UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO

FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIAS DE LA

COMUNICACIÓN

ASIGNATURA:
LITERATURA INGLESA

TEMA:
“THE ELIZABETHAN AGE, SOME SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, THE
GROWTH OF A POWERFUL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, THE
REFORMATION, THE ELIZABETH COURT, THE ADVANCE OF
SCIENCE, GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES”.

DOCENTE:
CALDERON CARLOS ENRIQUE

INTEGRANTES:

 REYNA ALCANTARA YURIKO

 POLO, MELANIE
 VASQUEZ QUEVEDO, ANDREA
ESCUELA:

EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA: IDIOMAS

CICLO: 3 AÑO

TRUJILLO- PERÚ
(2019)
THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
It was a transitional period between the Middle Ages and the beginnings of the modern
age. The English Renaissance began in 1485, with the end of the War of the Roses in
the Battle of Bosworth and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This period ends in the
second half of the XVI century with the Elizabethan age.
THE TUDOR DYNASTY
The Tudor dynasty or Tudor house was originated in the XIII century. The Kingdom of
England was ruled by five Welsh-born monarchs but the three main monarchs were
Henry VII, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
Henry Tudor, or also called Henry VII, was Edmund Tudor’s
son (Earl of Richmond) and Margaret Beaufort; Henry
belonged to the Lancaster’s house and managed to ascend to the
throne of England when he defeated the Richard III’s army in
the Battle of Bosworth, Putting an end to the War of the Roses
and therefore to the Middle Ages. Then Henry Tudor married
Elizabeth of York (Edward IV’s daughter) heir to the throne of
the York house and he joins the Red Rose of Lancaster and the
White Rose of York by creating his emblem "The Tudor Rose".
He had a son with Elizabeth of York and named him Henry
VIII.
KING HENRY VIII’S WIVES
Henry VIII married six times creating Anglicanism since the church
didn’t want to approve his divorce with Catherine. His first marriage
with Catherine of Aragon (the Catholic Monarchs’ daughter) was
forced; They had a daughter called Mary, however, he wanted to have
a son, who was the heir of throne but his wife couldn’t give him, so
decided to divorced and get married for second time with Anne
Boleyn.

Anne Boleyn was his second wife and she was Elizabeth’s mother.
She was accused and arrested because she committed adultery and
incest with her brother, lord Rochford. Anne Boleyn was beheaded
in the Tower of London.
Jane Seymour, who was Anne Boleyn’s lady-in-waiting, was Henry's
third wife; They got married the day after Anne was beheaded and
they had a son called Edward VI, she died twelve days after going into
labor due to she got fever. His son was ill and this motivated Henry
VIII to marry up to three times more but without getting new
descendants.

Anne of Cleveris was the fourth wife, for six months, but the marriage
was never consummated because Henry wasn’t satisfied due to, she
wasn’t so beautiful as everyone said. After her marriage annulled, the
King give her a generous gift and thereafter all called her “the king’s
beloved sister.
 Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's cousin, was the fifth wife, whom
they called «The Rose Without Thorn. She was executed on February
13, 1542 after being accused because committed marital infidelity.

Catherine Parr was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII, and the only one who
survived. She went down in history as the England’s queen who was married more
times.

THE HEIR TO THE THRONE

Only three wives could give him children:
After the death of King Henry VI, his son Edward assumed the
throne. Edward VI was born in Hampton Court on October 12,
1537, being the only surviving male child of King Henry VIII
and his third wife, Jane Seymour. He was an unhealthy son. The
poor health of the prince didn’t prevent him from receiving a
good education. in 1553 Edward was already dying but he did
not want to leave the crown to his stepsister Mary because he
supposed that she would annul the Protestant reforms that had
begun during his reign, so he decided to cede the throne to Lady
Jane Grey (his father’s nice), A new line of succession was
established. Elizabeth and Jane were excluded. However, Mary
Tudor became Queen displacing Jane.
During Mary’s reign Elizabeth was sent to prison because she was suspicious of
supporting protestant rebels. Finally, only a few days after Mary’s death, in 1558,
Elizabeth assumed the throne.

