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2) LTE Air Interface
2) LTE Air Interface
OFDMA Principles
Challenges
SC-FDMA Principle
LTE Channel
Multiple Access MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 4 UE 4 5 UE 5
Power
FDMA
1 2 3 4 5
5
TDMA 4
3
2
12
5 3 CDMA
OFDMA 4
3
5
1
1 2
3 1
5
4
4 2 3
2
1
Frequency
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Fourier
Transform Frequency Domain
1
Ts fs
Ts fs
Inverse
time
Fourier
Advantages: Transform frequency f/fs
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a part of
the whole transmission
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while the
power is distributed to all used subcarriers
FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number of
subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power Bandwidth
Frequency
OFDM Signal MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
OFDM: Nutshell MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Frequency-Time Representation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
OFDMA Concept MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Motivation for OFDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Link adaptation
Challenges
1) ISI MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Solution: CP MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
2) Multi-Carrier Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between different carriers, known as Adjacent
Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized; but not too much spaced as the total bandwidth will be wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its adjacent carriers. Nevertheless,
there will always be some interference between the adjacent carriers.
∆fsubcarrier
∆fsub-used
Power Density
Saved
Bandwidth
The price for the optimum subcarrier spacing is the sensitivity of OFDM to frequency errors.
If the receiver’s frequency slips some fractions from the subcarriers center frequencies, then we
encounter not only interference between adjacent carriers, but in principle between all carriers.
This is known as Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and sometimes also referred to as Leakage Effect
in the theory of discrete Fourier transform.
One possible cause that introduces frequency errors is a fast moving Transmitter or Receiver
(Doppler effect).
Frequency Drift MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Frequency Domain
I Low I
Serial to Pass
Generation
CP/Guard
Parallel x0, x1, …, xN-1 A
Binary IQ RF
Converter . IFFT
Coded Split
(Bit . Time
Data Q D
Distrib.) . Low Q
Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2πfct)
s0
y0 y1
yN-1 s1 s2 sN-1
x2 … …
Channel Correction
rotator
Frequency Domain
I
Low Noise Amp.
Bit Distribution
Windowing +
RF
Demodulator
+ Bandpass
D . . . . Soft Bit
FFT
. . . . Coded
A . . . . Data
Q
signal strength
signal autocorreation
D phase correction
j
s’N-1 sN-1 BN-1 0 …
AGC Bit Mapping
LNA gain
Automatic
response
channel
reference
adjust
Gain Control
timee
QPSK
(pilot)
Im
Channel 01 11
Frequency And Timing Sync Estimation d11
sk
Re
d10
00 10
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
OFDMA Parameters
OFDM Parameters MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Frequency Δf
Power
2) Subcarrier Spacing (Δf = 15 KHz) density
Tsymbol = 1/ Δf = 66.7μs
Amplitude
TCP TSYMBOL Frequency
CP SYMBOL T
TS Time
OFDM Key Parameters MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block
5. Sampling rate fs
The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate from UMTS/ HSPA. This was acomplished because the subcarriers
spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE have the same clock timing!
OFDM Recap MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Number of 6 15 25 50 75 100
Resource Blocks
SC FDMA
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDM.
OFDMA SC-FDMA
OFDMA vs SC-FDMA: QPSK MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
From: TS 36.211.
SC-FDMA and OFDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Difference in transmission: for SC-FDMA there is an extra block on the transmission chain:
the FFT block
which should “spread” the input modulation symbols over all the allocated subcarriers
OFDM SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA Principles MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
PAPR is the same as that used for the input modulation symbols
The number of subcarriers which could be allocated for transmission should be multiple of 2,3 and/or 5
This limitation is imposed by the input of the FFT block which is before
the IFFT. This enables efficient implementation of the FFT.
Note that also the number of Resource Blocks should be multiple of
2,3 or/and 5
SC-FDMA Principles MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
SC-FDMA “sub-symbol”
duration
Doubled
Initial bandwidth bandwidth
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1RE is the equivalent of 1 modulation symbol on a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarrier, i.e. 2bits for PSK, 4 bits for 16 QAM & 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 bits for 64QAM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 slot 1 slot
1 ms subframe
Frame Structure: Generic MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Radio Frame Type 1 - FDD MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 OFDM symbols (short CP)
Radio Frame Type 2 - TDD MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
radio frame 10 ms
f
UL/DL
DwPTS
DwPTS
UpPTS
UpPTS
GP
GP
Slot
carrier
subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 2 subframe 3 subframe 4 subframe 5 subframe 6 subframe 7 subframe 8 subframe 9
time
radio frame 10 ms
f
UL/DL
DwPTS
UpPTS
GP
Slot
carrier
subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 2 subframe 3 subframe 4 subframe 5 subframe 6 subframe 7 subframe 8 subframe 9
time
GP (Guard Period)
The guard period between DwPTS and UpPTS determines the maximum cell size.
