this
alternator is delivering rated kVA at upf and at rated voltage then its power
angle is
(A) 30c (B) 45c
nodia
EE SP 4.35 A three – bus network is shown in the figure below indicating the p.u. impedance
of each element.
EE SP 4.36 Two generator units G1 and G2 are connected by 15 kV line with a bus at the
mid-point as shown below
G1 = 250 MVA , 15 kV, positive sequence reactance XG = 25% on its own base
1
G2 = 100 MVA , 15 kV, positive sequence reactance XG = 10% on its own base L1
2
nodia
EE SP 4.37 In the above system, the three-phase fault MVA at the bus 3 is
(A) 82.55 MVA (B) 85.11 MVA
(C) 170.91 MVA (D) 181.82 MVA
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(A) - 1 pu (B) 1 pu
(C) 2 pu (D) 3 pu
EE SP 4.40 Consider two buses connected by an impedence of (0 + 5j) W . The bus ‘1’ voltage
is 100+30c V, and bus ‘2’ voltage is 100+0c V. The real and reactive power
supplied by bus ‘1’ respectively are
(A) 1000 W, 268 VAr (B) - 1000 W, - 134 VAr
(C) 276.9 W, - 56.7 VAr (D) - 276.9 W, 56.7 VAr
EE SP 4.41 A three-phase, 33 kV oil circuit breaker is rated 1200 A, 2000 MVA, 3 s. The
symmetrical breaking current is
(A) 1200 A (B) 3600 A
(C) 35 kA (D) 104.8 kA
EE SP 4.43 The zero-sequence circuit of the three phase transformer shown in the figure is
EE SP 4.44
nodia
A 50 Hz synchronous generator is initially connected to a long lossless transmission
line which is open circuited at the receiving end. With the field voltage held
constant, the generator is disconnected from the transmission line. Which of the
following may be said about the steady state terminal voltage and field current
of the generator ?
(A) The magnitude of terminal voltage decreases, and the field current does
not change.
(B) The magnitude of terminal voltage increases, and the field current does not
change.
(C) The magnitude of terminal voltage increases, and the field current
increases
(D) The magnitude of terminal voltage does not change and the field current
decreases.
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(A) 2.0 A (B) 2.4 A
(C) 2.7 A (D) 3.5 A
EE SP 4.47 For the power system shown in the figure below, the specifications of the
components are the following :
G1 : 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9%
G2 : 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9%
T1 : 25 kV/220 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12%
T2 : 220 kV/25 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12%
Line 1: 200 kV, X = 150 ohms
Choose 25 kV as the base voltage at the generator G1 , and 200 MVA as the MVA
base. The impedance diagram is
nodia
YEAR 2009 ONE MARK
EE SP 4.49 For a fixed value of complex power flow in a transmission line having a sending
EE SP 4.50 For the Y-bus matrix of a 4-bus system given in per unit, the buses having shunt
elements are
R- 5 2 2.5 0 V
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S W
S 2 - 10 2.5 4 W
YBUS = j S
2.5 2.5 - 9 4 W
S W
S0 4 4 - 8W
(A) 3 and 4 T X (B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 2 (D) 1, 2 and 4
EE SP 4.51 Match the items in List-I (To) with the items in the List-II (Use) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists.
List-I List-II
a. improve power factor 1. shunt reactor
b. reduce the current ripples 2. shunt capacitor
c. increase the power flow in line 3. series capacitor
d. reduce the Ferranti effect 4. series reactor
(A) a " 2, b " 3, c " 4, d " 1
(B) a " 2, b " 4, c " 3, d " 1
(C) a " 4, b " 3, c " 1, d " 2
(D) a " 4, b " 1, c " 3, d " 2
EE SP 4.52 Match the items in List-I (Type of transmission line) with the items in List-II
(Type of distance relay preferred) and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists.
List-I List-II
a. Short Line 1. Ohm Relay
b. Medium Line 2. Reactance Relay
c. Long Line 3. Mho Relay
(A) a " 2, b " 1, c " 3 (B) a " 3, b " 2, c " 1
(C) a " 1, b " 2, c " 3 (D) a " 1, b " 3, c " 2
EE SP 4.53 Three generators are feeding a load of 100 MW. The details of the generators are
EE SP 4.54 A 500 MW, 21 kV, 50 Hz, 3-phase, 2-pole synchronous generator having a rated
p.f = 0.9, has a moment of inertia of 27.5 # 103 kg-m2 .The inertia constant (H
nodia
) will be
(A) 2.44 s (B) 2.71 s
(C) 4.88 s (D) 5.42 s
EE SP 4.55 A two machine power system is shown below. The Transmission line XY has
positive sequence impedance of Z1 W and zero sequence impedance of Z0 W
An ‘a’ phase to ground fault with zero fault impedance occurs at the centre of the
transmission line. Bus voltage at X and line current from X to F for the phase
‘a’, are given by Va Volts and Ia amperes, respectively. Then, the impedance
measured by the ground distance relay located at the terminal X of line XY will
be given by
(A) ^Z1 /2h W (B) ^Z0 /2h W
(C) (Z0 + Z1) /2 W (D) ^Va /Ia h W
EE SP 4.56 An extra high voltage transmission line of length 300 km can be approximate by
a lossless line having propagation constant b = 0.00127 radians per km. Then
the percentage ratio of line length to wavelength will be given by
(A) 24.24 % (B) 12.12 %
(C) 19.05 % (D) 6.06 %
Voltage drop across the transmission line is given by the following equation :
R V R VR V
S3 Va W SZs Zm Zm WSIa W
S3 Vb W = SZm Zs Zm WSIb W
SS3 V WW SSZ Z Z WWSSI WW
c m m s c
X XT
Shunt capacitance of the X line can be neglect. If the has positive sequence
T T
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impedance of 15 W and zero sequence impedance of 48 W, then the values of Zs
and Zm will be
(A) Zs = 31.5 W; Zm = 16.5 W
(B) Zs = 26 W; Zm = 11 W
(D) Zs = 11 W; Zm = 26 W
EE SP 4.58 Voltages phasors at the two terminals of a transmission line of length 70 km have
a magnitude of 1.0 per unit but are 180 degree out of phase. Assuming that the
maximum load current in the line is 1/5th
of minimum 3-phase fault current. Which one of the following transmission line
protection schemes will not pick up for this condition ?
(A) Distance protection using ohm relay with zoen-1 set to 80% of the line
impedance.
(B) Directional over current protection set to pick up at 1.25 times the
maximum load current
(C) Pilot relaying system with directional comparison scheme
(D) Pilot relaying system with segregated phase comparison scheme
EE SP 4.59 A loss less transmission line having Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of 2280 MW
is provided with a uniformly distributed series capacitive compensation of 30%.
Then, SIL of the compensated transmission line will be
(A) 1835 MW (B) 2280 MW
(C) 2725 MW (D) 3257 MW
EE SP 4.60 A loss less power system has to serve a load of 250 MW. There are tow generation
(G 1 and G 2 ) in the system with cost curves C1 and C2 respectively defined as
follows ;
2
C1 (PG1) = PG1 + 0.055 # PG1
2
C2 (PG2) = 3PG2 + 0.03 # PG2
Where PG1 and PG2 are the MW injections from generator G 1 and G 2 respectively.
Thus, the minimum cost dispatch will be
EE SP 4.61 A loss less single machine infinite bus power system is shown below :
The synchronous generator transfers 1.0 per unit of power to the infinite bus. The
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critical clearing time of circuit breaker is 0.28 s. If another identical synchronous
generator is connected in parallel to the existing generator and each generator is
scheduled to supply 0.5 per unit of power, then the critical clearing time of the
circuit breaker will
(A) reduce to 0.14 s
(B) reduce but will be more than 0.14 s
(C) remain constant at 0.28 s
(D) increase beyond 0.28 s
EE SP 4.62 Single line diagram of a 4-bus single source distribution system is shown below.
Branches e1, e2, e3 and e4 have equal impedances. The load current values indicated
in the figure are in per unit.
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EE SP 4.63 The instant (t0) of the fault will be
(A) 4.682 ms (B) 9.667 ms
(C) 14.667 ms (D) 19.667 ms
EE SP 4.64 The rms value of the component of fault current (If ) will be
(A) 3.59 kA
(B) 5.07 kA
(C) 7.18 kA
(D) 10.15 kA
EE SP 4.65 Instead of the three phase fault, if a single line to ground fault occurs on phase
‘a’ at point ‘F’ with zero fault impedance, then the rms of the ac component of
fault current (Ix) for phase ‘a’ will be
(A) 4.97 p.u
(B) 7.0 p.u
(C) 14.93 p.u
(D) 29.85 p.u
EE SP 4.66 Consider the transformer connections in a part of a power system shown in the
figure. The nature of transformer connections and phase shifts are indicated for
all but one transformer.
Which of the following connections, and the corresponding phase shift q, should
be used for the transformer between A and B ?
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(D) Star-Zigzag (q = 30%)
EE SP 4.67 The incremental cost curves in Rs/MWhr for two generators supplying a common
load of 700 MW are shown in the figures. The maximum and minimum generation
limits are also indicated. The optimum generation schedule is :
EE SP 4.68 Two regional systems, each having several synchronous generators and loads are
inter connected by an ac line and a HVDC link as shown in the figure. Which of
the following statements is true in the steady state :
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(A) Point X
(C) Point Z
(B) Point Y
(D) Point W
EE SP 4.70 The figure below shows a three phase self-commutated voltage source converter
connected to a power system. The converter’s dc bus capacitor is marked as C
in the figure. The circuit in initially operating in steady state with d = 0 and the
capacitor dc voltage is equal to Vdc0 . You may neglect all losses and harmonics.
What action should be taken to increase the capacitor dc voltage slowly to a new
steady state value.
EE SP 4.71 The total reactance and total suspectance of a lossless overhead EHV line,
operating at 50 Hz, are given by 0.045 pu and 1.2 pu respectively. If the velocity
of wave propagation is 3 # 105 km/s, then the approximate length of the line is
(A) 122 km (B) 172 km
(C) 222 km (D) 272 km
EE SP 4.72 Consider the protection system shown in the figure below. The circuit breakers
numbered from 1 to 7 are of identical type. A single line to ground fault with zero
fault impedance occurs at the midpoint of the line (at point F), but circuit breaker
4 fails to operate (‘‘Stuck breaker’’). If the relays are coordinated correctly, a
valid sequence of circuit breaker operation is
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(A) 1, 2, 6, 7, 3, 5 (B) 1, 2, 5, 5, 7, 3
(C) 5, 6, 7, 3, 1, 2 (D) 5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7
EE SP 4.73 A three phase balanced star connected voltage source with frequency w rad/s
is connected to a star connected balanced load which is purely inductive. The
instantaneous line currents and phase to neutral voltages are denoted by (ia, ib, ic)
and (Van, Vbn, Vcn) respectively, and their rms values are denoted by V and I .
R V
S 0
1
3
- 13 W RSia VW
If R = 8Van Vbn Vcn B S- 13 0 1 WS W
3 W b
i , then the magnitude of
S 1 SSi WW
S 3 - 3
1
0 W c
of R is T XT X
(A) 3VI (B) VI
(C) 0.7VI (D) 0
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SS0.75 0.5 1.0 WW S- 0.5 - 0.5 1.0 WW
T X T X
EE SP 4.76 Consider the two power systems shown in figure A below, which are initially not
interconnected, and are operating in steady state at the same frequency. Separate
load flow solutions are computed individually of the two systems, corresponding
to this scenario. The bus voltage phasors so obtain are indicated on figure A.
These two isolated systems are now interconnected by a short transmission line
as shown in figure B, and it is found that P1 = P2 = Q1 = Q2 = 0 .
The bus voltage phase angular difference between generator bus X and generator
bus Y after interconnection is
(A) 10c (B) 25c
EE SP 4.77 A 230 V (Phase), 50 Hz, three-phase, 4-wire, system has a phase sequence ABC.
A unity power-factor load of 4 kW is connected between phase A and neutral N.
It is desired to achieve zero neutral current through the use of a pure inductor and
a pure capacitor in the other two phases. The value of inductor and capacitor is
(A) 72.95 mH in phase C and 139.02 mF in Phase B
(B) 72.95 mH in Phase B and 139.02 mF in Phase C
(C) 42.12 mH in Phase C and 240.79 mF in Phase B
(D) 42.12 mH in Phase B and 240.79 mF in Phase C
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maximum continuous power limit of its prime mover. It is equipped with a speed
governor with 5% droop. Initially, the generator is feeding three loads of 4 MW
each at 50 Hz. One of these loads is programmed to trip permanently if the
frequency falls below 48 Hz .If an additional load of 3.5 MW is connected then
the frequency will settle down to
(A) 49.417 Hz (B) 49.917 Hz
(C) 50.083 Hz (D) 50.583 Hz
EE SP 4.79 The concept of an electrically short, medium and long line is primarily based on
the
(A) nominal voltage of the line (B) physical length of the line
(C) wavelength of the line (D) power transmitted over the line
EE SP 4.80 Keeping in view the cost and overall effectiveness, the following circuit breaker
is best suited for capacitor bank switching
(A) vacuum (B) air blast
(C) SF6 (D) oil
EE SP 4.82 An HVDC link consist of rectifier, inverter transmission line and other equipments.
Which one of the following is true for this link ?
(A) The transmission line produces/ supplies reactive power
(B) The rectifier consumes reactive power and the inverter supplies reactive
power from/ to the respective connected AC systems
(C) Rectifier supplies reactive power and the inverted consumers reactive power
to/ from the respective connected AC systems
(D) Both the converters (rectifier and inverter) consume reactive power from
the respective connected AC systems
EE SP 4.84 A single phase transmission line and a telephone line are both symmetrically
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strung one below the other, in horizontal configurations, on a common tower,
The shortest and longest distances between the phase and telephone conductors
are 2.5 m and 3 m respectively.
The voltage (volt/km) induced in the telephone circuit, due to 50 Hz current of
100 amps in the power circuit is
(A) 4.81 (B) 3.56
(C) 2.29 (D) 1.27
EE SP 4.85 Three identical star connected resistors of 1.0 pu are connected to an unbalanced
3-phase supply. The load neutral is isolated. The symmetrical components of the
line voltages in pu. are: Vab = X+q1 , Vab = Y+q2 . If all the pu calculations are
1 2
with the respective base values, the phase to neutral sequence voltages are
(A) Van = X+ (q1 + 30c),Van = Y (q2 - 30c)
1 2
EE SP 4.87 The Gauss Seidel load flow method has following disadvantages.
Tick the incorrect statement.
(A) Unreliable convergence
(B) Slow convergence
(C) Choice of slack bus affects convergence
(D) A good initial guess for voltages is essential for convergence
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EE SP 4.89 If the initial accelerating power is X pu, the initial acceleration in elect-deg/sec,
and the inertia constant in MJ-sec/elect-deg respectively will be
(A) 31.4X , 18 (B) 1800X , 0.056
(C) X/1800, 0.056 (D) X/31.4, 18
EE SP 4.90 The post fault voltages at buses 1 and 3 in per unit respectively are
(A) 0.24, 0.63 (B) 0.31, 0.76
(C) 0.33, 0.67 (D) 0.67, 0.33
EE SP 4.91 The per unit fault feeds from generators connected to buses 1 and 2 respectively
are
(A) 1.20, 2.51 (B) 1.55, 2.61
(C) 1.66, 2.50 (D) 5.00, 2.50
EE SP 4.92 A 400 V, 50 Hz, three phase balanced source supplies power to a star connected
load whose rating is 12 3 kVA, 0.8 pf (lag). The rating (in kVAR) of the delta
connected (capacitive) reactive power bank necessary to bring the pf to unity is
(A) 28. 78 (B) 21.60
(C) 16.60 (D) 12.47
EE SP 4.93 The p.u. parameter for a 500 MVA machine on its own base are:
inertia, M = 20 p.u. ; reactance, X = 2 p.u.
The p.u. values of inertia and reactance on 100 MVA common base, respectively, are
(A) 4, 0.4 (B) 100, 10
(C) 4, 10 (D) 100, 0.4
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(C) harmonics (D) corona
EE SP 4.99 The network shown in the given figure has impedances in p.u. as indicated. The
diagonal element Y22 of the bus admittance matrix YBUS of the network is
EE SP 4.100 A load centre is at an equidistant from the two thermal generating stations G1
and G2 as shown in the figure. The fuel cost characteristic of the generating
stations are given by
F1 = a + bP1 + cP12 Rs/hour
F2 = a + bP2 + 2cP22 Rs/ hour
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EE SP 4.101 Two networks are connected in cascade as shown in the figure. With usual
notations the equivalent A, B, C and D constants are obtained. Given that,
C = 0.025+45c, the value of Z2 is
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(C) pulsating with zero average
(D) pulsating with the non-zero average
(A) RYB
(B) RBY
(C) BRY
(D) YBR
EE SP 4.108 In the thermal power plants, the pressure in the working fluid cycle is developed by
(A) condenser (B) super heater
(C) feed water pump (D) turbine
EE SP 4.109 For harnessing low variable waterheads, the suitable hydraulic turbine with high
percentage of reaction and runner adjustable vanes is
(A) Kaplan
(B) Francis
(C) Pelton
(D) Impeller
EE SP 4.110 The transmission line distance protection relay having the property of being
inherently directional is
(A) impedance relay
(B) MHO relay
(C) OHM relay
(D) reactance relay
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(A) 1204 MW (B) 1504 MW
(C) 2085 MW (D) 2606 MW
EE SP 4.112 A 110 kV, single core coaxial, XLPE insulated power cable delivering power at
50 Hz, has a capacitance of 125 nF/km. If the dielectric loss tangent of XLPE is
2 # 10 - 4 , then dielectric power loss in this cable in W/km is
(A) 5.0 (B) 31.7
(C) 37.8 (D) 189.0
EE SP 4.114 The generalized circuit constants of a 3-phase, 220 kV rated voltage, medium
length transmission line are
A = D = 0.936 + j0.016 = 0.936+0.98c
B = 35.5 + j138 = 142.0+76.4c W
C = (- 5.18 + j914) # 10 - 6 W
If the load at the receiving end is 50 MW at 220 kV with a power factor of 0.9
lagging, then magnitude of line to line sending end voltage should be
(A) 133.23 kV (B) 220.00 kV
(C) 230. 78 kV (D) 246.30 kV
EE SP 4.117 A 3-phase transmission line supplies 3-connected load Z . The conductor ‘c’ of
the line develops an open circuit fault as shown in figure. The currents in the
lines are as shown on the diagram. The +ve sequence current component in line
‘a’ will be
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(A) 5.78+ - 30c
(C) 6.33+90c
(B) 5.78+90c
(D) 10.00+ - 30c
EE SP 4.120 A hydraulic turbine having rated speed of 250 rpm is connected to a synchronous
generator. In order to produce power at 50 Hz, the number of poles required in
the generator are
(A) 6 (B) 12
(C) 16 (D) 24
EE SP 4.121 Bundled conductors are mainly used in high voltage overhead transmission lines
to
(A) reduces transmission line losses
(B) increase mechanical strength of the line
(C) reduce corona
(D) reduce sag
EE SP 4.122 A power system consist of 300 buses out of which 20 buses are generator bus,
25 buses are the ones with reactive power support and 15 buses are the ones
with fixed shunt capacitors. All the other buses are load buses. It is proposed to
perform a load flow analysis in the system using Newton-Raphson method. The
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size of the Newton Raphson Jacobian matrix is
(A) 553 # 553 (B) 540 # 540
(C) 555 # 555 (D) 554 # 554
EE SP 4.124 A round rotor generator with internal voltage E1 = 2.0 pu and X = 1.1 pu is
connected to a round rotor synchronous motor with internal voltage E2 = 1.3 pu
and X = 1.2 pu. The reactance of the line connecting the generator to the motor
is 0.5 pu. When the generator supplies 0.5 pu power, the rotor angle difference
between the machines will be
(A) 57.42c (B) 1c
(C) 32.58c (D) 122.58c
EE SP 4.125 The interrupting time of a circuit breaker is the period between the instant of
(A) initiation of short circuit and the arc extinction on an opening operation
(B) energizing of the trip circuit and the arc extinction on an opening
operation
(C) initiation of short circuit and the parting of primary arc contacts
(D) energizing of the trip circuit and the parting of primary arc contacts
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0.5 mF per km. The inductance and capacitance of the overhead transmission
lines are 1.5 mH and 0.015 mF per km. The magnitude of the voltage at the
junction due to surge is
(A) 36.72 kV (B) 18.36 kV
(C) 6.07 kV (D) 33.93 kV
EE SP 4.128 A dc distribution system is shown in figure with load current as marked. The two
ends of the feeder are fed by voltage sources such that VP - VQ = 3 V. The value
of the voltage VP for a minimum voltage of 220 V at any point along the feeder is
(A) 225.89 V
(B) 222.89 V
(C) 220.0 V
(D) 228.58 V
EE SP 4.129 A balanced delta connected load of (8 + j6) W per phase is connected to a 400 V,
50 Hz, 3-phase supply lines. If the input power factor is to be improved to 0.9
by connecting a bank of star connected capacitor the required kVAR of the of
the bank is
(A) 42.7 (B) 10.2
(C) 28.8 (D) 38.4
EE SP 4.130 A 3-phase 11 kV generator feeds power to a constant power unity power factor
load of 100 MW through a 3-phase transmission line. The line-to line voltage
at the terminals of the machine is maintained constant at 11 kV. The per unit
positive sequence impedance of the line based on 100 MVA and 11 kV is j0.2 .
The line to line voltage at the load terminals is measured to be less than 11 kV.
The total reactive power to be injected at the terminals of the load to increase
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(C) j0.5408 W and j0.0956 W (D) j0.1260 W and j0.1630 W
EE SP 4.133 Incremental fuel costs (in some appropriate unit) for a power plant consisting of
three generating units are
IC1 = 20 + 0.3P1, IC2 = 30 + 0.4P2, IC3 = 30
Where P1 is the power in MW generated by unit i for i = 1, 2 and 3. Assume
that all the three units are operating all the time. Minimum and maximum loads
on each unit are 50 MW and 300 MW respectively. If the plant is operating on
economic load dispatch to supply the total power demand of 700 MW, the power
generated by each unit is
(A) P1 = 242.86 MW; P2 = 157.14 MW; and P3 = 300 MW
(B) P1 = 157.14 MW; P2 = 242.86 MW; and P3 = 300 MW
(C) P1 = 300 MW; P2 = 300 MW; and P3 = 100 MW
(D) P1 = 233.3 MW; P2 = 233.3 MW; and P3 = 233.4 MW
EE SP 4.134 A list of relays and the power system components protected by the relays are
given in List-I and List-II respectively. Choose the correct match from the four
choices given below:
List-I List-II
P. Distance relay 1. Transformers
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EE SP 4.135 A generator delivers power of 1.0 p.u. to an infinite bus through a purely reactive
network. The maximum power that could be delivered by the generator is 2.0
p.u. A three-phase fault occurs at the terminals of the generator which reduces
the generator output to zero. The fault is cleared after tc second. The original
network is then restored. The maximum swing of the rotor angle is found to be
dmax = 110 electrical degree. Then the rotor angle in electrical degrees at t = tc is
(A) 55 (B) 70
(C) 69.14 (D) 72.4
***********
SOLUTION
SOL 4.1 Correct option ( C).
We have the given system as
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As fault always require/demand reactive power, so voltage should lead current.
Using this condition, we have the following observations for the given system:
At fault F2 which is not near to source require reactive power, hence
VF2 leads IF2
Fault F1 is near the source, so the current will lead voltage for active requirements,
i.e.
VF1 lags IF1
Here, on T1 side series switch are closed hence star-connection and grounded due
to 3XGn . On T2 side, shunt switches are closed hence one delta and one star with
ground.
T1 :
T2 :
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For the unbalanced three phase system, we have
Ia1 = 1 - 90c pu ;
Ib2 = 4 - 150c pu ;
Ic0 = 3 90c pu
The phase current is given by
Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 ...(i)
Now, we have
Ib2 = aIa2
So, for the given system
4 - 150c = 1 120c Ia2
or Ia2 = 4 - 270c
Also, we have
Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0 = 3 90c
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
Ia = 1 - 90c = Ia1 + 4 - 270c + 3 90c
or Ia1 = 1 - 90c - 4 - 270c - 3 90c
= 8 - 90c
So, Ib1 = a2 Ia1
= 1 240c # 8 - 90c = 8 150c
Thus, we obtain
Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0
= 8 150c + 4 - 150c + 3 90c
= 11.53 154.3c pu
If all the bulbs glow dark simultaneously, then all the gear and infinite bus
are in same phase sequence. But, in the given problem, they are coming in
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sequence (not simultaneously) La then Lb , and then Lc . So, phase sequence of
the generator is opposite to infinite bus system and frequency is high (as dark
period is for more time).
Let current I be supplied by source ^s1h, and r be the resistance per unit length.
Applying KVL, we get
400 - ^r # 400h I - ^200r h^I - 200h - ^200r h^I - 300h - ^200r h^I - 500h = 400
or 400Ir + 200Ir - 40000r + 200Ir - 60000r + 200Ir - 100000r = 0
or 1000Ir = 200000r
So, I = 200 A
So, we redraw the current in distribution system as
Thus, the contribution of source ^s1h in 100 A load at P is 0 A , and the contribution
of s2 in 100 A load at P is 100 A.
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or
or d 2 =- 5.65c
Also, V1 - cos d 2 = 0.11 cos 116.56c
or V1 = 1.05
dC2 = 2 0.10P + 3A
dPg # g 2
2
0.2Pg + 3A = 100
2
Pg 200 12
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= 2 000 = 20
500/5
Substituting the values in equation (i), we get
top = 0.140# 0.1 = 0.14 # 0.1
^20h .02 - 1 0.617
= 0.226
d = 30.504c
Reactive power is given by
E V 2
Q = f cos d - V
Xs Xs
2
= 1.3 # 1 cos ^30.504ch - 1
1. 1 1. 1
Q = 1.1818 # 0.8616 - 0.9090
Q = 0.1092 pu
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51.5 - f
= droop constant
P1
51.5 - f
=1
P1
51.5 - f = P1 ...(i)
Now in steady state total load is 2.5 MW , so load by second generator is ^2.5 - P1h
. For G2 we write
51 - f
=1
2.5 - P1
51 - f = 2.5 - P1 ...(ii)
Adding eq (i) and (ii), we get
51.5 - f + 51 - f = P1 + 2.5 - P1
102.5 - 2f = 2.5
2f = 100
f = 50 Hz
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L = inductance (in henries per meter)
So, for the given parameters of long transmission line, the required condition for
distortionless transmission becomes
r =g
l c
or rc = lg
load is
Q # 0.25 kVAR
Since, we have Q1 = 1 kVAR , therefore, capacitor will supply
QC = .75 kVAR
i.e. capacitor must supply .75 kVAR .
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three buses have the equal voltage magnitude which is 1 Pu so, it is a D.C. load
flow. The injections at Bus 2 and 3 are respectively
P2 = 0.1 pu
P3 =- 0.2 pu
Therefore, the phase angles are obtained as
q2 P2
>q H = 6B@-1 >P H
3 3
i.e., q2 = 0
and q3 =- 0.1 rad
= 10 # 106 watt = 10 MW
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We know that, cos (q - 90c) = sin q
So, i1 (t) can be written as
i1 (t) = Im cos (wt - f1 - 90c)
i2 (t) = Im cos (wt - f2)
Now, in phasor form I1 = Im f1 + 90c
I 2 = Im f 2
Current are balanced if I1 + I 2 = 0
Im f1 + 90c + Im f 2 = 0
Im cos ^f1 + 90ch + jIm sin ^f1 + 90ch + cos f 2 + j sin f 2 = 0
Im 8cos ^f1 + 90ch + j sin ^f1 + 90chB + Im 6cos f 2 + j sin f 2@ = 0
Im 8cos ^f1 + 90ch + cos f 2B + jIm 8sin f 2 + sin ^f1 + 90chB = 0
cos ^f1 + 90ch + cos f2 = 0
cos ^f1 + 90ch =- cos f2 = cos ^p + f2h
f1 + 90c = p + f2
or, f1 = p + f2
2
2
PL = 0.5P G1
So, L1 = 1
1 - PG 2
2PG 2
For economic power generation
C1 # L1 = C 2 # L 2
where C1 and C2 are the incremental fuel cost of plant G1 and G2 .
(10000) b 1
1 - PG l
So, = 12500 # 1
2
4 = 1-P
G
5 2
PG = 1 pu
5 2
PL = 0.5 b 1 l = 1 pu
2
Loss
5 50
or PL = 1 # 100 = 2 MW
50
Total power, PL = PG + PG - PL
1 2
40 = 20 + P2 - 2
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PG = 22 MW
2
Current in SD is I2 ,
2
SD = V2 I2)
2
1 = 1 - 30c I2)
I2 = 1 - 30c pu
Current in QG ,2
IG = I2 - I12 = 1 - 30c - (1 - j 0.288)
= 0.268 - 120c
VAR rating of capacitor,
QC = V2 VG = 1 # 0.268 = 0.268 pu
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E V
So, Pm = sin d0
X
(1.5) (1)
0.5 = sin d0 Pm = 0.5 pu
1.5
sin d0 = 0.5
d0 = 30c
In radian, d0 = 30c # p = 0.523
180c
Substituting d0 into equation (i)
dcr = cos-1 [(p - 2 # 0.523) sin 30c - cos 30c]
= cos-1 [(2.095) (0.5) - 0.866]
= cos-1 (0.1815) - 79.6c
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1+0
= 1 & d = 45c
SOL 4.37
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Correct option is (D).
We can see that at the bus 3, equivalent thevenin’s impedance is given by
Xth = ^ j0.1 + j1.0h || ^ j0.1 + j1.0h
= j1.1 || j1.1 = j0.55 pu
Fault MVA = Base MVA
Xth
= 100 = 181.82 MVA
0.55
Applying KVL
V + VL = 0
VL =- V
VL =- 1 pu
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P + jQ = VI)
= 100+30c ;100+30c - 100+0cE
5j
= 100+30c [20+ - 60c - 20+ - 90c]
= 2000+ - 30c - 2000+ - 60c
P + jQ = 1035+15c
Real power P = 1035 cos 15c = 1000 W
Reactive power Q = 1035 sin 15c = 268 VAR
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No option seems to be appropriate but (C) is the nearest.