ELIZABETH’ BIOGRAPHY

Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Henry VIII’s Daughter,
she was declared illegitimate daughter after her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed.
She was baptized in honor of her two grandmothers, Elizabeth de York and Elizabeth
Howard, she refused to marry Philip II of Spain, and remained single throughout her
life, that is why she was called "the virgin queen". She restored Anglicanism as a
religion of the state.
THE ELIZABETHAN AGE

The Elizabethan Era took place from 1558 to 1603

and is the time period associated with the reign of
Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often
considered to be a golden age in English history. It
was an age considered to be the height of the English
Renaissance, and saw the full flowering of English
literature and English poetry. In Elizabethan theater,
William Shakespeare, among others, composed and
staged plays in a variety of settings that broke away
from England's past style of plays. It was an age of
expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the
Protestant Reformation was established and
successfully defended against the Catholic powers of
the Continent.
SOME SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
 In 1562, the honorable queen passed the Witchcraft law for hunting and
prosecution of witches.

 In 1570-71, an Italian conspirator (Roberto di Ridolfi) plotted against

Elizabethan 1 to execute her and put Mary queen of Scots on throne but the plan
was made unsuccessful by Elizabeth 1’s men.

 In 1586, Anthony Babington tried to overthrow Elizabeth and put Mary, queen
of Scots on throne again. But fortunately, Walsingham detected the plot and
exposed it. Thus, he safeguarded the Elizabethan empire.

 Elizabeth 1 and her parliament played a very clever trick in 1584 which bound
all the people of her empire. The parliament forced all English men to sign a
pledge according to which they agreed to hunt down the culprit in case of
Elizabeth’s assassination.

 In 1587, Sir Francis Drake raided and devastated the Spanish Armada at Cadiz.
This battle became one of the most significant battles of Elizabethan era. He
captured a Spanish treasure ship ‘Sao Felipe’ in the same year. Mary queen of
Scots was also executed in the same year.

 In 1590, Edmund Spencer published the first three books of his long poem, the
Faerie Queene, dedicated “to the most high, mightie and magnificent Empresse
Elizabeth, the latin epic poet Virgil, the Greek epic poet Homer.

 In 1596, Sir Francis Drake died due to the plague whilst at the sea. His death
was a setback to the Elizabethan empire. In 1600, Queen Elizabeth 1 granted
charter to East India Company. This marked the initiation of the more than two
hundred years rule of English people over India.
  There were various ghost stories related with the Elizabethan era as well. The
stories about different ghosts including those of Sir Walter Raleigh and the
tragic Lady Jane Grey are very famous. Besides these stories, haunted English
castles were also very famous.

 On 24th March 1603, Queen Elizabeth 1 died. Subsequently, great-great-

grandson of Henry 7 was proclaimed the king. King Phillip 2 and Mary queen of
Scots played an important role in the lifetime of Elizabeth 1.

 In 1626, sir Francis Bacon died of a chill after he had stuffed a chicken with
snow to see if could acted as a preservative.

THE GROWTH OF A POWERFUL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

The government in England during this era was complicated and was made up of three
different bodies: the monarch, the Privy Council, and the Parliament.

