COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In the present, a majority of our forests has been wiped out and destroyed.

Deforestation has been a pestering problem for many years in most part of the world,

especially in the Philippines. According to the Environmental Science for Social

Change, Inc., the Philippines is one of the most severely deforested countries

considering the deforestation activities happening in the last 40 years.

Aside from the main causes of deforestation like illegal logging, mining and

urban construction, another major contributor is the cutting down of trees and turning

it into charcoal which is in turn used for cooking. Because of the high costs of

electricity and petroleum fuels (e.g. gasoline, kerosene, LPG, and natural gas), many

places in the Philippines prefer to use wood fuels (e.g. charcoal and firewood) as their

main or supplementary fuel in cooking. As there is a high demand on the production

of charcoal, sustainability of its main resources, especially trees can be a serious

problem.

There is an estimated 7.12 million t for carbon dioxide and 1.3 million t for

methane emissions of greenhouse gases from charcoal production in tropical

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ecosystems in 2009. (Chidumayo and Gumbo, 2012) If left unsolved, this can lead to

devastating ecological and environmental effects.

This research is about making fuel briquettes from waste materials like banana

leaves and paper waste that can be used as a substitute for charcoal. The use of fuel

briquettes is very promising and it offers a wide range of economic and environmental

advantages from sustainability of resource to reducing carbon footprint and it can also

help reduce the rate of deforestation. As it does not need wood, it can really lessen the

rate of trees that are being cut down every year. This project can also help the

community to recycle their wastes. There are a lot of wastes that are being produced

everyday as well as problems on what to do about them. Recycling can be very useful

in solving these issues.

Review of Related Literature

Fuel Briquettes are cheap and one does not need any sophisticated or

expensive materials in order to produce one. Making fuel briquettes can also be done

at home with just the help of some materials like paper waste or other biodegradable

materials.

According to Goulart de Oliveira Maia et al. (2014) Waste materials are low

cost and excellent source of energy. The agricultural wastes are an alternative

solution for producing biomass fuel. It is environmental friendly and reduces

problems in proper disposal in the environment with significant economic and

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environmental advantages. Banana wastes can be availed as briquettes for use in

combustion and gasification processes in power generation. Banana have thermal

properties and physicochemical characteristics of biomass fuel. The banana leaves

briquettes demonstrate potential for producing biomass fuel. The briquettes made

from banana leaves show a thermal behavior and physical and chemical

characteristics that are similar to other biomass used as fuel for energy generation. It

has a low level of nitrogen and sulfur. Energy density increases due to compaction of

the wastes.

According Sellin et al. (2013), to the moisture content in the wastes for

briquetting must be between 8 and 15 %. Through chemical analysis, high heating

value (HHV) as well as by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal

analysis (DTA) and mechanical compressive strength evaluation, banana leaves and

pseudostem showed carbon contents of 43.28 % and 38.92 %. The HHV of the leaves

was approximately 17.10 MJ/kg and of the pseudostem it was about 13.70 MJ/kg.

Under combustion, the wastes showed maximum release of energy at approximately

580 °C and briquettes at 300 °C. The briquettes of pseudostem and leaves presented

compressive strength of 15 MPa and 5.3 Mpa, respectively. The thermal properties

and physicochemical characteristics of these wastes demonstrate that they are

potential candidates to produce briquettes as fuel in several applications.

Studies have demonstrated that waste paper and wheat straw or their mixtures

can be compressed to a relative density greater than unity, and stabilized at that density

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without binder material. A reduction in the volume of the material also provides a

technological benefit, so the material could be transported and stored more

economically than is possible at present (Dermibas, 1998).

The used of agricultural wastes and agro-industrial as biomass fuel for power

generation can be very beneficial. These briquettes are excellent source for cheap

energy and environmentally correct, in many cases, ideal for replacing fossil fuels in

use today with significant economic and environmental advantages (de Oliveira,et al,

2014).

The use of biomass has been fundamental to the development of civilization.

Biomass energy is accessible, cheap and most common form of renewable energy that

are being used worldwide. Fine-grained biomass fuels have high burning velocity than

coals and provides substantial benefits. Biomass fuels offers renewable and CO2

neutral fuel (Demirbas, 2004).

According to Yamashita and Suzuki, 2014 in order to establish “an ideal

relationship between society and environmental issues”, it is really necessary to

implement effective environmental measures while taking into account the fact that

humans live in society. This project can give way to many opportunities. It does not

only help in reducing wastes, pollution and the rate of deforestation but it can also

teach families and youth the value of caring for the environment.

