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Journals & Magazines > IEEE Communications Magazine > Volume: 42 Issue: 6
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Ultra wideband antenna Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurements

in Reverberation Chamber Using Plane
Wave Decomposition
Publisher: IEEE IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation
Published: 2013
2 Author(s) K.Y. Yazdandoost ; R. Kohno View All Authors

A High-Isolation, Ultra-Wideband
Simultaneous Transmit and Receive
Antenna With Monopole-Like Radiation
Characteristics
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IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation
56 1837 Collabratec
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Abstract Abstract: Ultra wideband antennas are specifically designed to transmit and/or receive
very short time durations of electromagnetic energy. It is well known that UWB antenna
Document Sections design... View more
1. Introduction Metadata
Abstract:

2. Resonant
Ultra wideband antennas are specifically designed to transmit and/or receive very short
Antenna
time durations of electromagnetic energy. It is well known that UWB antenna design
3. The Nonresonant remains the major factor in the progress of UWB technology. This article describes a
Antenna study of conventional antennas and why they are not suitable for a UWB system.
4. The Uwb Antenna

Published in: IEEE Communications Magazine ( Volume: 42 , Issue: 6 , June 2004 )
5. Conclusion
Page(s): S29 - S32 INSPEC Accession Number: 8011698

Authors
Date of Publication: 14 June 2004 DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2004.1304230
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ISSN Information: Publisher: IEEE
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Citations Introduction
Keywords
The radio spectrum is finite, but wireless communication is increasing
exponentially. Therefore, there is a need for new technology that can
Metrics
open a new door to wireless communication. Ultra wideband (UWB)
could be a possible solution to this problem.
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Ultra wideband, though not a recent technology, is currently receiving

special attention and is quite a hot topic in industry and academia. UWB
technology is based on the use of very narrow pulses on the order of
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The primary objective of this study was to gather information on
conventional antennas and why they are not suitable for UWB systems. Contents
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Antennas can be classified as either resonant or nonresonant, depending
on their design. In a resonant antenna, if the antenna works in a
resonant frequency, almost all of the radio signal fed to the antenna is
radiated. But if the antenna is fed with a frequency other than a resonant
one, a large portion of the fed signal will not be radiated. With a
resonant antenna, if the frequency range is very wide, a separate antenna
must be used for each frequency. On the other hand, a nonresonant
antenna can cover a wide frequency range, but special care must be
taken in antenna design to achieve sufficient antenna efficiency.
Moreover, the physical size of available nonresonant antennas is
inappropriate for portable UWB devices. Even with appropriate size and
sufficient efficiency, until now nonresonant antennas have not been
suitable for UWB systems.
Figure 1.
The radiating element
It is very difficult to set up figures of merit between UWB and

conventional antennas, because the traditional performance
considerations are based on continuous wave or narrowband theory. It is
obvious that more basic concepts should be kept in mind when a
conventional approach is used for UWB technology. The goal of the
UWB antenna designer is to design an antenna with small size,
omnidirectional patterns, and simple structure that produces low
distortion but can provide large bandwidth.
Resonant Antenna
A device that uses an oscillating distribution to produce electromagnetic

radiation is called an antenna. The most common and easiest antennas
for communications are wire antennas. They are the cheapest, simplest,
and most flexible antennas for many applications. They can be made of
very thin wire, thicker wire, or a cylinder.
One of the simplest practical antennas is the dipole antenna [1]. A

Hertzian electric dipole or current element is a short sinusoidally varying
current element. The term short current element indicates that its length
is short in comparison with a wavelength at the drive frequency; thus,
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To be aware of the connection between the charge dipole and the time-
varying current element, let's consider a pair of electric charges at the Contents
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end of a dipole that vary sinusoidally with time such that at any instant
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the two charges have equal magnitude but opposite sign. The current in
a Hertzian dipole is equal to the rate of change of the charges.
Figure 2.
The RLC circuit of a resonant antenna
Figure 3.
An electromagnetic wave by a dipole antenna.
The Hertzian dipole is an inefficient radiator due to the need for a large
amount of voltage to produce a large current. However, this large
amount of voltage does not contribute to the radiated power [2]. The
resonant dipole was the solution to the inefficiency of the Hertzian
dipole.
Propagation time is an important parameter in the radiating elements.