The monarch was Queen Elizabeth. She was very powerful and determined most of the
laws of the land, but she did have to get approval from Parliament to implement taxes.
The Privy Council was made up of the queen's closest advisors. They would make
recommendations and give her advice. When Elizabeth first became queen there were
50 members of the Privy Council. She reduced this over time until there were only 11
members by 1597. All of the members of the Privy Council were chosen by Queen
Elizabeth. The Privy Council was responsible for:
 Elizabethan Economics
 Foreign Policy
 Home Policy
 Religion
 Security and Military matters
Parliament had two groups. One group was called the House of Lords and was made up
of nobles and high-ranking church officials such as bishops. The other group was the
House of Commons which were made up of commoners.
The Elizabethan Parliament had much limited power. In the Elizabethan era there was
no Prime Minister, no cabinet and no political parties.
THE REFORMATION
It is known as the Christian religious movement, initiated in Germany in the XVI
century by Martin Luther, which creates a number of churches grouped under the
denomination of Protestantism.
Martin Luther (1483-1520)
Born in Eisleben (Germany), the son of some poor peasants of Thuringia, Luther was
very helpless in his childhood. To earn his living, he sang at the doors of the temples or
in the palaces of the lords. Later, his parents improved their economic situation and sent
him to the University of Erfurt, where he studied Philosophy and graduated as a
Bachelor.
His withdrawn spirit made him enter the Convent of the Augustinians, reaching the rank
of priest. Due to his talent, he was appointed Professor of the University of Wittenberg
and since then he began his reforming work.
He promoted a new Christian church in which the Pope of Rome did not have total
supremacy, where faith would again be the main religious engine and in which religious
corruption would be totally annihilated. In his 95 theses, Luther defended the Christian
faith as the essential engine of religion and opposed it, to what the Catholic Church had
been doing during the Middle Ages.
In his 95 theses against Catholic doctrine, the main points of his reform were:
 People are saved only by their faith, and not by their works.
 All believers can freely interpret the sacred texts.
 The free examination of the Bible, with the rejection of the tradition of the
Church as a source of truth and as an authority in biblical interpretation.
 Abolition of obligatory priestly celibacy.
 Reduction of the sacraments to two: Baptism and Eucharist.

The main causes of the Protestant Reformation:

A. The Ecclesiastical Disorganization:

- The extraordinary luxury and richness of the church due to it was also
contrary to the simplicity and humility taught by Jesus Christ.
- The unedifying life of some popes, such as Gregory VII and Julius II, who
took warrior attitudes contrary to the Christian spirit, and Alexander VI, who
left two sons: Cesar and Lucrecia.
- The ambitions of the high clergy to occupy the Pontificate.

B. The work of the Precursors; in the Middle Ages some initiated the movement of
the Reformation and are considered as the precursors. They were:

- The Albigenes, heretics who asked for the reform of the church and were
fought by Pope Innocent III, who persecuted them
 - Juan Wiclef considered the Pope as an Anti-Christ, asked that all
members of the clergy be equal, abolishing bishoprics and
archbishoprics.
- Juan Huss rebelled against the authority of the Pope, fought the wealth of
the clergy and maintained that the Sacred Scripture was the only light
that should guide the good Christian.
- There was other such as John Calvin in Switzerland and John Knox in
Scotland were the chief leaders of a general movement later known as
the Protestant Reformation.

C. The Dissemination of the Bible:

- It was through the printing press, which allowed everyone to read the it
and then interpret them in their own way.