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Conceptual Framework

Flammability is essentially how easily the material can react with oxygen. It's

not just the molecular structure of the material but the amount of surface area that can

be in contact with the oxygen in the air (Pea. L, 2016).

Waste Papers

Paper is technically made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts

of lignin, a major component in wood.

According to the study made in Linkoping University (2018), Approximately

25 percent of a tree is lignin – a biopolymer that glues the cellulose fibers together to

form strong and durable wood. Lignin is cheap and readily available. It is a

biopolymer that consists of a large number of hydrocarbon chains woven together,

which can be broken down in an industrial process to its energy-rich constituent parts,

benzenediols. One of these, catechol makes up 7 percent of lignin. Researchers at the

Organic Energy Materials group at LiU, led by Professor Xavier Crispin, have

discovered that this type of molecule is an excellent fuel for use in fuel cells.

Paper is also known to sequester significant amounts of carbon dioxide, since

it is derived from plants, which sequester carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Paper

can, even after manufacture, printing, distribution, and eventual disposal, still carry a

significant carbon credit. In some case, equal to 200 kilograms (440 lb) of carbon

dioxide contains per tonne of paper (Chen 2012).

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According to some study, for a material to be flammable it needs to contain

something that is oxidisable by air oxygen, typically carbon. This explain why fire

easily takes place and spread out in papers also paper is flat and so has a lot of surface

area for its volume, this makes the carbon in the paper much more available to the

oxygen and it can burn quickly.

Basically, trees take in water and carbon dioxide, breaking it down in

photosynthesis to produce energy and releasing oxygen as a waste product. The trees

hold on to this carbon, even after they are cut down and made into paper. So long as

the tree and products made from the tree haven’t decomposed or been burned (at

which point the carbon joins with two oxygen, becoming carbon dioxide again) the

carbon stays trapped inside it, serving as a carbon sink.

Banana Leaves

All plants are flammable if not pruned periodically. The risk associated with any

one plant can be greatly diminished with regular maintenance. Plants that are highly

flammable can ignite quickly, releasing lots of heat, even if they are healthy and well-

watered. Characteristics of highly flammable plants include, dry and dead leaves or

twigs, leathery leaves, abundant, dense foliage, shaggy, rough, or peeling bark, foliage

with low moisture (Taylor, 2018)

The wet banana leaves had high moisture content of 74.7%. The semi-dried

samples exhibited 8.3% moisture, 78.8% volatile solids, 43.5% carbon and a higher

heating value of 19.8 MJ/kg. The nitrogen and sulfur contents in the banana leaves

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were very low. The semi-dried and wet leaves had hemicellulose and lignin contents

close to other biomass fuels, and the semi-dried leaves had the lowest cellulose

content, of 26.7%.

The flammability of plant leaves also influences the spread of fire through

vegetation. We found that mean time to ignition was significantly faster in dry exotic

leaves than in dry native leaves. Banana is found to be exotic. Exotic leaves were

defined to have a significantly wider, longer and broader in area with significantly

higher specific leaf area. Some related study was made and proved that increased

flammability linked with larger leaf size in exotics demonstrate that exotic plant

species have the potential to increase the spread of bushfires in dry sclerophyll forest.

Renewable resource or biomass, are a naturally abundant resource, which may

include any materials obtained from biological origin such as plants and animal

materials, agricultural crops and biological residues or wastes.

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Paradigm of the Research Process

Input Process Output

Varying Ratio of Banana - Gathering of Effectiveness of Dried

Leaves and Waste Paper materials and Banana Leaves and
preparation of Waste Materials in
equipment. terms of:
Mixture A; 75% Dried
Banana Leaves: 25% 1. What is the best
-Grinding and
Waste Paper concentration for
mixing all the
dried banana leaves
materials together.
Mixture B; 50% Dried and waste paper as
Banana Leaves: 50% fuel briquettes?
-Compacting the
Waste Paper mixture together
2. Is there a
using an
significant
Mixture C; 25% Dried improvised
difference in the
Banana Leaves: 75% compact press.
properties of fuel
Waste Paper
briquettes with
-Letting the
E different
Mixture D; 0% Dried briquettes to dry.
concentrations?
Banana Leaves: 100%
Waste Paper -Testing the
3. Combustibility
effectiveness of the
4. Moisture Content
briquettes.

Fig. 1 showing the relationship between the varying ratios of raw materials as

independent variables and outputs as dependent variables.

