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Evaluation of Calamansi Peel
Evaluation of Calamansi Peel
Introduction
cars. Regardless of its extensive uses, it remains a contributor to air pollution due
this, almost all gasoline is blended with ethanol which reduces its harmful
emissions.
corn, and cassava as feedstock for ethanol). And using these feedstocks causes
the decrease of agricultural lands used for food production. Hence, this can
production. It is either from plants containing sugar and starch or from non-food
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Furthermore, Calamansi is normally used for food production, as a
condiment and can also be used as a bleaching agent, stain remover, shampoo
or even insect repellant. Along with these uses, its peels are often treated as a
residual waste and no longer used after its juice is extracted. These peels
properties. These different properties make Calamansi peel suitable for ethanol
production plus its richness in carbohydrates and low lignin content. In line with
this, the researchers came up with the proposal to evaluate the Calamansi Peel
alternative bio fuel additive for gasoline. Particularly, this study aims:
1.1. Drying
1.2. Grinding
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3. Extraction by enzymatic hydrolysis using Aspergillus Niger Enzymes
in terms of:
This study aims to produce alternative biofuel additive for gasoline from
the peel of Calamansi. And if this study will be proven potent and provident, this
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First, this study will be of great help at different sectors like the fuel sector
as it set an additional alternatives for fuel . Aside from helping to lessen the
waste produced by companies after extracting its juice, it will be useful to the
biofuel causing shortage of food and feed supplies. And to the environment
sector, this study will help environmental problems be reduced as blending of the
to our health.
about the properties of Calamansi peel as an additive. Also, the concepts and
principles applied in the study will enable them to be knowledgeable about the
Lastly, to the future researchers conducting such like study may use this
as a reference.
alternative biofuel additive for gasoline. Moreover, this study will cover the
Calamansi peels that will be used in the whole experiment will be collected from
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extracted juice. Also, percent yield will be evaluated in this study. Properties of
On the other hand, this study will be limited only on the evaluation of
calamansi peel as a possible alternative biofuel additive to gasoline and will not
cover the determination of the properties and the consumption rate of gasoline
Conceptual Framework
To describe the overall process and concepts regarding this study, the
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Definition of Terms
The following terms were defined based on the actual denotative meaning
and based on the way they were used in this study in order to understand some
temperature it will ignite without a source of ignition such as flame and spark.
gasoline causing less harmful emission and normally from crop rich in starch.
Enzymes. It is any of various protein, as pepsin, originating from living cells and
enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Peel. It is the outer layer of a fruit or vegetable that is peeled off. Calamansi Peel
Production Yield. It is the difference between the actual output and the standard
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
synthesis that were considered to be vital in the pursuance of the research study.
Conceptual Literature
This contains the literal section from the different sources and unfinished
Fruit Peeling
Fruit peeling or fruit skin is the outer covering in fruits that protects the
Orozco et al., fruit peeling are a remarkable source of sugar among the
TABLE 1
Average Waste Produced of Fruits in the Philippines
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TABLE 1
Average Waste Produced of Fruits in the Philippines
5 Papaya 9, 815
6 Watermelon 7, 302
7 Durian 5, 148
8 Mandarin 4, 517
9 Jackfruit 2, 756
10 Orange 1, 818
Calamansi
Citrus family. The tree is a low set, spreading and well-branched. the leaves are
oval, broad and pale green and dark green on the lower and upper surfaces,
respectively. The fruit is usually round and small, may be thick or thin. Calamansi
and purees, while the peels are processed into jams, candies, and marmalades.
The pulp can be utilized into beverages, syrups, and concentrates. (Food and
times to Indonesia and in the Philippines. It is the most important Citrus juice
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source in the Philippine Islands and is widely grown in India and throughout
for its characteristics of a good source of Vitamin C, its attractive color and
diameter of 4 cm or less with color ranging from yellowish to green and the peak
season for fruit production is from June to October. In terms of production, it has
a higher production rate than the other citrus fruits since it is grown in commercial
scale in some areas (Calamansi Fact Sheet, 2003). Table 2 shows the
TABLE 2
Components of Calamansi Fruit
Components Percentage(%)
Juice 31
Pulp 20
Seed 19
Peel 30
Bioethanol
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yeast digest the sugar contained in the biomass. The process releases
additive.
fuel of the future” and designed his famous Model T to be able to run on pure
bioethanol, which also made it easy for the first car-owners to refuel at home
amongst the different mechanical size reduction methods that have been used to
These treatments increase the available specific surface area, and reduce both
the degree of polymerization (DP) and cellulose crystallinity (Sun and Cheng,
2002). Grinding and milling can reduce the particle size to 0.2-2 mm. Grinding
and milling are more effective at reducing the particle size and cellulose
crystallinity that chipping probably as result of the shear forces generated during
biomass. The lignin structure is broken down to make the cellulose and
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1.3 Hot Water Pretreatment
less xylose degradation and thus has fewer byproducts including inhibitory
compound in the extracts. Hot water under pressure can break the cell structure
process that has been studied for the last 100 years. Generally, there are two
types of acid hydrolysis: dilute and concentrated, each having unique properties
terms of economics.
2. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
cellulose is initially broken down at the solid-liquid interface via synergistic action
3. Fermentation
or alcohol. It occurs I'm yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle
cells. Fermentation is also used more broadly to refer to the bulk growth of
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microorganisms on a growth medium, often with goal of producing a specific
chemical product.