The countries that joined this revolution rejecting the Pope and betting on a different
and loyal Church began to be called Protestants. And, due to this vital separation
between the believers, wars began to appear in Europe between both sides that are
known as "holy wars".
The most important principles of Lutherism:
- The Mass must be officiated, not in the Latin language, but in the language of
each country.
- Each believer must interpret the books of Sacred Scripture in his own way,
without taking into account the interpretation of the Church.
- Clergymen can marry to form homes that serve as a model for society. Luther
married Catalina Bora.
- Only three sacraments are allowed: baptism, eucharist and penance. All the rest
are creations of Catholicism.
- It is not accepted that the Pope is an infallible authority.
- The cult to the Saints is not accepted, nor the cult to the Virgin.
- The luxury of the Church is combated and it is asked that it regain its primitive
simplicity.
- Confession is rejected, since the believer to communicate with God, not with
intermediaries.
Diet meeting in Worms
This condemned Luther, ordered his immediate imprisonment, burned his works and
banned the printing press from any relationship with him.
But, Frederick of Saxony, an admirer of Luther, wanted to prevent him from being
arrested and for this he facilitated his escape to the Castle of Warburg, where he gave
him asylum and then Luther had to flees.
Finally, in February of 1547, when Luther returned to his hometown of Eisleben, he fell
seriously ill and on February 18 died of a stroke.
ANGLICANISM
It is one of the religious expressions of Christianity that derives from the Protestant
Reformation of the sixteenth century. An almost exclusive religion of England that
arose from Enrique VIII that looked for to separate of the Catholic Church. The founder
of Anglicanism was Henry VIII in the year 1491 and 1547. He was King of England
and son of Henry VII who influenced the English monarchy and religion.
One of the main elements that differentiate Anglicanism from Catholicism is that for the
first, the maximum representative of God's power on Earth is the English monarch, not
the Pope.
The origin began when Elizabeth I began her reign. Elizabeth was taken to the throne by
the Protestants. She re-established the Supreme Act and succeeded in placing herself as
the highest authority of the Church in England. He was in charge of appointing new
bishops, which resulted in the writing of the 39 articles, a text that was taken as the
official text of the Anglicans.
Principles of Anglicanism:
- They pray in the scriptures as the word of God and affirm that this is the only
rule of faith.
- They consider the Book of Common Prayer as a rule of worship.
- Only consider two sacraments as valid: the baptism and the Lord's Supper are
necessary for salvation.
- They believe that the church of England is the same church of Christ.
This religion still prevails in our days and also it is considered such as the official
religion of England.
THE COURT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
The court was made up of privileged people serving the Queen – the members of the
Privy Chamber, Royal Household and the Privy Council. One estimate suggests that
Elizabeth’s court included some 1250 people.

The Privy Council

The Privy Council was a smaller, more defined body, whose main functions were to
advise Elizabeth and to act as the administrative center for her government. Much like a
cabinet or a board of directors, they were involved in matters of economy, defense,
foreign policy and law and order.

The Royal Household

The Royal Household was made up of Elizabeth's servants. While some members of the
Royal Household also held government positions, many did not. The access to her that
membership of her household provided made these positions highly esteemed and those
in them very influential. Most of the positions were filled by her favorites and those
who had demonstrated loyalty to her in the past.
The Privy Chamber

The Privy Chamber included the closest body servants of the monarch. They lived in
close quarters with the Queen, kept her company and represented the threshold between
the Queen's public and private lives. Because of Elizabeth's gender, the Privy Chamber
was female dominated and these prestigious positions were filled with the wives and
daughters of powerful men.

THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

The Elizabethan Era was a time of great advancements in science. In fact, one of the
most renowned scientists of all time lived during this era.

Although many scientific discoveries were made during this period science was not
encouraged by the King or government. In fact, many scientists have fallen victim to
the charges of witchcraft or mutiny towards the king and put to death during this time
period. Even Galileo was put to death and the true importance of his inventions and
theories weren't truly recognized until later on.

Throughout the Elizabethan Era, innovations and inventions propelled the technological
standards of the average homeowner. Some of these inventions helped to educate the
population in schools, and allowed people to learn more about their world and the
mysteries and enigmas that it is drowned in.

All of these technological advancements and innovations were created by the several
famous scientists and thinkers. A few of the more notable and famous scientists and
thinkers, such as Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Andreas Vesalius, made a very
large impact on the technological advancements in the era.
INVENTIONS

Printing Press

- The most important invention of the Renaissance, and perhaps in the history of
the world, was the printing press.
- It was invented by German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. By 1500 there
were printing presses throughout Europe.
- The printing press allowed for information to be distributed to a wide audience.
- This helped to spread new scientific discoveries as well, allowing scientists to
share their works and learn from each other.
- With the invention of the printing press the copying process accelerated and
within a few years the writings covered a huge audience thanks to the
dissemination of knowledge,

Scientific Method

- The Scientific Method was further developed during the Renaissance.