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Theoretical Framework

Although the demand for energy is booming exponentially, the production and

the discovery of new reserves of natural fossil fuels did not increase complementary

fitting with the high demand. Moreover, the environmental effects of burning fossil

fuels have been extensively debated around the world and the idea of using greener

and more sustainable fuel to gradually reduce and replace fossil fuels were greatly

considered (Hill et al. 2006).

According to Raposo et al. (2009) ethanol is highly used in the industry not

only as renewable fuel but also as a solvent. Natural bio-ethanol is produced generally

from a fermentation process using either bacteria or yeast in which sugar derived from

cellulosic sources is metabolized and converted into ethanol. In order to make these

natural sugars available for fermentation, breakdown of the macromolecules

(polysaccharides and cellulose) through enzymatic or chemical reaction plays

important roles (Doran-Peterson et al. 2008; Hahn-Hägerdal et al. 2006).

According to Manikandan et al. (2008) banana peels are noted to be a good

substrate in producing ethanol and the contributing factors such as substrate

concentration, fermentation parameters, and the type of fermenting organism do affect

significantly the overall yield of ethanol Banana pseudostem and leaves are also

potential substrate for ethanol production through the utilization of cellulolytic

thermophilic Clostridiumthermocellum CT2 co-cultured with Clostridium

thermosaccharolyticum HG8 (Reddy et al. 2009). The utilization of agricultural waste

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such as the banana by-products as raw materials for ethanol production could

potentially reduce the cost of using staple food crops such as corn and wheat in

conventional natural ethanol production.

Briquettes are made from a densification process that improves the

handling properties of raw material and enhancing the energy content of the biomass.

Most cellular plant waste including banana cannot be converted directly into energy

through combustion because of their low density, high volume, high moisture content,

and a very low energy density. This shortcoming directly affects the transportation

and storage of these solid matters (Mani et al. 2006).

Without proper processing, it is bulky and creates an incomplete combustion

that may pollute the environment as well as may not be a viable source of energy.

Conventional briquettes were made using sawdust with the addition of coal cake and

in recent years, low cost agricultural by-products appeared in overcoming the shortage

of wood-based products (Chou et al. 2009; Sotannde et al. 2009; Wilaipon 2007).

Wilaipon, (2009) reported that low cost banana peels bound with molasses

under high press pressure are a potential raw material for making banana briquettes.

These briquettes were made as an attempt to utilize agricultural waste such as the

banana peel as a substitute for solid fossil fuels such as coals. Comparing to other

agricultural waste briquettes such as sawdust, rice husk, peanut shell, coconut fibre

and palm fibre in an earlier study by Ooi and Siddiqui (2000), briquettes made from

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banana peels had an outstandingly lower burning rate with equivalent briquette

strength even when similar densification pressure is applied during processing.

According to Horst et al. (2016) there is a high potential to generate thermal

energy from lignins extracted of several crops. Lignins that are obtained from the

sugarcane bagasse, wood chips, and corn straw would have the highest potential to

provide thermal energy when data of lignin yields, higher heating values.

Statement of the Objective and Problem

This study aims to investigate/identify the effectiveness of dried banana leaves

and waste materials as fuel briquettes as an alternative source of energy and to reduce

the waste problem as well. The study seeks to answer the following questions.

1. What is the best concentration for dried banana leaves and waste paper as fuel

briquettes such as:

a. Mixture A; 75% Dried Banana Leaves : 25% Waste Paper

b. Mixture B; 50% Dried Banana Leaves : 50% Waste Paper

c. Mixture C; 25% Dried Banana Leaves : 75% Waste Paper

d. Mixture D; 0% Dried Banana Leaves : 100% Waste Paper

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2. Is there a significant difference in the properties of fuel briquettes with different

concentrations?

Statement of the Hypothesis

 The product will be effective and will be able to provide energy enough to use

as an alternative to charcoal and firewood.

 The product will not be effective and cannot provide energy enough to use as

an alternative to charcoal and firewood.

 The briquettes with high concentration of paper were the briquettes which are

more effective.

Scope and Limitations

This study focuses on the use of dried banana leaves and waste materials as

fuel briquettes an alternative for firewood and charcoal.

Standard tests were done to measure the dependent variables; combustibility

test, and moisture content test compared to firewood and charcoal and its application

to further prove the ability of dried banana leaves and waste materials as fuel

briquettes alternative for firewood and charcoal.