11 (6C)
e1 = 3 = 11 # 6 = 3.46 kV
6C + 5C 3 11
e2 = 11 # 5
3 11
= 2.89 kV
w = 2pf = 314
Changing current IC = V = V (wC)
XC
3
= 11 # 10 # 314 # 1 # 10- 6
3
= 2 Amp
100 25
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Same as XT1 = j0.12 # 200 # b 25 l = j0.27
2
90 25
XT2 = j0.12 # 200 # b 25 l = j0.27
2
90 25
X Line = 150 # 220 2 = j0.62
(220)
R V
Sy11 y12 y13 y14W
Sy21 y22 y23 y24W
We know YBus = S W
Sy 31 y 32 y 33 y 34W
Sy 41 y 42 y 43 y 44W
T X
Here y11 = y10 + y12 + y13 + y14 =- 5j
y22 = y20 + y21 + y23 + y24 =- 10j
y 33 = y 30 + y 31 + y 32 + y 34 =- 9j
y 44 = y 40 + y 41 + y 42 + y 43 =- 8j
y12 = y21 =- y12 = 2j
y13 = y 31 =- y13 = 2.5j
y14 = y 41 =- y14 = 0j
y23 = y 32 =- y23 = 2.5j
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y24 = y 42 =- y24 = 4j
So y10 = y11 - y12 - y13 - y14 =- 5j + 2j + 2.5j + 0j =- 0.5j
y20 = y22 - y12 - y23 - y24 =- 10j + 2j + 2.5j + 4j =- 1.5j
y 30 = y 33 - y 31 - y 32 - y 34 =- 9j + 2.5j + 2.5j + 4j = 0
y 40 = y 44 - y 41 - y 42 - y 43 =- 8j - 0 + 4j + 4j = 0
Admittance diagram is being made by as
From figure. it is cleared that branch (1) & (2) behaves like shunt element.
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N = 120 # f = 120 # 50 = 3000 rpm
pole 2
Stored K.E = 1 Mw2 = 1 M b 2pN l
2
2 2 60
= 1 # 27.5 # 103 # b 2p # 3000 l MJ
2 60
= 1357.07 MJ
Inertia constant (H) = Stored K.E
Rating of Generator (MVA)
H = 1357.07
555.56
= 2.44 sec
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SOL 4.60 Correct option is (C).
Given PG1 + PG2 = 250 MW ...(1)
C1 (PG1) = PG1 + 0.055PG12
and 4 ...(2)
C2 (PG2) = 3PG2 + 0.03PG22
from equation (2)
dC1 = 1 + 0.11P ...(3a)
G1
dPG1
and dC2 = 3 + 0.06P ...(3b)
G2
dPG2
Since the system is loss-less
Therefore dC1 = dC2
dPG1 dPG2
So from equations (3a) and (3b)
We have 0.11PG1 - 0.06PG2 = 2 ...(4)
Now solving equation (1) and (4), we get
PG1 = 100 MW
PG2 = 150 MW
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Ae- (R/L) t =- 2 Vm cos (wt 0 - a)
0
Z
Maximum value of the dc offset current
Z = 0.0201+84.29c
2
Z1 (Positive sequence) = Z = 0.0201+84.29c
2
also Z1 = Z2 = Z 0 (for 3-f fault)
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Z1 = Z = 0.0201+84.29c
2
Z2 = Z1 = 0.0201+84.29c
and Z 0 = 3Z1 = 0.0603+84.29c
Then Ia /3 = Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0
Ia1 (pu) = 1.0+0c
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
and Ia1 = 1 .0 = 9.95 pu
(0.0201 + 0.0201 + 0.0603)
Fault Current I f = Ia = 3Ia1 = 29.85 pu
So Fault current I f = 29.85 # 100 = 4.97 kA
3 # 400
PA + PB = 700 MW
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Chapter 4 Power Systems Page 257
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= 250 MW
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2p # 50 # 2p # 50 # 1.2
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SOL 4.75 Correct option is (B).
Given that FP = KAFS ...(1)
Rf V Rf V
S aW S pW
where, Phase component FP = SfbW, sequence component FS = SfnW
SSf WW SSf WW
c o
T X
R 1 1 1V T X
S W
and A = Sa2 a 1W
SS a a2 1WW
VP = TKAVS X
` 3 ...(2)
IP = KAIS
and VS = Zl [IS ] ...(3)
R0.5 0 0 V
S W
where Zl = S 0 0.5 0 W
SS 0 0 2.0WW
T X
We have to find out Z if VP = ZIP ...(4)
From equation (2) and (3)
VP = KAZl [IS ]
-1
VP = KAZlb A l I p
K
VP = AZlA- 1 I p ...(5)
R 1 1 1V
S W
A = Sa2 a 1W
SS a a2 1WW
T X
-1 Adj A
A =
A
R 2V
S1 a a W
Adj A = S1 a2 a W
S W
S1 1 1 W
T X
A = 1
3
R 2V
S1 a a W
A- 1 = 1 S1 a2 a W
3S W
S1 1 1 W
T X
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Page 260 Power Systems Chapter 4
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So here no energy transfer. The bus bar voltage and phase angle of each system
should be same than angle difference is
q = 30c - 20c = 10c
& C = 1 = 1 = 139.02 mF
2pfXC 2p # 50 # 23
XL = V = 230 - 23 W = 2pfL
IL 10
& L = XL = 23 = 72.95 mH
2pf 2p # 100
So L = 72.95 mH in phase B
C = 139.02 mF in phase C
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Now one load Permanently tripped
` f = 48 Hz
If additional load of 3.5 MW is connected than f = ?
a Change in Frequency w.r.t to power is given as
drop out frequency
Df = # Change in power
rated power
= 5 # 3.5 = 1.16% = 1.16 # 50 = 0.58 Hz
15 100
System frequency is = 50 - 0.58 = 49.42 Hz
240 - 220
%V.R. = .94
0 # 100
220
%V.R. = 16
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From figure we conclude that positive sequence line voltage leads phase voltage
by 30c
VAN1 = X+q1 - 30c
VAN2 = 4+q2 + 30c
10 13.8
= 1 - 1.1 # 1 # 1 = 0.56 pu
1/0.8 2
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SOL 4.90 Correct option is (D).
The post fault voltage at bus 1 and 3 are.
Pre fault voltage.
RV V R1+0cV
S 1W S W
VBus = SV2W = S1+0cW
SSV WW SS1+0cWW
3
T X T X
At bus 2 solid fault occurs Z (f) = 0 , r = 2
Fault current I f = Vr c = V2 c
Zrr + Z f Z22 + Z f
Z f = 1+0c =- 4j
j0.24
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(X pu) new = (X pu) old # 100
500
(X Pu) new = 2 # 1 = 0.4 pu
5
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SOL 4.99 Correct option is (D).
Y22 = ?
I1 = V1 Y11 + (V1 - V2) Y12
= 0.05V1 - j10 (V1 - V2) =- j9.95V1 + j10V2
I2 = (V2 - V1) Y21 + (V2 - V3) Y23
= j10V1 - j9.9V2 - j0.1V3
Y22 = Y11 + Y23 + Y2
=- j9.95 - j9.9 - 0.1j
=- j19.95
V1
Z 1 + Z2
In figure C = = 1
V1 Z Z2
Z1 + Z 2 # 2
or Z2 = 1 = 1 = 40+ - 45c
C 0.025+45c
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Steady state stability power limit = ?
Pm1 = EV = 1 # 1 = 6.25
X 0.12 + X
1 2
= 6.25
0.12 + 0.5X
& X = 0.008 pu
If one of double circuit tripped than
Pm2 = EV
X
= 1#1 = 1
0.12 + X 0.12 + 0.08
Pm2 = 1 = 5 pu
0.2
X1 = X2 = 12.1 W
X 0 = 29.04 - 12.1 - 12.1 = 4.84 W
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equation (1) implies that total instantaneous power is being constant.
Z = L = 11 # 10- 3
C 11.68 # 10- 9
= 306.88 W
Ideal power transfer capability
2 (800) 2
P =V = = 2085 MW
Z0 306.88
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= 2 (121 # 108 # 2 # 3.14 # 50 # 250 # 10- 13) = 189 W/
km
Same as QR = PR tan f
= PR tan (cos- 1 f) = 50 tan (cos- 1 0.9)
= 24.21 MW
VS VR A VR 2
QR = sin (b - d) - sin (b - a)
B B
VS # 220 0.936 # (220) 2
= sin (76.4c - d) - sin 75.6c
142 142
(24.21) 142 + 0.936 # 220 # 0.9685 = VS sin (76.4c - d) ...(2)
220
from equation (1) & (2)
VS 2
= (215) 2 + (83.46) 2
VS = 53190.5716 = 230.63 kV
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SOL 4.115 Correct option is (B).
A new generator of Eg = 1.4+30c pu
XS = 1.0 pu, connected to bus of Vt Volt
Existing Power system represented by thevenin’s equivalent as
Eth = 0.9+0c, Zth = 0.25+90c, Vt = ?
IB =110 # 106
3 # 11 # 103
IB = 5773.67 Amp
Symmetrical RMS current = IB # Isc
= 5773.67 # 5.26 = 30369.50 Amp
& Irms = 30.37 kA
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= 1 [10+0c + 10+300c] = 1 [10 + 5 - j8.66]
3 3
= 1 [15 - j8.66]
3
= 17.32+ - 30c = 5.78+ - 30c
3
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conductor. Since GMD of conductor is increased this causes critical disruptive
voltage is being reduced and if critical disruptive voltage is reduced, the corona
loss will also be reduced.
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Receiving end voltage(VR) = sending end voltage(VS )
ohmic value of reactor = ?
We know VS = AVR + BIR
VS = VR
VR = AVR + BIR
VR (1 - A) = BIR
VR = B = 200+90c
IR 1-A 1 - 0.9+0c
VR = 2000+90c
IR
The ohmic value of reactor = 2000 W
VP - VQ = 3 V
Applying KVL through whole line
VP - VQ = (I - 10) 0.1 + (I - 30) 0.15 + (I - 60) # 0.2
& 3 = 0.45I - 17.5
I = 20.5 = 45.55 amp
0.45
Now the line drop is being given as
= (I - 10) 0.1 + (I - 30) 0.15 + (I - 60) 0.2
= (33.55) 0.1 + (15.55) 0.15 + (14.45) 0.2
= 8.58 V
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The value of VP for minimum voltage of 220 V at any feeder is
= 220 + Line voltage
= 220 + 8.58
= 228.58 V
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SOL 4.130 Correct option is (D).
Given Load Power = 100 MW
VS = VR = 11 kV
p.u. # (kV) 2 j0.2 # (11) 2
Impedance of line ZL = = = j0.242 W
MV 100
VS VR sin d
We know PL =
X
3 3
100 # 106 = 11 # 10 # 11 # 10 sin d
0.242
100 # 0.242 = sin d
121
d = sin- 1 (0.2) = 11.537c
Reactive Power is being given by
VS VR VR 2
QL = cos d -
X X
3 2
3 3 (11 # 10 )
= 11 # 10 # 11 # 10 cos (11.537c) -
0.242 0.242
6
= 121 # 10 [cos (11.537c) - 1] =- 10.1 MVAR
0.242
Zij + Zb S W8 ji jnB
ZB(New) = ZB (Old) -
SZnjW
New element Zb = j0.2 W is connected T X in jth and reference bus j = 2 , n = 4 so
R V
SZ12W
1 SZ22W
Zij + Zb SZ23W 8 21 22 23 24B
S W Z Z Z Z
SZ24W
T X
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Chapter 4 Power Systems Page 275
R V
Sj0.2860W
1 Sj0.3408W
= S W8j0.2860 j0.3408 j0.2586 j0.2414B ...(1)
6j (0.3408) + j0.2@ Sj0.2586W
Sj0.2414W
T X
Given that we are required to change only Z22, Z23
j2 (0.3408) 2
So in equation (1) Zl22 = = j0.2147
j (0.5408)
j2 (0.3408) (0.2586)
Zl23 = = j0.16296
0.5408
Z22(New) = Z22(Old) - Zl22
= j0.3408 - j0.2147 = j0.1260
Z23(New) = Z23 (Old) - Zl23
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= j0.2586 - j0.16296 = j0.0956
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For transformer protection-Buchholz relay
***********
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CHAPTER 5
CONTROL SYSTEMS
EE SP 5.1 In the formation of Routh-Hurwitz array for a polynomial, all the elements of
a row have zero values. This premature termination of the array indicates the
presence of
(A) only one root at the origin
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(B) imaginary roots
(C) only positive real roots
(D) only negative real roots
EE SP 5.2 The root locus of a unity feedback system is shown in the figure.
EE SP 5.3 For the given system, it is desired that the system be stable. The minimum value
of a for this condition is ______.
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The value of a is _____
bK
et 0 et tet
(C) > t tH (D) > H
te e 0 et
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(C) Controllable but not observable
(D) Not controllable and not observable
EE SP 5.10 The signal flow graph of a system is shown below. U ^s h is the input and C ^s h is
the output.
EE SP 5.11 A single-input single output feedback system has forward transfer function G ^s h
and feedback transfer function H ^s h. It is given that G ^s h H ^s h < 1. Which of
the following is true about the stability of the system ?
(A) The system is always stable
(B) The system is stable if all zeros of G ^s h H ^s h are in left half of the s -plane
(C) The system is stable if all poles of G ^s h H ^s h are in left half of the s -plane
(D) It is not possible to say whether or not the system is stable from the
information given
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C ^s h
= 2 s
R ^s h s +s+1
then G ^s h is
(A) 1 (B) s
(C) 1/s (D) -s
s3 + s2 - s - 2
If u is unit step input, then the steady state error of the system is
(A) 0 (B) 1/2
(C) 2/3 (D) 1
The maximum phase angle f m and the corresponding gain Gm respectively, are
(A) - 30c and 1.73 dB (B) - 30c and 4.77 dB
(C) + 30c and 4.77 dB (D) + 30c and 1.73 dB
EE SP 5.15 Assuming zero initial condition, the response y ^ t h of the system given below to
a unit step input u ^ t h is
(A) u ^ t h (B) tu ^ t h
2
(C) t u ^ t h (D) e-t u ^ t h
2
EE SP 5.16 The Bode plot of a transfer function G ^s h is shown in the figure below.
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The gain _20 log G ^s h i is 32 dB and - 8 dB at 1 rad/s and 10 rad/s respectively.
The phase is negative for all w. Then G ^s h is
(A) 39.8
s
s
(C) 32
(B) 392.8
s
(D) 322
s
Y ^s h
EE SP 5.17 The signal flow graph for a system is given below. The transfer function
U ^s h
for this system is
(A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 10 (D) 100
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xo1 - 2 0 x1 1 x1
> H=> H> H + > H u , x1 ^0 h = 0 , x2 ^0 h = 0 and y = 61 0@> H
xo2 0 - 1 x2 1 x2
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(D) a = 3, b = 1
EE SP 5.25 The frequency response of a linear system G (jw) is provided in the tubular form
below
EE SP 5.26 The steady state error of a unity feedback linear system for a unit step input is
0.1. The steady state error of the same system, for a pulse input r (t) having a
magnitude of 10 and a duration of one second, as shown in the figure is
EE SP 5.28 The open loop transfer function G (s) of a unity feedback control system is given
as
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K bs + 2 l
3
G (s) = 2
s (s + 2)
From the root locus, at can be inferred that when K tends to positive infinity,
(A) Three roots with nearly equal real parts exist on the left half of the s -plane
(B) One real root is found on the right half of the s -plane
(C) The root loci cross the jw axis for a finite value of K; K ! 0
(D) Three real roots are found on the right half of the s -plane
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YEAR 2009 ONE MARK
EE SP 5.33 The measurement system shown in the figure uses three sub-systems in cascade
whose gains are specified as G1, G2, 1/G3 . The relative small errors associated with
each respective subsystem G1, G2 and G3 are e1, e2 and e3 . The error associated
with the output is :
(A) e1 + e2 + 1 (B) e1 e2
e3 e3
(C) e1 + e2 - e3 (D) e1 + e2 + e3
EE SP 5.34 The first two rows of Routh’s tabulation of a third order equation are as follows.
s3 2 2
s2 4 4
This means there are
(A) Two roots at s = ! j and one root in right half s -plane
(B) Two roots at s = ! j2 and one root in left half s -plane
EE SP 5.35 The polar plot of an open loop stable system is shown below. The closed loop
system is
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(A) always stable
(B) marginally stable
(C) un-stable with one pole on the RH s -plane
(D) un-stable with two poles on the RH s -plane
10 (s + 5) 1000 (s + 5)
(A) (B)
s (s + 2) (s + 25) 2
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
100 (s + 5) 80 (s + 5)
(C) (D) 2
s (s + 2) (s + 25) s (s + 2) (s + 25)
EE SP 5.37 The unit-step response of a unity feed back system with open loop transfer
function G (s) = K/ ((s + 1) (s + 2)) is shown in the figure. The value of K is
EE SP 5.38 The open loop transfer function of a unity feed back system is given by
G (s) = (e - 0.1s) /s . The gain margin of the is system is
(A) 11.95 dB (B) 17.67 dB
(C) 21.33 dB (D) 23.9 dB
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when u (t) is the input and y (t) is the output
EE SP 5.44 The asymptotic Bode magnitude plot of a minimum phase transfer function is
shown in the figure :
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This transfer function has
(A) Three poles and one zero
(B) Two poles and one zero
(C) Two poles and two zero
(D) One pole and two zeros
EE SP 5.48 A unity feedback is provided to the above system G (s) to make it a closed loop
system as shown in figure.
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For a unit step input r (t), the steady state error in the input will be
(A) 0
(C) 2
YEAR 2007
(B) 1
(D) 3
ONE MARK
(A) Stable
(B) Unstable
(C) Conditionally stable
(D) Stable for input u1 , but unstable for input u2
EE SP 5.50 If x = Re [G (jw)], and y = Im [G (jw)] then for w " 0+ , the Nyquist plot for
G (s) = 1/s (s + 1) (s + 2) is
(A) x = 0
(B) x =- 3/4
(C) x = y - 1/6
(D) x = y/ 3
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EE SP 5.52 If the loop gain K of a negative feed back system having a loop transfer function
K (s + 3) / (s + 8) 2 is to be adjusted to induce a sustained oscillation then
(A) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 3 rad/s
(B) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 rad/s
(C) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 or 4 3 rad/s
(D) Such a K does not exist
with
(A) X = c0 s + c1, Y = 1/ (s2 + a0 s + a1), Z = b0 s + b1
(B) X = 1, Y = (c0 s + c1) / (s2 + a0 s + a1), Z = b0 s + b1
(C) X = c1 s + c0, Y = (b1 s + b0) / (s2 + a1 s + a0), Z = 1
(D) X = c1 s + c0, Y = 1/ (s2 + a1 s + a), Z = b1 s + b0
EE SP 5.54 Consider the feedback system shown below which is subjected to a unit step input.
The system is stable and has following parameters Kp = 4, Ki = 10, w = 500 and
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R-L-C circuit shown in figure
EE SP 5.56 If the above step response is to be observed on a non-storage CRO, then it would
be best have the ei as a
(A) Step function
(B) Square wave of 50 Hz
(C) Square wave of 300 Hz
(D) Square wave of 2.0 KHz
3 (s - 2)
EE SP 5.57 For a system with the transfer function H (s) = ,
4s2 - 2s + 1
the matrix A in the state space form Xo = AX + Bu is equal to
R V R V
S1 0 0 W S0 1 0 W
(A) S 0 1 0 W (B) S 0 0 1 W
SS- 1 2 - 4 WW SS- 1 2 - 4 WW
RT V X TR XV
S 0 1 0 W S 1 0 0 W
(C) S3 - 2 1 W (D) S 0 0 1 W
SS1 - 2 4 WW SS- 1 2 - 4 WW
T
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Chapter 5 Control Systems Page 293
EE SP 5.58 Consider the following Nyquist plots of loop transfer functions over w = 0 to
w = 3 . Which of these plots represent a stable closed loop system ?
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(A) (1) only (B) all, except (1)
(C) all, except (3) (D) (1) and (2) only
10 4 (1 + jw)
EE SP 5.59 The Bode magnitude plot H (jw) = is
(10 + jw) (100 + jw) 2
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. Its root locus plot against K is
EE SP 5.61 A system with zero initial conditions has the closed loop transfer function.
T (s) = s2 + 4
(s + 1) (s + 4)
The system output is zero at the frequency
(A) 0.5 rad/sec (B) 1 rad/sec
(C) 2 rad/sec (D) 4 rad/sec
EE SP 5.62 Figure shows the root locus plot (location of poles not given) of a third order
system whose open loop transfer function is
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Chapter 5 Control Systems Page 295
(A) K3 (B) 2
K
s s (s + 1)
(C) K (D) K
2 2
s (s + 1) s (s - 1)
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EE SP 5.63 The gain margin of a unity feed back control system with the open loop transfer
(s + 1)
function G (s) = is
s2
(A) 0 (B) 1
2
(C) 2 (D) 3
EE SP 5.65 When subject to a unit step input, the closed loop control system shown in the
figure will have a steady state error of
EE SP 5.66 In the G (s) H (s)-plane, the Nyquist plot of the loop transfer function
G (s) H (s) = pes passes through the negative real axis at the point
- 0.25s
EE SP 5.67 If the compensated system shown in the figure has a phase margin of 60c at the
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T
X (0) = [- 1, 3] and the unit step input u (t) has
EE SP 5.70 The Nyquist plot of loop transfer function G (s) H (s) of a closed loop control
system passes through the point (- 1, j 0) in the G (s) H (s)plane. The phase
margin of the system is
(A) 0c (B) 45c
(C) 90c (D) 180c
EE SP 5.72 For a tachometer, if q (t) is the rotor displacement in radians, e (t) is the output
voltage and Kt is the tachometer constant in V/rad/sec, then the transfer
E (s)
function, will be
Q (s)
(A) Kt s2 (B) Kt s
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Chapter 5 Control Systems Page 297
(C) Kt s (D) Kt
EE SP 5.73 For the equation, s3 - 4s2 + s + 6 = 0 the number of roots in the left half of s
-plane will be
(A) Zero (B) One
(C) Two (D) Three
C (s)
EE SP 5.74 For the block diagram shown, the transfer function is equal to
R (s)
EE SP 5.75
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(A) s +2 1
2
s
(C) s + s + 1
s
2
(B) s + s2 + 1
(D) 2 1
s
s +s+1
o = AX where
The state variable description of a linear autonomous system is, X
X is the two dimensional state vector and A is the system matrix given by
0 2
A = = G. The roots of the characteristic equation are
2 0
(A) - 2 and + 2 (B) - j2 and + j2
(C) - 2 and - 2 (D) + 2 and + 2
EE SP 5.76 The block diagram of a closed loop control system is given by figure. The values
of K and P such that the system has a damping ratio of 0.7 and an undamped
natural frequency wn of 5 rad/sec, are respectively equal to
EE SP 5.77 The unit impulse response of a second order under-damped system starting from
rest is given by c (t) = 12.5e - 6t sin 8t, t $ 0 . The steady-state value of the unit
step response of the system is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 0.25
(C) 0.5 (D) 1.0
EE SP 5.78 In the system shown in figure, the input x (t) = sin t . In the steady-state, the
response y (t) will be
EE SP 5.79 The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system is given as
G (s) = as + 2
1.
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s
The value of ‘a ’ to give a phase margin of 45c is equal to
(A) 0.141 (B) 0.441
(C) 0.841 (D) 1.141
EE SP 5.81 A lead compensator used for a closed loop controller has the following transfer
K (1 + as )
function For such a lead compensator
(1 + bs )
(A) a < b
(B) b < a
(C) a > Kb
(D) a < Kb
2
EE SP 5.82 A second order system starts with an initial condition of = G without any external
3
e - 2t 0
input. The state transition matrix for the system is given by = G. The state
0 e-t
of the system at the end of 1 second is given by
0.271 0.135
(A) =
1.100G
(B) =
0.368G
0.271 0.135
(C) =
0.736G
(D) =
1.100 G
EE SP 5.83 A control system with certain excitation is governed by the following mathematical
equation
d2 x + 1 dx + 1 x = 10 + 5e- 4t + 2e- 5t
dt2 2 dt 18
The natural time constant of the response of the system are
(A) 2 sec and 5 sec
(B) 3 sec and 6 sec
(C) 4 sec and 5 sec
(D) 1/3 sec and 1/6 sec
EE SP 5.84 The block diagram shown in figure gives a unity feedback closed loop control
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system. The steady state error in the response of the above system to unit step
input is
(A) 25%
(B) 0.75 %
(C) 6%
(D) 33%
EE SP 5.85 The roots of the closed loop characteristic equation of the system shown above
(Q-5.55)
(A) - 1 and - 15
(B) 6 and 10
(C) - 4 and - 15
(D)- 6 and - 10
EE SP 5.86 The following equation defines a separately excited dc motor in the form of a
differential equation
d2 w + B dw + K2 w = K V
dt J dt LJ LJ a
The above equation may be organized in the state-space form as follows
R 2 V
Sd w W dw
> H
S dt2 W = P dt + QV
S dw W a
w
S dt W
T X
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Page 300 Control Systems Chapter 5
(A) = J G (B) = LJ G
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
(C) =- K - B G
2 (D) =- B - K G 2
LJ J J LJ
EE SP 5.87 The loop gain GH of a closed loop system is given by the following expression
K The value of K for which the system just becomes unstable is
s (s + 2) (s + 4)
(A) K = 6
(B) K = 8
(C) K = 48
(D) K = 96
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EE SP 5.88 The asymptotic Bode plot of the transfer function K/ [1 + (s/a)] is given in figure.
The error in phase angle and dB gain at a frequency of w = 0.5a are respectively
EE SP 5.89 The block diagram of a control system is shown in figure. The transfer function
G (s) = Y (s) /U (s) of the system is
(A) 1 (B) 1
18^1 + 12s h^1 + s3 h 27^1 + s6 h^1 + s9 h
(C) 1 (D) 1
27^1 + 12s h^1 + s9 h 27^1 + s9 h^1 + s3 h
***********
SOLUTION
SOL 5.1 Correct option (B).
In the given Routh-Hurwitz array of polynomial, all the elements of a row have
zero value. This is due to symmetrical location of the roots in the s -plane with
respect to origin. The system is either marginally stable or unstable. Now, we
check this characteristic for all the given options.
Option (A):
Only one root is at origin. So, it does not satisfy the symmetrical condition.
Option (B):
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Since, the system has imaginary roots, so we get the pole-zero location diagram
as shown below.
Option (D):
Again, the system has only negative real roots, as shown below. So, the root
location diagram does not satisfy the symmetrical condition.
As the root locus have poles s =- 1, - 2 and root lies in even multiple of poles,
so it is converse of the main transfer function. Hence, gain should be negative, i.e.
G ^s h H ^s h = -K
^s + 1h^s + 2h
This is open loop transfer function and closed loop transfer function is given by
C ^s h G ^s h H ^s h
=
R ^s h 1 + G ^s h H ^s h
-K
^s + 1h^s + 2h
=
1+ -K
^s + 1h^s + 2h
= -K
^s + 1h^s + 2h - K
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SOL 5.3 Correct answer is 0.618.
The Block diagram of given system is
^s + ah
or 1+ =0
s + ^1 + ah s + ^a - 1h s + ^1 - ah
3 2
or s3 + ^1 + ah s2 + ^a - 1h s + ^1 - ah + ^s + ah = 0
or s3 + ^1 + ah s2 + ^a - 1 + 1h s + 1 - a + a = 0
or s3 + ^1 + ah s2 + as + 1 = 0
For the characteristic equation, we form the Routh’s array as
s3 1 a
2
s 1+a 1
a ^1 + a h - 1
s1 0
1+a
0
s 1
For stable system, the required condition is
1+a > 0
or a >-1
a ^1 + ah - 1
or >0
1+a
or a ^1 + ah - 1 > 0
Solving the inequality, we obtain the roots
a = -1 - 5 , -1 + 5
2 2
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Also, from the given transfer function, we have
G ^s h =
K ^1 + 0.55h^1 + as h
s a1 + s k^1 + bs ha1 + s k
8 36
K ^1 - s/2h^1 + s/ a1 h
=
s a1 + s kb1 + s la1 + s k
8 1/b 36
The first slope - 6 dB/octave is due to one pole that is 1/s
Then, slope 0 dB/octave is due to addition of a zero in T.F. ^1 + s/2h.
Again, + 6 dB/octave slope is due to one zero at corner frequency wC = 4 .
Comparing it to the transfer function, we get
^1 + as h = ^1 + s/4h
or a = 1/4
Similarly, at wC = 24 , there is an addition of a pole ^- 6 dB/octaveh. So, we get
^1 + bs h = ^1 + s/24h
or b = 1
24
From the shown Bode plot, we observe that if we extended the slope - 6 dB/octave
, it meets the frequency axis at wC = 8 . So, we have
0 = 20 log KX
s w =8
C
or 1=K
8
or K =8
Therefore, we obtain the desired value as
a = 1/4 = 24 = 0.75
bK 1
24 # 8
4#8
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Error constant, K p = lim G ^s h
s"0
= lim 4 =3
s ^s + 0.4h
s"0
Y = AX + BU
State transmission matrix
f ^ t h = L-1 ^sI - Ah-1
s-1 0
6SI - A@ = >1 s - 1H
^s - 1h2 s-1
t
e 0
f ^ t h = > t tH
te e
s ^s + 2h^s2 + 2s + 2h + K = 0
^s2 + 2s h^s2 + 2s + 2h + K = 0
s 4 + 4s3 + 4s2 + 4s + K = 0
Routh array
s4 1 6 k
s 3
4 4 0
s2 5 k 0
s1 20 - 4k 0
5
s0 k
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For marginally stable
20 - 4k = 0
or k =5
0 1
OM = >
0 - 3H
So,
det ^OM h = 0
So, the system is not observable.
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Now, we have to obtain the transfer function,
G ^s h =
C ^s h
U ^s h
From the SFG, we have two forward paths given as
p1 = h 0 1 1 1 1 1 = h20
s s
p 2 = h1 1 1 = h1
s
s s
The graph determinant is given by
T = 1 - (sum of all loop gains)
+ (sum of all gain products of 2 non-touching loops)
- (sum of all gain products of 3 non-touching loops)
+ ...
So, T = 1 - a - a1 + - a2 0 k
s s
= 1 + a1 + a20
s s
Also, we have the determinants for the forward paths p1 and p2 as
T1 = 1
T 2 = 1 - a - a1 k = 1 + a1
s s
Thus, using Mason’s gain formula, we obtain the transfer function as
T.F. =
/ pk D k p D + p2 D 2
= 1 1
D D
2^ h
h 0 1 + h1 1 + a1
sa sk
= s
1 + a1 + a20
s s
h 0 + h1 ^s + a1h
= 2
s + a1 s + a 0
Since, we have
h1 = b 1
and h 0 = b 0 - b 1 a1
Substituting it in equation (1), we get
T.F. = b 0 + b1 s
2
s + a1 s + a 0
C ^s h
or G ^s h = = 2 b 0 + b1 s
V ^s h s + a1 s + a 0
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between 0 and - 1 point, i.e. the Nyquist plot does not enclose the point ^- 1, 0h
or in other words number of encirclements is zero.
N =0 ...(1)
From Nyquist criterion, we have the relation
N = P-Z ...(2)
where P is the number of open loop poles in right-half of s -plane and Z is the
number of closed loop poles (roots of characteristic equation) in right-half of s
-plane. Since, for a stable closed loop system, we must have
Z =0 ...(3)
Thus, from equations (1), (2), and (3), we get
P =0
i.e. no poles of open loop system lies in right-half of s -plane, or in other words,
all the poles lies in left-half of s -plane.