Some of the important thinkers that emerged during and after the Renaissance:
- Albertus Magnus (1193-1250) and Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), two students
of scholasticism, a philosophical system that emphasized the use of reason in the
exploration of the questions of philosophy and theology. Magnus made a
distinction between revealed truth (the revelation of something unknown
through a divine power) and experimental science and made many scientific
observations of astronomy, chemistry, geography and physiology.
- Roger Bacon (c.1210-c.1293), an English Franciscan friar, philosopher, scientist
and scholar who called for an end to the blind acceptance of widely accepted
writings. In particular, he pointed to Aristotle's ideas, which, while valuable,
were often accepted as fact, even when the evidence does not admit them.
- Francis Bacon (1561-1626), a successful lawyer and influential philosopher who
did much to reform the thinking of the scientific method. In his "Instauration
Magna," Bacon proposed a new approach to scientific research. Bacon also
argued that only a clear system of scientific method research would ensure man's
mastery over the world.
- Francis Bacon was the first to formalize the concept of a true scientific method,
but he did not do it in a vacuum. The work of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) greatly influenced.
- Galileo used controlled experiments and analyzed data to prove, or disprove, his
theories. The process was later refined by scientists such as Francis Bacon and
Isaac Newton.
Astronomy

- Many of the great scientific discoveries made during the Renaissance were in the
area of astronomy.
- For example:
- Galileo Galilee is credited with the important invention of the telescope and a
variety of laws and theories that include the laws of the pendulum and the laws
of dynamics.
- Nicolas Copernic is considered the founder of modern astronomy, fundamental
in the Scientific Revolution of the Renaissance. He is known for his Heliocentric
theory according to which the Sun was at the center of the Universe and the
Earth, which rotated once a day on its axis, completed each year a circle around
it.
- Other influential scientists that lived during this time include Kepler, famous for
his discoveries in astronomy, his laws describe the movement of the planets
around the Sun and Vesalius who was a famous anatomist, physician and author.

Microscope/Telescope/Eyeglasses

- Both the microscope and the telescope were invented during the Renaissance.
- This was due to improvements in making lenses.
- These improved lenses also helped with making eyeglasses, which would be
needed with the invention of the printing press and more people reading.
- It is unknown who was actually the inventor of these revolutionary objects that
put into practice the principles of optics, helped people with vision problems
who finally could have a tool that would allow them to lead a more normal life.
Clock

- The first mechanical clock was invented during the early Renaissance.
- Improvements were made by Galileo who invented the pendulum in 1581.
- This invention allowed clocks to be made that were much more accurate.
- The knowledge not only of what time it was, but what minute and second we
were, it would change the way people organized their days and their work
schedules, especially in urban areas.

Warfare

- This included cannons and muskets which fired metal balls using gunpowder.
- It was developed in the thirteenth century was not until the fourteenth that was
introduced in Europe during the siege of the French city of Metz.
- Like gunpowder, the guns served as a great advance in the battles, also finding
great use in both sea and land combat.
- These new weapons signaled the end of both the Middle Age castle and the
knight.
- Gunpowder was invented in China sometime between s. IX and XI, and it did
not take long to be used in weapons. The Mongols spread their knowledge by
Eurasia in the s. XIII, what would revolutionize the art of war
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES

Elizabethan age of exploration was first dominated by the Portuguese and the Spanish,
but, after the great historic voyage by Sir Francis Drake, the dominance of English men
increased. There was an emergence of brave and skilful English seamen who brought
gold, silver, spices and many other valuable things back home. Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir
Humphrey Gilbert, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Richard Grenvile, and, Sir Martin Frobisher
were the other famous English explorers of Elizabethan era.

