Metode Pemuliaan Tanaman

Plasma Nutfah, Domestikasi dan Introduksi Tanaman

(Plant genetic resources, Domestication and Plant
Introduction : Pre-breeding Activities)
Outline
• - Plant germplasm or plant genetic resources?
• - Why germplasm so important?
• - PGR erosion?
• - Germplasm category?
• - Center of diversity?
• - Method of conservation
• - Crop domestication?
• - Plant introduction?
 Competency
By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• explain the important of plant genetic resources.
• explain the process of crop domestication.
• explain genetic basis and process of plant
introduction
• explain sources of genetic variation for breeding
activities
Genetic variation among bean

Variasi diantara jagung

Variasi diantara tanaman

hias bunga
 Plant genetic
resources

Basic for agricultural development

A reservoir of genetic adaptability that acts as a
buffer against environmental change

Its erosion threatens world food security

It is limited and perishable natural resource

It provides raw materials to produce new and better
plant varieties

It is irreplaceable source of important characters
such as resistance to disease and productivity

It has inestimable value
Plant Germplasm is the genetic source material used by
plant breeders to develop new cultivars (Poehlman &
Sleper, 1995).

Germplasms may include seeds or other plant propagates

such as a leaf, stem, pollen, or cultured cells that could
be grown into mature plants.

Germplasm is the potential, hereditary stocks within a

species, taken collectively, that is used by plant breeder
to develop new cultivars.
 Tanaman
Lengkap
Biji

Germplasm/
Serbuk sari Plasma Nutfah Umbi

Kultur
Stek
Klon meristem
Gen
Why germplasms is so important?
It is desirable to maintain as diverse as possible, particularly
of domesticated cultivars and their ancestors, in order to
maintain a wide genetic base.

The wider the genetic base, the greater the capacity for
adaptation to particular environmental conditions (e.g. a
pathogenic presence). This has led to the establishment
of gene banks.

To be bred into varieties having new or useful traits such as

drought resistance or additional nutritional quality
Why germplasms is so important?

- To enhance our agriculture (food security, feed,

energy) and provide insurance against losses of
prevalent strains of staple crops.

- Provide medicinal sources and economic benefits

Loss of genetic diversity/variability during crop domestication
(Tanksley, McCouch, 1997)

Just as the diversity of species we depend on is a small fraction of

the species available to us, so is the genetic diversity with those
species a small fraction of the genetic diversity actually present
in them. The species we depend on have become more and more
genetically uniform.
 Main causes genetic erosion

*The loss of genetic material (genes, genotypes) from individuals or

populations is termed genetic erosion (IBPGR, 1991).
 Plant Germplasm Category

Primary gene pool (same species)

Source: USDA
Elite cultivars
Landraces (primitive cultivars)
Wild plants of the same species Potato Germplasm
Introduction Station (NR6)

Source: USDA

Secondary gene pool

Cultivars, landraces, or wild
plants of different species
“Wide crosses” North Central Regional Plant
Introduction Station (NC7)
Harlan and deWet’s Gene Pool System

Informal genetic
perspective

Primary gene pool:

Biological species

Secondary gene
pool : Allele transfer
a struggle

Tertiary gene pool:

Outer limit of potential
genetic reach.

Every other plant ?

 Classification of plant genetic
resource
 Cultivated species
1. Commercial varieties
2. Landraces or traditional local varieties
3. Breeding lines
4. Special genetic stocks
 wild species
1. For direct use
2. For Indirect use
3. Potentially utilizable
Commercial varieties

Standardized and commercialized

varieties

Cultivars

They have been obtained by
professional plant breeder

They are characterized by high
productivity and high genetic
vulnerability
 Landrace

They are primitive varieties which have evolved
over centuries or even millennia and have been
influenced decisively by migration and both
natural and artificial selection

There is a large diversity between and within
these varieties

They are adapted to survive in unfavorable
condition, have low but stable levels of
productivity and are characteristic of
subsistence agriculture

Greatest attention, due to:

1. the abundance of potentially useful genetic
variation they contain in already co-adapted
gene complexes
2. The speed with which they are disappearing
when replaced by commercial varieties
Breeding lines

They are materials obtained by plant breeder as
intermediate product

They have a narrow genetics base because they have
originated from a small number of varieties or
populations
 Special genetic stock

Stocks include other genetic combination, such as:
1. Mutant
2. Inter-specific hybridization product
3. Somatic hybridization product
4. Transgenic product
 Center of diversity
• Penyebaran plasma nutfah didunia dibagi ke dalam beberapa center of
origin. Juga dikenal sebagai Center of genetic diversity
• Center of origin cultivar spesies
– Pusat asal spesies disuatu daerah dimana terjadi keragaman terbesar
dalam spesies tersebut.