Hence, the given system is stable if all poles of G ^s h H ^s h are in left half of the
s -plane.
G ^s h
1 + G ^s h
Again, we obtain the closed loop transfer function for the dotted box as
sG ^s h
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^s + 1h G ^s h + 1
So, the block diagram reduces to
and L13 = G ^s h s ^- 1h
=- sG ^s h
So, the transfer function is obtained as
pT
T.F. = 1 1
T
G ^s h^1 h
=
G ^s h
1 - ;- - G ^s h - sG ^s hE
s
sG ^s h
T.F. =
s + G ^s h^s2 + s + 1h
For any value of G ^s h given in the options, the desired system transfer function
can not be achieved.
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SOL 5.13 Correct option is (A).
We have the state space equation,
xo1 0 1 x1 0
> H => H> H + > H u
x2
o - 1 - 1 x2 1
x1
y = 81 0B> H
x2
From the state-space equation, we obtain the matrices
0 1
A => H
-1 -1
0
B => H
1
C = 81 0B
So, we obtain
S 0 0 1 S -1
6SI - A@ = > H-> H=> H
0 S -1 -1 1 S+1
Therefore,
S+1 1
6SI - A@-1 = 1 > H
S2 + S + 1 - 1 S
Hence, we obtain the transfer function of the system as
T.F. = C [SI - A] -1 B
S+1 1 0
= 81 0B 2 1 > H> H
S + S + 1 -1 S 1
1
= 2 1 81 0B> H
S +S+1 S
= 2 1
S +S+1
This is the closed loop transfer function,
So we get
G (S )
= 2 1
1 + G (S ) S +S+1
G (S ) = 2 1
S +S
Thus, the steady state error for unit step input is
eSS = 1
1 + lim G (S )
S"0
= 1
1 + lim 2 1
d"0 d + d
= 1 =0
1+3
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Since, slope at 1/3 is increasing and slope at 1 is decreasing. So, we can write
frequency response function as
G ^ jwh =
1
b 3 + jw l
^1 + jwh
3 c1 +
1 jw
1/3 m
or G ^ jwh =
^1 + jwh
a
^1 + jw/a h
or G ^ jwh = b
^1 + jw/b h
Therefore, the maximum phase angle is
f m = 90c - 2 tan-1 _ a/b i
3 3 3
= 4.76
U ^s h = 1
s
So, the O/P of the system is given as
Y ^s h = b 1 lb 1 l = 12
s s s
For zero initial condition, we check
dy ^ t h
u^t h =
dt
& U ^s h = SY ^s h - y ^0 h
& U ^s h = s c 12 m - y ^0 h
s
or, U ^s h = 1
^y ^0 h = 0h
s
Hence, the O/P is correct which is
Y ^s h = 12
s
its inverse Laplace transform is given by
y ^ t h = tu ^ t h
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SOL 5.16 Correct option is (B).
From the given plot, we obtain the slope as
20 log G2 - 20 log G1
Slope =
log w2 - log w1
From the figure
20 log G2 =- 8 dB
20 log G1 = 32 dB
and w1 = 1 rad/s
w2 = 10 rad/s
So, the slope is
Slope = - 8 - 32
log 10 - log 1
=- 40 dB/decade
Therefore, the transfer function can be given as
G ^s h = k2
S
At w = 1, G ^ jwh = k 2 = k
w
In decibel,
20 log G ^ jwh = 20 log k = 32
32
or, k = 10 = 39.8
20
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= SPk Dk = s-2 + s-1 s+1
-2 =
U ^s h D -1
5 + 6s + 2s 2
5s + 6s + 2
G ^s h = 10Ka = Ka 1
1 + 10s s + 10
By taking inverse Laplace transform, we have
g ^ t h = e- t
1
10
Comparing with standard form of transfer function, Ae-t/t , we get the open
loop time constant,
tol = 10
Now, we obtain the closed loop transfer function for the given system as
G ^s h
H ^s h = = 10Ka
1 + G ^s h 1 + 10s + 10Ka
= Ka
s + ^Ka + 101 h
By taking inverse laplace transform, we get
h ^ t h = ka .e-^k + ht
1
a 10
x1
and y = 61 0@> H ....(2)
x2
From Eq. (1) we get
xo1 = 2x1 + u
Taking Laplace transform
sX1 - x1 ^0 h =- 2X1 + 1 (Here, X1 denotes Laplace transform of x1 )
s
So,
^s + 2h X1 = s1 ^x1 ^0 h = 0h
or, X1 = 1 ....(3)
s ^s + 2h
Now, from Eq. (2) we have
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y = x1
Taking Laplace transform both the sides,
Y = XL
or, Y = 1 (from eq. (3))
s ^s + 2h
or, Y = 1 ;1 - 1 E
2 s s+2
Taking inverse Laplace transform
y = 1 8u ^ t h - e-2t u ^ t hB
2
= 1 - 1 e-2t
2 2 ^for t > 0h
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S
A2 B = Sa2 a 3 0 0WS0W = S 0W
SS 0 a a 0WWSS1WW SS 0WW
3 1
T XT X T X
For controllability it is necessary that following matrix has a tank of n = 3 .
R0 0 a a V
S 1 2W
U = 6B : AB : A B@ = S0 a2 2
0W
SS1 0 0WW
So, a2 ! 0
T X
a1 a 2 ! 0 & a1 ! 0
a 3 may be zero or not.
K (s + 1)
Y (s) ;1 +
s + as2 + 2s + 1E
3
K (s + 1)
= 3 R (s)
s + as2 + 2s + 1
Y (s) [s3 + as2 + s (2 + k) + (1 + k)] = K (s + 1) R (s)
Transfer Function,
Y (s) K (s + 1)
H (s) = =
R (s) s3 + as2 + s (2 + k) + (1 + k)
Routh Table :
For oscillation,
a (2 + K) - (1 + K)
=0
a
a = K+1
K+2
Auxiliary equation
A (s) = as2 + (k + 1) = 0
s2 =- k + 1
a
s2 = - k + 1 (k + 2) =- (k + 2)
(k + 1)
s = j k+2
jw = j k + 2
w = k+2 = 2 (Oscillation frequency)
k =2
and a = 2 + 1 = 3 = 0.75
2+2 4
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jw + a
GC (s) = s + a =
s+b jw + b
Phase lead angle, f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k
a b
Jw - wN
-1 K a b O = tan-1 w (b - a)
= tan
KK 2
O c ab + w 2 m
1+ w O
L ab P
For phase-lead compensation f > 0
b-a > 0
b >a
Note: For phase lead compensator zero is nearer to the origin as compared to
pole, so option (C) can not be true.
1 - 1 = w2 1 - 1
a b ab b a b l
w = ab
= 1#2 = 2 rad/ sec
frequency ( wg ). Gain cross over frequency is the frequency at which gain is unity.
From the table it is clear that G (jwg) = 1, at which phase angle is - 150c
fPM = 180c + +G (jwg)
= 180 - 150 = 30c
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R (s) = 1
s
sb 1 l
s
So ess = lim = 0.1
s " 0 1 + G (s)
1 + G (0) = 10
G (0) = 9
Given input r (t) = 10 [m (t) - m (t - 1)]
or R (s) = 10 :1 - 1 e-sD
s s
-s
= 10 :1 - e D
s
So steady state error
(1 - e-s)
s # 10
ss = lim
el s
s"0 1 + G (s)
10 (1 - e0)
= =0
1+9
(2q + 1) 180c
, q = 0, 1
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(2 # 0 + 1) 180c
(1) = 90c
(3 - 1)
(2 # 1 + 1) 180c
(2) = 270c
(3 - 1)
(4) The two asymptotes intersect on real axis at centroid
x =
/ Poles - / Zeroes
n-m
- 2 - b- 2 l
3
= =- 2
3-1 3
(5) Between two open-loop poles s = 0 and s =- 2 there exist a break away
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point.
s2 (s + 2)
K =-
2
bs + 3 l
dK = 0
ds
s =0
Root locus is shown in the figure
Three roots with nearly equal parts exist on the left half of s -plane.
1
Y (s) s (s + 1 + K )
=
R (s) 1 + 1
s (s + 1 + K )
= 2 1
s + s (1 + K ) + 1
This is a second order system transfer function, characteristic equation is
s2 + s (1 + K) + 1 = 0
Comparing with standard form
s2 + 2xwn s + wn2 = 0
We get x = 1+K
2
1 - x2
Peak overshoot, M p = e- px/
So the Peak overshoot is effected by K .
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A - lI = 0
-1 2 l 0
A - lI = > H ->
0 2 0 lH
-1 - l 2
=>
0 2 - lH
A - lI = (- 1 - l) (2 - l) - 2 # 0 = 0
& l1, l2 =- 1, 2
Since eigen values of the system are of opposite signs, so it is unstable
Controllability :
-1 2 0
A => H , B=> H
0 2 1
2
AB = > H
2
0 2
[B: AB] = > H
1 2
6B: AB@ =
Y 0
So it is controllable.
s3 1 3+K
s2 4 2K
4(3 + K) - 2K (1)
s1 4 = 12 + 2K
4 >0
s0 2K
There is no sign change in the first column of routh table, so no root is lying in
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breakaway point lies in the range - 1 < Re [s] < 0 .
5. Asymptotes meet on real axis at a point C , given by
C =
/ real part of poles - / real parts of zeroes
n-m
(0 - 1 - 3) - (- 2)
=
3-1
=- 1
As no. of poles is 3, so two root loci branches terminates at infinity along
asymptotes Re (s) =- 1
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G3
We know that for a quantity that is product of two or more quantities total
percentage error is some of the percentage error in each quantity. so error in
overall gain G is
3 G = e1 + e2 + 1
e3
s3 2 2
s2 4 4
s1 0 0
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SOL 5.36 Correct option is (B).
Since initial slope of the bode plot is - 40 dB/decade, so no. of poles at origin
is 2.
Transfer function can be written in following steps:
1. Slope changes from - 40 dB/dec. to - 60 dB/dec. at w1 = 2 rad/sec., so at
w1 there is a pole in the transfer function.
2. Slope changes from - 60 dB/dec to - 40 dB/dec at w2 = 5 rad/sec., so at
this frequency there is a zero lying in the system function.
3. The slope changes from - 40 dB/dec to - 60 dB/dec at w3 = 25 rad/sec, so
there is a pole in the system at this frequency.
Transfer function
K (s + 5)
T (s) = 2
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
Constant term can be obtained as.
T (jw) at w = 0.1 = 80
K (5)
So, 80 = 20 log
(0.1) 2 # 50
K = 1000
therefore, the transfer function is
1000 (s + 5)
T (s) = 2
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
s ^ s1 h 1
= lim > H; R (s) = s (unit step input)
s"0 1 + K
(s + 1)(s + 2)
= 1 = 2
1 + K2 2+K
So, ess = 2 = 0.25
2+K
2 = 0.5 + 0.25K
K = 1.5 = 6
0.25
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0.1wp # 180c = 90c
p
0.1wp = 90c # p
180c
wp = 15.7 rad/sec
So the gain margin (dB)
= 20 log e 1
G (jwp) o
= 20 log = 11 G
^ 15.7 h
= 20 log 15.7
= 23.9 dB
(2s + 5)
So, Y (s) = U (s)
(s + 2) (s + 3)
System transfer function
Y (s) (2s + 5)
T.F = =
U (s) (s + 2) (s + 3)
(2s + 5)
= 2
s + 5s + 6
dX (t)
= AX (t) + Bu (t)
dt
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State transition matrix is given by
f (t) = L- 1 6F (s)@
F (s) = (sI - A) - 1
s 0 -3 1
(sI - A) = > H - >
0 s 0 - 2H
s + 3 -1
(sI - A) = >
0 s + 2H
1 s+2 1
(sI - A) - 1 = > 0 s + 3H
(s + 3) (s + 2)
R V
S 1 1 W
-1 S(s + 3) (s + 3) (s + 2)W
So F (s) = (sI - A) = S 1 W
S 0 (s + 2) W
T X
e- 3t e- 2t - e- 3t
f (t) = L [F (s)] = >
-1
H
0 e- 2t
R (s) = L [d (t - 1)] = e- s
Output is given by
Y (s) = R (s) G (s)
-s
= 2 e
s + 3s + 2
Steady state value of output
lim y (t) = lim sY (s)
t"3 s"0
= lim se- s
2
s " 0 s + 3s + 2
=0
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For C1 Phase is given by
qC = tan- 1 (w) - tan- 1 a w k
1
10
Jw - w N
= tan-1 K 10 O
2
KK w O
1+ O
L 10 P
= tan- 1 c 9w 2 m > 0 (Phase lead)
10 + w
Similarly for C2 , phase is
qC2 = tan- 1 a w k - tan- 1 (w)
10
J w - wN
- 1 K 10 O
= tan 2
KK w O
1+ O
L 10 P
= tan- 1 c - 9w 2 m < 0 (Phase lag)
10 + w
s3 1 30
s2 13 K
s1 (13 # 30) - K
13
s0 K
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H (s)) = 100
2
s + 20s + 100
Characteristic equation of the system is given by
s2 + 20s + 100 = 0
wn2 = 100 & wn = 10 rad/sec.
2xwn = 20
or x = 20 = 1
2 # 10
(x = 1) so system is critically damped.
(sI - A) - 1 = 1 >s + 2 1H
s (s + 2) 0 s
R V
S1 1 W
s s (s + 2)W
= SS 1 W
S0 (s + 2) W
Transfer function
T X
R V
S1 1 W
s s (s + 2)W 0
G (s) = C [sI - A] - 1 B = 81 0BSS
0 1 W>1H
S (s + 2) W
TR 1 V X
S W
Ss (s + 2)W
= 81 0BS 1 W
S (s + 2) W
1T X
=
s (s + 2)
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s " 0 1 + G (s) H (s)
System response is
(s - 1)
(s + 2)
H1 (s) =
(s - 1) 1
1+
(s + 2) (s - 1)
(s - 1)
=
(s + 3)
Poles of the system is lying at s =- 3 (negative s -plane) so this is stable.
For input u2 the system is (u1 = 0)
System response is
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Chapter 5 Control Systems Page 327
1
(s - 1)
H2 (s) =
(s - 1)
1+ 1
(s - 1) (s + 2)
(s + 2)
=
(s - 1) (s + 3)
One pole of the system is lying in right half of s -plane, so the system is unstable.
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By simplifying
- jw 1 - jw 2 - jw
G (jw) = c 1 # mc
1
mc
1
#
jw - jw 1 + jw 1 - jw 2 + jw # 2 - jw m
jw 1 - jw 2 - j w
= c- 2 mc
w 1 + w2 mc 4 + w2 m
- jw (2 - w2 - j3w)
= 2
w (1 + w2) (4 + w2)
- 3w2 jw (w2 - 2)
= 2 2 + 2
w (1 + w ) (4 + w ) w (1 + w2) (4 + w2)
2
G (jw) = x + iy
x = Re [G (jw)] w " 0 = - 3 =- 3
+
1#4 4
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900 GC (jwg)
=1
wg wg2 + 1 wg2 + 81
GC (jwg) = 3 9 + 1 9 + 81
900
= 3 # 30 = 1
900 10
in dB GC (wg) = 20 log b 1 l
10
=- 20 dB (attenuation)
s2 1 64 + 3K
s1 16 + K 0
s 0
64 + 3K
c 0 P + c1 P
s2 s
T.F =
1 + a1 + a20 - Pb2 0 - Pb1
s s s s
(c 0 + c1 s) P
=
(s2 + a1 s + a 0) - P (b 0 + sb1)
(c 0 + c1 s) P
^s + a1 s + a 0h
2
=
P (b + sb1)
1- 2 0
s + a1 s + a 0
from the given reduced form transfer function is given by
T.F = XYP
1 - YPZ
by comparing above two we have
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X = (c 0 + c1 s)
Y = 2 1
s + a1 s + a 0
Z = (b 0 + sb1)
G (s) = b Ki + K p le 2 w2
s s + 2xws + w2 o
H (s) = 1 (Unity feed back)
So,
R V
S sb 1 l W
s
Z = lim S Wb Ki l
s"0S K w2
W s
S1 + b s + K p l (s2 + 2xws + w2) W
i
T X
= lim K i
= Ki = 1
>s + (Ki + K p s) 2 w H Ki
s"0 2
2
(s + 2xws + w )
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- p # 0.5
=e 1 - (0.5) 2 # 100 = 16%
The system is type 0, So, initial slope of the bode plot is 0 dB/decade.
Corner frequencies are
w1 = 1 rad/sec
w 2 = 10 rad/sec
w 3 = 100 rad/sec
As the initial slope of bode plot is 0 dB/decade and corner frequency w1 = 1 rad/
sec, the Slope after w = 1 rad/sec or log w = 0 is(0 + 20) =+ 20 dB/dec.
After corner frequency w2 = 10 rad/sec or log w2 = 1, the Slope is (+ 20 - 20) = 0
dB/dec.
Similarly after w3 = 100 rad/sec or log w = 2 , the slope of plot is (0 - 20 # 2) =- 40
dB/dec.
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SOL 5.60 Correct option is (B).
Given characteristic equation.
(s2 - 4) (s + 1) + K (s - 1) = 0
K (s - 1)
or 1+ 2 =0
(s - 4) (s + 1)
So, the open loop transfer function for the system.
K (s - 1)
G (s) = , no. of poles n = 3
(s - 2) (s + 2) (s + 1)
no of zeroes m = 1
Steps for plotting the root-locus
(1) Root loci starts at s = 2, s =- 1, s =- 2
(2) n > m , therefore, number of branches of root locus b = 3
(3) Angle of asymptotes is given by
(2q + 1) 180c
, q = 0, 1
n-m
(2 # 0 + 1) 180c
(1) = 90c
(3 - 1)
(2 # 1 + 1) 180c
(2) = 270c
(3 - 1)
(4) The two asymptotes intersect on real axis at
x =
/ Poles - / Zeroes
n-m
(- 1 - 2 + 2) - (1)
= =- 1
3-1
(5) Between two open-loop poles s =- 1 and s =- 2 there exist a break away
point.
(s2 - 4) (s + 1)
K =-
(s - 1)
dK = 0
ds
s =- 1.5
(jw) 2 + 4
T (jw) =
(jw + 1) (jw + 4)
If system output is zero
4 - w2
T (jw) = =0
^ jw + 1h (jw + 4)
4 - w2 = 0
w2 = 4
& w = 2 rad/sec
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So for option (a)
G (s) = K3
s
Centroid =
/ Poles - / Zeros = 0 - 0 = 0
n-m 3-0
K <1
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s"0
(s2 + 4s)
ess = lim =s 1 2
s (s + 2s + 6)G
=0
s"0
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= 90c + tan- 1 b 0.366 l - tan- 1 (1)
K
= 90c - 45c + tan- 1 b 0.366 l
K
15c = tan- 1 b 0.366 l
K
0.366 = tan 15c
K
K = 0.366
0.267
= 1.366
[sI - A] - 1 = 1 >s + 3 1H
s (s + 3) 0 s
R V
S1 1 W
s s (s + 3)W
= SS 1 W
S0 (s + 3) W
T X
f (t) = L- 1 [(sI - A) - 1]
1 1
(1 - e-3t)
=> 3
H
0 e-3t
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S (s + 3) W S s+3 W
RT 1 X T X
S- + 3 VW
s s (s + 3)W 1 1
W >0H s
=S + s
S 0+ 3
S s+3 W
TR V X
S- 1 W 1
= S 3 W + >s2 H
s+3
S W 0
S s+3 W
RT X V
S 12 - 1 W
s + 3W
X (s) = Ss
S 3 W
S s+3 W
Taking inverse Laplace Ttransform,Xwe get state transition equation as,
t - e- 3t
X (t) = > - 3t H
3e
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SOL 5.73 Correct option is (B).
Given characteristic equation,
s3 - 4s2 + s + 6 = 0
Applying Routh’s method,
s3 1 1
s2 -4 6
s1 - 4 - 6 = 2.5 0
-4
s0 6
There are two sign changes in the first column, so no. of right half poles is 2.
No. of roots in left half of s -plane = (3 - 2) = 1
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s (s + 2)
s (s + 2) + K (1 + sP) = 0
s2 + s (2 + KP) + K = 0
From the equation.
wn = K = 5 rad/sec (given)
So, K = 25
and 2xwn = 2 + KP
2 # 0.7 # 5 = 2 + 25P
or P = 0.2
so K = 25 , P = 0.2
= lim s ; 2 100 1
s"0 s + 12s + 100 E s
= 1.0
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jaw + 1
G (jw) =
(jw) 2
Gain crossover frequency (wg) for the system.
G (jwg) = 1
a2 wg2 + 1
=1
- wg2
a2 wg2 + 1 = wg4
wg4 - a2 wg2 - 1 = 0 ...(1)
Phase margin of the system is
fPM = 45c = 180c + +G (jwg)
45c = 180c + tan- 1 (wg a) - 180c
tan- 1 (wg a) = 45c
wg a = 1 ...(2)
From equation (1) and (2)
1 -1-1 = 0
a4
a 4 = 1 & a = 0.841
2
= lim s ; 24
s"0 s (s + 2) (s + 5) (s + 1)E
= 24 = 2.4
2#5
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So, phase response of the compensator
qh (w) = tan- 1 a w k - tan- 1 a w k
a b
Jw - wN
-1 K a b O = tan- 1 w (b - a)
= tan
KK 2
O ; ab + w2 E
1+ w O
L ab P
qh should be positive for phase lead compensation
w (b - a)
qh (w) = tan- 1 ;
ab + w2 E
So, >0
b >a
t1 = 3 sec
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So, time constants )
t2 = 6 sec
1
Where input R (s) = (unit step)
s
G (s) = b 3 lb 15 l
s + 15 s + 1
H (s) = 1 (unity feedback)
s ^ s1 h
So ess = lim
s"0
1+ 45
(s + 15) (s + 1)
= 15 = 15
15 + 45 60
%ess = 15 # 100
60
= 25%
d 2 w =- b dw - K 2 w + K V
dt 2 J dt LJ LJ a
Here state variables are defined as,
dw = x
1
dt
w = x2
So state equation is
2
xo1 =- B x1 - K x2 + K Va
J LJ LJ
xo2 = dw = x1
dt
In matrix form
xo1 - B/J - K 2 /LJ x1 K/LJ
>o H = > H>x H + > 0 H Va
x2 1 0
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2
R 2 V
Sd w W
S dt2 W = P >dwH + QVa
S dw W dt
S dt W
T X
So matrix P is
- B/J - K 2 /LJ
> 1 0
H
s3 1 8
2
s 6 K
s1 K - 48
6
s0 K
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SOL 5.89 Correct option is (B).
Given block diagram
^ s1 h
Where G1 = = 1
1 + ^ s1 h3 s+3
1
bs l
G2 = = 1
1
1 + b l 12 s + 12
s
Further reducing the block diagram.
Y (s) = 2G 1 G 2
1 + (2G1 G2) 9
(2) b 1 lb 1 l
s + 3 s + 12
=
1 + (2) b 1 lb 1 l (9)
s + 3 s + 12
= 2
(s + 3) (s + 12) + 18
= 2 2
s + 15s + 54
= 2 = 1
(s + 9) (s + 6) 27 a1 + ka1 + s k
s
9 6
***********
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EE 6
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL MESUREMENTS
EE SP 6.1 Power consumed by a balanced 3-phase, 3-wire load is measured by the two
wattmeter method. The first wattmeter reads twice that of the second. Then, the
load impedance angle in radians is
(A) p/12 (B) p/8
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(C) p/6 (D) p/3
EE SP 6.4 The reading of the voltmeter (rms) in volts, for the circuit shown in the figure
is _________
EE SP 6.5 The dc current flowing in a circuit is measured by two ammeters, one PMMC
and another electrodynamometer type, connected in series. The PMMC meter
contains 100 turns in the coil, the flux density in the air gap is 0.2 Wb/m2
, and the area of the coil is 80 mm2 . The electrodynamometer ammeter has
a change in mutual inductance with respect to deflection of 0.5 mH/deg. The
spring constants of both the meters are equal. The value of current, at which the
EE SP 6.6 The saw-tooth voltage waveform shown in the figure is fed to a moving iron
voltmeter. Its reading would be close to __________
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EE SP 6.7 While measuring power of a three-phase balanced load by the two-wattmeter
method, the readings are 100 W and 250 W. The power factor of the load is
______.
EE SP 6.8 The total power dissipated in the circuit, shown in the figure, is 1 kW.
The voltmeter, across the load, reads 200 V. The value of XL is _____.
EE SP 6.9 Suppose that resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel to give an equivalent
resistor R. If resistors R1 and R2 have tolerance of 1% each, the equivalent
resistor R for resistors R1 = 300 W and R2 = 200 W will have tolerance of
(A) 0.5% (B) 1%
(C) 1.2% (D) 2%
EE SP 6.10 Two ammeters X and Y have resistances of 1.2 W and 1.5 W respectively and
they give full-scale deflection with 150 mA and 250 mA respectively. The ranges
have been extended by connecting shunts so as to give full scale deflection with
15 A. The ammeters along with shunts are connected in parallel and then placed
in a circuit in which the total current flowing is 15 A. The current in amperes
indicated in ammeter X is_____.
EE SP 6.11 An LPF wattmeter of power factor 0.2 is having three voltage settings 300 V, 150
V and 75 V, and two current settings 5 A and 10 A. The full scale reading is 150.
If the wattmeter is used with 150 V voltage setting and 10 A current setting, the
multiplying factor of the wattmeter is _______.
EE SP 6.12 The two signals S1 and S2, shown in figure, are applied to Y and X deflection
plates of an oscilloscope.
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The waveform displayed on the screen is
EE SP 6.14 In the bridge circuit shown, the capacitors are loss free. At balance, the value of
capacitance C1 in microfarad is ______.
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YEAR 2013 ONE MARK
EE SP 6.15 Three moving iron type voltmeters are connected as shown below. Voltmeter
readings are V , V1 and V2 as indicated. The correct relation among the voltmeter
readings is
(A) V = V1 + V2 (B) V = V1 + V2
2 2
(C) V = V1 V2 (D) V = V2 - V1
EE SP 6.16 The input impedance of the permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) voltmeter
is infinite. Assuming that the diode shown in the figure below is ideal, the
reading of the voltmeter in Volts is
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YEAR 2013 TWO MARKS
EE SP 6.17 Two magnetically uncoupled inductive coils have Q factors q1 and q 2 at the
chosen operating frequency. Their respective resistances are R1 and R2 . When
connected in series, their effective Q factor at the same operating frequency is
(A) q1 + q2
(B) ^1/q1h + ^1/q2h
(C) ^q1 R1 + q2 R2h / ^R1 + R2h
(D) ^q1 R2 + q2 R1h / ^R1 + R2h
EE SP 6.18 A strain gauge forms one arm of the bridge shown in the figure below and has
a nominal resistance without any load as Rs = 300 W . Other bridge resistances
are R1 = R2 = R 3 = 300 W . The maximum permissible current through the strain
gauge is 20 mA. During certain measurement when the bridge is excited by
maximum permissible voltage and the strain gauge resistance is increased by 1%
over the nominal value, the output voltage V0 in mV is
(A) 4 V (B) 5 V
(C) 8 V (D) 10 V
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EE SP 6.20 The bridge method commonly used for finding mutual inductance is
(A) Heaviside Campbell bridge (B) Schering bridge
(C) De Sauty bridge (D) Wien bridge
EE SP 6.21 For the circuit shown in the figure, the voltage and current expressions are
v (t) = E1 sin (wt) + E 3 sin (3wt) and
i (t) = I1 sin (wt - f1) + I 3 sin (3wt - f3) + I5 sin (5wt)
The average power measured by the wattmeter is
EE SP 6.22 An analog voltmeter uses external multiplier settings. With a multiplier setting
of 20 kW, it reads 440 V and with a multiplier setting of 80 kW, it reads 352 V.
For a multiplier setting of 40 kW, the voltmeter reads
(A) 371 V (B) 383 V
(C) 394 V (D) 406 V
EE SP 6.23 A dual trace oscilloscope is set to operate in the ALTernate mode. The control
input of the multiplexer used in the y -circuit is fed with a signal having a
frequency equal to
(A) the highest frequency that the multiplexer can operate properly
(B) twice the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
(C) the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
(D) haif the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
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(C) both (1) and (2) are true (D) both (1) and (2) are false
EE SP 6.25 The bridge circuit shown in the figure below is used for the measurement of an
unknown element ZX . The bridge circuit is best suited when ZX is a
EE SP 6.26 A 4 12 digit DMM has the error specification as: 0.2% of reading + 10 counts. If
a dc voltage of 100 V is read on its 200 V full scale, the maximum error that can
be expected in the reading is
(A) ! 0.1% (B) ! 0.2%
(C) ! 0.3% (D) ! 0.4%
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EE SP 6.28 An ammeter has a current range of 0-5 A, and its internal resistance is 0.2 W. In
order to change the range to 0-25 A, we need to add a resistance of
(A) 0.8 W in series with the meter
(B) 1.0 W in series with the meter
(C) 0.04 W in parallel with the meter
(D) 0.05 W in parallel with the meter
EE SP 6.29 As shown in the figure, a negative feedback system has an amplifier of gain 100
with ! 10% tolerance in the forward path, and an attenuator of value 9/100 in
the feedback path. The overall system gain is approximately :
(A) 10 ! 1% (B) 10 ! 2%
(C) 10 ! 5% (D) 10 ! 10%
EE SP 6.30 The Maxwell’s bridge shown in the figure is at balance. The parameters of the
inductive coil are.
(A) R = R2 R 3 /R 4, L = C 4 R2 R 3
(B) L = R2 R 3 /R 4, R = C 4 R2 R 3
(C) R = R 4 /R2 R 3, L = 1/ (C 4 R2 R 3)
(D) L = R 4 /R2 R 3, R = 1/ (C 4 R2 R 3)
EE SP 6.32 The two inputs of a CRO are fed with two stationary periodic signals. In the X-Y
mode, the screen shows a figure which changes from ellipse to circle and back
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to ellipse with its major axis changing orientation slowly and repeatedly. The
following inference can be made from this.
(A) The signals are not sinusoidal
(B) The amplitudes of the signals are very close but not equal
(C) The signals are sinusoidal with their frequencies very close but not equal
(D) There is a constant but small phase difference between the signals
EE SP 6.33 The figure shows a three-phase delta connected load supplied from a 400V, 50
Hz, 3-phase balanced source. The pressure coil (PC) and current coil (CC) of a
wattmeter are connected to the load as shown, with the coil polarities suitably
selected to ensure a positive deflection. The wattmeter reading will be
EE SP 6.35 Two 8-bit ADCs, one of single slope integrating type and other of successive
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www.nodia.co.in
For online test series visit
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Chapter 6 Electronics and Electrical Mesurements Page 353
EE SP 6.36 Two sinusoidal signals p (w1, t) = A sin w1 t and q (w2 t) are applied to X and Y
inputs of a dual channel CRO. The Lissajous figure displayed on the screen
shown below :
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The signal q (w2 t) will be represented as
(A) q (w2 t) = A sin w2 t, w2 = 2w1
(B) q (w2 t) = A sin w2 t, w2 = w1 /2
(C) q (w2 t) = A cos w2 t, w2 = 2w1
(D) q (w2 t) = A cos w2 t, w2 = w1 /2
EE SP 6.37 The ac bridge shown in the figure is used to measure the impedance Z .