The commercial motives behind the explorations were many. Eastern spices like
cinnamon, pepper, clove, nutmeg, and, ginger were in demand in England, especially in
those days. Even precious stones, drugs, perfumes, gums, dyes, and, various woods
came from east.

The major aid to the explorations made by the English men in those days was majorly
because of the progress made in the art of ocean navigation. The compass helped the
explorers greatly in their voyages. Astrolabe was another instrument used for navigation
purposes. It helped to calculate the latitudes. Other instruments were; telescope, charts
and maps, cross-staffs, quadrants, and, hour glass.

From the above facts, it can be rightly drawn out that the golden age in the British
history, that is, the Elizabethan era was also the golden age of explorations. The credit
of this goes majorly to the brave, skilful, wise, courageous, and, determined English
seamen. It is because of them that Elizabethan era is famous for explorations.

 In 1583 Humphrey Gilbert discovered the island of Newfoundland, and claimed

it for England. It was, and is, a bleak land with an inclement climate, but the cod
which then abounded off its shores promised a steady income in those fish-
eating days, admittedly less romantic than the gold and jewels of the Spanish
Main but at least validly claimed by the English. Newfoundland was England’s
first colony in the New World.

 In 1584 Walter Ralegh settled a small colony on the island of Roanoke (just
south of modern Williamstown in North Carolina, USA) but it was poorly
planned and provisioned; by 1590 it had vanished without trace. Further
attempts to settle an English colony in the New World came to nothing during
Elizabeth’s lifetime. In any case, by 1587 any idea of planting foreign colonies
had to give way to the need to devote shipping and experienced seamen to
defeating Spain. It was not until 1607 that the colony of Virginia was
successfully established, four years after the death of Elizabeth the Virgin
Queen, but named in her honor.
THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
It all started with the fall of the city of Constantinople in 1453 in Ottoman hands. This
fact meant cutting the commercial land routes of Europeans with Asia and thus not
being able to commercialize. The Christian kingdoms soon reacted by looking for
alternative routes reaching the Cape of Good Hope
At the same time, the kingdom of Castile lamented that it could not follow the same
route as its Portuguese neighbor because of its exclusive dominion over navigation in
Africa. So he began a series of maritime explorations whose main protagonist was a
navigator named Christopher Columbus who offered an easy and quick way to access
the Asian riches: navigate west across the Atlantic Ocean.
Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragón, who gave their support to the initiative and
he done 4 travels. So, it started when Columbus took command of three small ships, two
caravels and one nao, called La Pinta, La Niña and Santa María, and after a long trip he
disembarked on an island in the Caribbean, Guanahani, which was renamed San
Salvador and that today is part of the Bahamas. Thus began the Spanish conquest of
America.
It was for this reason, Columbus, an accidental discoverer of the continent that was yet
to be known to complete the world map of the world and opened an era of geographical
discoveries without paragon.
This fact had as a consequence:
- The meeting between two civilizations that did not know each other generating a
miscegenation at all levels never seen appearing a new mestizo society that
merged many of their customs and cultures.
- The globe was completed geographically, finally finding out its exact diameter.
- New sea routes were created between Europe and Asia.
- The exchange of a wide variety of products between both coasts.
- The spread of the Spanish language throughout the world.
- The ascension of the kingdom of Castile to world power for three centuries.
CONCLUSION
The era of Elizabeth was an incredible period, considered the golden age, because
during his reign, England had a great cultural splendor, with figures like William
Shakespeare, science also had a breakthrough, with thinkers like Roger Bacon, Galileo,
was invented the printing Press, the telescope, the warfare and it was also a time of
expansion and exploration, the most important was the discovery of America.
Also in this period, Elisabeth established a Protestant church independent of Rome,
which is now the current Church of England and which became the highest authority.
The reign of Elizabeth I has been the fifth longest in history and the one that most
marked the history of England for all the important events that occurred at that time.