The testing was conducted on Columban College, Inc. specifically in the

chemical laboratory. The study lasted from November 2018 to March 2019.

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This study will lessen the problem in both solid waste management and energy

source that is efficient, safe, and reliable.

Significance of the Study

Similar to most of the other Asia-Pacific countries, the Philippines is now

facing an increasingly severe situation of municipal solid waste processing and

management. The booming of multiple consumption from food packaging, and the

increasing use of papers have also worsened this situation.

On the other hand, the Philippines has large reserves of many natural

resources; chief among these are oil, natural gas and coal as primary source

of energy. Other sources of energy that can be harnessed include geothermal

energy and hydroelectricity. However, there are also disadvantages in

consuming too much amount of coals and firewood including Greenhouse Gas

(GHG) Emissions, mining destruction, generation of millions of tons of waste, and

emission of harmful substances.

Thus, the researchers study an alternative product that will lessen the problem

in both solid waste management and energy source that is efficient, safe, and reliable.

The fuel briquettes that is produced will benefit the following:

1. Environment- Briquettes that are produced using papers and dried banana

leaves can be a great substitute for coal and firewood since they are made

from natural materials and will not add to the pollution in the environment.

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2. Company- Many companies can use the biomass briquettes since the

researchers found about its benefits and how it can lower the carbon

footprint while it is being affordable. The briquettes are cheaper than coal

in the long run and can be used in a long time.

3. Economy- Biomass also gets rid of the need to have fossil fuels

exported and imported around the world, since it can be made

domestically from plants and waste. This will lower the price of

electricity for many countries that do not have oil or coal

reserves. It will mean affordable and safe energy for everyone.

4. Researchers- The researchers will be acknowledged for the great effort and

another innovation of experiments resolving problems of solid waste

management and identifying another good source of energy.

5. Future Researchers- This study can be the basis of information and

foundation of research if future researchers wish to improve the research

investigation, make another comparative study using different biomass and

explore the field.

Definition of Terms

Agricultural Waste. It is defined as the wastes resulting from various

agricultural operations.

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Biomass. It is defined as an organic matter that are used as fuel. It can be either

plant or animal waste.

Carbon Footprint. It is defined as the total amount of greenhouse gases

and/or carbon dioxide emissions caused by an individual, a product or an organization.

Cellulose. It is defined as an insoluble substance which is the main constituent

of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such a cotton.

Deforestation. It is defined as the clearance of a wide range of trees or forests.

Energy Density. It is defined as the amount of energy stored in a given system,

substance, or region of space per unit volume.

Ethanol. It is referred to as a colorless volatile flammable liquid which is

produced by the natural fermentation of sugars; alcohol.

Fuel Briquettes. It is referred to as the environmental-friendly fuel source

used to make a fire. These are used as substitute for charcoal and fuel.

Fermentation Process. It is defined as any process for the production of a

product by means of the mass culture of a microorganism.

Lignin. It is referred to as a complex polymer deposited in the cell walls of

many plants, making them rigid and woody.

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Natural Bio-ethanol. It is defined as ethanol that is produced from

agricultural products like corn or sugarcane.

Physicochemical Characteristics. It is pertaining to both physical and

chemical properties, changes, and reactions.

Polysaccharides. It is defined as a carbohydrate like starch whose molecules

consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

Thermal Properties. It is defined as the physical property of a solid body

related to the application of heat energy.

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Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the materials and methods used in producing fuel

briquette.

Gathering of Materials

The materials used by the researchers are dried banana leaves, waste papers,

cornstarch and improvise hydraulic press for compaction and shaping of fuel the

briquette. Waste materials are form of disused typing sheets, photocopying and

printing paper (excluding cardboard papers) was obtained from printing shops and the

dried banana leaves were gathered from the neighborhood of Old Cabalan. The

hydraulic press is made from straight-sided plastic container with holes at the bottom

for draining water in the briquette.

Procedure

The dried banana leaves and waste papers were cut into small pieces and

separately soaked into water for a period of three-seven days. The materials are mixed

in to a container with a binding agent- cornstarch that will be used to stick the

briquette. The mixture is placed in the improvised hydraulic press, compressed to

drain the water and molding a compact fuel briquette. Remove the fuel briquette from

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the molder and it will form a small cylindrical shaped. The briquettes were set on a

dry place for three- seven days.

Briquette Production and Quality Evaluation

The digested waster paper and banana were thoroughly mixed by hand until a

uniformly blended mixture has obtained. Mixtures were prepared at the following four

banana leaves: Waste Paper Weight concentrations:

Mixture A: 75% Dried Banana Leaves: 25% Waste Paper.