If the bridge is balanced for oscillator frequency f = 2 kHz, then the impedance
Z will be
(A) (260 + j0) W
(B) (0 + j200) W
(C) (260 - j200) W
(D) (260 + j200) W
EE SP 6.38 The probes of a non-isolated, two channel oscillocope are clipped to points A,
B and C in the circuit of the adjacent figure. Vin is a square wave of a suitable
low frequency. The display on Ch1 and Ch2 are as shown on the right. Then the
“Signal” and “Ground” probes S1, G1 and S2, G2 of Ch1 and Ch2 respectively are
connected to points :
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(A) A, B, C, A (B) A, B, C, B
(C) C, B, A, B (D) B, A, B, C
EE SP 6.39 A bridge circuit is shown in the figure below. Which one of the sequence given
below is most suitable for balancing the bridge ?
EE SP 6.40 The time/div and voltage/div axes of an oscilloscope have been erased. A student
connects a 1 kHz, 5 V p-p square wave calibration pulse to channel-1 of the scope
and observes the screen to be as shown in the upper trace of the figure. An
unknown signal is connected to channel-2(lower trace) of the scope. It the time/
div and V/div on both channels are the same, the amplitude (p-p) and period of
the unknown signal are respectively
(A) 5 V, 1 ms (B) 5 V, 2 ms
(C) 7.5 V, 2 ms (D) 10 V, 1 ms
EE SP 6.41 A sampling wattmeter (that computes power from simultaneously sampled values
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of voltage and current) is used to measure the average power of a load. The peak
to peak voltage of the square wave is 10 V and the current is a triangular wave
of 5 A p-p as shown in the figure. The period is 20 ms. The reading in W will be
(A) 0 W (B) 25 W
(C) 50 W (D) 100 W
EE SP 6.42 A current of - 8 + 6 2 (sin wt + 30%) A is passed through three meters. They are
a centre zero PMMC meter, a true rms meter and a moving iron instrument. The
respective reading (in A) will be
(A) 8, 6, 10 (B) 8, 6, 8
(C) - 8 ,10,10 (D) - 8 ,2,2
EE SP 6.44 A 200/1 Current transformer (CT) is wound with 200 turns on the secondary
on a toroidal core. When it carries a current of 160 A on the primary, the ratio
and phase errors of the CT are found to be - 0.5% and 30 minutes respectively.
If the number of secondary turns is reduced by 1 new ratio-error(%) and phase-
EE SP 6.45 R1 and R4 are the opposite arms of a Wheatstone bridge as are R3 and R2 . The
source voltage is applied across R1 and R3 . Under balanced conditions which one
of the following is true
(A) R1 = R3 R4 /R2 (B) R1 = R2 R3 /R4
(C) R1 = R2 R4 /R3 (D) R1 = R2 + R3 + R4
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EE SP 6.46 The Q-meter works on the principle of
(A) mutual inductance (B) self inductance
(C) series resonance (D) parallel resonance
EE SP 6.49 The simultaneous application of signals x (t) and y (t) to the horizontal and
vertical plates, respectively, of an oscilloscope, produces a vertical figure-of-8
display. If P and Q are constants and x (t) = P sin (4t + 30c), then y (t) is equal to
(A) Q sin (4t - 30c) (B) Q sin (2t + 15c)
(C) Q sin (8t + 60c) (D) Q sin (4t + 30c)
EE SP 6.50 A DC ammeter has a resistance of 0.1 W and its current range is 0-100 A. If
the range is to be extended to 0-500 A, then meter required the following shunt
resistance
(A) 0.010 W (B) 0.011 W
(C) 0.025 W (D) 1.0 W
EE SP 6.51 The set-up in the figure is used to measure resistance R .The ammeter and
voltmeter resistances are 0.01W and 2000 W, respectively. Their readings are 2 A
and 180 V, respectively, giving a measured resistances of 90 W The percentage
error in the measurement is
EE SP 6.52 A 1000 V DC supply has two 1-core cables as its positive and negative leads
: their insulation resistances to earth are 4 MW and 6 MW, respectively, as
shown in the figure. A voltmeter with resistance 50 kW is used to measure the
insulation of the cable. When connected between the positive core and earth,
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then voltmeter reads
(A) 8 V (B) 16 V
(C) 24 V (D) 40 V
EE SP 6.53 Two wattmeters, which are connected to measure the total power on a three-phase
system supplying a balanced load, read 10.5 kW and - 2.5 kW, respectively. The
total power and the power factor, respectively, are
(A) 13.0 kW, 0.334 (B) 13.0 kW, 0.684
(C) 8.0 kW, 0.52 (D) 8.0 kW, 0.334
EE SP 6.55 The circuit in figure is used to measure the power consumed by the load. The
current coil and the voltage coil of the wattmeter have 0.02 W and 1000W
resistances respectively. The measured power compared to the load power will be
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(C) 11 (D) 10
EE SP 6.58 A moving coil of a meter has 100 turns, and a length and depth of 10 mm and
20 mm respectively. It is positioned in a uniform radial flux density of 200 mT.
The coil carries a current of 50 mA. The torque on the coil is
(A) 200 mNm (B) 100 mNm
(C) 2 mNm (D) 1 mNm
EE SP 6.59 A dc A-h meter is rated for 15 A, 250 V. The meter constant is 14.4 A-sec/rev.
The meter constant at rated voltage may be expressed as
(A) 3750 rev/kWh (B) 3600 rev/kWh
(C) 1000 rev/kWh (D) 960 rev/kWh
EE SP 6.60 A moving iron ammeter produces a full scale torque of 240 mNm with a deflection
of 120c at a current of 10 A . The rate of change of self induction (mH/radian)
of the instrument at full scale is
(A) 2.0 mH/radian
(B) 4.8 mH/radian
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(A) - 795 W (B) - 597 W
(C) + 597 W (D) + 795 W
EE SP 6.62 A 50 Hz, bar primary CT has a secondary with 500 turns. The secondary supplies
5 A current into a purely resistive burden of 1 W. The magnetizing ampere-turns
is 200. The phase angle between the primary and second current is
(A) 4.6c (B) 85.4c
(C) 94.6c (D) 175.4c
EE SP 6.63 The core flux in the CT of Prob Q.44, under the given operating conditions is
(A) 0 (B) 45.0 mWb
(C) 22.5 mWb (D) 100.0 mWb
EE SP 6.64 A Manganin swap resistance is connected in series with a moving coil ammeter
consisting of a milli-ammeter and a suitable shunt in order to
(A) minimise the effect of temperature variation
(B) obtain large deflecting torque
(C) reduce the size of the meter
(D) minimise the effect of stray magnetic fields
EE SP 6.65 The effect of stray magnetic field on the actuating torque of a portable instrument
is maximum when the operating field of the instrument and the stray fields are
(A) perpendicular (B) parallel
(C) inclined at 60% (D) inclined at 30%
EE SP 6.66 A reading of 120 is obtained when standard inductor was connected in the circuit
of a Q-meter and the variable capacitor is adjusted to value of 300 pF. A lossless
capacitor of unknown value Cx is then connected in parallel with the variable
capacitor and the same reading was obtained when the variable capacitor is
readjusted to a value of 200 pF. The value of Cx in pF is
(A) 100 (B) 200
(C) 300 (D) 500
EE SP 6.67 The simplified block diagram of a 10-bit A/D converter of dual slope integrator
type is shown in figure. The 10-bit counter at the output is clocked by a 1 MHz
clock. Assuming negligible timing overhead for the control logic, the maximum
frequency of the analog signal that can be converted using this A/D converter is
approximately
EE SP 6.68 nodia
(A) 2 kHz
(C) 500 Hz
(B) 1 kHz
(D) 250 Hz
List-I List-II
P. Resistance in the milli-ohm range 1. Wheatstone Bridge
Q. Low values of Capacitance 2. Kelvin Double Bridge
R. Comparison of resistance which are nearly equal 3. Schering Bridge
S. Inductance of a coil with a large time-constant 4. Wien’s Bridge
5. Hay’s Bridge
6. Carey-Foster Bridge
Codes :
(A) P=2, Q=3, R=6, S=5
(B) P=2, Q=6, R=4, S=5
(C) P=2, Q= 3, R=5, S=4
(D) P=1, Q=3, R=2, S=6
EE SP 6.70 A wattmeter reads 400 W when its current coil is connected in the R-phase and
its pressure coil is connected between this phase and the neutral of a symmetrical
3-phase system supplying a balanced star connected 0.8 p.f. inductive load. This
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phase sequence is RYB. What will be the reading of this wattmeter if its pressure
coil alone is reconnected between the B and Y phases, all other connections
remaining as before ?
(A) 400.0 (B) 519.6
(C) 300.0 (D) 692.8
EE SP 6.74 Group-II represents the figures obtained on a CRO screen when the voltage
signals Vx = Vxm sin wt and Vy = Vym sin (wt + F) are given to its X and Y plates
respectively and F is changed. Choose the correct value of F from Group-I to
match with the corresponding figure of Group-II.
Group-I Group-II
P. F = 0
Q. F = p/2
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S. F = 3p/2
Codes :
(A) P=1, Q= 3, R=6, S=5
(B) P=2, Q= 6, R=4, S=5
(C) P=2, Q= 3, R=5, S=4
(D) P=1, Q=5, R=6, S=4
***********
SOLUTIONS
SOL 6.1 Correct option (C).
For two wattmeter method, we define load impedance angle, f as
tan f = 3 9w1 - w2 C
w1 + w 2
where w1 and w2 are the readings of two wattmeters. Since, we have
w1 = 2w2
So, we obtain the load impedance angle as
tan f = 3 :2w2 - w2 D
2w2 + w2
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= 3#1 = 1
3 3
or f = p rad
6
or Q2 - 26 = 11
4.5 # 10-3
or Q2 - 26 = 2.444.44
Thus, Q2 = 2470.44cC
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From the given circuit, we have
z1 = z 4 = j 1 W
and z2 = z3 = 1 W
j
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
j#j = 1#1
j j
j2 = 12
j
- 1 =- 1
Hence, it is a balanced Wheatstone bridge, and reading of voltmeter (rms) is
V = 100 # 2
= 141.42 V
So, Td = I 2 dM ...(4)
dq
The controlling torque is
Tc = Kq ...(5)
Therefore, equating the equations (4) and (5) for balance condtion, the steady
deflection is obtained as
2
q = I dM
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...(6)
K dq
Since, it is given in the question that deflection is same in both meter. So, from
equations (3) and (6), we get
G I = I 2 dM
K K dq
or NBA = I dM (spring constants are equal)
dq
or 100 # 0.2 # 80 # 10-6 = I # 0.5 # 10-3
-3
Thus, I = 100 # 2 # 80 # 10 = 3.2 A
5
^5 # 103 # t h dt
20 # 10-3
1
=
20 # 10-3
#
0
2
25 # 106 20 # 10-3
=
20 # 10-3
#
0
t2 dt
-3
25 # 10 t3 20 # 10
6
= : D
20 # 10-3 3 0
^20 # 10-3h
3
= 25 # 106
# 3
20 # 10-3
= 25 # 10 # 400 # 10-6
6
3
= 100 = 57.74 A
3
SOL 6.7 Correct answer is 0.8029.
In two wattmeter method, power factor angle is given by
3 ^W1 - W2h
f = tan-1 = G
W1 + W2
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Page 366 Electronics and Electrical Mesurements Chapter 6
3 ^250 - 100h
=
250 + 100
f = tan-1 ^0.7423h
f = 36.586c
Power factor = cos f
= cos ^36.586ch = 0.8029 lagging
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Total power consumed, P = 1 KW = 1000 W
We can see that power will be consumed by only 1 W resistor and load resistor
R. From the figure we can notice that current in 1 W resistor is 2 A and in load
resistorR is 10 A. So we can write total power equal to sum of power dissipated
in these two resistors.
P = (2) 2 (1) + (10) 2 R
1000 = 4 + 100R
R = 9.96 W
Voltage across load, VL = 200 V
VL = I R2 + X L2
200 = 10 ^9.96h2 + X L2
^20h2 = ^9.96h2 # X L2
XL = 400 - 99.20
XL = 17.34 W
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ImX RmX = ^I - ImX h RsnX
0.15 # 1.2 = ^15 - 0.15h RsnX
RsnX = 0.18 = 0.0121 W
14.85
For ammeter Y , Let shunt resistor be RMY
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the period T as
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1 + sin wt 0 # wt # 6p
v^t h = )
- 1 + sin wt 6p # wt # 12p
So, we have
1/2
12p 0 ^
1 + sin wt h2 d ^wt h + ^- 1 + sin wt h2 d ^wt hEG
6p 12p
Vrms = = 1 ; # #
6p
1/2
^1 + 2 sin wt + sin2 wt h d ^wt h + ^1 - 2 sin wt + sin2 wt h d ^wt hEG
6p 12p
== 1 ; # #
12p 0 6p
12p
= b 18 l = 3
1/2
12 2
For an ideal voltmeter interval resistance is always zero. So we can apply the
KVL along the two voltmeters as
V - V1 - V2 = 0
or V = V1 + V2
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SOL 6.16 Correct option is (A).
For the + ve half cycle of I/p voltage, diode will be forward biased (Vg = 0 , ideal
diode) Therefore, the voltmeter will be short circuited and reads
V1 = 0 volt (for + ve half cycle)
Now, for - ve half cycle, diode will be reverse biased and treated as open
circuit. So, the voltmeter reads the voltage across 100 kW. Which is given by
14.14 0c
V2 = 100 #
100 + 1
So, V2,rms = 14 volt
2
Therefore, the average voltage for the whole time period is obtained as
V + V2, rms 0 + ^14/ 2 h
Vave = 1 = = 14
2 2 2 2
= 4.94 . 4.46 volt
10 20
= 1 ; tdt +
12
20 0 # # (- 5) dt + # 5dtE
10 12
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Chapter 6 Electronics and Electrical Mesurements Page 371
2 10
= 1 c :t D - 5 6t @12 + 5 6t @12
20
m
20 2 0 10
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i (t) = I1 sin (q - f1) + I 3 sin (3q - f3) + I5 sin (5q)
We know that wattmeter reads the average power, which is gives as
2p
P = 1 v (t) i (t) dq
# ...(1)
2p 0
We can solve this integration using following results.
2p
(1) 1 #A sin (q + a):B sin (q + b) dq = 1 AB cos (a - b)
2p 0 2
2p
1 A sin (q + a):B cos (q + a) dq = 1 AB sin (a - b)
(2)
2p #
0 2
2p
1
(3)
2p # A sin (mq + a):B cos (nq + b) dq = 0
0
2p
1
(4)
2p # A sin (mq + a):B cos (nq + b) dq = 0
0
Result (3) and (4) implies that power is transferred between same harmonics of
voltages and currents. Thus integration of equation (1) gives.
P = 1 E1 I1 cos f + 1 E 3 I 3 cos f3
2 2
V = R m + Rs = 1 + Rs
Vm Rm Rm
Here when, Rs1 = 20 kW , Vm1 = 440 V
So, V = 1 + 20k ...(1)
440 Rm
When, Rs2 = 80 kW , Vm2 = 352 V
So, V = 1 + 80 k ...(2)
352 Rm
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get
V = 480 V , Rm = 220 kW
So when Rs3 = 40 kW , Vm3 = ?
480 = 1 + 40 k & V - 406 V
m2
Vm3 220 k
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SOL 6.23 Correct option is (C).
In the alternate mode it switches between channel A and channel B, letting each
through for one cycle of horizontal sweep as shown in the figure.
so admittance Y1 = 1 = 1 + jwC1
Z1 R 1
Z2 = R2 and Z 4 = R 4
Let ZX = RX + jwLX (Unknown impedance)
For current balance condition of the Bridge
Z 2 Z 4 = Z X Z1 = Z X
Y1
Let ZX = Z2 Z 4 Y1
RX + jwLX = R2 R 4 b 1 + jwC1 l
R1
Equating imaginary and real parts
RX = R2 R 4 and LX = R2 R 4 C1
R1
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Quality factor of inductance which is being measured
Q = wL X = wR 1 C 1
RX
From above equation we can see that for measuring high values of Q we need
a large value of resistance R 4 which is not suitable. This bridge is used for
measuring low Q coils.
Note: We can observe directly that this is a maxwell’s bridge which is suitable
for low values of Q (i.e. Q < 10 )
Current in shunt Il = IR - I fs = 25 - 5 = 20 A
20 # Rsh = 5 # 0.2
Rsh = 1 = .05 W
20
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g = 100 = 10 (zero error)
1 + 100 b 9 l
Gain with error 100
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= 1600+240c
= 1600 # 1 = 800 Watt
2
So q (w2 t) = A cos w2 t, w2 = w1 /2
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500Z = (200j + 300) (- 200j + 300)
500Z = 130000
Z = (260 + j0) W
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PMMC instrument reads only dc value so
I PMMC =- 8 A
rms meter reads rms value so
(6 2 ) 2
Irms = (- 8) 2 +
2
= 64 + 36 = 10 A
Moving iron instrument also reads rms value of current So
I MI = 10 mA
Reading are (I PMMC, Irms, I MI) = (- 8 A, 10 A, 10 A)
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So Vb R3 l = Vb R4 l
R1 + R 3 R2 + R 4
R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 4 = R1 R 4 + R 3 R 4
R 1 = R 2 R 3 /R 4
At resonance VC = VL
and I = V
R
Quality factor Q = wL = 1
R wCR
= wL # I = VL = VC
R#I E E
Thus, we can obtain Q
n = 8 bit
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=
fX meeting points of vertical tangents
fY
=2
fX 4
fY = 1 fX
2
There should exist a phase difference(15c) also to produce exact figure of-8.
I + IV = 2 amp
So I = 2 - .09 = 1.91 V
R = E = 180 = 94.24 W
I 1.91
Ideally R 0 = 180 = 90 W
2
% error = R - R 0 # 100 = 94.24 - 90 # 100 = 4.71%
R0 90
SOL 6.53
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Voltmeter reading
Current in CC is 20 A
20 = I1 b 1000
1000 + 0.02 l
I1 = 20.0004 A - 20 A
200 = V1 - .02 # 20 = 200.40
Power measured Pm = V1 I1 = 20 (200.40) = 4008 W
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Load power PL = 20 # 200 = 4000 W
% Change = Pm - PL = 4008 - 4000 # 100
PL 4000
= 0.2% more
I1 = Rsh = 100 = 1
I2 Rm 1000 10
I1 + I 2 = I
I1 + 10I1 = I
11I1 = I
n = I = 11
I1
Rectance Xc = 1 = 1
jw C 2p # 100 # 103 # 10 # 10- 12
writing node equation at P
VP - 10 + V 1 + 1 - j = 0
Pb
100 100 500 159 l
10 - VP = VP (1.2 - j0.628)
10 = (2.2 - j0.628) VP
VP 10 = 4.38 V
2.28
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A = 10 mm # 20 mm
So, t = 100 # 50 # 10- 3 # 200 # 10- 3 # 200 # 10- 3 # 10- 3
= 200 # 10- 6 Nm
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SOL 6.62 Correct option is (A).
For small values of phase angle
IP = nf , f " Phase angle (radians)
IS
n " turns ratio
Magnetizing ampere-turns = 200
So primary current IP = 200 # 1 = 200 amp
Turns ratio n = 500
Secondary current IS = 5 amp
So 200 = 500f
5
f (in degrees) = b 180 lb 200 l
p 5 # 500
- 4.58c
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Let C1 = 300 pF
Q = 120 = 1
wC 1 R
Now when Cx is connected in parallel with variable resistor C1 ' = 200 pF
Q = 120 = 1
w (C1 ' + Cx ) R
So C 1 = C1 ' + C x
300 = 200 + Cx
Cx = 100 pF
Im = 1.57 mA
Full scale ac current
(Irms) fs = 1.57 = 1.11 mA
2
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100 = (Rs + 100) (1.11 mA)
100 = Rs + 100
(1.11 mA)
100 # 900 = Rs + 100
Rs = 89.9 kW
Reading of wattmeter
W1 = IP VP cos q1 , cos q1 = 0.8 & q1 = 36.86c
400 = IL VL cos q1
3
400 = IL VL # 0.8 ...(1)
3
Now when pressure coil is connected between B and Y-phases, the circuit is
phasor diagram
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Angle q2 = 23.14c + 30c = 54.14c2
Now wattmeter reading W2 = VYB IL cos q2
From equation (1) VL IL = 400 # 3
0.8
so W2 = 400 # 3 # cos 53.14c
0.8
= 519.5 W
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Is 5
Total primary current (IT ) = [primary current (I p)] 2 +
[magnetising current (I m)] 2
IT = I p2 + I m2
= (500) 2 + (250) 2 = 559.01 amp
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Divide both Vy and Vx equal parts and match the corresponding points on the
screen.
Similarly for f = 90c
Vx = Vxm sin wt
Vy = Vym sin (wt + 90c)
Similarly for f = 3p
2
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we can also obtain for 0 < f < 3p
2
***********
CHAPTER 7
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
EE SP 7.1 In the Wien Bridge oscillator circuit shown in figure, the bridge is balanced when
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(A) R 3 = R1 , w =
R 4 R2
R C
1
R1 C1 R 2 C 2
1
(B) 2 = 2 , w =
R1 C1 R1 C1 R 2 C 2
(C) R 3 = R1 + C2 , w = 1
R 4 R 2 C1 R1 C1 R 2 C 2
(D) R 3 + R1 = C 2 , w = 1
R 4 R 2 C1 R1 C1 R 2 C 2
EE SP 7.2 The magnitude of the mid-band voltage gain of the circuit shown in figure is
(assuming h fe of the transistor to be 100)
(A) 1
(B) 10
(C) 20
(D) 100
EE SP 7.3 Given that the op-amps in the figure are ideal, the output voltage V0 is
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(A) ^V1 - V2h (B) 2 ^V1 - V2h
(C) ^V1 - V2h /2 (D) ^V1 + V2h
EE SP 7.4 In the figure shown, assume the op-amp to be ideal. Which of the alternatives
v i ^w h
gives the correct Bode plote for the transfer function ?
v i ^w h
EE SP 7.5
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YEAR 2014 EE02 ONE MARK
The transistor in the given circuit should always be in active region. Take
VCE^sat h = 0.2 V , VBE = 0.7 V . The maximum value of Rc in W which can be used,
is _____.
EE SP 7.6 The sinusoidal ac source in the figure has an rms value of 202 V . Considering all
possible values of RL , the minimum value of Rs in W to avoid burnout of the
Zener diode is _____.
EE SP 7.7 Assuming the diodes to be ideal in the figure, for the output to be clipped, the
input voltage vi must be outside the range
(A) - 1 V to - 2 V (B) - 2 V to - 4 V
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(C) + 1 V to - 2 V (D) + 2 V to - 4 V
EE SP 7.8 A 10 kHz even-symmetric square ware is passed through a bandpass filter with
centre frequency at 30 kHz and 3 dB passband of 6 kHz. The filter output is
(A) a highly attenuated square wave at 10 kHz
(B) nearly zero
(C) a nearly perfect cosine wave at 30 kHz
(D) a nearly perfect sine wave at 30 kHz
EE SP 7.9 An oscillator circuit using ideal op-amp and diodes is shown in the figure.
The time duration for + ve part of the cycle is Tt1 and for - ve part is Tt2 . The
Tt1 - Tt 2
value of e RC will be ______.
EE SP 7.10 An operational amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The output of the circuit
for a given input vi is
(A) -b R2 l vi (B) -b1 + R2 l vi
R1 R1
(C) b1 + R2 l vi (D) + Vsat or - Vsat
R1
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YEAR 2014 EE03 TWO MARKS
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(D) The input impedance decreases and output impedance increases
EE SP 7.13 In the circuit shown below what is the output voltage ^Vouth if a silicon transistor
Q and an ideal op-amp are used?
EE SP 7.14 In the circuit shown below the op-amps are ideal. Then, Vout in Volts is
(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 10
EE SP 7.15 A voltage 1000 sin wt Volts is applied across YZ . Assuming ideal diodes, the
voltage measured across WX in Volts, is
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(A) sin wt (B) _sin wt + sin wt i /2
(C) ^sin wt - sin wt h /2 (D) 0 for all t
EE SP 7.16 In the circuit shown below, the knee current of the ideal Zener dioide is 10 mA
. To maintain 5 V across RL , the minimum value of RL in W and the minimum
power rating of the Zener diode in mW, respectively, are
EE SP 7.17 The i -v characteristics of the diode in the circuit given below are
v - 0.7 A, v $ 0.7 V
i = * 500
0A v < 0. 7 V
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(A) Av . 200
(B) Av . 100
(C) Av . 20
(D) Av . 10
EE SP 7.20 A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 30 Hz is cascaded with a high pass
filter with a cut-off frequency of 20 Hz. The resultant system of filters will
function as
(A) an all – pass filter
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EE SP 7.22 The transistor used in the circuit shown below has a b of 30 and ICBO is negligible
If the forward voltage drop of diode is 0.7 V, then the current through collector
will be
(A) 168 mA (B) 108 mA
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(C) 20.54 mA (D) 5.36 mA
(A) 4 V
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(B) 6 V
(C) 7.5 V
(D) 12.12 V
EE SP 7.25 Assuming that the diodes in the given circuit are ideal, the voltage V0 is
(A) 4 V (B) 5 V
(C) 7.5 V (D) 12.12 V
EE SP 7.26 The transistor circuit shown uses a silicon transistor with VBE = 0.7, IC . IE and
a dc current gain of 100. The value of V0 is
(A) 4.65 V
(B) 5 V
(C) 6.3 V
(D) 7.23 V
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(A) Current-Current feedback
(B) Voltage-Voltage feedback
(C) Current-Voltage feedback
(D) Voltage-Current feedback
EE SP 7.28 The following circuit has R = 10 kW, C = 10 mF . The input voltage is a sinusoidal
at 50 Hz with an rms value of 10 V. Under ideal conditions, the current Is from
the source is
EE SP 7.29 Transformer and emitter follower can both be used for impedance matching at
the output of an audio amplifier. The basic relationship between the input power
Pin and output power Pout in both the cases is
(A) Pin = Pout for both transformer and emitter follower
(B) Pin > Pout for both transformer and emitter follower
(C) Pin < Pout for transformer and Pin = Pout for emitter follower
(D) Pin = Pout for transformer and Pin < Pout for emitter follower
EE SP 7.30 An ideal op-amp circuit and its input wave form as shown in the figures. The
output waveform of this circuit will be
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YEAR 2008 ONE MARK
EE SP 7.31 The equivalent circuits of a diode, during forward biased and reverse biased
conditions, are shown in the figure.
(1)
(2)
If such a diode is used in clipper circuit of figure given above, the output voltage
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Chapter 7 Analog Electronics Page 403
EE SP 7.32
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YEAR 2008 TWO MARKS
Two perfectly matched silicon transistor are connected as shown in the figure
assuming the b of the transistors to be very high and the forward voltage drop
in diodes to be 0.7 V, the value of current I is
EE SP 7.33 In the voltage doubler circuit shown in the figure, the switch ‘S ’ is closed at
t = 0 . Assuming diodes D1 and D2 to be ideal, load resistance to be infinite and
initial capacitor voltages to be zero. The steady state voltage across capacitor C1
and C2 will be
EE SP 7.34 The block diagrams of two of half wave rectifiers are shown in the figure. The
transfer characteristics of the rectifiers are also shown within the block.
It is desired to make full wave rectifier using above two half-wave rectifiers. The
resultants circuit will be
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EE SP 7.36 The output of the this filter is given to the circuit in figure :
The gain v/s frequency characteristic of the output (vo) will be
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YEAR 2007 ONE MARK
EE SP 7.37 The common emitter forward current gain of the transistor shown is bF = 100
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(A) a voltage source with voltage
EE SP 7.40 The input signal Vin shown in the figure is a 1 kHz square wave voltage that
alternates between + 7 V and - 7 V with a 50% duty cycle. Both transistor
have the same current gain which is large. The circuit delivers power to the load
resistor RL . What is the efficiency of this circuit for the given input ? choose the
closest answer.
EE SP 7.41 For a given sinusoidal input voltage, the voltage waveform at point P of the
clamper circuit shown in figure will be
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EE SP 7.42 What are the states of the three ideal diodes of the circuit shown in figure ?
(A) D1 ON, D2 OFF, D3 OFF (B) D1 OFF, D2 ON, D3 OFF
(C) D1 ON, D2 OFF, D3 ON (D) D1 OFF, D2 ON, D3 ON
EE SP 7.43 Assuming the diodes D1 and D2 of the circuit shown in figure to be ideal ones,
the transfer characteristics of the circuit will be
EE SP 7.44
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A relaxation oscillator is made using OPAMP as shown in figure. The supply
voltages of the OPAMP are !12 V . The voltage waveform at point P will be
EE SP 7.45 Consider the circuit shown in figure. If the b of the transistor is 30 and ICBO is
20 mA and the input voltage is + 5 V , the transistor would be operating in
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(A) saturation region
(B) active region
(C) breakdown region
(D) cut-off region
EE SP 7.46 A TTL NOT gate circuit is shown in figure. Assuming VBE = 0.7 V of both the
transistors, if Vi = 3.0 V, then the states of the two transistors will be
EE SP 7.47 Assume that D1 and D2 in figure are ideal diodes. The value of current is
EE SP 7.48 Assume that the N-channel MOSFET shown in the figure is ideal, and that its
threshold voltage is + 1.0 V the voltage Vab between nodes a and b is
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(A) 5 V
(C) 1 V
(B) 2 V
(D) 0 V
EE SP 7.49 The common emitter amplifier shown in the figure is biased using a 1 mA ideal
current source. The approximate base current value is
(A) 0 mA (B) 10 mA
(C) 100 mA (D) 1000 mA
EE SP 7.50 The typical frequency response of a two-stage direct coupled voltage amplifier is
as shown in figure
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EE SP 7.51 Consider the inverting amplifier, using an ideal operational amplifier shown in
the figure. The designer wishes to realize the input resistance seen by the small-
signal source to be as large as possible, while keeping the voltage gain between
- 10 and - 25 . The upper limit on RF is 1 MW. The value of R1 should be
EE SP 7.52 In the given figure, if the input is a sinusoidal signal, the output will appear as
shown
EE SP 7.53
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The transconductance of the MOSFET is
(A) 0.75 ms
(C) 2 ms
(B) 1 ms
(D) 10 ms
EE SP 7.56 Two perfectly matched silicon transistor are connected as shown in figure. The
value of the current I is
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EE SP 7.57 The feedback used in the circuit shown in figure can be classified as
EE SP 7.58 Assuming that the diodes are ideal in figure, the current in diode D1 is
(A) 9 mA (B) 5 mA
(C) 0 mA (D) - 3 mA
EE SP 7.59 The trans-conductance gm of the transistor shown in figure is 10 mS. The value
of the input resistance Rin is
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EE SP 7.60 The value of R for which the PMOS transistor in figure will be biased in linear
region is
EE SP 7.61 In the active filter circuit shown in figure, if Q = 1, a pair of poles will be realized
with w0 equal to
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EE SP 7.63 The variation of drain current with gate-to-source voltage (ID - VGS characteristic)
of a MOSFET is shown in figure. The MOSFET is
EE SP 7.64 In the circuit of figure, assume that the transistor has hfe = 99 and VBE = 0.7 V.