TDD Frame Configurations MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
LTE Channels
Radio Protocol MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Channel Classification MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Radio Protocols MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
The EUTRAN radio protocol model specifies the protocols terminated between UE and eNB.
The protocol stack follows the standard guidelines for radio protocol architectures (ITU-R
M1035)
Characteristics
The physical layer forms the layer 1 of the protocol stack and provides the basic bit
transmission functionality over air.
In LTE the physical layer is driven by OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the
uplink.
FDD and TDD mode can be combined in the same physical layer.
Physical channels are dynamically mapped to the available resources (physical
resource blocks and antenna ports).
Physical Layer is a block oriented transmission service with certain characteristics
regarding bit rates, delay, collision risk and reliability.
All resource mapping is dynamically driven by the Scheduler
Medium Access Control MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Characteristics
MAC is the lowest layer 2 protocol and its main function is to drive the transport
channels.
From higher layers MAC is fed with logical channels which are in one-to-one
correspondence with radio bearers.
Each logical channel is given a priority and MAC has to multiplex logical channel
data onto transport channels.
In the receiving direction de-multiplexing of logical channels from transport
channels take place.
Further functions of MAC will be collision handling and explicit UE identification
An important function for the performance is the HARQ functionality
Radio Link Control MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Characteristics
RLC instance working in either of the three modes:
• UM (Unacknowledged)
• AM (Acknowledged)
• TM (Transparent)
Which mode is chosen depends on the purpose of the radio bearer.
RLC can thus enhance the radio bearer with ARQ (Automatic Retransmission on
reQuest) using sequence numbered data frames
The second functionality of RLC is the segmentation and reassembly that divides
higher layer data or concatenates higher layer data into data chunks suitable for
transport over transport channels
Packet Data Convergence Protocol MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Characteristics
Each radio bearer uses one PDCP instance.
PDCP is responsible for header compression
(ROHC RObust Header Compression)
Ciphering/deciphering
Characteristics
QoS Control: The RRC protocol will be QoS aware, allowing implementation of radio
bearers with different QoS settings within the UE.
Transfer of NAS Messages: NAS messages are sent and received through the
EUTRAN protocol stack.
RRC provides carrier services for such messages.
Downlink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Logical Channel
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
type of information
MAC priority
UE identification
CCCH
common control ch.
DL Logical Channels
initial access signaling for
RRC_IDLE UE
MCCH
multicast control ch.
MBMS control information for
MTCH
downlink only
Downlink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Transport Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Transport Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Transport Channel (TrCH)
transfer characteristics:
delay, collision risk
supported block sizes and number of blocks
support for HARQ
support for beam-forming
support for DRX/DTX
coding (reliability)
Downlink TrCH static | dynamic resource allocation
support for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
BCH
broadcast channel
carries BCCH
PCH
paging channel
carries PCCH DL Transport Channels
MCH
multicast channel
carries MTCH, MCCH
DL-SCH
Physical
Physical Channels
Channels // Signals
Signals
•• set
set of
of OFDM/SC-FDMA
OFDM/SC-FDMA resource
resource elements;
elements;
•• carry
carry higher
higher layer
layer data
data (physical
(physical channel
channel PhyCH)
PhyCH) or
or
•• used
used internally
internally by
by L1
L1 (physical
(physical channel/signal);
channel/signal);
Downlink
Downlink PhyCH
PhyCH Downlink
Downlink Signal
Signal Uplink
Uplink Signals
Signals Uplink
Uplink PhyCH
PhyCH
PBCH
PBCH DL
DL reference
reference signal
signal Demodulation
Demodulation ref.
ref. signal
signal PUSCH
PUSCH
•• physical •• pre-defined
pre-defined 2-dimensional
2-dimensional •• pre-defined
pre-defined sequence
sequence •• phys.
phys. UL
UL shared
shared channel;
channel;
physical broadcast
broadcast ch.;
ch.;
•• carries orthogonal/pseudo-noise
orthogonal/pseudo-noise sent
sent along
along with
with •• carries
carries UL-SCH;
UL-SCH;
carries BCH
BCH (BCCH);
(BCCH);
sequence;
sequence; PUSCH/PUCCH
PUSCH/PUCCH
•• used
used for
for DL
DL channel
channel •• used
used for
for uplink
uplink channel
channel PUCCH
PDSCH
PDSCH PUCCH
estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation; estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation;
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL shared
shared channel;
channel; •• phys.
phys. UL
UL control
control channel;
channel;
•• carries
DL
DL synch.
synch. signal
signal Sounding
Sounding ref.
ref. signal
signal •• L1
carries PCH
PCH and
and DL-SCH;
DL-SCH; L1 information
information
•• 11 of
of 33 pre-defined
pre-defined •• pre-defined
pre-defined (long)
(long)
PMCH
PMCH sequences
sequences (Zadoff-Chu);
(Zadoff-Chu); sequence
sequence sent
sent alone;
alone; PRACH
•• associated
associated withwith cell-id;
cell-id; •• used
used by
by NW
NW toto optimize
optimize
PRACH
•• phys.
