NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

AREAS, VOLUMES AND CENTROIDS

1 The semi-ordinates of a ship’s waterplane, which is 60 m long, commencing from the forward are as follows:

0.0, 3.8, 4.3, 4.6, 4.7, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3, 4.0, 2.8 and 1.0 m respectively.

Find the area of the waterplane and the position of the centre of flotation.
[Ans: 4.67 m2; 0.8 m F]

2 The load waterline of a ship 95 m long floating in water of density 1025 kg/m3 is defined by the following
ordinates:

Section AP ½ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7½ FP
½-Breadth (m) 1.4 3.1 4.4 5.9 6.4 6.5 6.4 5.5 3.2 1.6 0

The following particulars are obtained from the ship’s hydrostatic curves:
 Displacement (tonne) 4135
 Centre of buoyancy above the keel (m) 2.80

Calculate:
a. The longitudinal position of the centre of flotation (LCF).
b. The second moment of area of waterplane about a transverse axis through the LCF.
[Ans: 2.19 m A; 483 292.59 m4]

3 The areas of a ship’s waterplanes commencing from the load waterline, and spaced at equidistant intervals
down to the bottom are:

2000, 1850, 1550, 1250, 900, 800 and 650 m2 respectively.

If the load draugtht is 6.0 m, find the load displacement in salt water of density 1025 kg/m3, and the height of
the centre of buoyancy above the keel.
[Ans: 79 096 tonnes; 2.41 m]

4 The midship section of a ship with designed draught (d) equal to 8 m is given as:

WL 0 1 2 3 d
Half-Ordinate (m) 7.00 9.35 9.50 9.50 9.50

Calculate the midship section area.

[Ans: 147.87 m2]

5 The areas of waterplanes taken 2.5 m apart, of a ship are given by:
Waterplane 0 ½ 1 2 3 4 5
AW (m2) 200 700 1700 3100 3800 4000 4010

Calculate the volume of displacement and the position of the VCB from the keel.
[Ans: 36716 m3; 7.654 m]

6 The cross-sectional areas of a ship 150 m long are given by:

Section AP ½ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9½ FP
CSA (m2) 0 11 27 70 100 109 110 106 86 53 24 14 6

Calculate the volume of displacement and the position of the LCB from midship.
[Ans: 10367.5 m3; 1.794 mA]

1
7 A ship of 5000 tonne displacement and length 95 m floating on even keel draught, has its waterline defined by
the following ordinates:

Station AP ½ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7½ FP
½-Breadth (m) 0.6 2.5 4.6 5.8 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.5 3.0 1.8 0

If KB is 2.75 m, CB is 0.75 and density of water she floats in is 1025 kg/m3, calculate:
a. The position of the centre of flotation (LCF).
b. The second moment of area of the waterplane about the transverse axis through the LCF.
c. The draught.
[Ans: 1.614 m A; 464 652.99 m4; 10.87 m]

8 A ship 140 m long floats at a draught of 9.0 m. The immersed cross-sectional areas are:

Section AP ½ 1 2 3 4 FP
Cross-sectional area (m2) 5 60 116 152 153 142 0

and the waterplane areas are:

Waterline Base 1 2 3 LWL
Waterplane Area (m2) Ab 1700 1900 1980 2200

Calculate:
a. The base area (Ab).
b. The longitudinal position of the centre of buoyancy relative to midship (LCB).
c. The vertical position of the centre of buoyancy relative to the keel (KB).
[Ans: 1414.44 m2; 3.05 m F; 4.77 m]

9 A ship of 48 000 tonne displacement is 180 m long and the longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB) is 2 m aft of
midship when floating in sea water of density 1025 kg/m3.

The forward half of the ship displaces 22 000 tonne and has a centre of displaced volume (lcb) 32 m from
midships. The forward half is to be replaced by a new part of similar length and having immersed transverse
sections as given by the following table:

Section 5 6 7 8 9 9½ FP
Cross-sectional area (m2) 360 344 320 264 168 92 0

Determine for the new condition:

a. The displacement.
b. The longitudinal position of the ship’s centre of buoyancy.
[Ans: 49 788.2 tonnes; 0.965 m F]

10 A portside tank, stretching from the ship’s centreline, and having a length of 25 m has the following widths
measured at equidistant intervals along its surface longitudinally:

15.0, 10.0, 9.2, 8.8, 6.6, 4.0 and 0.8 m respectively.

Calculate the second moment of area of the tank’s surface about a longitudinal axis through its centroid.
[Ans: 2375.97 m4]

11 The displacement of a ship at draughts of:

0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 m are 0, 189, 430, 692 and 977 tonnes respectively. Calculate the distance of the centre of
buoyancy above the keel when floating at a draught of 4 m.
[Ans: 2.17 m]