The value of collector current IC of the transistor is approximately
(A) [3.3/3.3] mA
(B) [3.3/(3.3+3.3)] mA
(C) [3.3/.33] mA
(D) [3.3(33+3.3)] mA
EE SP 7.65 For the circuit of figure with an ideal operational amplifier, the maximum phase
shift of the output vout with reference to the input vin is
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EE SP 7.66 For the n-channel enhancement MOSFET shown in figure, the threshold voltage
Vth = 2 V. The drain current ID of the MOSFET is 4 mA when the drain resistance
RD is 1 kW.If the value of RD is increased to 4 kW, drain current ID will become
EE SP 7.67 Assuming the operational amplifier to be ideal, the gain vout /vin for the circuit
shown in figure is
(A) - 1
(B) - 20
(C) - 100
(D) - 120
EE SP 7.68 A voltage signal 10 sin wt is applied to the circuit with ideal diodes, as shown in
figure, The maximum, and minimum values of the output waveform Vout of the
circuit are respectively
(A) + 10 V and - 10 V
(B) + 4 V and - 4 V
(C) + 7 V and - 4 V
(D) + 4 V and - 7 V
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************
SOLUTIONS
SOL 7.1 Correct option (C).
To determine the balancing condition, we reconstruct the Wien bridge as
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At balance, we have
or
or
j
z1 z 4 = z 2 z 3
R2
c R 1 - w C 1 m R 4 = c 1 + j wC 2 R 2 m R 3
R 3 = R 1 + C 2 + j wC R - 1
R4 R 2 C1 b 2 1 wC 1 R 2 l
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
R 3 = R1 + C 2
R4 R 2 C1
and wC 2 R 1 - 1 =0 &w = 1
wC 1 R 2 R1 C1 R 2 C 2
SOL 7.2 Correct option (D).
We have the transistor circuit as
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Node voltage Vc is connected to inverting mode of op-amp. So, we have the
output due to Vc as
R
Vo+ = f V1 =- R Vc
R1 R
Again, node voltage Vd is connected to the non-inverting mode of op-amp. So, we
have the output due to Vd as
R R
Vo- =+c1 + f m f V2 = b1 + R l R Vd
R1 2R1 R 2R
Therefore, the net output of the op-amp is
Vo = Vo+ + Vo-
=- Vc # b R l + Vd R b1 + R l
R 2R R
=- Vc + Vd # 2 = Vd - Vc ...(1)
2
Applying KVL in the op-amp circuit, we have
- Vc + IR + I ^2Rh + IR + Vd = 0
or Vd - Vc =- 4IR
or Vo =- 4IR [using equation (1)] ...(2)
Also, we have
- Va + 2IR + Vb = 0
or 2IR = Va - Vb ...(3)
From equations (3) and (4), we get
Vo =- 2 ^Va - Vb h
= 2 ^Vb - Va h ...(4)
Since, the voltage at inverting and non-inverting terminals are same for ideal op-
amp. So, from the op-amp circuit, we have
V1 = Vb and V2 = Va
Substituting it in equation (4), we obtain
Vo = 2 ^V1 - V2h
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Let the voltage at inverting terminal of op-amp be X . So, we have
or
X ^s h - Vo ^s h
Rf
=0
X ^s h = Vo ^s h
Applying KCL at non-inverting terminal of op-amp, we get
[X ^s h - 0] Cs +
X ^s h - Vi ^s h
=0
...(1)
R1
Vi ^s h
or X ^s h:Cs + 1 D =
R1 R1
Vi ^s h
or Vo ^s h:R1 Cs + 1D = [from equation (1)]
R1 R1
Vo ^s h 1 1
So, = =
Vi ^s h 1 + R1 Cs 1 + 10-3
Therefore, the corner frequency for the transfer function is
wC = 1-3 = 103
10
Hence, we draw the Bode plot for the function (in decibel),
Vo ^wh 1
20 log = 20 log
Vi ^wh f 1 + jw3 p
10
The obtained magnitude and phase plots are
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b = 100
Writing KVL around the input loop
5 - I B R S - 0. 7 = 0
IB = 5 - 0.7 = 4.3 3 = 2.15 mA
2 kW 2 # 10
IC = bIB = 100 # 2.15 mA = 0.215 A
Writing KVL around the output loop
5 - IC RC - VCE = 0
VCE = 5 - 0.215RC
For active region VCE > VCE^sath
or, VCE > 0.2 V
So, 5 - 0.215RC > 0.2
0.215RC < 5 - 0.2
RC min = 4.8 . 22.32 W
0.215
I S = IZ + I L
IZ = I S - I L
IZ max = IS max - IL min ...(1)
Because when IL will be minimum IZ will be maximum.
We have
IS max = Vo - VZ = 20 - 5
Rs min Rs min
IL min = 0 (for RL " 3)
^1/4h
IZ max = PZ = = 1 A
VZ 5 20
Substituting these values in eq (1), we get
1 = 20 - 5
20 Rs min
Rs min = 15 # 20 = 300 W
nodia
SOL 7.7 Correct option is (B).
Assume when both the diodes will be OFF.
In that case
vo = vi
2
For proper clipping operation, both the diode can not be forward biased together.
When both diodes are off, we have
vo = vi
2
Let v p1 , vn1 are voltage of anode and cathode of diode D1 and v p2 and vn2 are
voltage of anode and cathode of D2 . So
vo = v p1 = vi
2
vo = vn1 = vi
2
To make both diodes forward biased
v p1 > - 1 V and vn2 < - 2 V
or vi > - 1 V and vi < - 2 V
2 2
So vi =- 2 V to - 4 V range does not allow proper
clipping operation.
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For an operation amplifier, we know that
1. If vi > Vsat ; then output voltage will be Vsat
2. If vi < - Vsat ; then the output voltage will be - Vsat
3. If - Vsat < vi < Vsat ; then the output voltage varies according to the applied
input.
For the given op-amp circuit, we assume that
- Vsat < vi < Vsat
So, we obtain the output for the corresponding input vi . Applying KCL at non-
inverting terminal of first op-amp, we have
vi - 0 + vi - x = 0
R1 R2
or vi b 1 + 1 l = x
R1 R 2 R2
or x = b R1 + R 2 l v i ...(1)
R1
where x is the voltage at non-inverting terminal of second op-amp. Again,
applying KCL at non-inverting terminal of second op-amp, we get
x - 0 + x - v0 = 0
R R
or v 0 = 2x
From eq (1) we have v 0 = 2vi ^R1 + R2h = 2vi b1 + R2 l
R1 R1
There is no single option so our assumption is wrong and vi > + Vsat and vi < - Vsat
. So, the output voltage is + Vsat and - Vsat .
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Case II : when vi < 0
For this case, the diode is open and the output of first op-amp is
Vo1 =- R vi =- vi
R
Therefore, the output of second op-amp is
vo =- R vo1 = vi
R
Thus, we have the output voltage
0 vi > 0
vo = )
vi vi < 0
Hence, the transfer characteristic of op-amp circuit is
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IC = 5 mA
i.e.,the base collector junction is reverse biased (zero voltage) therefore, the
collector current (IC ) can have a value only if base-emitter is forward biased.
Hence,
VBE = 0.7 volts
& VB - VE = 0.7
& 0 - Vout = 0.7 & Vout =- 0.7 volt
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SOL 7.15 Correct option is (D).
Given, the input voltage VYZ = 100 sin wt
Is = IZ + I L
or, IZ = Is - I L (1)
Since, voltage across zener diode is 5 V so, current through 100 W resistor is
obtained as
Is = 10 - 5 = 0.05 A
100
Therefore, the load current is given by
IL = 5
RL
Since, for proper operation, we must have IZ $ Iknes
So, from Eq. (1), we write
0.05 A - 5 $ 10 mA
RL
nodia
50 mA - 5 $ 10 mA
RL
40 mA $ 5
RL
40 # 10-3 $ 5
RL
1 # RL
40 # 10-3 5
5 # RL
40 # 10-3
or, 125 W # RL
Therefore, minimum value of RL = 125 W
Now, we know that power rating of Zener diode is given by
PR = VZ IZ^maxh
IZ^maxh is maximum current through zener diode in reverse bias. Maximum currrent
through zener diode flows when load current is zero. i.e.,
IZ^maxh = Is = 10 - 5 = 0.05
100
Therefore, PR = 5 # 0.05 W = 250 mW
nodia
12k
13.7 - VC = 100I ...(2)
B
12 # 103
Solving equation (1) and (2), IB = 0.01 mA
Small Signal Analysis :
Transforming given input voltage source into equivalent current source.
vi =- 1.116 # 10-5
10 # 103
Av = v 0 = 1 - 8.96
vi 10 # 103 # 1.116 # 10-5
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0 - Vi (jw) 0 - Vo (jw)
+ =0
jwC + R1
1 R2
Vo (jw) - V (jw)
= 1 i
R2 jwC + R1
V (jw) R2
Vo (jw) =- i
R1 - j jw1C
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So, it will act as a Band pass filter.
We can see that both BE and BC Junction are forwarded biased. So the BJT is
operating in saturation.
Collector current IC = 12 - 0.2 = 5.36 mA
2.2k
Y bIB
Note:- In saturation mode IC -
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Second op-amp has a positive feedback, so it acts as an schmitt trigger.
Since Va =- Vi this is a non-inverting schmitt trigger.
Threshold value VTH = 12 = 6 V
2
VTL =- 6 V
vo = 5 + 0.7 = 5.7 V
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R 2R
2 + (2 - vo) = 0
R 2R
4 + 2 - vo = 0 or vo = 6 volt
We can observe that diode D2 is always off, whether D1 ,is on or off. So equivalent
circuit is.
So, V0 = 100I
B
100
IB = V0
10 # 103
Put IB into equation (1)
10 - (10 # 103) V0 - 0.7 - V0 = 0
10 # 103
9.3 - 2V0 = 0
& V0 = 9.3 = 4.65 A
2
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Feedback samples output voltage and adds a negative feedback voltage (vfb) to
input.
So, it is a voltage-voltage feedback.
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Threshold voltages at non-inverting terminals of op-amp is given as
VTH - 6 + VTH - 0 = 0
2 1
3VTH - 6 = 0
VTH = 2 V (Upper threshold)
VTL - (- 3) VTL
Similarly + =0
2 1
3VTL + 3 = 0
VTL =- 1 V (Lower threshold)
For Vin < 2 Volt, V0 =+ 6 Volt
Vin > 2 Volt, V0 =- 3 Volt
Vin < - 1 Volt V0 =+ 6 Volt
Vin > - 1 Volt V0 =- 3 Volt
Output waveform
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Output, V0 = 5 sin wt
This is a current mirror circuit. Since b is high so IC1 = IC2, IB1 = IB2
VB = (- 5 + 0.7)
=- 4.3 volt
Diode D1 is forward biased.
So, current I is, I = IC2 = IC1
0 - (- 4.3)
= = 4.3 mA
1
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According to given transfer characteristics of rectifiers output of rectifier P is.
To get output V0
V0 = K (- VP + VQ) K - gain of op-amp
So, P should connected at inverting terminal of op-amp and Q with non-inverting
terminal.
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Chapter 7 Analog Electronics Page 437
nodia
Applying node equation at positive and negative input terminals of op-amp.
vA - vi + vA - vo = 0
R1 R2
2vA = vi + vo , a R1 = R 2 = R A
Similarly,
vA - vi + vA - 0 = 0
R3 R4
2vA = vin , a R 3 = R 4 = RB
So, vo = 0 , iIt will stop low frequency signals.
For high frequencies, w " 3 , then 1 " 0
wC
Equivalent circuit is,
Output, vo = vi
So it will pass high frequency signal.
This is a high pass filter.
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10 - IC (1 # 103) - 0.7 - 270 # 103 IB = 0
bIB + 270 IB = 9.3 mA, ` IC = bIB
IB (b + 270) = 9.3 mA
IB = 9.3 mA = 0.025 mA
270 + 100
In saturation, base current is given by,
10 - IC (1) - VCE - IE (1) = 0
10 = I IC - IE
C (sat)
2
VCE - 0
IC (sat) = 5 mA
IC (sat)
IB(sat) = = 5 = .050 mA
b 100
IB 1 IB(sat), so transistor is in forward active region.
nodia
Since op-amp is ideal v+ = v- = v1
Writing node equation.
v1 - v + v1 - 0 = 0
R1 R2
v1 c R1 + R2 m = V
R1 R2 R1
v1 = V c R2
R1 + R2 m
Since the op-amp is ideal therefore
iL = i1 = v1
r
= V c R2 m
r R1 + R2
so, h = p # 7 # 100
4 10
= 54.95% - 55%
nodia
Because we assumed diode D2 OFF so voltage across it VD2 # 0 and it is possible
only when D3 is off.
Since there is no feed back to the op-amp and op-amp has a high open loop gain
so it goes in saturation. Input is applied at inverting terminal so.
VP =- VCC =- 12 V
In negative half cycle of input, diode D1 is in forward bias and equivalent
circuit is shown below.
Output VP = Vg + V-
Op-amp is at virtual ground so V+ = V- = 0 and VP = Vg = 0.7 V
Voltage wave form at point P is
SOL 7.43
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Correct option is (A).
In the circuit when Vi < 10 V, both D1 and D2 are off.
So equivalent circuit is,
Output, Vo = 10 volt
When Vi > 10 V (D1 is in forward bias and D2 is off
So the equivalent circuit is,
Output, Vo = Vi
Transfer characteristic of the circuit is
nodia
writing node equation at positive terminal of op-amp
Vth - 12 + Vth - 0 = 0
10 10
Vth = 6 volt (Positive threshold)
So, the capacitor will charge upto 6 volt.
When output V0 =- 12 V, the equivalent circuit is.
node equation
Vth + 12 + Vth - 0 = 0
2 10
5 Vth + 60 + Vth = 0
Vth =- 10 volt (negative threshold)
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obtained as
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Voltage Vn is given by
Vn = 1 # 2 = 2 Volt
Vp = 0
Vn > Vp (so diode is in reverse bias, assumption is true)
Current through D2 is ID2 = 0
6
R1 =- 1 # 10
Av
Av =- 10 to - 25 so value of R1
6
R1 = 10 = 100 kW for Av =- 10
10
6
R1' = 10 = 40 kW for Av =- 25
25
R1 should be as large as possible so R1 = 100 kW
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SOL 7.52 Correct option is (C).
Since there is no feedback in the circuit and ideally op-amp has a very high value
of open loop gain, so it goes into saturation (ouput is either + V or - V ) for
small values of input.
The input is applied to negative terminal of op-amp, so in positive half cycle it
saturates to - V and in negative half cycle it goes to + V .
vo =- gm vgs RD
vgs = vin
So, vo =- gm RD vin
Voltage gain Av = vo =- gm RD
vi
=- (1 mS) (10 kW) =- 10
In the circuit
V1 = 3.5 V (given)
Current in zener is.
IZ = V1 - VZ
RZ
= 3.5 - 3.33 = 2 mA
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0.1 # 10
SOL 7.56 Correct option is (C).
This is a current mirror circuit. Since VBE is the same in both devices, and
transistors are perfectly matched, then
IB1 = IB2 and IC1 = IC2
From the circuit we have,
IR = - 5 + 03.7 =- 4.3 mA
1 # 10
Here the feedback circuit samples the output voltage and produces a feed back
current Ifb which is in shunt with input signal. So this is a shunt-shunt feedback
configuration.
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From the circuit, we can see the that diode D2 must be in forward Bias.
For D1 let assume it is in reverse bias.
Voltages at p and n terminal of D1 is given by Vp and Vn
Vp < Vn (D1 is reverse biased)
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R > 1000 W
11vx = vy ...(2)
For equation (1) & (2)
ix = vx - 11v6 x =- 10v6x
1 # 10 10
Input impedance of the circuit.
6
Rin = vx =- 10 =- 100 kW
ix 10
IC = hfe IB
= 99 # 3.3 mA = 3.3 mA
[0.33 + 3.3] # 100 0.33 + 3.3
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R 1
c jwC m
v+ - vin + v+ (jwCR) = 0
v+ (1 + jwCR) = Vin ..(2)
By equation (1) and (2) we have
2vin
1 + jwCR
= vin + vout "a v+ = v- (ideal op-amp)
vin ; 2 - 1E = vout
1 + jwCR
(1 - jwCR)
vout = vin
1 + jwCR
Phase shift in output is given by
q = tan - 1 (- wCR) - tan - 1 (wCR)
= p - tan - 1 (wCR) - tan - 1 (wCR)
= p - 2 tan - 1 (wCR)
Maximum phase shift q =p
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Let the voltages at input terminals of op-amp are v- and v+ respectively.
So, v+ = v- = 0 (ideal op-amp)
Vout = + 4 Volt
In the negative half cycle diode D1 conducts and D2 will be off so the circuit is,
Applying KVL
Vin - 10I + 4 - 10I = 0
Vin + 4 = I
nodia
20
Vin =- 10 V (Maximum value in negative half cycle)
So, I = - 10 + 4 =- 3 mA
20 10
Vin - Vout = I
10
- 10 - Vout =- 3
10 10
Vout =- (10 - 3)
Vout =- 7 volt
***********
CHAPTER 8
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
nodia
YEAR 2014 EE01 TWO MARKS
EE SP 8.2 An output device is interfaced with 8-bit microprocessor 8085A. The interfacing
circuit is shown in figure
The interfacing circuit makes use of 3 Line to 8 Line decoder having 3 enables
lines E1 , E 2 , E 3 . The address of the device is
(A) 50 H (B) 5000 H
(C) A0 H (D) A000 H
EE SP 8.3 Which of the following logic circuits is a realization of the function F whose
Karnaugh map is shown in figure
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YEAR 2014 EE02 ONE MARK
EE SP 8.4 Which of the following is an invalid state in an 8-4-2-1 Binary Coded Decimal
counter
(A) 1 0 0 0 (B) 1 0 0 1
(C) 0 0 1 1 (D) 1 1 0 0
EE SP 8.5 The SOP (sum of products) form of a Boolean function is S ^0, 1, 3, 7, 11h, where
inputs are A, B , C , D (A is MSB, and D is LSB). The equivalent minimized
expression of the function is
(A) ^B + C h^A + C h^A + B h^C + D h
(B) ^B + C h^A + C h^A + C h^C + D h
(C) ^B + C h^A + C h^A + C h^C + D h
(D) ^B + C h^A + B h^A + B h^C + D h
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EE SP 8.7 In an 8085 microprocessor, the following program is executed
Address location Instruction
2000H XRA A
2001H MVI B, 04H
2003H MVI A, 03H
2005H RAR
2006H DCR B
2007H JNZ 2005
200AH HLT
At the end of program, register A contains
(A) 60H (B) 30H
(C) 06H (D) 03H
EE SP 8.8 A state diagram of a logic gate which exhibits a delay in the output is shown in
the figure, where X is the don’t care condition, and Q is the output representing
the state.
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EE SP 8.9 In 8085A microprocessor, the operation performed by the instruction LHLD
2100 H is
(A) ^Hh ! 21 H , ^Lh ! 00 H
(B) ^Hh ! M ^2100hH , ^Lh ! M ^2101 Hh
(C) ^Hh ! M ^2101 Hh, ^Lh ! M ^2100 Hh
(D) ^Hh ! 00 H , ^Lh ! 21 H
EE SP 8.10 Two monoshot multivibrators, one positive edge triggered ^M1h and another
negative edge triggered ^M2h, are connected as shown in figure
EE SP 8.11
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A 3-bit gray counter is used to control the output of the multiplexer as shown
in the figure. The initial state of the counter is 000 2 . The output is pulled high.
The output of the circuit follows the sequence
(A) I 0 , 1, 1, I1 , I 3 , 1, 1, I2
(B) I 0 , 1, I1 , 1, I2 , 1, I 3 , 1
(C) 1, I 0 , 1, I1 , I2 , 1, I 3 , 1
(D) I 0 , I1 , I2 , I 3 , I 0 , I1 , I2 , I 3
EE SP 8.12 A bulb in a staircase has two switches, one switch being at the ground floor
and the other one at the first floor. The bulb can be turned ON and also can
be turned OFF by any one of the switches irrespective of the state of the other
switch. The logic of switching of the bulb resembles
(A) and AND gate
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Chapter 8 Digital Electronics Page 457
(B) an OR gate
(C) an XOR gate
(D) a NAND gate
EE SP 8.14
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(A) XY
(C) XY
(B) XY
(D) XY
The clock frequency applied to the digital circuit shown in the figure below is
1 kHz. If the initial state of the output of the flip-flop is 0, then the frequency of
the output waveform Q in kHz is
(A) 0.25
(B) 0.5
(C) 1
(D) 2
EE SP 8.15 In the sum of products function f (X, Y, Z) = / (2, 3, 4, 5), the prime implicants
are
(A) XY, XY
(B) XY, X Y Z , XY Z
(C) XY Z , XYZ, XY
(D) XY Z , XYZ, XY Z , XY Z
EE SP 8.16 The output Y of a 2-bit comparator is logic 1 whenever the 2-bit input A is
greater than the 2-bit input B . The number of combinations for which the
output is logic 1, is
(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 10
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In this circuit, the race around
(A) does not occur
(B) occur when CLK = 0
(C) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 1
(D) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 0
EE SP 8.18 The state transition diagram for the logic circuit shown is
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) X (D) X
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EE SP 8.20 A two bit counter circuit is shown below
It the state QA QB of the counter at the clock time tn is ‘10’ then the state QA QB
of the counter at tn + 3 (after three clock cycles) will be
(A) 00 (B) 01
(C) 10 (D) 11
EE SP 8.21 A portion of the main program to call a subroutine SUB in an 8085 environment
is given below.
h
LXI D, DISP
LP : CALL SUB
LP+3
h
It is desired that control be returned to LP+DISP+3 when the RET instruction
is executed in the subroutine. The set of instructions that precede the RET
instruction in the subroutine are
POP H
DAD D
POP D
INX H
(A) DAD H (B)
INX H
PUSH D
INX H
PUSH H
XTHL
POP H INX D
(C) DAD D (D) INX D
PUSH H INX D
XTHL
EE SP 8.22 The TTL circuit shown in the figure is fed with the waveform X (also shown).
All gates have equal propagation delay of 10 ns. The output Y of the circuit is
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Statement For Linked Answer Questions: 23 and 24
The following Karnaugh map represents a function F .
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EE SP 8.25 When a “CALL Addr” instruction is executed, the CPU carries out the following
sequential operations internally :
Note: (R) means content of register R
((R)) means content of memory location pointed to by R.
PC means Program Counter
SP means Stack Pointer
(A) (SP) incremented (B) (PC)!Addr
(PC)!Addr ((SP))!(PC)
((SP))!(PC) (SP) incremented
(C) (PC)!Addr (D) ((SP))!(PC)
(SP) incremented (SP) incremented
((SP))!(PC) (PC)!Addr
EE SP 8.26 The following circuit has a source voltage VS as shown in the graph. The current
through the circuit is also shown.
EE SP 8.27 The increasing order of speed of data access for the following device is
(I) Cache Memory
(II) CD-ROM
(III) Dynamic RAM
(IV) Processor Registers
(V) Magnetic Tape
(A) (V), (II), (III), (IV), (I) (B) (V), (II), (III), (I), (IV)
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(C) (II), (I), (III), (IV), (V) (D) (V), (II), (I), (III), (IV)
EE SP 8.28 The complete set of only those Logic Gates designated as Universal Gates is
(A) NOT, OR and AND Gates (B) XNOR, NOR and NAND Gates
(C) NOR and NAND Gates (D) XOR, NOR and NAND Gates
EE SP 8.29 In an 8085 microprocessor, the contents of the Accumulator, after the following
instructions are executed will become
XRA A
MVI B, F0 H
SUB B
(A) 01 H (B) 0F H
(C) F0 H (D) 10 H
EE SP 8.30 A waveform generator circuit using OPAMPs is shown in the figure. It produces
a triangular wave at point ‘P’ with a peak to peak voltage of 5 V for Vi = 0 V .
If the voltage Vi is made + 2.5 V, the voltage waveform at point ‘P’ will become
nodia
EE SP 8.31 A 3-line to 8-line decoder, with active low outputs, is used to implement a
3-variable Boolean function as shown in the figure
EE SP 8.32 The content of some of the memory location in an 8085 accumulator based
system are given below
Address Content
g g
26FE 00
26FF 01
2700 02
2701 03
2702 04
g g
The content of stack (SP), program counter (PC) and (H,L) are 2700 H, 2100 H
and 0000 H respectively. When the following sequence of instruction are executed.
2100 H: DAD SP
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Page 464 Digital Electronics Chapter 8
2101 H: PCHL
the content of (SP) and (PC) at the end of execution will be
(A) PC = 2102 H, SP = 2700 H
(B) PC = 2700 H, SP = 2700 H
(C) PC = 2800 H, SP = 26FE H
(D) PC = 2A02 H, SP = 2702 H
EE SP 8.33 A, B, C and D are input, and Y is the output bit in the XOR gate circuit of the
figure below. Which of the following statements about the sum S of A, B, C, D
and Y is correct ?
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(A) S is always with zero or odd
(B) S is always either zero or even
(C) S = 1 only if the sum of A, B, C and D is even
(D) S = 1 only if the sum of A, B, C and D is odd
EE SP 8.34 The switch S in the circuit of the figure is initially closed, it is opened at time
t = 0 . You may neglect the zener diode forward voltage drops. What is the
behavior of vout for t > 0 ?
nodia
EE SP 8.36 The Octal equivalent of HEX and number AB.CD is
(A) 253.314 (B) 253.632
(C) 526.314 (D) 526.632
EE SP 8.37 A student has made a 3-bit binary down counter and connected to the R-2R
ladder type DAC, [Gain = (- 1 kW/2R)] as shown in figure to generate a staircase
waveform. The output achieved is different as shown in figure. What could be the
possible cause of this error ?
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EE SP 8.38 A 4 # 1 MUX is used to implement a 3-input Boolean function as shown in
figure. The Boolean function F (A, B, C) implemented is
EE SP 8.41 The 8085 assembly language instruction that stores the content of H and L
register into the memory locations 2050H and 2051H , respectively is
(A) SPHL 2050H (B) SPHL 2051H
(C) SHLD 2050H (D) STAX 2050H
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(A) JK flip-flop (B) Clocked RS flip-flop
(C) T flip-flop (D) Ring counter
EE SP 8.43 Select the circuit which will produce the given output Q for the input signals X1
and X2 given in the figure
EE SP 8.44 If X1 and X2 are the inputs to the circuit shown in the figure, the output Q is
(A) X1 + X2 (B) X1 : X2
(C) X1 : X2 (D) X1 : X2
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EE SP 8.45
(A) at 1 (B) at 0
(C) at its initial value (D) unstable
EE SP 8.46 The digital circuit using two inverters shown in figure will act as
EE SP 8.47 The voltage comparator shown in figure can be used in the analog-to-digital
conversion as
(A) A $ D + B $ C $ D
(B) AD + B $ C $ D
(C) (A + D) (B $ C + D )
(D) A $ D + BC $ D
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(C) 13 (D) 16
EE SP 8.50 The digital circuit shown in figure generates a modified clock pulse at the output.
Choose the correct output waveform from the options given below.
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EE SP 8.52 In the Schmitt trigger circuit shown in figure, if VCE (sat) = 0.1 V , the output logic
low level (VOL) is
EE SP 8.53 Figure shows a 4 to 1 MUX to be used to implement the sum S of a 1-bit full
adder with input bits P and Q and the carry input Cin . Which of the following
combinations of inputs to I0, I1, I2 and I3 of the MUX will realize the sum S ?
Counter contains
(A) the number of instructions in the current program that have already been
executed
(B) the total number of instructions in the program being executed.
(C) the memory address of the instruction that is being currently executed
(D) the memory address of the instruction that is to be executed next
EE SP 8.55 The circuit of figure shows a 555 Timer IC connected as an astable multi-vibrator.
The value of the capacitor C is 10 nF. The values of the resistors RA and RB for a
frequency of 10 kHz and a duty cycle of 0.75 for the output voltage waveform are
nodia
(A) RA = 3.62 kW, RB = 3.62 kW
(B) RA = 3.62 kW, RB = 7.25 kW
(C) RA = 7.25 kW, RB = 3.62 kW
(D) RA = 7.25 kW, RB = 7.25 kW
EE SP 8.57 The shift register shown in figure is initially loaded with the bit pattern 1010.
Subsequently the shift register is clocked, and with each clock pulse the pattern
gets shifted by one bit position to the right. With each shift, the bit at the serial
input is pushed to the left most position (msb). After how many clock pulses will
the content of the shift register become 1010 again ?
(A) 3 (B) 7
(C) 11 (D) 15
(A) J = X, K = Y (B) J = X, K = Y
nodia
(C) J = Y, K = X (D) J = Y , K = X
EE SP 8.59 A memory system has a total of 8 memory chips each with 12 address lines and
4 data lines, The total size of the memory system is
(A) 16 kbytes (B) 32 kbytes
(C) 48 kbytes (D) 64 kbytes
EE SP 8.60 The following program is written for an 8085 microprocessor to add two bytes
located at memory addresses 1FFE and 1FFF
LXI H, 1FFE
MOV B, M
INR L
MOV A, M
ADD B
INR L
MOV M, A
XOR A
On completion of the execution of the program, the result of addition is found
(A) in the register A
(B) at the memory address 1000
(C) at the memory address 1F00
(D) at the memory address 2000
************
SOLUTIONS
SOL 8.1 Correct option (C).
The cascaded connection of three identical modulo-5 counters is shown below.
nodia
Hence, for the given system, we obtain
Overall modulas = 5 # 5 # 5 (n = 3 )
= 125
As the output port is at 2 ^010h. Hence, the input to the interfacing circuit is
I2 I1 I 0 = 010
or A15 A14 A13 = 010
Now, for E1 to be enable, we have
or A12 A11 = 10
Therefore, we have the value at address lines as
A 15 A 14 A 13 A 12 A 11
0 1 0 1 0
By default at starting the other address lines A10 A 9 .....A 0 should be zero. Thus,
we have the overall port address as
A 15 A 14 A 13 A 12 A 11 A 10 A 9 A 8 A 7 A 6 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
which is equivalent to 5000 H
nodia
SOL 8.4 Correct option is (D).
