Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” as blood stain remover

Nice D. Bajade

Ian Angelo Lauron

Alethea Joy Monyk P. Sanchez

Kirby Addrian Saligan

Kyla Christine Ladanan

Kharen Joy T. lesiguez

Amirah Tharhata Bunda

Pathrick Jay P. Cabusas

Glaexi Sajulga

Researchers

Mrs. Jessa Mae Ariane E. Famahilin

Subject Adviser

Agusan del Sur National High School

San Francisco, Agusan del Sur

S.Y. 2018-2019
 Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Asian citrus psylids (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuyawama, were first found in the United States in 1998.

The psylids are known to transmit a bacterium named Canditus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus).

Although not harmful to humans and animals, Ca. L. asiaticus causes Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus

greening (CG) in citrus and it’s close relatives (e.g., limeberry and trifoliate orange). CG has resulted

extensive economic losses to the citrus production worldwide (NAS, 2010; Gottwald and Graham, 2008;

and Norberg, 2008). Infected citrus orchards are usually destroyed or become unproductive in 5 to 8 years

(Bove. 2006). In order to prevent the introduction and spread of GC into other citrus-growing areas, the

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animals and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS) has

determined the need to control ACP. This environment assessment (EA) will analyze the potential

environment impact of the proposed ACP. This environment assessment (EA) will analyze the potential

environmental impact of the proposed ACP control program. Yemen (Bove and Garnier, 2010). And Iran

(Bove et al., 2010)

A pest management program for ACP could include chemical and biological control measures. In

areas of the world where citrus is grown and GC is present, the use of insecticides to control ACP has been

a major component of GC management strategy (Rogers et al., 2009). No scientific data has been

collected in the countries where insecticides were used against ACP to demonstrate That insecticide

slowed the spread of CG; however, “…anecdota evidence suggests that reducing psyllid populations via

insecticide application does help to slow the rate of spread of the disease” (Rogers et al., 2009).

Management programs should, whenever possible, optimize an affordable ACP control program (e.g.,

reduce the number of pesticide applications used) while minimizing negative impacts on important natural

predators (Stansly et al., 2008). However, any reductions in pesticide usage must be tempered by the need

to achieve a high rate of control of ACP, which, in turn, are expected to result in effective control of CG.

In addition to insecticides, some areas are using biological control agents. Biological control agents are

organisms that are natural predators, parasites, or pathogens of a pest that work to decrease a pest’s

population to a more desirable level to decrease ACP populations and control CG. CG and its two vectors,

ACP and African citrus psyllid, have threatened citrus crops of Reunion, an island located in the Indian

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Ocean east of Madagascar. A control strategy implemented in the mid-1970s consider of setting up

disease-free nurseries using healthy trees and promoting the biological control of both psyllids by

importing exotic natural enemies. The approach was effective 6 in reestablishing profitable domestic citrus

production within this tropical island ecosystem (Aubety et al., 2012). There are also predators of ACP

populations, such as lacewings and ladybeetles. In addition to reducing ACP populations, the use of

insecticide has reduced population of natural predators of ACP ( Qureshi and Stansly, 2007). Blood is

body fluids that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other

waste thread. Stains distorted by threads occurred on a ramie/ cotton blend, wool, and acrylic fabrics.

Holkbook observed the most drastic distortion on the 100% polyester fabric with spots elongated with the

weave of the fabric. The impact spatter research by Holbrook was the inspiration for the study described in

this paper. Hoolbrook also examined transfer stains, mimicking the size and shape of impact spatter, on the

same fabrics. Because of time constraints, similar studies were not conducted for this paper (Keenan,

2012). Other than Karger and Holbrook, most research deals with the development, detection, and

visualization of blood on fabrics. Research on the visualization of blood on dark or patterned fabrics was

conducted by Schelt et al., (2012). While the research focused on the use of products back to the lungs,

kidneys and liver for disposal. It fights against infection and also helps in healing the wounds. Blood

contains a liquid portion called plasma, which constitute about 55% of the blood’s total volume (Gupta

and Saran,2016).

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1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to test if Kaffir Lime “Citrus hystrix” is an effective blood stain

remover.

Specifically, It aims To:

1. determine if Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” is an effective

blood stain remover.

2. determine if Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” has other benefits.

3. determine if Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” is more effective than

Other blood stain remover materials.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The main problem of this study is to determine whether Kaffir lime will be able to remove blood

stain.

Specially, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” an effective blood stain remover?

2. Does Kafir lime “Citrus hystrix” have other uses other than

blood stain remover?

3. Does Kaffir lime have the components to be an alternative blood

stain remover?

1.4 Null Hypothesis

Based from the problems, the following null hypothesis were formulated:

1. Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” is not an effective blood stain

remover.

2. Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” doesn’t have other uses other than

blood stain remover.

3. The component of Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” cannot be an

effective blood stain remover.