Primary center

Center of
origin
Secondary center
Vavilov centers – centers of plant diversity and
areas of origin for agriculture
 Center of origin
(Nikolai Ivanovic Vavilov)
• Primary center: daerah pusat dimana daerah
tersebut merupakan asal dari spesies dan
juga merupakan daerah yang memiliki
keragaman tertinggi dari spesies tersebut.
 Center of diversity
• Secondary center: daerah yang memiliki
keragaman terbesar dari salah satu tipe
spesies yang berkembang luas didaerah
tersebut dan merupakan hasil migrasi
dari primary center. Namun bukan
merupakan daerah asal dari spesies
tersebut

– Contohnya pada tanaman jagung primary

centernya di Mexico sedangkan secondary area
untuk jagung tipe lilin terdapat di China.
 Distribution of plant genetic
resources

The genetic variability of cultivated plants is
not randomly distributed throughout the
world

Zhukovsky (1965) identified 12 megagene
centers of crop-plant diversity and a number
of microgene center of wild growing species
related to crop plants

Zeven & Zukovsky (1975) listed the species
for different megagene center and the range
and extent of distribution of its diversity
 Megagene (Zeven & Zukovsky, ‘75)
Regions
Soybean, of
Chinese-Japanese region Citrus,diversity
Litchi, Bamboo, Rami, Tea
Indochinese-Indonesian Rice, Mango, Banana, Rambutan, Durian, Bread fruit,
region Bamboo, Sago palm, Ginger, Coconut
Australian region Eucalyptus, Acacia, Macademia
Hindustani region Rice, Eggplant, Okra, cucumber, Banana, Mango
Central Asian region Onion, Radish, Carrot, Sesame
Near Eastern region Pear, Apple, Pea, Sesame
Mediterranean region Durum, olive, Radish
African region Durum, Cotton, kenaf, coffee
European Siberian region Peach, Chicory

South American region Potato, Tobacco, Tomato, Groundnut, cassava, cacao,

rubber
Central American and Maize, Chili, Cotton
Mexican region
North American region Sunflower, plum, strawberry
Why to conserve germplasms?

The selection and purification of landraces lead to the

•The
more uniformity and less genetic variability within the
improved cultivars.

The choice to grow only the preferred plants is called

"monocropping",
monocropping", which can bring the loss of genetic
variability of the wild species in the near future, unless
certain measures of conservation of the wild species and
the primitive landraces are settled.
 Conservation of Plant Genetic
Resources
Objective: To conserve sufficient diversity within
each species to ensure that its genetic potential
will be fully available for breeding work

Two types:
1. In Situ (alamiah)
2. Ex Situ (dalam bentuk koleksi)
These two system should be considered complementary,
not antagonistic
 In situ conservation

It consists in the legal protection of the area and
habitat in which the species grows

This is the preferred technique for wild plant

The advantage is the evolutionary dynamics of the
species are maintained

The drawback is the cost, and the social and political
difficulties which occasionally arise

Ex situ conservation

It implies the collection of representative samples of
the genetic variability of a population/cultivar, and
their maintenance in germ-plasm banks or botanical
gardens as seeds, shoots, in vitro culture, plants

It is mainly used for cultivated plants multiplied by
clone seeds
Advantage
1. The control materials in a small
space under intensive care
2. The materials is easily access to
plant breeder
Drawback
1. The germ-plasm cease to evolve,
and the natural processes of
selection and continuous
adaptation to local habitat are
halted
2. Genetic drift (random loss of
diversity due to the fact that the
samples collected and multiplied
are necessarily very small)
3. Selection pressure (the material
is usually multiplied in
phytoecogeographical area
different from those where it was
collected)
Germplasm Management
• Acquisition
• Maintenance
• Regeneration
• Documentation and
Data Management
• Distribution
• Characterization
• Evaluation
• Enhancement
Domestication: The process by which people try
to control the reproductive rates of animals
and plants. Without knowledge on the
transmission of traits from parents to their
offspring.
 Domestication of crops: i.e. selection for non-shattering trait
• Barley (Hordeum vulgare): Fertile Crescent < 9,000 BC
• Wheat (Triticum spp): Fertile Crescent < 8,000 BC
• Beans (Phaseolus spp): Middle and South America < 7,000 BC
• Rice (Oryza sativa): South of Himalaya Mtns. <6,000 BC
• Corn (Zea mays): Mexico/Guatemala < 3,000 BC
• Soybean (Glycine max): C. China < 2,800 BC
• Peanut (Arachis hypogaea): S. America < 1,800 BC
• Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): Africa < 1,000 BC
 Domestication of crops:
Nature versus Man Selections
Nature:
• Shattering (generally a dominant trait that insures survival by
dispersing seed of the next generation. Consider the corn plant;
could it survive with mankind?
• many small seed
• non-uniform maturity
• dormancy
• maintenance of variation (insures survival across variation in
years)
• nature discards most mutations or aberrant types
 Domestication of crops:
Nature versus Man Selections
Mankind:
non-shattering uniform maturity large seed
inc. yield no dormancy higher quality
lodging resist. insect resist. disease resist.
resist. to temp. resist. to drought allelopathy
seedling vigor hard seededness (?)
anther culturability regeneration ability
So PB began as an art, as simple selections by mankind for the types of
plants that were found to be desirable in taste and energy expended per
calorie gained and today is both an art and a science involving many
disciplines.
Crop Domestication

Doebley et al. In Press

•Multiple different independent centers of domestication
•Selective breeding of wild plants and animals began 10,000 years ago
Tugas

Reading Assignment:
Materi kuliah hari ini, minggu depan Feed back (Tugas
12-Sept’12) dan tutorial materi minggu ini (plasma
nutfah, domestikasi dan introduksi tanaman)
Review……(check this out..!)

1. What’s PGR? (Plasma nutfah….??

2. Why germplasm so important?
3. Cause of genetic erosion?
4. Germplasm category?
5. Crop domestication? Natural vs Man
selection ?
6. Plant introduction? What for? Process?
Terima kasih
Next week lecture ( 2012)

- Mode of reproduction and its genetic

consequences

-Pollination
-Fertilisation
-Hybridization
-Gene recombination