8-4-2-1 Binary coded decimal counter valid as long as the value is less than 9 or
equal to 9.
(A) 1000 = 8 # 9
(B) 1001 = 9 # 9
(C) 0011 = 3 # 9
(D) 1100 = 12 > 9 Invalid
Here we enter 0’s in those cells correspond to the max terms present in the given
POS function.
So, Fmin = ^B + C h^A + C h^A + B h^C + D h
nodia
SOL 8.6 Correct option is (B)
Here, T flip-flop is available and we want to convert it into J -K flip-flop. Hence
J and K are the external input and T is the actual input to the existing flip-flop.
So, we have to find expression of T in terms of J , K and Qn .
Step 1: Construct the present-state-and-next-state table of a J -K flip-flop as
shown in Table 7.12.21.
Step 2: We write the values of input T that is required to change the state of
the flip-flop from Qn to Qn + 1 . The complete conversion table is as shown in Table
7.12.22.
7.12.22: Conversion Table
T = ^J + q n h^K + q n h
Thus the logic diagram showing the conversion of T flip-flop to J -K flip-flop is
show below.
nodia
XRA A " A ! 00H Ex-OR (operation with accumulate)
2001H MVI B, 04H B ! 04H (04H started in B)
2003H MVI A, 03H A ! 03H (03H started in A)
For the state diagram, we form the truth table (irrespective of the current state)
as
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Thus, from the truth table, it is clear that the logic gate is NAND gate
nodia
When monoshot multivibrator M1 is triggered, it produces a pulse of T1 duration.
and Q2 = 1
So, the output of AND gate is 1; i.e. M1 is triggered. Hence, output Q1 is high
for duration T1 . Since, M2 is negative edge triggered, So M2 will be off for the
duration T1 and hence, output vo will be as
After T1 time, the output Q1 becomes low, and the M2 gets ON (due to negative
edge triggering). Hence, the output vo again goes high for duration T2 . Thus, the
complete output waveform is
SOL 8.11
nodia
Correct option is (A).
We have the given logic circuit
100 I2
A B Y(Bulb)
up(1) up(1) OFF(0)
Down(0) Down(0) OFF(0)
up(1) Down(0) ON(1)
Down(0) up(1) ON(1)
nodia
When the switches A and B are both up or both down, output will be zero (i.e.
Bulb will be OFF). Any of the switch changes its position leads to the ON state
of bulb. Hence, from the truth table, we get
Y = A5B
i.e., the XOR gate.
So, the input is always ‘1’ at T , since, clock is - ve edge trigged therefore, at
the negative edge Q changes its state as shown in waveform below
nodia
Hence, as obtained from the waveform, time period of Q is double to that of
CLK I/p and so, frequency is 12 of clock frequency
Thus, fQ = FCLK = 1 = 0.5 kHz
2 2
F = XY + XY
1prime
44 2 44 3
implicants
Y = 1, when A > B
A = a1 a 0, B = b1 b 0
a1 a0 b1 b0 Y
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
Total combination = 6
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Chapter 8 Digital Electronics Page 481
nodia
1. Option (A): When CLK = 0
Output of the NAND gate will be A1 = B1 = 0 = 1. Due to these input to the
next NAND gate, Y2 = Y1 : 1 = Y1 and Y1 = Y2 : 1 = Y2 .
If Y1 = 0 , Y2 = Y1 = 1 and it will remain the same and doesn’t oscillate.
If Y2 = 0 , Y1 = Y2 = 1 and it will also remain the same for the clock period.
So, it won’t oscillate for CLK = 0 .
So, here race around doesn’t occur for the condition CLK = 0 .
2. Option (C): When CLK = 1, A = B = 1
A1 = B1 = 0 and so Y1 = Y2 = 1
And it will remain same for the clock period. So race around doesn’t occur for
the condition.
3. Option (D): When CLK = 1, A = B = 0
So, A1 = B1 = 1
And again as described for Option (B) race around doesn’t occur for the
condition.
So, Option (A) will be correct.
Y = X 5 X = X X + XX
= XX + X X = X + X = 1
nodia
Output of T flip-flop QB (n + 1) = Q A
Clock pulse QA QB QA (n + 1) QB (n + 1)
Initially(tn ) 1 0 1 0
tn + 1 1 0 1 0
tn + 2 1 0 1 0
tn + 3 1 0 1 0
Output Y is written as Y = X 5 B
Since each gate has a propagation delay of 10 ns.
nodia
SOL 8.23 Correct option is (B).
Function F can be minimized by grouping of all 1’s in K-map as following.
F = X Y + YZ
nodia
2’s complement of (- B) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A + (- B) = A - B = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 = 10 H
F = X Z + Y Z + XYZ
In POS form F = (Y + Z) (X + Z) (X + Y + Z )
Since all outputs are active low so each input in above expression is complemented
F = (Y + Z ) (X + Z ) (X + Y + Z)
PC = 2700 H, HL = 2700 H
nodia
So at any time t , voltage across capacitor (i.e. at inverting terminal of op-amp)
is given by
vc (t) = vc (3) + [vc (0) - vc (3)] e
-t
RC
-t
vc (t) = 20 (1 - e )
RC
nodia
and discharging is given as.
TC = 0.693 (RA + RB) C = 0.693 RB C
But in the given circuit the diode will go in the forward bias during charging,
so the capacitor will charge through resistor RA only and discharge through RB
only.
a RA = RB
So TC = TD
Then DCR H will be executed and it goes to ‘Loop’ again, since L is of 8 bit so
no more decrement possible and it terminates.
nodia
SOL 8.42 Correct option is (C).
Let the present state is Q(t), so input to D-flip flop is given by,
D = Q (t) 5 X
Next state can be obtained as,
Q (t + 1) = D
= Q (t) 5 X
= Q (t) X + Q (t) X
= Q (t), if X = 1
and Q (t + 1) = Q (t), if X = 0
So the circuit behaves as a T flip flop.
nodia
SOL 8.47 Correct option is (A).
Since there are two levels (+ VCC or - VCC ) of output in the given comparator
circuit.
For an n -bit Quantizer
2n = No. of levels
2n = 2
n =1
nodia
So total no. of instruction cycles are
n = 1+6+5+1
= 13
nodia
SOL 8.52 Correct option is (B).
In the given circuit Vi = 0 V
So, transistor Q1 is in cut-off region and Q2 is in saturation.
5 - IC RC - VCE(sat) - 1.25 = 0
5 - IC RC - 0.1 - 1.25 = 0
5 - IC RC = 1.35
V0 = 1.35 V0 = 5 - IC R
P Q Cin Sum
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
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Chapter 8 Digital Electronics Page 491
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
nodia
SOL 8.54 Correct option is (D).
Program counter contains address of the instruction that is to be executed next.
X = X1 5 X 0 , Y = X 2
Serial Input Z = X 5 Y = [X1 5 X0] 5 X2
Truth table for the circuit can be obtain as.
nodia
Clock pulse Serial Input Shift register
Initially 1 1010
1 0 1101
2 0 0110
3 0 0011
4 1 0001
5 0 1000
6 1 0100
7 1 1010
X Y Qn Qn+1
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
nodia
SOL 8.59 Correct option is (A).
Total size of the memory system is given by.
= (212 # 4) # 8 bits
= 214 # 8 bits = 214 Bytes = 16 K bytes
***********
CHAPTER 9
POWER ELECTRONICS
EE SP 9.1 The figure shows the circuit of a rectifier fed from a 230 V (rms), 50 Hz sinusoidal
voltage source. If we want to replace the current source with a resistor so that
the rms value of the current supplied by the voltage source remains unchanged,
the value of the resistance (in ohms) is _____.
nodia
(Assume diodes to be ideal.)
EE SP 9.2 Figure shows four electronic switches (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). Which of the switches
can block voltages of either polarity (applied between terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’) when
the active device is in the OFF state ?
(A) (i), (ii) and (iii) (B) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (i) and (iv)
EE SP 9.3 The figure shows the circuit diagram of a rectifier. The load consists of a resistance
10 W and an inductance 0.05 H connected in series. Assuming ideal thyristor and
ideal diode, the thyristor firing angle (in degree) needed to obtain an average
load voltage of 70 V is ____.
EE SP 9.4 Figure (i) shows the circuit diagram of a chopper. The switch S in the circuit
in figure (i) is switched such that the voltage vD across the diode has the wave
shape as shown in figure (ii). The capacitance C is large so that the voltage
across it is constant. If switch S and the diode are ideal, the peak to peak ripple
(in A) in the inductor current is ______
nodia
EE SP 9.5 The figure shows one period of the output voltage of an inverter a should be
chosen such that 60c < a < 90c. If rms value of the fundamental component is
50 V, then a in degree is _____.
EE SP 9.6 A step-up chopper is used to feed a load at 400 V dc from a 250 V dc source.
The inductor current is continuous. If the ‘off’ time of the switch is 20 ms , the
EE SP 9.7 A fully controlled converter bridge feeds a highly inductive load with ripple free
load current. The input supply (vs ) to the bridge is a sinusoidal source. Triggering
angle of the bridge converter is a = 30c. The input power factor of the bridge is
EE SP 9.8
nodia
A single-phase SCR based ac regulator is feeding power to a load consisting
of 5 W resistance and 16 mH inductance. The input supply is 230 V, 50 Hz ac.
The maximum firing angle at which the voltage across the device becomes zero
all throughout and the rms value of current through SCR, under this operating
condition, are
(A) 30c and 46 A
(C) 45c and 23 A
(B) 30c and 23 A
(D) 45c and 32 A
EE SP 9.9 The SCR in the circuit shown has a latching current of 40 mA. A gate pulse of
50 ms is applied to the SCR. The maximum value of R in W to ensure successful
firing of the SCR is ______.
EE SP 9.10 A hysteresis type TTL inverter is used to realize an oscillator in the circuit
shown in the figure.
If the lower and upper trigger level voltages are 0.9 V and 1.7 V, the period (in
ms), for which output is LOW, is _____.
nodia
The converter is operated at a firing angle of 30c. Assuming the load current ^I 0h
to be virtually constant at 1 p.u. and transformer to be an ideal one, the input
phase current waveform is
EE SP 9.12 A diode circuit feeds an ideal inductor as shown in the figure. Given
vs = 100 sin ^wt h V , where w = 100p rad/s , and L = 31.83 mH . The initial value
of inductor current is zero. Switch S is closed at t = 2.5 ms . The peak value of
inductor current iL (in A) in the first cycle is _____.
EE SP 9.13 nodia
A single-phase voltage source inverter shown in figure is feeding power to a load.
The triggering pulses of the devices are also shown in the figure.
If the load current is sinusoidal and is zero at 0, p , 2p ....., the node voltage VAO
has the waveform
nodia
EE SP 9.14 Thyristor T in the figure below is initially off and is triggered with a single
pulse of width 10 ms . It is given that L = b 100 l mH and C = b 100 l mF . Assuming
p p
latching and holding currents of the thyristor are both zero and the initial charge
on C is zero, T conducts for
(A) 10 ms (B) 50 ms
(C) 100 ms (D) 200 ms
EE SP 9.15 The separately excited dc motor in the figure below has a rated armature current
of 20 A and a rated armature voltage of 150 V. An ideal chopper switching
at 5 kHz is used to control the armature voltage. If La = 0.1 mH , Ra = 1 W ,
neglecting armature reaction, the duty ratio of the chopper to obtain 50% of the
rated torque at the rated speed and the rated field current is
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(A) 0.4 (B) 0.5
(C) 0.6 (D) 0.7
EE SP 9.18 In the interval when V0 < 0 and i 0 > 0 the pair of devices which conducts the
load current is
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(A) Q1, Q2 (B) Q 3, Q 4
(C) D1, D2 (D) D 3, D 4
EE SP 9.19 Appropriate transition i.e., Zero Voltage Switching ^ZVS h/Zero Current Switching
^ZCS h of the IGBTs during turn-on/turn-off is
(A) ZVS during turn off (B) ZVS during turn-on
(C) ZCS during turn off (D) ZCS during turn-on
EE SP 9.22 In the circuit shown, an ideal switch S is operated at 100 kHz with a duty ratio
of 50%. Given that Dic is 1.6 A peak-to-peak and I 0 is 5 A dc, the peak current
in S , is
EE SP 9.23
EE SP 9.24
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The rms value of load phase voltage is
(A) 106.1 V
(C) 212.2 V
(B) 141.4 V
(D) 282.8 V
EE SP 9.25 A three phase current source inverter used for the speed control of an induction
motor is to be realized using MOSFET switches as shown below. Switches S1 to
S6 are identical switches.
EE SP 9.26
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Circuit turn-off time of an SCR is defined as the time
(A) taken by the SCR turn to be off
(B) required for the SCR current to become zero
(C) for which the SCR is reverse biased by the commutation circuit
(D) for which the SCR is reverse biased to reduce its current below the holding
current
EE SP 9.27 A voltage commutated chopper circuit, operated at 500 Hz, is shown below.
If the maximum value of load current is 10 A, then the maximum current through
the main (M) and auxiliary (A) thyristors will be
(A) iM max = 12 A and iA max = 10 A
(B) iM max = 12 A and iA max = 2 A
(C) iM max = 10 A and iA max = 12 A
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(C) 80 A (D) 94 A
EE SP 9.30 The power electronic converter shown in the figure has a single-pole double-
throw switch. The pole P of the switch is connected alternately to throws A and
B. The converter shown is a
EE SP 9.31 Figure shows a composite switch consisting of a power transistor (BJT) in series
with a diode. Assuming that the transistor switch and the diode are ideal, the
I -V characteristic of the composite switch is
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EE SP 9.32 The fully controlled thyristor converter in the figure is fed from a single-phase
source. When the firing angle is 0c, the dc output voltage of the converter is 300
V. What will be the output voltage for a firing angle of 60c, assuming continuous
conduction
(A) 150 V
(B) 210 V
(C) 300 V
(D) 100p V
EE SP 9.34 The circuit shows an ideal diode connected to a pure inductor and is connected
to a purely sinusoidal 50 Hz voltage source. Under ideal conditions the current
waveform through the inductor will look like.
EE SP 9.35
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The Current Source Inverter shown in figure is operated by alternately turning on
thyristor pairs (T1, T2) and (T3, T4). If the load is purely resistive, the theoretical
maximum output frequency obtainable will be
EE SP 9.36 In the chopper circuit shown, the main thyristor (TM) is operated at a duty ratio
of 0.8 which is much larger the commutation interval. If the maximum allowable
reapplied dv/dt on TM is 50 V/ ms , what should be the theoretical minimum value
of C1 ? Assume current ripple through L 0 to be negligible.
(C) 2 mF (D) 20 mF
EE SP 9.37 Match the switch arrangements on the top row to the steady-state
V -I characteristics on the lower row. The steady state operating points are
shown by large black dots.
nodia
(A) P-I, Q-II, R-III, S-IV
(C) P-IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
YEAR 2008
(B) P-II, Q-IV, R-I, S-III
(D) P-IV, Q-III, R-II, S-I
ONE MARK
EE SP 9.38 In the single phase voltage controller circuit shown in the figure, for what range
of triggering angle (a), the input voltage (V0) is not controllable ?
EE SP 9.39 A 3-phase voltage source inverter is operated in 180c conduction mode. Which
one of the following statements is true ?
(A) Both pole-voltage and line-voltage will have 3rd harmonic components
(B) Pole-voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but line-voltage will be free
from 3rd harmonic
(C) Line-voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but pole-voltage will be free
from 3rd harmonic
(D) Both pole-voltage and line-voltage will be free from 3rd harmonic
components
EE SP 9.40 The truth table of monoshot shown in the figure is given in the table below :
Two monoshots, one positive edge triggered and other negative edge triggered,
are connected shown in the figure, The pulse widths of the two monoshot outputs
Q1 and Q2 are TON and TON respectively.
1 2
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The frequency and the duty cycle of the signal at Q1 will respectively be
(A) f = 1
TON + TON
1
, D= 1
2
5
1 TON
(B) f = , D= 2
TON + TON
1 2
TON + TON 1 2
TON
(C) f = 1 , D = 1
TON 1
TON + TON
1 2
TON
(D) f = 1 , D = 1
TON 2
TON + TON
1 2
EE SP 9.41 A single phase fully controlled bridge converter supplies a load drawing constant
and ripple free load current, if the triggering angle is 30c, the input power factor
will be
(A) 0.65
(B) 0.78
(C) 0.85
(D) 0.866
EE SP 9.42 A single-phase half controlled converter shown in the figure feeding power to
highly inductive load. The converter is operating at a firing angle of 60c.
If the firing pulses are suddenly removed, the steady state voltage (V0) waveform
of the converter will become
EE SP 9.43
nodia
A single phase source inverter is feeding a purely inductive load as shown in the
figure. The inverter is operated at 50 Hz in 180c square wave mode. Assume that
the load current does not have any dc component. The peak value of the inductor
current i0 will be
EE SP 9.44 A three phase fully controlled bridge converter is feeding a load drawing a constant
and ripple free load current of 10 A at a firing angle of 30c. The approximate Total
harmonic Distortion (%THD) and the rms value of fundamental component of
input current will respectively be
(A) 31% and 6.8 A (B) 31% and 7.8 A
(C) 66% and 6.8 A (D) 66% and 7.8 A
EE SP 9.45 A single phase fully controlled converter bridge is used for electrical braking of a
separately excited dc motor. The dc motor load is represented by an equivalent
circuit as shown in the figure.
Assume that the load inductance is sufficient to ensure continuous and ripple free
load current. The firing angle of the bridge for a load current of I0 = 10 A will be
(A) 44c (B) 51c
(C) 129c (D) 136c
nodia
EE SP 9.46 In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch is operated at a duty cycle of 0.5.
A large capacitor is connected across the load. The inductor current is assumed
to be continuous.
The average voltage across the load and the average current through the diode
will respectively be
(A) 10 V, 2 A
(B) 10 V, 8 A
(C) 40 V 2 A
(D) 40 V, 8 A
(A) because the converter inherently does not provide for free-wheeling
(B) because the converter does not provide for free-wheeling for high values of
triggering angles
(C) or else the free-wheeling action of the converter will cause shorting of the
AC supply
(D) or else if a gate pulse to one of the SCRs is missed, it will subsequently
cause a high load current in the other SCR.
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(C) False, because it can be operated both as Current Source Inverter (CSI) or
a VSI
(D) False, because MOSFETs can be operated as excellent constant current
sources in the saturation region.
EE SP 9.53 A single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz ac mains fed step down transformer (4:1) is supplying
power to a half-wave uncontrolled ac-dc converter used for charging a battery
(12 V dc) with the series current limiting resistor being 19.04 W. The charging
current is
(A) 2.43 A (B) 1.65 A
(C) 1.22 A (D) 1.0 A
EE SP 9.54 In the circuit of adjacent figure the diode connects the ac source to a pure
inductance L.
EE SP 9.55 The circuit in the figure is a current commutated dc-dc chopper where, Th M is
the main SCR and Th AUX is the auxiliary SCR. The load current is constant at
10 A. Th M is ON. Th AUX is trigged at t = 0 . Th M is turned OFF between.
nodia
(A) 0 ms < t # 25 ms
(C) 50 ms < t # 75 ms
(B) 25 ms < t # 50 ms
(D) 75 ms < t # 100 ms
EE SP 9.57 The minimum approximate volt-second rating of pulse transformer suitable for
triggering the SCR should be : (volt-second rating is the maximum of product of
the voltage and the width of the pulse that may applied)
(A) 2000 mV-s (B) 200 mV-s
(C) 20 mV-s (D) 2 mV-s
nodia
EE SP 9.59 A single-phase half wave uncontrolled converter circuit is shown in figure. A
2-winding transformer is used at the input for isolation. Assuming the load
current to be constant and V = Vm sin wt , the current waveform through diode
D2 will be
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(A) 0.0% (B) 19.6%
(C) 31.7% (D) 53.9%
EE SP 9.61 A 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter with free wheeling diode is fed from
400 V, 50 Hz AC source and is operating at a firing angle of 60c. The load
current is assumed constant at 10 A due to high load inductance. The input
displacement factor (IDF) and the input power factor (IPF) of the converter will
be
(A) IDF = 0.867; IPF = 0.828
(B) IDF = 0.867; IPF = 0.552
(C) IDF = 0.5; IPF = 0.478
(D) IDF = 0.5; IPF = 0.318
EE SP 9.62 A voltage commutation circuit is shown in figure. If the turn-off time of the
SCR is 50 msec and a safety margin of 2 is considered, then what will be the
approximate minimum value of capacitor required for proper commutation ?
nodia
(C) 11.9 A (D) 3.54 A
EE SP 9.65 An SCR having a turn ON times of 5 msec, latching current of 50 A and holding
current of 40 mA is triggered by a short duration pulse and is used in the circuit
shown in figure. The minimum pulse width required to turn the SCR ON will be
EE SP 9.66 The minimum time in msec for which the SCR M should be ON is.
(A) 280 (B) 140
(C) 70 (D) 0
EE SP 9.68 The conduction loss versus device current characteristic of a power MOSFET is
best approximated by
(A) a parabola (B) a straight line
(C) a rectangular hyperbola (D) an exponentially decaying
function
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3 3
EE SP 9.71 The figure shows the voltage across a power semiconductor device and the
current through the device during a switching transitions. If the transition a
turn ON transition or a turn OFF transition ? What is the energy lost during
the transition?
(A) Turn ON, VI2 (t1 + t2) (B) Turn OFF, VI (t1 + t2)
(C) Turn ON, VI (t1 + t2) (D) Turn OFF, VI2 (t1 + t2)
(A) Only P
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(B) P and Q
(C) P and R
(D) R and S
EE SP 9.73 The given figure shows a step-down chopper switched at 1 kHz with a duty ratio
D = 0.5 . The peak-peak ripple in the load current is close to
EE SP 9.74 Consider a phase-controlled converter shown in the figure. The thyristor is fired
at an angle a in every positive half cycle of the input voltage. If the peak value
of the instantaneous output voltage equals 230 V, the firing angle a is close to
EE SP 9.76 A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is used as a power control switch by biasing
it in the cut-off region (OFF state) or in the saturation region (ON state). In the
ON state, for the BJT
(A) both the base-emitter and base-collector junctions are reverse biased
(B) the base-emitter junction is reverse biased, and the base-collector junction
is forward biased
(C) the base-emitter junction is forward biased, and the base-collector junction
is reverse biased
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(D) both the base-emitter and base-collector junctions are forward biased
EE SP 9.77 The circuit in figure shows a full-wave rectifier. The input voltage is 230 V (rms)
single-phase ac. The peak reverse voltage across the diodes D 1 and D 2 is
(A) 100 2 V
(B) 100 V
(C) 50 2 V
(D) 50 V
EE SP 9.78 The triggering circuit of a thyristor is shown in figure. The thyristor requires a
gate current of 10 mA, for guaranteed turn-on. The value of R required for the
thyristor to turn on reliably under all conditions of Vb variation is
(A) 10000 W
(B) 1600 W
(C) 1200 W
(D) 800 W
EE SP 9.79 The circuit in figure shows a 3-phase half-wave rectifier. The source is a
symmetrical, 3-phase four-wire system. The line-to-line voltage of the source is
100 V. The supply frequency is 400 Hz. The ripple frequency at the output is
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YEAR 2004 TWO MARKS
EE SP 9.80 A MOSFET rated for 15 A, carries a periodic current as shown in figure. The
ON state resistance of the MOSFET is 0.15 W. The average ON state loss in the
MOSFET is
EE SP 9.81 The triac circuit shown in figure controls the ac output power to the resistive
load. The peak power dissipation in the load is
EE SP 9.82 Figure shows a chopper operating from a 100 V dc input. The duty ratio of the
main switch S is 0.8. The load is sufficiently inductive so that the load current is
ripple free. The average current through the diode D under steady state is
EE SP 9.83 Figure shows a chopper. The device S 1 is the main switching device. S 2 is the
auxiliary commutation device. S 1 is rated for 400 V, 60 A. S 2 is rated for 400 V,
30 A. The load current is 20 A. The main device operates with a duty ratio of
0.5. The peak current through S 1 is
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(A) 10 A
(C) 30 A
(B) 20 A
(D) 40 A
EE SP 9.85 A variable speed drive rated for 1500 rpm, 40 Nm is reversing under no load.
Figure shows the reversing torque and the speed during the transient. The
moment of inertia of the drive is
EE SP 9.86 Figure shows a thyristor with the standard terminations of anode (A), cathode
(K), gate (G) and the different junctions named J1, J2 and J3. When the thyristor
is turned on and conducting
EE SP 9.87
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(A) J1 and J2 are forward biased and J3 is reverse biased
(B) J1 and J3 are forward biased and J2 is reverse biased
(C) J1 is forward biased and J2 and J3 are reverse biased
(D) J1, J2 and J3 are all forward biased
EE SP 9.88 The speed/torque regimes in a dc motor and the control methods suitable for the
EE SP 9.89 A fully controlled natural commutated 3-phase bridge rectifier is operating with
a firing angle a = 30c, The peak to peak voltage ripple expressed as a ratio of
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the peak output dc voltage at the output of the converter bridge is
(A) 0.5 (B) 3 /2
(C) c1 - 3 m (D) 3 -1
2
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(C) 2.4 A (D) 1 A
EE SP 9.92 An inverter has a periodic output voltage with the output wave form as shown
in figure
When the conduction angle a = 120c, the rms fundamental component of the
output voltage is
(A) 0.78 V (B) 1.10 V
(C) 0.90 V (D) 1.27 V
EE SP 9.93 With reference to the output wave form given in above figure , the output of the
converter will be free from 5 th harmonic when
(A) a = 72c (B) a = 36c
(C) a = 150c (D) a = 120c
EE SP 9.94 An ac induction motor is used for a speed control application. It is driven from
an inverter with a constant V/f control. The motor name-plate details are as
follows (no. of poles = 2)
V: 415 V VPh: 3 V f: 50 Hz N: 2850 rpm
The motor runs with the inverter output frequency set at 40 Hz, and with half
the rated slip. The running speed of the motor is
(A) 2400 rpm (B) 2280 rpm
(C) 2340 rpm (D) 2790 rpm
***********
SOLUTIONS
SOL 9.1 Correct answer is 23 ohm.
We have the rectifier circuit as
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As the diodes are ideal, so if we are maintaining same current through resistor
then Vab also does not change, i.e.
and
Vab = 230 V
Iab = 10 A
Hence, the required value of resistance is
Rab = Vab = 230 = 23 W
Iab 10
Switch (i):
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When Va > Vb , diode is OFF.
When Vb > Va , SCR is OFF.
So, the switch can not block voltages of either polarity when the active device
(SCR or diode) is in the OFF state.
Thus, the switches (ii) and (iii) only can block voltage of either polarity, when
active device is OFF.
2p a m #
= 1 Vm 6- cos wt @Ta
2p
= 1 Vm 61 + cos a@ ...(i)
2p
Since, from the given problem, we have
Vo = 70 V ; Vm = 325 V
Substituting it in equation (i), we get
70 = 1 32.5 61 + cos a@
2p
or 1 + cos a = 70 # 2p
325
or 1 + cos a = 1.3526
or cos a = 0.3526
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Page 526 Power Electronics Chapter 9
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Since, the circuit is a buck regular. So, we have
Vo = Vs # a (a = duty cycle)
= 100 # 0.05
0.1
= 50 V
Therefore, peak to peak inductor ripple current is obtained as
TI = Vo # Dt
L
50 # 0.05 ^m sech
=
1 mH
= 2.5 A
Since, the output voltage is an odd function, so we compute only sine terms for
the given period
T
Vmax = 2
T # v^t h sin ^w t hdt
o
0
From the output wave, we have
T = 360c = 2p
and w o = 2p = 2p = 1
T 2p
So, we get the maximum value of fundamental component as
180 - a 180
Vmax = 2 ; 100 sin tdt - 100 sin tdt + 100 sin tdt
a
2p 0 # a
# 180 - a
#
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Chapter 9 Power Electronics Page 527
= 100 6^1 - cos ah - ^cos a + cos ah + ^1 - cos ah + ^- cos a - cos ah-^- 1 + cos ah@
p
= 100 64 - 8 cos a@
p
= 400 61 - 2 cos a@ ...(i)
p
Since, the rms value is
Vrms = 50 V
Vmax = 50
2
Substituting it in equation (i), we get
400 ^1 - cos ah = 50
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p 2
cos a = 1 ;1 - #
50 p 2 E
or 400
2
Thus, a = 77.15c
= 2 2 cos 30c
p
=2 2 # 3
p 2
- 0.779
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R
-3
= tan-1 b 2p # 50 # 16 # 10 l - 45c
5
Voltage across the device is zero is vo = vi
If input and output voltage are identical then Vo rms = 230 V
Io rms = Vo rms = 230
Z ^5 h + ^2p # 50 # 16 # 10-3h
2 2
= 230
5 2
rms value of current through SCR
Ilrms = Io rms = 230 = 23 A
2 5 2# 2
SOL 9.9 Correct answer is 5882.35 .
Rs = 100 = 5882.35 W
17 # 10-3
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Chapter 9 Power Electronics Page 529
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Also, we have the upper and lower trigger level voltages as
UTL = 1.7 V
LTL = 0.9 V
For the capacitor, the voltage across it, is given as
Vc (t ) = Vc (3) + [Vc (0) - Vc (3)] e-t/RC
For the given data, we have
Vc (0) = 1.7 V
Vc (3) = 0 V
and Vc (t ) = 0.9
So, we obtain the time t after which output triggers as
0.9 = 0 + [1.7 - 0] e-t/RC
3 -6
0.9 = 1.7e-t/(10 # 10 # 0.1 # 10 )
Io = 2I
3
where B conducts,
current through R and Y = Io
3
current through B = 2Io
3
The current through D -phase winding
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current through primary, I p = kIs
L t s
1 0
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= 17.07 A
L = 100 mH
p
C = 100 mF
p
When the circuit is triggered by 10 ms pulse, the thyristor is short circuited and
so, we consider
IC = Im sin wt
Therefore, voltage stored across capacitor is
VC = 1 IC dt #
C
= Vm ^1 - cos wt h
where w is angular frequency obtained as
w = 1 = 100 1 -6 = p # 10 4
LC ^ p h # 10
So, T = 1 = 2p = 200 ms
f w
As IC = Im sin wt oscillates between - ve and - ve half
cycle so, circuit is conducting for only half of cycle and thyristor is open after
half cycle.
i.e., the conduction period = T = 100 ms
2
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At the rated conditions,
E = V - Ia^ratedh Ra
= 150 - 20 ^1 h = 130 volt
For given torque,
V = E + Ia Ra = 130 + ^10h^1 h = 140 V
Therefore, chopper output = 140 V
or, D ^200h = 140
or, D = 140 = 0.7 (D " duty cycle)
200
2
DTs ^- io h + ^1 - D h Ts ^Is - io h
& 0= (D is duty ratio)
2
Solving the equation, we get
Is = i0 ....(1)
^1 - D h
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Since, the output load current can be given as
V/ 12/0.6
i 0 = V0 = s 1 - D = = 1A
R R 20
Hence, from Eq. (1)
Is = i0 = 1 = 5 A
1-D 0.6 3
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We note that, for continuous load current, the flywheel diode conducts from p
to p + a in a cycle. Thus, fraction of cycle that freewheel diode conducts is a/p.
