Chapter 10: MENSURATION

10. 1. Perimeter
“Perimeter is the distance covered along the boundary forming a closed figure when you go round the
figure once.”
Perimeter of the following regular figures is as follows:
10.1.1. Perimeter of a Rectangle: A rectangular has 4 sides. Out of these four sides, opposite sides are
equal in length. Let the sides be a and b

Perimeter of a Rectangle = Sum of all sides

= a + a + b +b = 2a+2b
= 2(a+b)
So we get: Perimeter of a rectangle = length + breadth + length + breadth
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth)

10.1.2. Perimeter of a square: A square has 4 sides and they are equal in length. Let the side of a square
be l

Perimeter of a square = Sum of the lengths of the sides of the square

= l +l + l + l
= 4l
Perimeter of a square = 4 × length of a side

10.1.3. Perimeter of Equilateral triangle

A triangle has 3 sides. “An equilateral triangle is a triangle with three sides which are equal in length.”
Let the side of an equilateral triangle be of z
Perimeter of an Equilateral triangle = Sum of the lengths of the sides of the square
= z+ z +z
= 3z
Perimeter of an equilateral triangle = 3 × length of a side

10.1.4. Regular Closed Figures

Figures having all the sides of equal length and all the angles of equal measure are known as regular
closed figures. Therefore a square and an equilateral triangle are regular closed figures.
Problem: Find the perimeter of each of the following figure:

Solution:

Perimeter = Sum of all Sides

= 1 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 2.5 + 2.5 = 2+8+1+5
= 16 cm
Problem: What is the length of the wooden strip required to frame a photograph of length and breadth 32
cm and 21 cm respectively?
Solution: The length of wooden strip is given by the perimeter of the photo frame as perimeter is the sum
of all sides. Since the photo frame is rectangular in shape, its perimeter is:
Perimeter = 2(length + breadth)
Here, length = 32 cm and breadth = 21 cm
Perimeter = 2(32 + 21)
= 2(53)
= 106 cms
Therefore, the length of wooden strip required is 106cms.
Problem: The perimeter of a regular pentagon is 100 cm. How long is its each side?
Solution: Pentagon is a polygon with five sides of equal length.

Perimeter = Sum of all sides = 5a

Thus, 5a = 100 cm
a = 100/5 = 20 cm
Therefore, the length of each side of a pentagon is 20 cm
10.2. Area
The amount of surface enclosed by a closed figure is called its area.
10.2.1. Area of a Square:

Area of the square = side × side = l2

10.2.2. Area of a Rectangle:
Area of a rectangle = (length × breadth)
Problem: The area of a rectangular garden 50 m long is 300 sq. m. Find the width of the garden.
Solution:

Let the width of the garden be of b m.

Since the garden is rectangular in shape, we get:
Area of a Rectangle = length * breadth = 50*b
50*b = 300
b = 300/50
b=6m
The width of the garden is 6m.
Problem: A floor is 5 m long and 4 m wide. A square carpet of sides 3 m is laid on the floor. Find the area
of the floor that is not carpeted.
Solution:

Area of the rectangular floor = length*breadth = 5*4 = 20m2

Area of the square carpet = Side2 = 3*3 = 9m2
Remaining area on the floor = (20 -9) m2 = 11m2
 Chapter 14: PRACTICAL GEROMETRY

14. 1 - Introduction
This chapter deals with methods of drawing geometrical shapes.
To draw these shapes, various instruments are used. Firstly we are reminding some of instruments.
One of the basic instruments is a RULER. “A ruler in an instruments box is graduated into centimetres
along one edge (and sometimes into inches along the other edge).”

Another instrument that is commonly used is a COMPASS. “Compass is a pair – a pointer on one end
and a pencil on the other. It is used to draw arcs and circles.”

“The DIVIDER is a pair of pointers; it is used to compare lengths”

SET-SQUARES are two triangular pieces – one of them has 45°, 45°, 90° angles at the vertices and the
other has 30°, 60°, 90° angles at the vertices. It is used to draw perpendicular and parallel lines.

THE PROTRACTOR is a semi-circular device graduated into 180 degree-parts. The measure starts from
0° on the right hand side and ends with 180° on the left hand side and vice-versa and it is used to draw
and measure angles.
Using the ruler and compasses, the following constructions can be made:
 A circle, when the length of its radius is known.

 A line segment, if its length is given.

 A copy of a line segment.

 A perpendicular to a line through a point

1. on the line 2. Not on the line.

14.2 - Construction of a Circle of a given radius

“A circle is a combination of points such that every point is equidistant from the centre.”
Problem 1: Draw a circle of radius 3.2 cms.
 Open the compasses and measure a distance of 3.2 cm on the ruler. To do this one, metal end tip
of the compass should be placed at zero and the pencil should be at 3.2 cms.

 Mark a point with a sharp pencil where we want the centre of the circle to be. Name it as O.
 Place the pointer (metal tip) of the compasses on O. The width of the compass should not be
altered.
 Turn the compasses slowly to draw the circle. Please see that the movement is completed around
in one instant.
Problem 2: Draw any circle and mark points A, B and C such that
(a) A is on the circle. (b) B is in the interior of the circle. (c) C is in the exterior of the circle.
On the circle means, the point is on the boundary of the circle. Interior means it is inside the circle and
exterior means the point is outside the circle.