Thus, if an ac current is flowing in the radiating element as shown in Fig.
1, the effect of the current is not straightaway at point P , but only after a
period of time necessary to propagate over distance r [3]. The current I
in the Fig. 1 is the time varying current.
From Lorentz equations, one can introduce the time of propagation to

the current Therefore, Fig. 1 makes it clear that current I at point P with
distance r from the radiating element at time t occurs at an earlier time
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To get a clear understanding of resonant antennas, let's apply a
sinusoidal Current to the RLC circuit [4] as shown in Fig. 2. Contents
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At resonant frequency the current in the inductance I could be
L
obtained as [4]
Z R
IL = I0 (cos ωt − sin ωt) (1)
R Z
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where Z is the impedance of circuit, R is the resistance, ω is the radian

frequency, and t is time.
Equation (1) can be rewritten as
Figure 4.
Fundamental understanding of a log periodic dipole antenna.
Figure 5.
The basic arrangement of a spiral antenna.
R
IL = I (cos ωt − sin ωt) (2)
Z
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of these sufficientlyTo
small that
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more, be neglected, the term
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(R/Z ) )sinωt will be zero, and term cos ωt will remain.
The term cosωt shows the behavior of the resonant antenna. The
principle of resonance in this antenna has been used to increase the Contents
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current [4]. If we look at the current distributions of a thin full wave
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dipole with center feed, wefind that the radiating current increases in
proportion to the resonating current. If an impulse of UWB is fed to such
a n antenna, a ringing effect will occur.
The reason dipole antennas are not suitable for a UWB system is due to
standing waves because of reflection from the endpoints of the antenna,
as seen in Fig. 3.
The Nonresonant Antenna
An antenna designed to have approximately constant input impedance

and radiation characteristics over a wide range of frequencies is called a
nonresonant or frequency-independent antenna.
In a nonresonant antenna the maximum dimension is set by the lower

frequency limit, but the higher frequency limit will be chosen by how
precisely the input terminal region can be constructed [5]. Of course,
experimental frequency-independent operation is only over a limited
frequency band [5].
Figure 6.
A prototype of a thin and small antenna on FR-4 substrate
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Figure 7.
a) The current distribution and b) equivalent LC circuits of the antenna. Contents
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PDF
If the impedance and radiation characteristic of an antenna do not

change significantly over about an octave or more, the antenna will be
called a wideband antenna [6].
Through the theory of a sinusoidal wave antenna, one can find that,
there are many types of antenna that could propagate nonsinusoidal
waves. Log periodic and spiral antennas are examples of wideband
antennas, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
However, these antennas are likely to be dispersive and inappropriate

for short (UWB) pulses. They radiate different frequency components
from different parts of the antennas. Therefore, the radiated waveform
will be extended and distorted. In essence, a trade-off is necessary to
obtain an efficient, electrically small antenna suitable for the application
under discussion here.
The Uwb Antenna
UWB short-range wireless communication, which makes use of data

transmission in the 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency band, is different from a
traditional carrier wave system. A UWB system sends very low power
pulses, below the transmission noise threshold.
In UWB communications, the antennas are significant pulse-shaping

filters. Any distortion of the signal in the frequency domain (filtering)
causes distortion of the transmitted pulse shape, thereby increasing the
complexity of the detection mechanism at the receiver.
UWB antennas require the phase center and voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) to be constant across the whole bandwidth of operation. A
change in phase center may cause distortion on the transmitted pulse
and worse performance at the receiver.
The antenna design for UWB signal radiation is one of the main
challenges, especially when low-cost geometrically small and radio-
efficient structures are required for typical applications.
A UWB antenna has been designed by the author at the National

Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) [7].
The antenna prototype is shown in Fig. 6. The proposed antenna has a
single metallic layer, and is printed on a FR4 substrate with relative
permittivity of ε = 4.4 and thickness of h = 0.5 mm .
r
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Figure 8.
The VSWR of the proposed antenna
Figure 9.
The antenna radiation pattern of 3.1 GHz.
Figure 10.
The antenna radiation pattern ot 5.1 GHz.
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Figure 11.
The antenna radintion pettern of 7.1 GHz.
The fundamental understanding of the wideband mechanism of the

proposed antenna is demonstrated in Fig. 7 Each part of the antenna
responds to the LC circuit at the initial frequency. The current flow from
the feeding points to the antenna and the values of L and C are
determined by these currents. While two resonant circuits couple
together, it will act as wide bandwidth. The antenna is designed for
VSWR < 3. As can be seen in Fig. 8, the antennacovers approximately the
whole range of UWB communication frequency, 3.1–10.6 GHz.
Figures 9–12 plot the radiation patterns in Φ ∘

= 0 , 45
∘
, and 90° at 3.1,
5.1, 7.1, and 9.1 GHz.
Conclusion
Antennas are a demanding part of UWB technology. Conventional

antennas are designed to radiate only over the relatively narrow range of
frequencies used in conventional narrowband systems. If an impulse is
fed to such an antenna, it tends toh ring, severely distorting the pulse
and spreading it out in time.
Study of resonant antennas has shown that this kind of antenna is not
suitable for a UWB system, because a resonant antenna can only radiate
sinusoidal waves on the resonant frequency.
On the other hand, making an effective nonresonant antenna is not an

easy task. One of the easiest ways to make a UWB antenna is to put the
antenna resonating frequency above the UWB band. But as the physical
dimensions of the antenna get small, the antenna will lose efficiency. The
other. way is to build an antenna with a lower quality factor, which
results wider bandwidth with less efficiency.
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Figure 12.
The antenna radiation pattern of 9.1 GHz.
The challenge of wide-bandwidth antennas is well understood in other

applications, but the challenge of wide-bandwidth antennas for UWB
applications is ongoing, and more work needs to be done.
Moreover, the chip design of a UWB antenna needs an appropriate

antenna configuration. Also, for products such as camcordera, the UWB
antenna must be small enough.
The UWB printed antenna proposed by the author has attractive features
of straightforwardness and tiny size.
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10/14/2019 Ultra wideband antenna - IEEE Journals & Magazine

Browse My Settings Get Help

Ultra wideband antenna Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurements

2 Author(s) K.Y. Yazdandoost ; R. Kohno View All Authors

Top Organizations with Patents

4. The Uwb Antenna

Page(s): S29 - S32 INSPEC Accession Number: 8011698

Ultra wideband, though not a recent technology, is currently receiving

It is very difficult to set up figures of merit between UWB and

A device that uses an oscillating distribution to produce electromagnetic

One of the simplest practical antennas is the dipole antenna [1]. A

Propagation time is an important parameter in the radiating elements.

From Lorentz equations, one can introduce the time of propagation to

where Z is the impedance of circuit, R is the resistance, ω is the radian

Equation (1) can be rewritten as

The Nonresonant Antenna

An antenna designed to have approximately constant input impedance

In a nonresonant antenna the maximum dimension is set by the lower

If the impedance and radiation characteristic of an antenna do not

However, these antennas are likely to be dispersive and inappropriate

The Uwb Antenna

UWB short-range wireless communication, which makes use of data

In UWB communications, the antennas are significant pulse-shaping

A UWB antenna has been designed by the author at the National

The fundamental understanding of the wideband mechanism of the

Figures 9–12 plot the radiation patterns in Φ ∘

Antennas are a demanding part of UWB technology. Conventional

On the other hand, making an effective nonresonant antenna is not an

The challenge of wide-bandwidth antennas is well understood in other

Moreover, the chip design of a UWB antenna needs an appropriate

US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333

IEEE Account Purchase Details Profile Information Need Help?

» View Purchased Documents » Technical Interests » Contact & Support

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