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1.5 Assumption

In this study, it is assumed that there is an alternative blood stain remover. And is also assumed that

Kaffir lime is a factor on the blood stain remover.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Although analyst routinely inspect stains on fabric, and their presence in forensic examinations can be

enormous significance in the evaluation of scenarios and crime scene reconstruction, relatiovely little is

understood about them. Limited research has been carried out on the complex stain morphologies that can

be formed and observed on fabrics, compared to those observed on other more regular or ideal surfaces

such paper, glass or tilling; however, very little is known about the blood-impact surface interactions that

generate them. The limited nature by which they are understood means that the potential for fabric stains

to be misinterpreted is significant. This process is further complicated by the overlapping nature of

primary and secondary event staining of fabrics, or different fabrics in comparison. (Morgan, 2014).

The findings of this study will contribute greatly to the benefit of the society considering that Kaffir

lime “Citrus hystrix” plays an important role in removing bloodstain. This can help us to remove

bloodstain in any type of clothing easier and cheaper.

1.7 Scope and delimitation

The study entitled Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrix” as a blood stain remover revolves on the blood stain

remover from a kaffir lime found in a nearby farm in Barangay San Isidro, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur.

The study focuses on the use of Kaffir lime.

The study will be conducted in November 23,2018 at the Agusan del Sur National High School

(ASNHS) laboratory at San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, under the supervision of Mrs. Jessa Mae Ariane

Famahilin, research teacher.

Result of this study were only limited to the experiment done. Kaffir lime used as alternative

bloodstain remover.

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1.8 Conceptual Framework

Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrex”

Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrex” is being

applied in a cloth with blood stain.

Kaffir lime “Citrus hystrex” remove the

bloodstain in the clothe.

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the conceptual framework

The figure shows that Kaffir lime”Citrus hystrix” from a nearby farm in Brgy. San Isidro, San

Francisco, Agusan del Sur, were experimented in Agusan del Sur National High School science

laboratory (ASNHS), in removing the blood stain using Kaffir lime.

1.9 Definition of Key terms

Kaffir lime- an Asian citrus tree, Citrus hystrix, having green fruit with wrinkly skin and aromatic

leaves that are used in Thailand and Indonesian cookery.

Blood- a red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals,

carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tisuues of the body.

1.10 Review of Related Literature

Because blood behaves according to certain scientific principles, trained bloodstain pattern analyst

can examine the blood evidence left behind and draw conclusion as to how the blood may have been shed.

From what may appear to be random distribution of bloodstain at a crime scene, analyst can categorize the

stains by gathering information from spatter patterns, transfers, voids and other marks that assist

investigators in recreating the sequence of events that occurred after bloodshed. This form of physical

evidence requires the analyst to recognize and interpret patterns to determine how those patterns were

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created. (Largo,2009)

Misty Holbrook conducted research to distinguish impact and transfer bloodstain on eleven fabrics

(2010). She compared the size, shape, and penetration into the fabrics of the stains. Impact spatter was

simulated using a rat trap device. Most of the spatter ranged from 0.1mm to 3.8mm; 100% polyester had

as large as 6.0mm and 1.0mm as the smallest spot. Holbrook found that the most distinctive feature of the

bloodstains on fabric versus those on the control surface was the shape of the stain, not the size og the

stain. The lowest level of shape distortion was observed on smooth fabrics: 100% rayon and 100% nylon.

She found that absorbent fabrics (cotton, cotton blend, and silk) with dense weaves did not significantly

affect shape. Stains spread more than one thread showed slightly more distortion than those confined to

one near infrared reflectance hyper spectral imaging for visualization of stains on dark fabrics schuler also

provided a detailed description on the simulation of impact spatter. The researchers created a “spatter

apparatus” that worked similarly to a mousetrap. The apparatus allowed for a reproductive simulation of

impact spatter. A similar device was used in a study on impact spatter conducted by de Bruin et al., (2011).

Schuler also discussed why visualization of bloodstain is so critical. For a bloodstain pattern analyst to

accurate interpret bloodstains, he must see the physical stain detail: shape, size, characteristics, location,

overall distribution. He must also understand the relationship between the stains and the substates they

exist on.

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 Chapter 2

Methodology

2.1 List of Materials

This section presents the discussion of the methods. The design and layout, the

research variables, the subjects, the sampling procedures, the research tools and

instruments, and the statistical procedures utilized for the analysis and interpretation of

data. The list of materials that is needed in the study are the kaffir lime, ethyl alcohol,

distilled water, test tubes, test tube racks, test tubes holder, graduated cylinder, strainer,

clothe with blood and timer.

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2.2 Research Design

Amount of ethyl

alcohol (%) R1 R2 R3

0% X X X

10% X X X

20% X X X

30% X X X

40% X X X

50% X X X

+ X X X

- X X X

Legend: X – time of removing the blood stain completely

The table will show the arrangement of gathered raw data from the experiment and it

will be measured by minute. The table will show that the amount of ethyl alcohol will be

a factor in the extraction. The average of the eight setups will be shown after the data is

gathered and interpreted after the experiment.

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2.3 Procedures

2.3.1 Gathering of samples

The kaffir lime was carefully collected and cleaned from a nearby farm in Barangay

San Isidro, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur. While the blood will be bought in San

Francisco Doctors Hospital, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur. The kaffir lime is place in a

clean transparent box.

2.3.2 Creation of the Mixture

The kaffir lime wa s

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