Thus fraction of cycle that freewheel diode conducts is a/p.
SOL 9.26
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Correct option is (C).
Once the SCR start conducting by an forward current, the gate has no control on
it and the device can be brought back to the blocking state only by reducing the
forward current to a level below that of holding current. This process of turn-off
is called commutation. This time is known as the circuit turn-off time of an SCR.
= 3 3 # 400 # 2 = 540.6 V
p 3
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Vout = DVin
where, D = Duty cycle and D < 1
2 2 Vdc
300 = cos 0c
1
p
Vdc = 300p
2 2
1
At a = 60c, Vdc = ?
2
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dt
iL = 1 # vL dt
2
for 0 < wt +p, vL = vin = 10 sin wt = diL
dt
iL = 1 # vL dt =- cos 100pt + C
2
at 100pt = p/2 , iL = 0 , C = 0
iL =- 100 cos pt
iL (peak) = 1 Amp for p < wt vL = vin = 0
Maximum dv on TM = 50 V/msec
dt
Minimum value of C1 = ?
Given that current ripple through L 0 is negligible.
Current through TM = Im = duty ratio # current
= 0.8 # 12.5 = 10 A
a Im = C1 dv
dt
10 = C1 # 50- 6
10
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C1 = 50 # 10- 6 = 0.2 mF
10
R + jXL = 50 + 50j
` tan f = wL = 50 = 1
R 50
f = 45c
so, firing angle ‘a’ must be higher the 45c, Thus for 0 < a < 45c, V0 is
uncontrollable.
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In this case f = 1
TON1 + TON 2
TON 2
and, D =
TON1 + TON 2
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Here di = a p kb 1 l = 1
2p 50 100
So di(max) = 200 # 1 # 1
100 0.1
= 20 A
THD = 1 -1
DF2
where
DF = Ia1 = 0.78 # 10 = 0.955
Ia 0.816 # 10
1 2
` THD = b 0.955 l - 1 = 31%
V - 2Ia + 150 = 0
Ia = V + 150
2
` I1 = 10 A, So
V =- 130 V
2Vm cos a =- 130
p
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Chapter 9 Power Electronics Page 541
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when switch S is open I 0 = IL = 4 A, Vs = 20 V
when switch S is closed ID = 0, V0 = 0 V
Duty cycle = 0.5 so average voltage is Vs
1-d
Average current = 0 + 4 = 2 amp
2
Average voltage = 20 = 40 V
1 - 0.5
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THD = Vrms - V 12
2
V1 # 100
V1 = Vrms(fundamental)
= 0.4Vs sin 75c
p# 2
= 0.8696Vs
(0.91Vs) 2 - (0.87Vs) 2
THD =
(0.87Vs) 2
= 31.9%
p.f. = Vt Is = 0.354
3 Vs Isr
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= [2 V cos q1 - 12 (p - 2q1)]
2p # 19.04 # m #
= 1.059 W/A
SOL 9.59
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Correct option is (D).
In first half cycle D 1 will conduct and D 2 will not and at q = 0 there is zero
voltage. So current wave form is as following
n = 1 np
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SOL 9.63 Correct option is (A).
Let we have
R solar = 0.5 W , I 0 = 20 A
so Vs = 350 - 20 # 0.5 = 340 V
` 340 = 3 # 440 # 2 cos a
p
cos a = 55c
So each thyristor will reverse biased for 180c - 55c = 125c.
2pR q
1
I 0 (avg) = 1 [2 2
`
2p # 2 # 230 cos 38c - 200 (p - 2 # 0.66)]
= 11.9 A
In this given circuit minimum gate pulse width time= Time required by ia rise
up to iL
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i2 = 100 3 = 20 mA
5 # 10
i1 = 100 [1 - e- 40t]
20
` anode current I = I1 + I2 = 0.02 + 5 [1 - e- 40t]
0.05 = 0.05 + 5 [1 - e- 40t]
1 - e- 40t = 0.03
5
T = 150 ms
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Duty ratio a = 0.5
here T = 1 = 10- 3 sec
1 # 10- 3
Ta = L = 200 mH = 40 msec
R 5
(1 - e- aT/Ts) (1 - e- (1 - a) T/Ta)
Ripple = Vs = G
R 1 - e- T/Ts
(TI) max = Vs = 100
4fL 4 # 103 # 200 # 10- 3
= 0.125 A
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SOL 9.79 Correct option is (C).
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so
500 - (- 1500) 2p
a =; E # 60 = 418.67 rad/sec
2
0.5
and T = 40 Nm
T = Ia
I = T # 40 = 0.096 kgm2
a 418.67
= 48 # 0.2 #-10
20 # 10 3
-3
= 0.48 A
4VS
b np l^sin nd h^sin nwt h^sin np/2h
3
Output voltage V0 = /
n = 1, 3, 5
` RMS value of fundamental component
Vrms(fundamental) = 4VS sin d # 1
2p
a = 120c, 2d = 120c & d = 60c
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` N2 = new running speed of motor
= 2400 b1 - 0.05 l = 2340 rpm
2
***********
CHAPTER 10
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
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(A) The system has a unique solution for any given b1 and b2
(B) The system will have infinitely many solutions for any given b1 and b2
(C) Whether or not a solution exists depends on the given b1 and b2
(D) The systems would have no solution for any values of b1 and b2
EE SP 10.2 Let f ^x h = xe-x . The maximum value of the function in the interval ^0, 3h is
(A) e-1 (B) e
-1
(C) 1 - e (D) 1 + e-1
EE SP 10.4 Let S be the set of points in the complex plane corresponding to the unit circle.
(That is, S = "z : z = 1, ). Consider the function f ^z h = zz * where z* denotes
the complex conjugate of z . The f ^z h maps S to which one of the following in
the complex plane
(A) unit circle
(B) horizontal axis line segment from origin to (1, 0)
(C) the point (1, 0)
(D) the entire horizontal axis
EE SP 10.5 x ^ t h is nonzero only for Tx < t < Txl, and similarly, y ^ t h is nonzero only for
Ty < t < Tyl. Let z ^ t h be convolution of x ^ t h and y ^ t h. Which one of the following
statements is TRUE ?
(A) z ^ t h can be nonzero over an unbounded interval.
(B) z ^ t h is nonzero for t < Tx + Ty
(C) z ^ t h is zero outside of Tx + Ty < t < Txl+ Tyl
(D) z ^ t h is nonzero for t > Txl+ Tyl
EE SP 10.7 A fair coin is tossed n times. The probability that the difference between the
number of heads and tails is ^n - 3h is
(A) 2-n (B) 0
-n
n
(C) Cn - 3 2 (D) 2-n + 3
EE SP 10.8 The line integral of function F = yzi , in the counterclockwise direction, along the
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circle x2 + y2 = 1 at z = 1 is
(A) - 2p (B) - p
(C) p (D) 2p
EE SP 10.11 Which one of the following statements is true for all real symmetric matrices ?
(A) All the eigenvalues are real
(B) All the eigenvalues are positive
(C) All the eigenvalues are distinct
(D) Sum of all the eigenvalues is zero
EE SP 10.12 Consider a dice with the property that the probability of a free with n dots
showing up proportional to n . The probability of the face with three dots showing
up is____.
EE SP 10.14 All the values of the multi-valued complex function 1i , where i = - 1 , are
(A) purely imaginary (B) real and non-negative
(C) on the unit circle (D) equal in real and imaginary parts
d 2y dy
EE SP 10.15 Consider the differential equation x2 2 + x - y = 0 . Which of the following
dx dx
is
a solution to this differential equation for x > 0 ?
(A) ex (B) x2
(C) 1/x (D) ln x
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8 ^y/2h + 1 2x - y
EE SP 10.16 To evaluate the double integral # e#
0 y/2
b 2 l o
dx dy , we make the
substitution
u = ^ 2x 2- y h and v = y2 . The integral will reduce to
4 2 4 1
(A) # c # 2udu mdv
0 0
(B) # c # 2udu mdv
0 0
4 1 4 2
(C) # c # udu mdv
0 0
(D) # c # udu mdv
0 0
EE SP 10.18 The minimum value of the function f ^x h = x3 - 3x2 - 24x + 100 in the interval
6- 3, 3@ is
(A) 20 (B) 28
(C) 16 (D) 32
EE SP 10.20 A particle, starting from origin at t = 0 s , is traveling along x -axis with velocity
v = p cos a p t k m/s
2 2
At t = 3 s , the difference between the distance covered by the particle and the
magnitude of displacement from the origin is ______.
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Chapter 10 Engineering Mathematics Page 555
EE SP 10.21 Lifetime of an electric bulb is a random variable with density f ^x h = kx2 , where
x is measured in years. If the minimum and maximum lifetimes of bulb are 1 and
2 years respectively, then the value of k is _____.
2
EE SP 10.22 Integration of the complex function f ^z h = 2 z , in the counterclockwise
z -1
direction, around z - 1 = 1, is
(A) - pi (B) 0
(C) pi (D) 2pi
EE SP 10.23 The mean thickness and variance of silicon steel laminations are 0.2 mm and
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0.02 respectively. The varnish insulation is applied on both the sides of the
laminations. The mean thickness of one side insulation and its variance are 0.1
mm and 0.01 respectively. If the transformer core is made using 100 such varnish
coated laminations, the mean thickness and variance of the core respectively are
(A) 30 mm and 0.22
(B) 30 mm and 2.44
(C) 40 mm and 2.44
(D) 40 mm and 0.24
EE SP 10.25 Given a vector field Fv = y2 xavx - yzavy - x2 avz , the line integral # Fv : dlv evaluated
along a segment on the x -axis from x = 1 to x = 2 is
(A) - 2.33 (B) 0
(C) 2.33 (D) 7
2 - 2 x1 0
EE SP 10.26 The equation > H> H = > H has
1 - 1 x2 0
x1 0
(A) no solution (B) only one solution > H = > H
x2 0
(C) non-zero unique solution (D) multiple solutions
EE SP 10.28 The curl of the gradient of the scalar field defined by V = 2x2 y + 3y2 z + 4z2 x is
(A) 4xyavx + 6yzavy + 8zxavz
(B) 4avx + 6avy + 8avz
(C) ^4xy + 4z2h avx + ^2x2 + 6yz h avy + ^3y2 + 8zx h avz
(D) 0
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EE SP 10.30 When the Newton-Raphson method is applied to solve the equation
f ^x h = x3 + 2x - 1 = 0 , the solution at the end of the first iteration with the
initial value as x 0 = 1.2 is
(A) - 0.82 (B) 0.49
(C) 0.705 (D) 1.69
EE SP 10.31 A function y = 5x2 + 10x is defined over an open interval x = ^1, 2h. Atleast at
one point in this interval, dy/dx is exactly
(A) 20 (B) 25
(C) 30 (D) 35
2
- 4 dz evaluated anticlockwise around the circle z - i = 2 , where i =
EE SP 10.32 # zz 2
+4
-1
, is
(A) - 4p (B) 0
(C) 2 + p (D) 2 + 2i
1
EE SP 10.33 A Matrix has eigenvalues - 1 and - 2 . The corresponding eigenvectors are > H
-1
1
and > H respectively. The matrix is
-2
1 1 1 2
(A) >
- 1 - 2H
(B) >
- 2 - 4H
-1 0 0 1
(C) >
0 - 2H
(D) >
- 2 - 3H
EE SP 10.34 Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly distributed in the
interval 6- 1, 1@. The probability that max 6X, Y @ is less than 1/2 is
(A) 3/4 (B) 9/16
(C) 1/4 (D) 2/3
EE SP 10.37 With initial condition x (1) = 0.5 , the solution of the differential equation
t dx + x = t , is
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dt
(A) x = t - 1 (B) x = t 2 - 1
2 2
2
(C) x = t (D) x = t
2 2
-5 -3 1 0
Given that A = > H and I = >
0 1H
EE SP 10.38 , the value of A3 is
2 0
(A) 15A + 12I (B) 19A + 30I
(C) 17A + 15I (D) 17A + 21I
EE SP 10.39 The maximum value of f (x) = x3 - 9x2 + 24x + 5 in the interval [1, 6] is
(A) 21 (B) 25
(C) 41 (D) 46
EE SP 10.40 A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time. The probability that
the number of required tosses is odd, is
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2
(C) 2/3 (D) 3/4
EE SP 10.41 The direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin, with A = krn .
where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and k is a constant. The value of n for which d:A = 0 is
(A) - 2 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 0
EE SP 10.44 A point Z has been plotted in the complex plane, as shown in figure below.
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The plot of the complex number Y = 1 is
Z
EE SP 10.45 With K as a constant, the possible solution for the first order differential equation
dy
= e-3x is
dx
(A) - 13 e-3x + K (B) - 13 e3x + K
(C) - 13 e-3x + K (D) - 3e-x + K
EE SP 10.46 Solution of the variables x1 and x2 for the following equations is to be obtained
by employing the Newton-Raphson iterative method.
Equation (1) 10x2 sin x1 - 0.8 = 0
Equation (2) 10x 22 - 10x2 cos x1 - 0.6 = 0
Assuming the initial values are x1 = 0.0 and x2 = 1.0 , the jacobian matrix is
10 - 0.8 10 0
(A) >
- 0.6H
(B) >
0 0 10H
0 - 0.8 10 0
(C) >
- 0.6H
(D) >
10 10 - 10H
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EE SP 10.48 A zero mean random signal is uniformly distributed between limits - a and + a
and its mean square value is equal to its variance. Then the r.m.s value of the
signal is
(A) a (B) a
3 2
(C) a 2 (D) a 3
2 1
The matrix [A] = >
4 - 1H
EE SP 10.49 is decomposed into a product of a lower triangular
matrix [L] and an upper triangular matrix [U]. The properly decomposed [L] and
[U] matrices respectively are
1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1
(A) > H and > H (B) > H and > H
4 -1 0 -2 4 -1 0 1
1 0 2 1 2 0 1 1.5
(C) > H and > H (D) > H and >
4 1 0 -1 4 -3 0 1H
1
EE SP 10.51 The value of the quantity P , where P = # xex dx , is equal to
0
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) e (D) 1/e
(D) 3 (ti + tj + k
t)
EE SP 10.53 A box contains 4 white balls and 3 red balls. In succession, two balls are
randomly and removed form the box. Given that the first removed ball is white,
the probability that the second removed ball is red is
(A) 1/3 (B) 3/7
(C) 1/2 (D) 4/7
J1 1 0N
K O
EE SP 10.54 An eigenvector of P = K0 2 2O is
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K0 0 3O
(A) 8- 1 1 1BT L P (B) 81 2 1BT
(C) 81 - 1 2BT
(D) 82 1 - 1BT
2
EE SP 10.55 For the differential equation d x2 + 6 dx + 8x = 0 with initial conditions x (0) = 1
dt dt
and dx = 0 , the solution is
dt t = 0
(A) x (t) = 2e- 6t - e- 2t (B) x (t) = 2e- 2t - e- 4t
(C) x (t) =- e- 6t + 2e- 4t (D) x (t) = e- 2t + 2e- 4t
EE SP 10.56 For the set of equations, x1 + 2x2 + x 3 + 4x 4 = 2 and 3x1 + 6x2 + 3x 3 + 12x 4 = 6 .
The following statement is true.
(A) Only the trivial solution x1 = x2 = x 3 = x 4 = 0 exists
(B) There are no solutions
(C) A unique non-trivial solution exists
(D) Multiple non-trivial solutions exist
EE SP 10.59 f (x, y) is a continuous function defined over (x, y) ! [0, 1] # [0, 1]. Given the two
constraints, x > y2 and y > x2 , the volume under f (x, y) is
y=1 x= y y=1 x=1
(A) #y = 0 #x = y 2
f (x, y) dxdy (B) #y = x #x = y
2 2
f (x, y) dxdy
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Chapter 10 Engineering Mathematics Page 561
y=1 x=1 y= x x= y
(C) #y = 0 #x = 0 f (x, y) dxdy (D) #y = 0 #x = 0 f (x, y) dxdy
EE SP 10.60 Assume for simplicity that N people, all born in April (a month of 30 days), are
collected in a room. Consider the event of at least two people in the room being
born on the same date of the month, even if in different years, e.g. 1980 and 1985.
What is the smallest N so that the probability of this event exceeds 0.5 ?
(A) 20 (B) 7
(C) 15 (D) 16
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(B) May have up to three extrema and upto 2 zero crossings
(C) Cannot have more than two extrema and more than three zero crossings
(D) Will always have an equal number of extrema and zero crossings
EE SP 10.62 Let x2 - 117 = 0 . The iterative steps for the solution using Newton-Raphon’s
method is given by
(A) xk + 1 = 1 bxk + 117 l (B) xk + 1 = xk - 117
2 xk xk
(C) xk + 1 = xk - xk (D) xk + 1 = xk - 1 bxk + 117 l
117 2 xk
EE SP 10.63 F (x, y) = (x2 + xy) at x + (y2 + xy) at y . It’s line integral over the straight line from
(x, y) = (0, 2) to (x, y) = (2, 0) evaluates to
(A) - 8 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 0
EE SP 10.64 X is a uniformly distributed random variable that takes values between 0 and 1.
The value of E {X3} will be
(A) 0 (B) 1/8
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
EE SP 10.66 If the rank of a (5 # 6) matrix Q is 4, then which one of the following statement
is correct ?
(A) Q will have four linearly independent rows and four linearly independent
columns
(B) Q will have four linearly independent rows and five linearly independent
columns
T
(C) QQ will be invertible
(D) QT Q will be invertible
EE SP 10.67 Consider function f (x) = (x2 - 4) 2 where x is a real number. Then the function
has
(A) only one minimum (B) only tow minima
(C) three minima (D) three maxima
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the solution will be given by
(A) 0.71828 (B) 0.36784
(C) 0.20587 (D) 0.00000
EE SP 10.69 A is m # n full rank matrix with m > n and I is identity matrix. Let matrix
A' = (AT A) - 1 AT , Then, which one of the following statement is FALSE ?
(A) AA'A = A (B) (AA') 2
(C) A'A = I (D) AA'A = A'
EE SP 10.70 A differential equation dx/dt = e - 2t u (t), has to be solved using trapezoidal rule
of integration with a step size h = 0.01 s. Function u (t) indicates a unit step
function. If x (0 -) = 0 , then value of x at t = 0.01 s will be given by
(A) 0.00099 (B) 0.00495
(C) 0.0099 (D) 0.0198
EE SP 10.71 Let P be a 2 # 2 real orthogonal matrix and x is a real vector [x1, x2] T with
length x = (x12 + x22) 1/2 . Then, which one of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Px # x where at least one vector satisfies Px < x
(B) Px # x for all vector x
(C) Px $ x where at least one vector satisfies Px > x
(D) No relationship can be established between x and Px
V = xxT
(A) has rank zero (B) has rank 1
(C) is orthogonal (D) has rank n
1-x
The differential equation dxdt = t is discretised using Euler’s numerical
EE SP 10.73
integration method with a time step 3 T > 0 . What is the maximum permissible
2p
EE SP 10.75 The integral 1 #0 sin (t - t) cos tdt equals
2p
(A) sin t cos t (B) 0
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(C) 12 cos t (D) 12 sin t
Dice Value 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 1/4 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/4
If three identical dice as the above are thrown, the probability of occurrence of
values 1, 5 and 6 on the three dice is
(A) same as that of occurrence of 3, 4, 5
(B) same as that of occurrence of 1, 2, 5
(C) 1/128
(D) 5/8
EE SP 10.77 Let x and y be two vectors in a 3 dimensional space and < x, y > denote their
dot product. Then the determinant
< x, x > < x, y >
det =< y, x > < y, y >G
(A) is zero when x and y are linearly independent
(B) is positive when x and y are linearly independent
(C) is non-zero for all non-zero x and y
(D) is zero only when either x or y is zero
EE SP 10.78 The linear operation L (x) is defined by the cross product L (x) = b # x , where
b = 80 1 0B and x = 8x1 x2 x3 B are three dimensional vectors. The 3 # 3 matrix
T T
EE SP 10.80 A9 equals
(A) 511A + 510I
(B) 309A + 104I
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(C) 154A + 155I
(D) exp (9A)
H
EE SP 10.81 The expression V = #0 pR2 (1 - h/H) 2 dh for the volume of a cone is equal to
R R
(A) #0 pR2 (1 - h/H) 2 dr (B) #0 pR2 (1 - h/H) 2 dh
H R
#0 2prH (1 - r/R) dh #0 2prH`1 - r j dr
2
(C) (D)
R
EE SP 10.83 Two fair dice are rolled and the sum r of the numbers turned up is considered
(A) Pr (r > 6) = 16
(B) Pr (r/3 is an integer) = 5
6
R V R V R V R V R V R V
S 6 W S- 3 W S 3 W S 4 W S 1 W S5 W
(C) S 7 W S 2 W S 9 W (D) S 3 W S31W S3 W
SS- 1WW SS- 2 WW SS- 4 WW SS11WW SS 3 WW SS4 WW
T X T X T X T X T X T X
EE SP 10.85 The following vector is linearly dependent upon the solution to the previous
problem
R V R V
S8 W S-2 W
(A) S9 W (B) S- 17 W
SS3 WW SS 30 WW
RT VX TR V X
S W 4 S13 W
(C) S4 W (D) S 2 W
SS5 WW SS- 3 WW
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T X T X
YEAR 2005 ONE MARK
EE SP 10.87 If P and Q are two random events, then the following is TRUE
(A) Independence of P and Q implies that probability (P + Q) = 0
(B) Probability (P , Q) $ Probability (P) + Probability (Q)
(C) If P and Q are mutually exclusive, then they must be independent
(D) Probability (P + Q) # Probability (P)
#1
3 -3
EE SP 10.88 If S = x dx , then S has the value
(A) - 1 (B) 1
3 4
(C) 1 (D) 1
2
EE SP 10.89 The solution of the first order DE x' (t) =- 3x (t), x (0) = x0 is
(A) x (t) = x0 e - 3t (B) x (t) = x0 e - 3
(C) x (t) = x0 e - 1/3 (D) x (t) = x0 e - 1
R V
S3 - 2 2 W
EE SP 10.90 For the matrix p = S0 - 2 1 W, one of the eigen values is equal to - 2
SS0 0 1 WW
T is anXeigen vector ?
Which of the following
R V R V
S3 W S- 3 W
(A) - 2
S W (B) S 2 W
SS 1 WW SS- 1WW
RT VX TR V X
S1 W S2 W
(C) S- 2 W (D) S5 W
SS 3 WW SS0 WW
T X T X
R V
S1 0 - 1W
EE SP 10.91 If R = S2 1 - 1W, then top row of R - 1 is
SS2 3 2 WW
T X
(A) 85 6 4B (B) 85 - 3 1B
(C) 82 0 - 1B (D) 82 - 1 1/2B
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EE SP 10.92 A fair coin is tossed three times in succession. If the first toss produces a head,
then the probability of getting exactly two heads in three tosses is
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/2
EE SP 10.93 For the function f (x) = x2 e - x , the maximum occurs when x is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) - 1
2 y2
EE SP 10.94 For the scalar field u = x + , magnitude of the gradient at the point (1, 3) is
2 3
(A) 13 (B) 9
9 2
(C) 5 (D) 9
2
EE SP 10.95 For the equation x'' (t) + 3x' (t) + 2x (t) = 5 ,the solution x (t) approaches which of
the following values as t " 3 ?
(A) 0 (B) 5
2
(C) 5 (D) 10
***********
SOLUTION
SOL 10.1 Correct option is (B).
x + 2y + 2z = b1 ...(i)
5x + y + 32 = b2 ...(ii)
On eliminating y , we have
9x + 4z = 2b 2 - b1 {2×(ii)-(i)}
Let b1 = b2 = 1,
9x + 4z = 1
x = 1 - 4z
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9
z = 1 - 9x
4
Hence these will be infinitely many solutions for any given b1 and b2 .
or s2 X ^s h - s ^1 h - ^1 h =- 9X ^s h
or X ^s h^s2 + 9h = s + 1
or X ^s h = s2 + 1 = 2 s + 2 1
s +9 s +9 s +9
or X ^s h = 2 s + 1 d 2 3 n
s +9 3 s +9
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From the given values,
x ^0 h = 1 = A
dx 1
and dt t = 0 = 1 = i3B & B = 3i
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
x = cos 3t + 1 sin 3t
3
or g ^x h = "x ,
So, we have the graph
As this is a periodic function, the constant term will be is average value, i.e.
Average value ^a 0h = 1 f ^x h dx
T
T 0 #
a 0 = 1 xdx
1
T 0 #
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2 1 2 1
= :1 # x D = x = 0.5
2 0 2 0
Hence, the constant term is 0.5
"
Now, we have to determine the line integral of F along the circle at z = 1.
From Green’s Theorem, we define line integral as
2Fy 2Fx
# d ## n dxdy
" "
F $ dl = - ...(i)
2x 2y
"
where Fx and Fy are components of F along x and y directions, respectively,
i.e.
Fx = yz
Fy = 0
Substituting it in equation (i), we have
2 ^yz h
# =0 -## G dxdy =- ## zdxdy
" "
F $ dl =
2y
At z = 1 along the circle, we get
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# F $ dl ## 1 dxdy
" "
=-
=- ## dxdy =- p ^1 h
2
(area of circle)
=- p
X ^z h = 1 1 2
-3 = 1 + 3 + c 3 m + ...
1
1-z z z
1 1
= 1 + 3 + 6 + ..... ...(i)
z z
Now, the z -transform is defined as
X ^z h =
3
/ x6n@z -n
n=0
x 62@ = 0 , x 63@ = 1
or [- l ^- 55 - 5l + 11l + l2 + 66h
+ 1 ^- 36 + 30 - 6lh - 1 ^66 - 66 - 6lh = 0
or ^- l3 - 6l2 - 11lh - 6 - 6l + 6l = 0
r l3 + 6l2 + 11l + 6 = 0
So, l =- 1, - 2 , - 3
Thus, the ratio of maximum eigenvalue to minimum eigenvalue is
l max = - 3 = 3
l min -1
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SOL 10.12 Correct answer is 0.14 .
On the first dot probability \ 1
On the second dot probability \ 2
.
.
.
On the sixth dot probability \ 6
Total probability = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
= 21
Probability of 3 rd dot = 3 = 1 = 0.14
21 7
dy dy dt
or = b1l 1
:t = ln x & dx = x D
dx dt x
dy dy
or x = ...(i)
dx dt
d 2y 2
1 d y dt - 1 dy
x c dt2 dx m x2 dt
Now, =
dx2
d 2y 2
1 d y - dy
dx2
= c
x2 dt2 dt m
d 2y d 2 y dy
or x2 2 = 2 - ...(ii)
dx dt dt
Substituting eq (i) and (ii) in given differential equation, we get
d 2 y dy dy
- + -y = 0
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dt2 dt dt
d 2y
-y = 0
dt2
Characteristic equation
m2 - 1 = 0
m =! 1
Roots are distinct real, so two possible solution
y = et and y = e-t
Since x = et
So y = x or 1 are two possible solutions.
x
0 y/2
2x - y y
= u & x = x- = u
2 2
dx = du
y 2 y/2 - y
At x = u = # =0
2 2
y
y 2 a + 1k - y
at x = +1 u = 2 =1
2 2
8 1
Thus integral becomes # ; # uduEdy
0 0
y
v =
2
dy
dv = & dy = 2dv
2
at y = 0 & v =0
at y = 8 & v =4
4 1
= # ; # uduE2dv
0 0
4 1
Reduced form = # ; # 2uduEdv
0 0
-3
1 4
= #
0.5
0.2dx + #
1
0.1dx
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= 0.2 # 0.5 + 0.1 # 3
P = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4
To determine the rank of matrix A, we obtain its equivalent matrix using the
operation, a2i ! a2i - a21 a1i as
a11
p q
A = >0 s - r q H
p
If s- r q = 0
p
or ps - rq = 0
then rank of matrix A is 1, otherwise the rank is 2.
Now, we have the matrix
p2 + q2 pr + qs
B => H
pr + qs r2 + s1
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To determine the rank of matrix B , we obtain its equivalent matrix using the
operation, a2i ! a2i - a21 a1i as
a11
R 2 2 V
Sp + q pr + qs W
B = S ^ pr + qs h2
W
S 0 ^r2 + s2h - 2 2 W
S p +q W
T X
^pr + qs h2
If ^r + s h - 2
2 2
= ^ps - rq h = 0
2
p + q2
or ps - rq = 0
then rank of matrix B is 1, otherwise the rank is 2.
Thus, from the above results, we conclude that
If ps - rq = 0 , then rank of matrix A and B is 1.
If ps - rq ! 0 , then rank of A and B is 2.
i.e. the rank of two matrices is always same. If rank of A is N then rank of B
also N .
=- 1
or |x | = 1
i.e. the magnitude of displacement is 1.
Now, we have to determine the distance covered by the particle. For calculating
distance, we have to consider speed and speed can’t be negative, so the distance
is given by
t=3 t=3
p cos p t dt
x0 = #
t=0
v dt = #
t=0 2 2
p cos p t - t = 3 p cos p tdt
t=1
= #
t=0 2 2 t=1 2
# 2
= 9sin p tC - 9sin p tC
1 t=3
2 t=0 2 t=1
= 1 - ^- 1 - 1h = 3
Thus, the difference between the distance covered and magnitude of displacement
is
Dx = x 0 - | x | = 3 - 1 = 2
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f ^x h = kx2 .
where x is the lifetime measured in years.
From the property of random variable, we have
# f ^x h dx = 1
3
-3
Since, the minimum and maximum lifetimes of bulbs are 1 and 2 years respectively.
So, we have
1#x#2
Therefore, equation (i) becomes
f ^x h dx = 1
2
#
1
2
or #
1
kx2 dx = 1
3 2
or k :x D = 1
3 1
or kb 8 - 1 l = 1
3
Thus, k = 3 = 0.43
7
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Therefore, only pole (z = 1) lies within the curve C . So, the residue at z = 1
pole is
2
Residue = lim z
z " 1 ^z + 1h
2
= lim z = 1 = 1
z"1 z + 1 1+1 2
Thus, the integral of complex function along the contour is obtained as
# f ^z hdz
C
= 2pi (sum of residues)
= 2pi b 1 l = pi
2
x1 = x 0 -
f l^x 0h ex 0
1
= 1 - e -1 1 = e-1 = .3678
e
Therefore, the 2nd iteration is
f ^x1h x
= x1 - e - 1 1
x 2 = x1 -
f l^x1h ex 1
= .06005
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2 - 2 x1 0
> H> H = > H
1 - 1 x2 0
So, it is a homogeneous set of linear equation. It has either a trivial solution
^x1 = x2 = 0h or an infinite no. of solution. Since, for the matrix
2 -2
A => H
1 -1
We have the determinant A =0
Hence, it will have multiple solutions
field is always zero. So, there is no need to solve the curl and gradient.