Mixture B; 50% Dried Banana Leaves: 50% Waste Paper.

Mixture C, 25% Dried Banana Leaves: 75% Waste Paper.

Mixture D; 0% Dried Banana Leaves: 100% Waste Paper.

Testing of Product

The briquettes were then tested at the chemical laboratory of Columban

College. The test comes in two parts; a) Combustibility Test, b) Moisture Content

Test. In Combustibility test, the researchers used “kalan de uling”, placed the

briquette inside and light up a piece of a normal paper then placed it just under the

briquette. The researchers measure the time of ignition of each of the briquette. On

the other hand, to test the moisture content of each briquette, the researchers set up

the tripod, gauze pad, lighted alcohol lamp, 600Ml beaker, u tube, and another 50Ml

beaker that will hold the moist coming out from the tube.

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Data Analysis

The data of measurements were recorded and analyzed. The burning rate and

the moisture content was calculated, summarized and interpreted. The results were

prepared afterwards.

Combustibility were analyzed according to burning rate of each fuel briquette.

The lower the burning rate the more effective the briquette will be (Nazari, M. M.,

2015).

Moisture Content were analyzed according to the percentage level of moisture

of each fuel briquette. The lower the percentage level the more ideal briquette it will

be (Mkini, R. 2015).

The researchers used a scale based on the standard charcoal moisture quality to

interpret the different percentage level of the briquettes, the scale used is:

14% - 11% = High Moisture Content

10% - 7% = Normal Moisture Content (Common Charcoal Moisture Content)

6% - 4% = Low Moisture Content

3% - 0% = Very Low Moisture Content

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Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter represents the results and findings of the study and tests

undergone by the fuel briquettes.

Table 1. Combustibility Test/ Burning Rate of Each Concentration

Distance Time Burning

Burnt Taken Rate

Mixture
(Diameter)

Mixture A (75% Dried Banana Leaves, 25% 6cm 348 sec. 0.017cm/s

Waste Papers)

Mixture B (50% Dried Banana Leaves, 50% 6cm 516 sec. 0.012 cm/s

Waste Papers)

Mixture C (25% Dried Banana Leaves, 75% 6cm 663 sec. 0.009 cm/s

Waste Papers)

Mixture D (100% Waste Papers) 6cm 752 sec. 0.007 cm/s

To determine the ignition time, briquette was ignited at the chemical

laboratory and time required for the briquette started to burnt was recorded. After that,

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the measurement data of afterglow time for each briquette was measured by recording

the time within which a glow is visible. Afterglow time can be defined as estimation

on how long the briquette will burn before restocking when it is used in heating and

cooking process. Burning rate can be defined as ratio of the distance burnt to the total

time. In this study, briquette was placed on the wire gauze and the burner starts to

ignite. The time is measured from the ignition time until the fire extinguished. Burning

rate was then determined using formula of:

Burning rate = Distance burnt (cm)

time taken (s)

Based on the results obtained, it shows that the lowest burning rate was

obtained from Mixture D (100% Paper) with 0.06m particle size with the average

burning rate of 0.007cm/s. Whereas the longest burning rate of briquette was obtained

in the Mixture A also with 0.06m particle size with average burning rate of 0.017 cm/s.

Lower burning rate is more effective because the briquettes can be used for a longer

time and consequently can minimize the costs.

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Table 2. Moisture Content Test – Effect of Moisture Content

Mixture Moisture Percentage Remarks

Content Level

Mixture A (75% Dried Banana Leaves, 25% 1ml 0.01% Very Low

Waste Papers)

Mixture B (50% Dried Banana Leaves, 50% 0.5ml 0.005% Very Low

Waste Papers)

Mixture C (25% Dried Banana Leaves, 75% 0.38ml 0.0038% Very Low

Waste Papers)

Mixture D (100% Waste Papers) 0.2ml 0.002% Very Low

In moisture content test, high moisture content in briquettes hinders good

combustion of briquettes, the elongation was reduced as the initial moisture content

increased. Cracks and porosity will decrease as the moisture content increase.

Based on the result obtained, it shows that Mixture D (100% Waste Papers)

has the lowest moisture content whereas Mixture A (75% Dried Banana Leaves, 25%

Waste Papers) has the highest. This shows that banana leaves have higher moisture

content than paper.