14. 3 - A Line Segment

“A line segment is bounded by two fixed end points. A line segment can be constructed using a ruler only
and by using a ruler and a compass.”
Using a ruler only
Problem: Construct a line segment of length 5.6 cm using a ruler only.
 A ruler is taken and zero is marked at one end. Let this point be marked as A.
 The other point is marked at the required length, that is, 5.6 cm. Let this point be marked as B.

 Now, AB is the required line segment.

Using a Ruler and a Compass

Problem: Construct a line segment of length 5.6 cm using ruler and compasses.
 Draw a line l. Mark a point A on a line l.
  Place the compasses pointer on the zero mark of the ruler. Open it to place the pencil point upto
the 5.6 cm mark.

 Please see that the opening of the compasses has not changed, place the pointer on A and swing
an arc to cut l at B.

 AB is a line segment of required length.

14. 4 - Constructing a copy of a given line segment

One way of copying a line segment is simply measuring it and drawing a line segment of the measured
length. This can also be done by using a ruler and compass.
Problem: Draw any line segment PQ. Without measuring PQ, construct a copy of PQ.
 Given PQ whose length is not known.

 Fix the compasses pointer on P and the pencil end on Q. The width of the compass now gives the
length of PQ

 Draw any line l. Choose a point C on l. Without changing the compasses setting, place the metal
pointer on C.
  Swing an arc that cuts l at a point, say, D. Now CD is a copy of PQ.

14. 5 - Perpendiculars
“Two lines (or rays or segments) are said to be perpendicular if they intersect such that the angles formed
between them are right angles.”

The corners meet at right angles.

A perpendicular can be drawn using a compass and a ruler.

Problem: Draw a line l and a point X on it. Through X, draw a line segment XY perpendicular to l.
Solution:
 Given a line l Take a point X not on it.

 With X as centre, draw an arc which intersects line l at two points A and B.

 Using the same radius and with A and B as centres, construct two arcs that intersect at a point,
say Y, on the other side.
 Join XY. Thus, XY is perpendicular to l.
14. 6 - Perpendicular Bisector of a line segment
AB is the perpendicular bisector of XX` because of two reasons:
 AB divides XX` into two parts of equal length. So, OX =OX`.
 Angle AOX and BOX are right angles.
Hence it is perpendicular as well as bisects the line segment.
‘Perpendicular bisector is same as the axis symmetry.’

Perpendicular bisector is drawn in the following way using a compass and ruler.
Problem: Draw AB of length 7.3 cm and find its axis of symmetry.
Solution:
 Draw a line segment AB of 7.3 cms.
 With A as centre, using compasses draw a circle. The radius of your circle should be more than
half the length of AB.
 With the same radius and with B as centre, draw another circle using compasses. Let it cut the
previous circle at C and D.
 Join CD. It cuts AB at O. Use your divider to verify that O is the midpoint of AB.
 Also verify that Angles COA and COB are right angles. Therefore, CD is the perpendicular
bisector of AB.

14. 7 - Construction of an Angle

This is how an angle and its related aspects are constructed.
When the angle of a given measure is constructed.
  Draw AB of any length.
 Place the centre of the protractor at A and the zero edge along AB.
 Start with zero near B. Mark point C at 75°.
 Join AC. BAC is the required angle.
Problem: Draw an angle BAC of measure 75.
Solution:
 Firstly, AB is drawn of any length.

 The centre of the protactor is placed at A and Starting with zero near B, 75 degree is marked at C.

 Angle BAC is 75 degree.

10. 8 - Construction of bisector of an angle with ruler and compass.

 Draw AB line segment. With A as centre and using compasses, draw an arc that cuts both rays of
A. Label the points of intersection as B and C.
 With B as centre, draw (in the interior of A) an arc whose radius is more than half the length BC.
 With the same radius and with C as centre, draw another arc in the interior of A. Let the two arcs
intersect at D. Then AD is the required bisector of A.

Problem: Draw an angle of measure 75° and find its line of symmetry.
Solution:
 Firstly, Angle of 75 degree is drawn using a protactor.

 With A as centre and using compasses, draw an arc that cuts both rays of A. Label the points of
intersection as B and C. With B as centre, draw (in the interior of A) an arc whose radius is more
than half the length BC. With the same radius and with C as centre, draw another arc in the
interior of A. Let the two arcs intersect at D. Then AD is the required bisector of A.
  Now, we know angle A is 75 degree while angle DAC is 37.5 degree since AD is the bisector of
Angle A.
Special Angle
There are some special angles
(a) 90 (b) 45 (c) 60 (d) 30 (e) 120 (f) 135
degrees which can be constructed in the following way.
Problem: Construct an angle of 90 degrees.
Solution:
 Draw any line PQ and take a point O on it.
 Place the pointer of the compasses at O and draw an arc of convenient radius which cuts the line
at A.

 Without disturbing the radius on the compasses, draw an arc with A as centre which cuts the first
arc at B. If OB is joined, Angle BOA will be 60 degree.
 Again without disturbing the radius on the compasses and with B as centre, draw an arc which
cuts the first arc at C. If OC is joined, Angle COA will be 120 degree.

 Now a cut is made from the both the points B and C and the point at which they intersect is
labeled as D.
 Now, angle DOQ is a right angle.