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so, from N - R method we obtain
f ^xn h
xn + 1 = xn -
f l^xn h
Here x 0 = 1.2
f ^x 0h = ^1.23h + 2 ^1.2h - 1 = 3.128
Also, f l^x h = 3x2 + 2
So, f l^x 0h = 3 ^1.2h2 + 2 = 6.32
Hence, 1 st iterative value is
f ^x 0h
x1 = x 0 -
f l^x 0h
= 1.2 - 3.128
6.32
= 0.705
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So, it can be observed that the given contour enclosed z = 2i while z =- 2i is
out of the contour. So, we obtain the residue at z = 2i only as
residue = z 2
- 4
z + 2i z = 2i
Hence, contour integral is given as
=
^2i h2 - 4 - 8
2i + 2i
#z2 + 4
= 2pi ^2i h
=- 4p
or, a - b =- 1 ....(1)
c-d = 1 ....(2)
1
Similarly, for eigen value - 2 with eigen vector > H, we obtain
-2
a b 1 1
>c dH>- 2H
=- 2 > H
-2
or, a - 2b =- 2 ....(3)
c - 2d = 4 ....(4)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (3), we obtain
a = 0, b = 1
and solving Eqs. (2) and (4), we obtain
c =- 2, d = 3
Thus, the required matrix is
a b 0 1
>c dH = >- 2 - 3H
Alternate Method:
From the given data since random variables X and Y lies in the interval [- 1, 1]
as from the figure X , Y lies in the region of the square ABCD .
Probability for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 : The points for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 will be inside
the region of square AEFG .
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f (z) = 1 - 2
z+1 z+3
1
2 pj # f (z) dz
C
= sum of the residues of the poles which lie inside the
given closed region.
C & z+1 = 1
Only pole z =- 1 inside the circle, so residue at z =- 1 is.
f (z) = -z + 1
(z + 1) (z + 3)
(z + 1) (- z + 1) 2
= lim = =1
z "- 1 (z + 1) (z + 3) 2
1
So
2 pj C #
f (z) dz = 1
-5 - l -3
=0
2 -l
5l + l2 + 6 = 0
l2 + 5l + 6 = 0
Since characteristic equation satisfies its own matrix, so
A2 + 5A + 6 = 0 & A2 =- 5A - 6I
Multiplying with A
A3 + 5A2 + 6A = 0
A3 + 5 (- 5A - 6I) + 6A = 0
A3 = 19A + 30I
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SOL 10.39 Correct option is (B).
f (x) = x3 - 9x2 + 24x + 5
df (x)
= 3x2 - 18x + 24 = 0
dx
df (x)
& = x2 - 6x + 8 = 0 x = 4, x = 2
dx
d 2 f (x)
= 6x - 18
dx 2
d 2 f (x)
For x = 2, = 12 - 18 =- 6 < 0
dx2
So at x = 2, f (x) will be maximum
f (x) max
= (2) 3 - 9 (2) 2 + 24 (2) + 5
= 8 - 36 + 48 + 5 = 25
dy
;s Y (s) - sy (0) - dt E + 2 [sy (s) - y (0)] + Y (s) = 1
2
t=0
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sY (s) - y (0) = s + 2 2 = s + 1 2 + 1 = 1 + 1
(s + 1) (s + 1) (s + 1) 2 s + 1 (s + 1) 2
Taking inverse Laplace transform
dy (t)
= e-t u (t) + te-t u (t)
dt
dy
At t = 0+ , = e0 + 0 = 1
dt t = 0 +
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dy = e-3x dx
by integrating, we get
y =- 1 e-3x + K , where K is constant.
3
a
Variance sp = #-a
x 2 p (x) dx
x2 : 1 dx
a
= #-a 2a
3 a 3 2
= 1 :x D = 2a = a
2a 3 -a 6 3
It means square value is equal to its variance
2
2
p rms = sp = a
3
p rms = a
3
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A = 6L@6U @
only option (D) satisfies the above relation.
so,
1 + a + a2 = 0 X1, X2 are orthogonal
Note: We can see that X1, X2 are not orthonormal as their magnitude is ! 1
= 6x # e dx @0 - # 1 : d
x 1
(x) # ex dx D dx
0 dx
= 6xe @0 - #0
x 1 1
(1) ex dx
= (e1 - 0) - 6e @0
x 1
= e1 - [e1 - e0] = 1
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No of white balls = 4 , no of red balls = 3
If first removed ball is white then remaining no of balls = 6 (3 white, 3 red)
we have 6 balls, one ball can be choose in 6 C1 ways, since there are three red balls
so probability that the second ball is red is
P = 3 C1 = 3 = 1
6
C1 6 2
So Eigen vector
Rx V R1V
S 1W S W
X = Sx2W = S2W = 81 2 1BT
SSx WW SS1WW
3
T X T X
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(s + 6)
X (s) =
(s2 + 6s + 8)
By partial fraction
X (s) =2 - 1
s+2 s+4
Taking inverse Laplace transform
x (t) = (2e- 2t - e- 4t)
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l2 + 2l - 35 = 0
(l - 5) (l + 7) = 0
l1, l2 = 5, - 7
Limit of y : y = 0 to y = 1
Limit of x : x = y2 to x2 = y & x = y
So volume under f (x, y)
y=1 x= y
V = #y = 0 #x = y 2
f (x, y) dx dy
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So f (xk ) = x k2 - 117
f' (xk ) = 2xk = 2 # 117
2
So xk + 1 = xk - x k - 117 = xk - 1 :xk + 117 D
2xk 2 xk
a (l) = lI - P = l3 + l2 + 2l + 1 = 0
Matrix P satisfies above equation
P 3 + P 2 + 2P + I = 0
I =- (P3 + P2 + 2P)
Multiply both sides by P- 1
P- 1 =- (P2 + P + 2I)
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SOL 10.67 Correct option is (B).
Given function
f (x) = (x2 - 4) 2
f' (x) = 2 (x2 - 4) 2x
To obtain minima and maxima
f' (x) = 0
2
4x (x - 4) = 0
x = 0, x2 - 4 = 0 & x = ! 2
So, x = 0, + 2, - 2
f'' (x) = 4x (2x) + 4 (x2 - 4) = 12x2 - 16
For x = 0, f'' (0) = 12 (0) 2 - 16 =- 16 < 0 (Maxima)
x =+ 2, f'' (2) = 12 (2) 2 - 16 = 32 > 0 (Minima)
x =- 2, f'' (- 2) = 12 (- 2) 2 - 16 = 32 > 0 (Minima)
So f (x) has only two minima
f' (x 0) = ex = e- 1 = 0.36787
0
(- 0.63212)
So, x1 =- 1 -
(0.36787)
=- 1 + 1.71832 = 0.71832
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AA- 1 IA = A =
Y A' (false)
2 6
#0 f (t) dt = .01 e0 + e- .02@, h = .01
1
= .0099
R V R V
Sx1W Sx1W
Sx2W Sx2W
=S W ShW
ShW S W
SxnW SxnW
So rank of V is n . T X T X
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P(0, 1) lies inside the circle z - i = 1 and P (0, 1) does not lie.
2
So by Cauchy’s integral formula
# dz 2 = 2pi lim (z - i)
(z + i
1
) (z - i)
C
1 + z z"i
or (- 3 - l) (- l) + 2 = 0
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www.gatehelp.com
Chapter 10 Engineering Mathematics Page 593
(l + 1) (l + 2) = 0
According to Cayley-Hamiliton theorem
(A + I) (A + 2I) = 0
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= 225 (- 3A - 2I) + 420A + 196I
=- 255A - 254I
A =- 255A2 - 254A
9
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SOL 10.88 Correct option is (C).
S = # 3 x- 3 dx
1
-2 3
= :x D = 1
-2 1 2
If the toss produces head, then for exactly two head in three tosses three tosses
there must produce one head in next two tosses. The probability of one head in
two tosses will be 1/2.
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at x = 0 f'' (0) = 1 (+ ve)
at x = 2 f'' (2) =- 2e- 2 (- ve)
Now f'' (0) = 1 and f'' (2) =- 2e- 2 < 0 . Thus x = 2 is point of maxima
= lim s 5 =5
s"0 2
s (s + 3s + 2) 2
***********
CHAPTER 11
GENERAL APTITUDES
EE SP 11.1 Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the phrase underlined
in the sentence below ?
It is fascinating to see life forms cope with varied environmental conditions.
(A) adopt (B) adapt to
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(C) adept in (D) accept with
EE SP 11.2 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence.
He could not understand the judges awarding her the first prize, because he
thought that her performance was quite __________.
(A) superb (B) medium
(C) mediocre (D) exhilarating
EE SP 11.3 In a press meet on the recent scam, the minister said, “The buck stops here”.
What did the minister convey by the statement ?
(A) He wants all the money (B) He will return the money
(C) He will assume final responsibility (D) He will resist all enquiries
EE SP 11.5 The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and positive. a , b and c are real. Then
ax2 + b x + c = 0 has
(A) no roots (B) 2 real roots
(C) 3 real roots (D) 4 real roots
EE SP 11.6 The Palghat Gap (or Palakkad Gap), a region about 30 km wide in the southern
part of the Western Ghats in India, is lower than the hilly terrain to its north
and south. The exact reasons for the formation of this gap are not clear. It
results in the neighbouring regions of Tamil Nadu getting more rainfall from
the South West mansoon and the neighbouring regions of Kerala having higher
summer temperatures.
What can be inferred from this passage ?
(A) The Palghat gap is caused by high rainfall and high temperatures in
southern Tamil Nadu nad Kerala
(B) The regions in Tamil Nadu and Kerala that are near the Palghat Gap are
low-lying
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Chapter 11 General Aptitudes Page 597
(C) The low terrian of the Palghat Gap has a significant impact on weather
patterns in neighbouring parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
(D) Higher summer temperature result in higher rainfall near the Palghat Gap
area.
EE SP 11.7 Geneticists say that they are very close to confirming the genetic roots of
psychiatric illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia, and consequently, that
doctors will be able to eradicate these diseases through early identification and
gene therapy.
On which of the following assumptions does the statement above rely ?
(A) Strategies are now available for eliminating psychiatric illnesses
(B) Certain psychiatric illnesses have a genetic basis
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(C) All human diseases can be traced back to genes and how they are
expressed
(D) In the future, genetics will become the only relevant field for identifying
psychiatric illnesses
EE SP 11.8 Round-trip tickets to a tourist destination are eligible for a discount of 10% on
the total fare. In addition, groups of 4 or more get a discount of 5% on the total
fare. If the one way single person fare is Rs 100, a group of 5 tourists purchasing
round-trip tickets will be charged Rs _________.
EE SP 11.9 In a survey, 300 respondents were asked whether they own a vehicle or not. If
yes, they were further asked to mention whether they own a car or scooter or
both. Their responses are tabulated below. What percent of respondents do not
own a scooter ?
Men Women
Car 40 34
Own vehicle Scooter 30 20
Both 60 46
Do not own vehicle 20 50
EE SP 11.10 When a point inside of a tetrahedron (a solid with four triangular surfaces) is
connected by straight lines to its corners, how many (new) internal planes are
created with these lines ? _____________
EE SP 11.11 Choose the most appropriate phrase from the options given below to complete
the following sentence.
India is a post-colonial country because
(A) it was a former British colony
(B) Indian Information Technology professionals have colonized the world
(C) India does not follow any colonial practices
(D) India has helped other countries gain freedom
Column 1 Column 2
1. eradicate P. misrepresent
2. distort Q. soak completely
3. saturate R. use
4. utilize S. destroy utterly
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(A) 1 : S, 2 : P, 3 : Q, 4 : R
(B) 1 : P, 2 : Q, 3 : R, 4 : S
(C) 1 : Q, 2 : R, 3 : S, 4 : P
(D) 1 : S, 2 : P, 3 : R, 4 : Q
EE SP 11.16 The old city of Koenigsberg, which had a German majority population before
World War 2, is now called Kaliningrad. After the events of the war, Kaliningrad
is now a Russian territory and has a predominantly Russian population. It is
bordered by the Baltic Sea on the north and the countries of Poland to the south
and west and Lithuania to the east respectively. Which of the statement below
can be inferred from this passage ?
(A) Kaliningrad was historically Russian in its ethnic make up
(B) Kaliningrad is a part of Russia despite it not being contiguous with the
rest of Russia
(C) Koenigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad, as that was its original Russain
name
(D) Poland and Lithuania are on the route from Kaliningrad to the rest of
Russia
EE SP 11.17 The number of people diagnosed with dengue fever (contracted from the bite of
a mosquito) in north India is twice the number diagnosed last year. Municipal
authorities have concluded that measures to control the mosquito population
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EE SP 11.18 If x is real and x2 - 2x + 3 = 11, then possible values of - x3 + x2 - x include
(A) 2, 4 (B) 2, 14
(C) 4, 52 (D) 14, 52
EE SP 11.19 The ratio of male to female students in a college for five years is plotted in the
following line graph. If the number of female students doubled in 2009, by what
percent did the number of male students increase in 2009 ?
EE SP 11.20 At what time between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. will the minute hand and hour hand of
a clock make an angle closest to 60c ?
(A) 6 : 22 a.m. (B) 6 : 27 a.m.
(C) 6 : 38 a.m. (D) 6 : 45 a.m.
EE SP 11.21 While trying to collect an envelope from under the table , Mr. X fell down and
I II III
was losing consciousness
IV
Which one of the above underlined parts of the sentence is NOT appropriate ?
(A) I (B) II
(C) III (D) IV
EE SP 11.22 If she ____ how to calibrate the instrument, she _____ done the experiment.
(A) knows, will have
(B) knew, had
(C) had known, could have
(D) should have known, would have
EE SP 11.23 Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to the word “coherent”.
(A) sticky
(B) well-connected
(C) rambling
(D) friendly
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EE SP 11.24 Which number does not belong in the series below ?
2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, 64
(A) 17 (B) 37
(C) 64 (D) 26
EE SP 11.25 The table below has question-wise data on the performance of students in an
examination. The marks for each question are also listed. There is no negative or
partial marking in the examination.
EE SP 11.26 A dance programme is scheduled for 10.00 a.m. Some students are participating
in the programme and they need to come an hour earlier than the start of the
event. These students should be accompanied by a parent. Other students and
parents should come in time for the programme. The instruction you think that
is appropriate for this is
(A) Students should come at 9.00 a.m. and parents should come at 10.00 a.m.
(B) Participating students should come at 9.00 a.m. accompanied by a parent,
and other parents and students should come by 10.00 a.m.
(C) Students who are not participating should come by 10.00 a.m. and they
should not bring their parents. Participating students should come at 9.00
a.m.
(D) Participating students should come before 9.00 a.m. Parents who
accompany them should come at 9.00 a.m. All others should come at 10.00
a.m.
EE SP 11.27 By the beginning of the 20 th century, several hypotheses were being proposed,
suggesting a paradigm shift in our understanding of the universe. However, the
clinching evidence was provided by experimental measurements of the position
of a star which was directly behind our sun. Which of the following inference(s)
may be drawn from the above passage ?
(i) Our understanding of the universe changes based on the positions of stars
(ii) Paradigm shifts usually occur at the beginning of centuries
(iii) Stars are important objects in the universe
(iv) Experimental evidence was important in confirming this paradigm shift
(A) (i), (ii) and (iv) (B) (iii) only
(C) (i) and (iv) (D) (iv) only
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EE SP 11.28 The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Rupees grew at 7% during 2012-2013.
For international comparison, the GDP is compared in US Dollars (USD) after
conversion based on the market exchange rate. During the period 2012-2013 the
exchange rate for the USD increased from Rs. 50/ USD to Rs. 60/USD. India’a
GDP in USD during the period 2012-2013.
(A) increased by 5%
(B) decreased by 13%
(C) decreased by 20%
(D) decreased by 11%
EE SP 11.29 The ratio of male to female students in a college for five years is plotted in the
following line graph. If the number of female students in 2011 and 2012 is equal,
what is the ratio of male students in 2012 to male students in 2011 ?
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 1.5 : 1 (D) 2.5 : 1
EE SP 11.30 Consider the equation ^7526h8 - ^Y h8 = ^4364h8 , where ^X hN stands for X to the
base N . Find Y .
(A) 1634 (B) 1737
(C) 3142 (D) 3162
EE SP 11.32 Statement: You can always give me a ring whenever you need.
Which one of the following is the best inference from the above statement?
(A) Because I have a nice caller tune.
(B) Because I have a better telephone facility
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(C) Because a friend in need is a friend indeed
(D) Because you need not pay towards the telephone bills when you give me a
ring
EE SP 11.33 In the summer of 2012, in New Delhi, the mean temperature of Monday to
Wednesday was 41°C and of Tuesday to Thursday was 43cC . If the temperature
on Thursday was 15% higher than that of Monday, then the temperature in cC
on Thursday was
(A) 40 (B) 43
(C) 46 (D) 49
EE SP 11.36 A car travels 8 km in the first quarter of an hour, 6 km in the second quarter
and 16 km in the third quarter. The average speed of the car in km per hour over
the entire journey is
(A) 30 (B) 36
(C) 40 (D) 24
9 ^9n + 1h 9 ^9n - 1h
(A) +1 (B) +1
10 8
9 ^9n - 1h 9 ^9n - 1h
(C) +n (D) + n2
8 8
EE SP 11.38 Statement: There were different streams of freedom movements in colonial India
carried out by the moderates, liberals, radicals, socialists, and so on.
Which one of the following is the best inference from the above statement?
(A) The emergence of nationalism in colonial India led to our Independence
(B) Nationalism in India emerged in the context of colonialism
(C) Nationalism in India is homogeneous
(D) Nationalism in India is heterogeneous
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EE SP 11.39 The set of values of p for which the roots of the equation 3x2 + 2x + p ^p - 1h = 0
are of opposite sign is
(A) ^- 3, 0h (B) ^0, 1h
(C) ^1, 3h (D) ^0, 3h
EE SP 11.40 What is the chance that a leap year, selected at random, will contain 53 Sundays?
(A) 2/7 (B) 3/7
(C) 1/7 (D) 5/7
EE SP 11.41 If (1.001) 1259 = 3.52 and (1.001) 2062 = 7.85, then (1.001) 3321
(A) 2.23 (B) 4.33
(C) 11.37 (D) 27.64
EE SP 11.42 Choose the most appropriate alternate from the options given below to complete
the following sentence :
If the tired soldier wanted to lie down, he..................the mattress out on the
balcony.
(A) should take (B) shall take
(C) should have taken (D) will have taken
EE SP 11.43 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence :
Give the seriousness of the situation that he had to face, his........was impressive.
(A) beggary (B) nomenclature
(C) jealousy (D) nonchalance
EE SP 11.44 Which one of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word given
below ?
Latitude
(A) Eligibility (B) Freedom
(C) Coercion (D) Meticulousness
EE SP 11.45 One of the parts (A, B, C, D) in the sentence given below contains an ERROR.
Which one of the following is INCORRECT ?
I requested that he should be given the driving test today instead of tomorrow.
(A) requested that (B) should be given
(C) the driving test (D) instead of tomorrow
EE SP 11.46 One of the legacies of the Roman legions was discipline. In the legious, military
law prevailed and discipline was brutal. Discipline on the battlefield kept units
obedient, intact and fighting, even when the odds and conditions were against
them.
Which one of the following statements best sums up the meaning of the above
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passage ?
(A) Through regimentation was the main reason for the efficiency of the
Roman legions even in adverse circumstances.
(B) The legions were treated inhumanly as if the men were animals
(C) Disciplines was the armies inheritance from their seniors
(D) The harsh discipline to which the legions were subjected to led to the odds
and conditions being against them.
EE SP 11.47 Raju has 14 currency notes in his pocket consisting of only Rs. 20 notes and Rs.
10 notes. The total money values of the notes is Rs. 230. The number of Rs. 10
notes that Raju has is
(A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 9 (D) 10
EE SP 11.48 There are eight bags of rice looking alike, seven of which have equal weight and
one is slightly heavier. The weighing balance is of unlimited capacity. Using this
balance, the minimum number of weighings required to identify the heavier bag
is
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 8
EE SP 11.49 The data given in the following table summarizes the monthly budget of an
average household.
EE SP 11.50 A and B are friends. They decide to meet between 1 PM and 2 PM on a given
day. There is a conditions that whoever arrives first will not wait for the other
for more than 15 minutes. The probability that they will meet on that days is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/16
(C) 7/16 (D) 9/16
EE SP 11.51 There are two candidates P and Q in an election. During the campaign, 40%
of voter promised to vote for P , and rest for Q . However, on the day of election
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15% of the voters went back on their promise to vote for P and instead voted for
Q . 25% of the voter went back on their promise to vote for Q and instead voted
for P . Suppose, P lost by 2 votes, then what was the total number of voters ?
(A) 100 (B) 110
(C) 90 (D) 95
EE SP 11.52 The question below consists of a pair of related words followed by four pairs of
words. Select the pair that best expresses the relations in the original pair :
Gladiator : Arena
(A) dancer : stage (B) commuter : train
(C) teacher : classroom (D) lawyer : courtroom
EE SP 11.53 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence :
Under ethical guidelines recently adopted by the Indian Medical Association,
human genes are to be manipulated only to correct diseases for which...................
treatments are unsatisfactory.
(A) similar (B) most
(C) uncommon (D) available
EE SP 11.54 Choose the word from the from the options given below that is most opposite in
meaning to the given word :
Frequency
(A) periodicity (B) rarity
(C) gradualness (D) persistency
EE SP 11.55 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence :
It was her view that the country’s had been ............. by foreign techno-crafts, so
that to invite them to come back would be counter-productive.
(A) identified (B) ascertained
(C) exacerbated (D) analysed
EE SP 11.56 The fuel consumed by a motor cycle during a journey while travelling at various
speed is indicated in the graph below.
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The distance covered during four laps of the journey are listed in the table below
Lap Distance (km) Average speed (km/hour)
P 15 15
Q 75 45
R 40 75
S 10 10
From the given data, we can conclude that the fuel consumed per kilometre was
least during the lap
(A) P (B) Q
(C) R (D) S
EE SP 11.57 The horse has played a little known but very important role in the field of
medicine. Horses were injected with toxins of disease until their blood build up
immunities. Then a serum was made from their blood. Serums to fight with
diphteria and tetanus were developed this way.
It can be inferred from the passage, that horses were
(A) given immunity to diseases
(B) generally quite immune to diseases
(C) given medicines to fight toxins
(D) given diphtheria and tetanus serums
EE SP 11.59 Given that f (y) = y /y, and q is any non-zero real number, the value of
f (q) - f (- q) is
(A) 0 (B) - 1
(C) 1 (D) 2
EE SP 11.60 Three friends R, S and T shared toffee from a bowl. R took 1/3 rd of the toffees,
but returned four to the bowl. S took 1/4 th of what was left but returned three
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Chapter 11 General Aptitudes Page 607
toffees to the bowl. T took half of the remainder but returned two back into the
bowl. If the bowl had 17 toffees left, how many toffees were originally there in
the bowl ?
(A) 38 (B) 31
(C) 48 (D) 41
EE SP 11.61 Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word below ?
Circuitous
(A) Cyclic (B) Indirect
(C) Confusing (D) Crooked
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EE SP 11.62 The question below consist of a pair of related words followed by four pairs of
words. Select the pair that best expresses the relation in the original pair.
Unemployed : Worker
(A) Fallow : Land (B) Unaware : Sleeper
(C) Wit : Jester (D) Renovated : House
EE SP 11.63 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence :
If we manage to ........ our natural resources, we would leave a better planet for
our children.
(A) unhold (B) restrain
(C) cherish (D) conserve
EE SP 11.64 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence :
His rather casual remarks on politics..................his lack of seriousness about the
subject.
(A) masked (B) belied
(C) betrayed (D) suppressed
EE SP 11.65 25 persons are in a room 15 of them play hockey, 17 of them play football and 10
of them play hockey and football. Then the number of persons playing neither
hockey nor football is
(A) 2 (B) 17
(C) 13 (D) 3
EE SP 11.66 Modern warfare has changed from large scale clashes of armies to suppression
of civilian populations. Chemical agents that do their work silently appear
to be suited to such warfare ; and regretfully, their exist people in military
establishments who think that chemical agents are useful fools for their cause.
Which of the following statements best sums up the meaning of the above passage
?
(A) Modern warfare has resulted in civil strife.
(B) Chemical agents are useful in modern warfare.
(C) Use of chemical agents in ware fare would be undesirable.
(D) People in military establishments like to use chemical agents in war.
EE SP 11.68 5 skilled workers can build a wall in 20 days; 8 semi-skilled workers can build a
wall in 25 days; 10 unskilled workers can build a wall in 30 days. If a team has
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2 skilled, 6 semi-skilled and 5 unskilled workers, how long will it take to build
the wall ?
(A) 20 days (B) 18 days
(C) 16 days (D) 15 days
EE SP 11.70 Hari (H), Gita (G), Irfan (I) and Saira (S) are siblings (i.e. brothers and sisters.)
All were born on 1st January. The age difference between any two successive
siblings (that is born one after another) is less than 3 years. Given the following
facts :
1. Hari’s age + Gita’s age > Irfan’s age + Saira’s age.
2. The age difference between Gita and Saira is 1 year. However, Gita is not
the oldest and Saira is not the youngest.
3. There are no twins.
In what order were they born (oldest first) ?
(A) HSIG (B) SGHI
(C) IGSH (D) IHSG
***********
SOLUTIONS
SOL 11.1 Correct option is (B).
cope with: presented by
To over come any difficulties presented by: adapt to
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SOL 11.3 Correct option is (C).
He will assume final responsibility.
or z2 + 2.z. 1 + 12 = 98
z z
or z2 + 12 = 98 - 2
z
So, z2 + 12 = 96
z
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group of 5 tourist.
= 100 + 50 = Rs. 150
Thus, the net round trip fare for group of 5 tourist after discount is
Net fare = total fare - total discount
= Rs. 1000 - Rs. 150
= Rs. 850
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The point P is connected to each corners A, B, C, D of the tetrahedron. So, we
have the internal planes as
ABP, APC, BPC, DPC, DPB, DPA
i.e the total number of internal planes is 6.
= 100
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x =- 3 , 4
x =4 (x can not be negative)
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x2 = 6y1
% of No. of male students increased in 2009
3 x = x2 - x1 # 100
x1
6y - 2.5y1
3x = 1 100 = 140
2.5y1 #
As shown in Figure above, at 6:00 a.m. initial angle between minute and hour
hand is 180c. As we know that hour hand completes 30c in every hour (60
minutes), so angle moved by hour hand in 1 minute is 30 60 . Similarly, minute hand
complete 360c in every hour, so angle moved by minute hand in 1 minute is 360 60 .
Let us assume that after x minutes the angle is 60c. Let us assume that after x
minutes the angle is 60c.
60c = 180c + b 360c l x - b 30c l x
60c 60c
angle moved angle moved
by hour hand by min hand
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Coherent – capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent
manner.
rambling – spreading out in different directions or distributed irregularly.
Sticky – covered with an adhesive material.
So, coherent and rambling are opposite to each other.
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= 10.83%
= 11%
TH + TTU + TW = 41 ....(1)
3
and TTU + TW + TTH = 43 ....(2)
3
also, as the temperature on Thursday was 15% higher than that of Monday
i.e. TTH = 1.15 TM ....(3)
solving eq (1), (2) and (3), we obtain
TTH = 46cC
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SOL 11.35 Correct option is (D).
They were requested not to quarrel with others.
Quarrel has a similar meaning to ‘fall out’
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Hence, from the second condition, we obtain
0 <P<1
i.e., P is in the range ^0, 1h
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SOL 11.48 Correct option is (A).
We will categorize the 8 bags in three groups as :
(i) A1 A2 A 3 , (ii) B1 B2 B 3 , (iii) C1 C2
Weighting will be done as bellow :
1st weighting " A1 A2 A 3 will be on one side of balance and B1 B2 B 3 on the other.
It may have three results as described in the following cases.
Case 1 : A1 A 2 A 3 = B 1 B 2 B 3
This results out that either C1 or C2 will heavier for which we will have to
perform weighting again.
2 nd weighting " C1 is kept on the one side and C2 on the other.
if C1 > C 2 then C1 is heavier.
C1 < C 2 then C2 is heavier.
Case 2 : A1 A 2 A 3 > B1 B 2 B 3
it means one of the A1 A2 A 3 will be heavier So we will perform next weighting as:
2 nd weighting " A1 is kept on one side of the balance and A2 on the other.
if A1 = A 2 it means A 3 will be heavier
A1 > A 2 then A1 will be heavier
A1 < A 2 then A2 will be heavier
Case 3 : A1 A 2 A 3 < B 1 B 2 B 3
This time one of the B1 B2 B 3 will be heavier, So again as the above case weighting
will be done.
2 nd weighting " B1 is kept one side and B2 on the other
if B1 = B 2 B 3 will be heavier
B1 > B 2 B1 will be heavier
B1 < B 2 B2 will be heavier
So, as described above, in all the three cases weighting is done only two times to
give out the result so minimum no. of weighting required = 2.
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So, the area of shaded region is given by
Area of 4PQRS - (Area of TEFQ + Area of
TGSH )
= 60 # 60 - 2 b 1 # 45 # 45 l
2
= 1575
So, the required probability = 1575 = 7
3600 16
performs on a stage.
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SOL 11.56 Correct option is (B).
Since fuel consumption/litre is asked and not total fuel consumed, only average
speed is relevant. Maximum efficiency comes at 45 km/hr, So least fuel consumer
per litre in lap Q
R = x -4 = 2x + 4
3 3
S = 1 :2x + 4D - 3 = 2x + 4 - x + 2
4 3 3 6
= x +1-3 = x -2 = x +6
6 6 2
T = 1 a x + 6k - 2 = x +6-x -1
2 2 2 4
= x +1 = x +5
4 4
Now, x + 5 = 17
4
x = 17 - 5 = 12
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or
4
x = 12 # 4 = 48
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10 # 30 300
Thus total per day work of 2 skilled, 6 semi-skilled and 5 unskilled workers is
= 2W + 6W + 5W = 12W + 18W + 10W = W
100 200 300 600 15
Therefore time to complete the work is 15 days.
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Now from statement (1) we have H + G > I + S
Form statement (2) we get that G - S = 1 or S - G = 1
As G can’t be oldest and S can’t be youngest thus either GS or SG possible.
From statement (3) we get that there are no twins
(A) HSIG : There is I between S and G which is not possible
(B) SGHI : SG order is also here and S > G > H > I and G + H > S + I
which is possible.
(C) IGSH : This gives I > G and S > H and adding these both inequalities we
have I + S > H + G which is not possible.
(D) IHSG : This gives I > H and S > G and adding these both inequalities we
have I + S > H + G which is not possible.
**********