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CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The researchers were prompted to create fuel briquettes as alternative for

firewood and charcoal. Dried Banana Leaves has physicochemical characteristics of

biomass fuel and thermal properties used as the main material in creating the fuel

briquettes. Using organic material such as dried banana leaves, together with waste

materials such as printing papers, the researchers made fuel briquettes as alternative

to firewood and charcoal.

The briquettes underwent different tests (moisture content test, combustibility

test) and the results showed that the most effective briquette is the mixture (3) and

mixture four (4) which are composed of high concentration of paper.

Conclusions

Based on the results and findings, the following conclusions were drawn;

1. After doing and performing series of experiments and analysis of the data

gathered, the researchers concluded that dried banana leaves together with

paper waste materials is effective fuel briquettes alternative to firewood

and charcoal.

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2. This study showed that the different concentration of raw materials used

affect the physical and combustion properties (burning rate and moisture

content level) of the fuel briquette.

3. The researchers concluded that the most effective briquette were the

briquettes that is mostly made up of papers.

4. The most effective briquette is the Mixture D; 100% of Waste Paper.

5. Burning rate is inversely proportional to the ignition time. As the burning

rate increases the ignition time decreases.

Recommendations

The researcher would recommend the following:

1. That the future research be conducted to further test the effectiveness of

dried banana leaves together with the waste materials as fuel briquettes

alternative for firewood and charcoal;

2. To take measurements more accurate plus to further elaborate

physicochemical properties on how to test and observe it exactly and properly.

3. To use more papers in producing fuel briquettes.

4. To try different raw materials aside from just papers and banana leaves in

order to create a more effective briquette.

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REFERENCES

 Chidumayo, E., Gumbo, D. The Environmental Impacts of Charcoal

Production in Tropical Ecosystems of the world: A synthesis. Makeni Savanna

Research Project, Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia.

 de Oliveira, A.P., de Oliveira Maia, B., Hotza, D., Marangon, C., Sellin, N.,

Souza, O. 2014. Production and Characterization of Fuel Briquettes from

Banna Leaves Waste, the Italian Association of Chemical Engineering. A

publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering. DOI:

10.3303/C ET1437074

 Demirbaş, A., & Şahin, A. (1998). Evaluation of biomass residue 1.

Briquetting waste paper and wheat straw mixtures. Fuel Processing

Technology, 55(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(98)00041-

 Nazari, M. M., Wan Othman, W. N. A., Yusuff, K. M. 2015. Banana Residue

as Biomass Briquette: An Alternative of Fuel Energy. Agriculture and

Agricultural Science Procedia 00(2015) 000-000

 Sellin, N., De Oliveira, B. G., Marangoni, C., Souza, O., De Oliveira, A. P. N.,

& Novais De Oliveira, T. herezinha M. (2013). Use of banana culture waste to

produce briquettes. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 32, 349–354.

https://doi.org/10.3303/cet1332059

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 Suzuki, K., Yamashita, M. 2014. Human Society Viewed from the Perspective

3R-Eco Activities and Environmental Measures: Part II- Relationships

between the Use of Waste Paper, Recycling of Used Paper, and Environmental

Burden, World Environment. DOI: 10.5923/j.env.20140402.03

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A

Product Making

Grinding the soaked paper and banana leaves.

Mixing the ingredients together. Adding the

cornstarch that will act as a binding agent. Then
compacting the mixture together using an improvised
compact press.

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The actual product.

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Appendix B

Product Testing

Burning the fuel briquettes to determine its the burning rate.

A test to determine the moisture of each mixture of fuel briquette.

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CURRICULUM
VITAE

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CURRICULUM VITAE

JONALYN A. DE LEON
Prk. 5, Old Cabalan, Olongapo City, Zambales
jonalyndeleon92@gmail.com
09455882247

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : October 9, 2000

Citizenship : Filipino
Marital Status : Single

DAPHNE EVETTE ECLARINAL

Lauis, Candelaria, Zambales
dapeclarinal@gmail.com
09159327354

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : March 17, 2001

Citizenship : Filipino
Marital Status : Single

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CATHLEEN H. GANDIONGCO
#55 Mercurio St. Mabayuan, Olongapo City
cathleen_gandiongco@yahoo.com
09996730127

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : October 25, 2000

Citizenship : Filipino
Marital Status : Single

LESLIE LACAP
#58 Graham St., East Bajac-Bajac, Olongapo City
leslielacap2018@gmail.com
09484330606

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : March 5, 2001

Citizenship : Filipino
Marital Status : Single

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