phys. multicast
multicast channel;
channel; •• used
used forfor cell
cell detection
detection and
and channel
channel dependent
dependent •• phys.
phys. random
random access
access
•• carries
carries MCH;
MCH; initial
initial time/phase
time/phase synch.;
synch.; scheduling;
scheduling; (channel);
(channel);
•• carries
carries RACH
RACH (access
(access
request
request preamble);
preamble);
PDCCH
PDCCH •• [in
[in TS
TS 36.211
36.211 referenced
referenced
as
as signal,
signal, not
not as
as channel]
channel]
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL control
control channel;
channel;
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information
(scheduling
(scheduling assignments);
assignments);
PCFICH
PCFICH
•• phys.
phys. control
control format
format
indicator
indicator channel
channel
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information (no.
(no.
of
of ODFM
ODFM symbols
symbols used
used for
for
PDCCH);
PDCCH);
Uplink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Logical Channel
type of information
MAC priority
UE identification
transfer characteristics:
delay, collision risk
supported block sizes and number of blocks
support for HARQ
support for beam-forming
support for DRX/DTX
coding (reliability)
static | dynamic resource allocation Uplink TrCH
support for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
RACH
UL-SCH
uplink shared channel
carries CCCH, DCCH, DTCH
supports HARQ
Uplink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Physical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Physical
Physical Channels
Channels // Signals
Signals
•• set
set of
of OFDM/SC-FDMA
OFDM/SC-FDMA resource
resource elements;
elements;
•• carry
carry higher
higher layer
layer data
data (physical
(physical channel
channel PhyCH)
PhyCH) or
or
•• used
used internally
internally by
by L1
L1 (physical
(physical channel/signal);
channel/signal);
Downlink
Downlink PhyCH
PhyCH Downlink
Downlink Signal
Signal Uplink
Uplink Signals
Signals Uplink
Uplink PhyCH
PhyCH
PBCH
PBCH DL
DL reference
reference signal
signal Demodulation
Demodulation ref.
ref. signal
signal PUSCH
PUSCH
•• physical
physical broadcast
broadcast ch.;
ch.; •• pre-defined
pre-defined 2-dimensional
2-dimensional •• pre-defined
pre-defined sequence
sequence •• phys.
phys. UL
UL shared
shared channel;
channel;
•• carries orthogonal/pseudo-noise
orthogonal/pseudo-noise sent
sent along
along with
with •• carries
carries UL-SCH;
UL-SCH;
carries BCH
BCH (BCCH);
(BCCH);
sequence;
sequence; PUSCH/PUCCH
PUSCH/PUCCH
•• used
used for
for DL
DL channel
channel •• used
used for
for uplink
uplink channel
channel PUCCH
PDSCH
PDSCH PUCCH
estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation; estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation;
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL shared
shared channel;
channel; •• phys.
phys. UL
UL control
control channel;
channel;
•• carries
DL
DL synch.
synch. signal
signal Sounding
Sounding ref.
ref. signal
signal •• L1
carries PCH
PCH and
and DL-SCH;
DL-SCH; L1 information
information
•• 11 of
of 33 pre-defined
pre-defined •• pre-defined
pre-defined (long)
(long)
PMCH
PMCH sequences
sequences (Zadoff-Chu);
(Zadoff-Chu); sequence
sequence sent
sent alone;
alone;
•• associated •• used
PRACH
PRACH
associated withwith cell-id;
cell-id; used by
by NW
NW toto optimize
optimize
•• phys.
phys. multicast
multicast channel;
channel; •• used
used forfor cell
cell detection
detection and
and channel
channel dependent
dependent •• phys.
phys. random
random access
access
•• carries
carries MCH;
MCH; initial
initial time/phase
time/phase synch.;
synch.; scheduling;
scheduling; (channel);
(channel);
•• carries
carries RACH
RACH (access
(access
request
request preamble);
preamble);
PDCCH
PDCCH •• [in
[in TS
TS 36.211
36.211 referenced
referenced
as
as signal,
signal, not
not as
as channel]
channel]
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL control
control channel;
channel;
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information
(scheduling
(scheduling assignments);
assignments);
PCFICH
PCFICH
•• phys.
phys. control
control format
format
indicator
indicator channel
channel
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information (no.
(no.
of
of ODFM
ODFM symbols
symbols used
used for
for
PDCCH);
PDCCH);
Additional Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
phys. control format indicator channel DL synch. signal Sounding ref. signal
L1 control information (no. of ODFM symbols used for
PDCCH)
1 of 3 pre-defined sequences (Zadoff-Chu) pre-defined (long) sequence sent alone
associated with cell-id used by NW to optimize channel dependent
used for cell detection and initial time/phase synch. scheduling
Summary MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
OFDMA Principles
Challenges
SC-FDMA Principle
LTE Channel
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
“HAPPY LEARNING”