ASSIGNMENT OF

PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY
1ST PROFF PHARM-D

Submitted to: Miss Faiza Muzaffar

Submitted by:
Sidra Imran
Tooba Mansoori
Shehla Saleem
Warda Arshad
Arfa Naveed
Misbah Azam
Yousra Younus
Hafsa Irfan
Aqsa Aziz
Nimra Shah
PYRIDINE:
INTRODUCTION:
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C 5 H
5 N. It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group (=CH−) replaced
by a nitrogen atom. Pyridine was discovered in 1849 by the Scottish chemist
Thomas Anderson as one of the constituents of bone oil. Two years later,
Anderson isolated pure pyridine through fractional distillation of the oil. It is a
colorless, highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-soluble liquid with a
distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell.

PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE:
Pyridine is used as a solvent and is added to ethyl alcohol to make it unfit for
drinking. It is converted to such products as sulfapyridine, a drug active against
bacterial and viral infections; pyribenzamine and pyrilamine, used as
antihistaminic drugs; piperidine, used in rubber processing and as a chemical raw
material; and water repellents, bactericides, and herbicides. Compounds not
made from pyridine but containing its ring structure includes niacin and pyridoxal,
both B vitamins; isoniazid, an antitubercular drug; and nicotine and several other
nitrogenous plant products.
ARTICLE 1:
• PYRIDINE IS AN ORGANOCATALYST FOR THE REDUCTIVE
OZONOLYSIS OF ALKENES

ABSTRACT:
Whereas the cleavage of alkenes by ozone typically generates peroxide
intermediates that must be decomposed in an accompanying step, ozonolysis in
the presence of pyridine directly generates ketones or aldehydes through a
process that neither consumes pyridine nor generates any detectable peroxides.

The reaction is hypothesized to involve nucleophile-promoted fragmentation of

carbonyl oxides via formation of zwitterionic peroxyacetals.

RESULT:
we demonstrate a high-yielding and convenient procedure for the direct
ozonolytic generation of anhydrous solutions of aldehydes and ketones. The
reaction provides the first example of organ catalysis in ozonolysis, and suggests
the existence of yet unglimpsed avenues of carbonyl oxide reactivity.

DISCUSSION:
Although the process described above largely precludes formation of peroxides or
ozonides, ozonolyses should always be conducted with an awareness of the
potential for spontaneous and exothermic decompositions. 4a In particular,
experimenters should verify the absence of significant amounts of peroxides
before concentrating crude reaction mixtures.
ARTICLE 2:

• AN INFRARED STUDY OF PYRIDINE ADSORBED ON ACIDIC

SOLIDS. CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE ACIDITY.

ABSTRACT;

The infrared spectrum in the 1400 to 1700 cm−1 region has been determined for
pyridine adsorbed on acidic solids. The spectrum of pyridine coordinately bonded
to the surface is markedly different from that of the pyridinium ion. This permits
the differentiation of acid type on the surface of acidic solids. From the frequency
shift of one of the bands of coordinately bonded pyridine over that found in the
liquid phase, and from the relative retention of the band upon evacuation and
heating, a very rough estimate of the strength of surface Lewis sites can be
inferred.

It is shown that a silica surface hydrogen bonds pyridine only. Alumina has
considerable strong Lewis acidity but no proton acidity while a cracking catalyst
has both. The effect on the acidity of sodium poisoning a cracking catalyst is
discussed.
RESULT:
In this article, the adsorbtion of pyridine on acidic solids was determined and it
has found to be in infrared spectrum of range 1400 to 1700 cm−1.

DISCUSSION:
The spectrum that pyridine forms when adsorbed to the surface of acidic solids is
different from that of the pyridinium ion. This is because of the type of acid on
the surface of acidic solids. In this regard Alumina has found to be strong lewis
acidity but no proton acidity while a cracking catalyst has both.

ARTICLE 3:

• Bioaugmentation with a pyridine-degrading bacterium in

a membrane bioreactor treating pharmaceutical

wastewater.

ABSTRACT:

The bacterial strain Paracoccus denitrificans W12, which could utilize pyridine as
its sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was added into a membrane bioreactor
(MBR) to enhance the treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater. The treatment
efficiencies investigated showed that the removal of chemical oxygen demand,
total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were similar between bioaugmented and
non-bioaugmented MBRs, however, significant removal of pyridine was obtained
in the bioaugmented reactor. When the hydraulic retention time was 60 hr and
the influent concentration of pyridine was 250–500 mg/L, the mean effluent
concentration of pyridine without adding W12 was 57.2 mg/L, while the pyridine
was degraded to an average of 10.2 mg/L with addition of W12. The bacterial
community structure of activated sludge during the bioaugmented treatment was
analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
(PCR-DGGE). The results showed that the W12 inoculums reversed the decline of
microbial community diversity, however, the similarity between bacterial
community structure of the original sludge and that of the sludge after
bioaugmentation decreased steadily during the wastewater treatment.
Sequencing of the DNA recovered from DGGE gel indicated that
Flavobacteriaceae sp., Sphingobium sp., Comamonas sp., and Hyphomicrobium
sp. were the dominant organisms in time sequence in the bacterial community in
the bioaugmented MBR. This implied that the bioaugmentation was affected by
the adjustment of whole bacterial community structure in the inhospitable
environment, rather than being due solely to the degradation performance of the
bacterium added.

ARTICLE 4:
• THE EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS OF THE REDUCED BAND
OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES:
ABSTRACT:
Warburg and Christian (1) observed that the reduced forms of diphosphopyridine
nucleotide (DPN) and triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) have absorption
bands with maxima at 340 rnp, whereas the oxidized forms have no absorption at
this wave-length.Application of this observation to the quantitative determination
of the pyridine nucleotides and of substrates which can be brought into
stoichiometric reaction with them has been hampered by the lack of reliable
extinction coefficients for these substances. The published values for DPN,
recently reviewed by Drabkin (2), vary from 4.78x106 to 6.28x106 sq.cm.x mole-
*.In the case of those values which were determined by calculation from the
absorption of a given quantity of nucleotide which was assumed to be pure , it
may be presumed that the purest samples yielded the highest values, although no
good criterion of purity is available. The highest value thus far reported?
6.28x106, was obtained by Ohlmeyer (3) for a sample of isolated reduced DPN. In
the case of TPN there is considerably less information , although the molecular
extinction coefficient has been reported to be the same as for DPN .

RESULT:
This article shows that precise values for the extinction co-efficients can be
determined with pyridine nucleotide over substrate under suitable conditions the
change in absorption would be due to the reaction of a quantity of nucleotide
equivalent to the added substrate such determination have been made with
pyruvic acid , acetaldehyde and iso-citric acid for the reactions.

DISCUSSION:
The above discussion shows that the reduced forms of diphosphopyridine
nucleotide and triphosphopyridine nucleotide have absorption bands , whereas
the oxidized forms have no avsorption at this wavelength.Application of this
observation to the quantitative determination of the pyridine nucleotides and of
substrates which can be brought into stoichiometric reaction with them has been
hampered by the lack of reliable extinction coefficients for these substances.