4. Distillation
components, which have different boiling points, into gas phase. The gas is then
condensed back into liquid form and collected. Repeating the process on the
collected liquid to improve the purity of the product is called double distillation.
Although the term is most commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can
Research Literature
Local Studies
sun drying of mango peels was done for a maximum of 10 hours per day. The
Indian mango peel were powdered and mixed with water to form slurry. 1-L of tap
water was added to 200g of macerated peelings in wide mouth open glass
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container. Then, the prepared slurry was weighted and placed in a flask.
be adjusted by adding NaOH pellets. The solutions allowed to soak for 48 hours.
The flask was placed in a magnetic stirrer at 100rpm to make sure that
substrates will come in contact with treatment solution (Srinokutara et.al., 2003).
After alkaline peroxide pretreatment, substrate was washed using tap water until
stirring was carried out for the proper mixing of the enzymes and to prevent the
performed in the water bath shaker at 50C for 72 hours. The supernatant was
separated from the mixture by centrifugation at 400 rpm for 30 minutes. The
citrate buffer was prepared prior to enzyme loading. The sodium citrate buffer
solution was prepared by diluting 7.69g of sodium citrate and 5.013 of citric acid
to 500mL of distilled water. The flask with 10g of pretreated pili fruit coating were
loaded with 150 mL of prepared sodium citrate buffer. The cellulase (25mL,
30mL, and 35mL) was loaded with a enzyme activity of 600U/mL, and
consecutively to the substrate. The prepared flash were placed in a water bath
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shake at 50C for 84 hours. The samples were withdrawn after 60hrs, 72hrs, and
84 hrs and were centrifuged in a desktop centrifuge for the determination of total
sugar.
turned to oranges, with a new method for producing ethanol for his biofuel
inspiration. The fact that Florida is swimming in oranges illustrates the unfolding
potential of the biofuel industry. In contrast to fossil fuels, which are often
shipped long distances to their point of use, biofuel production can be tailored to
biofuel from microbes and sunlight. As for the connection between biofuel and
(https://cleantechnica.com/2010/02/25/a-sustainble-recipe-for-biofuel-ethanol-
from-orange-peels-and-tobacco/)
Orange peels are the major solid by-product. Dried orange peels have a high
fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. One problem when using orange peels
as raw material is its content of peel oils (mainly D-limonene), which has an
concentrations.(https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8912/2198dd281484fe2abfbac0
645c270880d7b6.pdf)
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C. Ethanol Production from citrus Peel Waste
production due to its richness in fermentable sugars and low lignin content. Citrus
However, it acts as a microbial growth inhibitor for yeast during the fermentation
thickening agent, gelling agent, and stabilizer in the food industry. Since pectin
using pectinase enzyme. Thus, the removal and recovery of both D-limonene
and pectin from citrus peel are essential for better fermentation. For bioethanol
production, pretreatment plays a crucial role in the utilization of citrus peels since
review solely describes the potential of citrus waste for value added products
such as d-limonene and pectin and the production of bioethanol from citrus peel
Synthesis
Generally, the revised literature and studies greatly enriched the content
of this study. Despite the found similarities in the cited studies, this study is not a
duplication of their studies, thus, this study has a distinct personality of its own.
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CHAPTER III
Research Design
This study utilizes the experimental method of research and also focused
ethanol from Calamansi peel which then will be used as an additive to gasoline.
The researchers provide a flow diagram (Figure 3.0) to show the procedure that
will be used.
COLLECTION AND
PREPARATION OF CALAMANSI
PEEL
ACID CATALYZED STEAM
PRE - TREATMENT
CELLULOSE CONTENT
D-LIMONENE CONTENT
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
FERMENTATION
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DISTILLATION
EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES
BLENDING
grinding from various companies then it shall undergo a pre - treatment to allow
evaluation of properties and blending of the produced biofuel with the gasoline.
extracting juices and treated its peel as a residue. These peels will be washed
using distilled water. These washed peels will be subjected to drying to reduce
excessive moisture content through open sun drying. Lastly, these peelings will
these, several factors will be needed to be optimized such as solid loading, time
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of exposure, and sulfuric acid concentration using acid catalyzed pre - treatment
Produced ethanol will be sent and tested to private sectors for the
Ethanol concentration
Auto-ignition temperature
The possible biofuel additive for gasoline will be obtained through series of
experiment, set ups and data collection. Cautious observation will be used as
yield and production rate. Production yield is the difference between actual
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𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑼𝑪𝑬𝑫 𝑬𝑻𝑯𝑨𝑵𝑶𝑳 𝑭𝑹𝑶𝑴 𝑨𝑪𝑻𝑼𝑨𝑳 𝑬𝑿𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻
PY = 𝑻𝑯𝑬𝑶𝑹𝑬𝑻𝑰𝑪𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑴𝑶𝑼𝑵𝑻 𝑶𝑭 𝑬𝑻𝑯𝑨𝑵𝑶𝑳
While production rate measures the average time needed for a manufacturing
Blending process
• 5:95 • 25 ml • 475 ml
• 10:90 • 50ml • 450 ml
• 15:85 • 75ml • 425 ml
• 20:80 • 100 ml • 400 ml
• 25:75 • 125 ml • 375 ml
FIGURE 3.1
The figure shown above presents the blending ratio equivalent to its
volumetric unit (ml) and using 500 ml or half a liter as a constant volume.
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Evaluation of the Performed Experiment
Statistical treatment
differences among two dissimilar means found in a statistics. This study will use
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