ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to Principal, Sr. Betsy, for her
encouragement and for all the facilities that
she provided for this project work. I sincerely
appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into
her fold for which I shall remain indebted to
her.

I extend my hearty thanks to Mrs. Bhawana

Upadhyay, chemistry teacher and Mr. Ullas
Retrekar, lab assistant, who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take
this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for their invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement and constructive
comments, sympathetic attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at
all stages of this project work.
DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that this

project work has been originally
carried under the guidance and
supervision of Mrs. Bhawana
Upadhyay, chemistry teacher and
Mr. Ullas Retrekar, lab assistant,
Holy Trinity School, Dewas (M.P.)
CONTENTS
 Introduction :- Soap & Fats
 Theory
 Preparation of soap from
Mustard oil
 Preparation of soap from
Soyabean oil
 Preparation of soap from
Coconut oil
 Preparation of soap from
Castor oil
 Application :- Cleaning
action of Soap.
INTRODUCTION
Soap is Ordinary thought of as the
common cleansing agent well known to
everyone. In a general and strictly
Chemical sense this is applied to the
salts of the non Volatile fatty acids .
These Salts are not formed by the
alkali metals Sodium and Potassium
but also formed by heavy alkaline
earths metals. Commonly however,
when we speak of soaps we limit it to
the Sodium or Potassium salts of
higher fatty acids. It is very
generally known, soap is made by
combining a fat or oil with.
Oil and fats
There is no Sharp distinction between fat
and oil. By oil we have in impression of a
liquid which at Warm temperature will flow as
a slippery lubricating viscous fluid . By Fat
we can understand a greasy solid substance
unctuous to the touch. It thus becomes
necessary to differentiate the oil and fats
used in the manufacturing of soap. The
Fatty acids Which are most commonly used
into Combination of fats and oils are myristic
acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and olic
acid . The oil or fat from which soap is
made must have a constituent part, these
fatty acids a water solution of caustic soda
or caustic potash . Sodium soaps are always
harder than Potassium ones provided same oil
used.
 THEORY
Soaps are mixture of Sodium or Potassium
salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic
acid , palmitic acid and olic acid . They are
usually obtained by the hydrolysis of oils fats
with Sodium and Potassium hydroxide .

Example :-
CH2COOC15H31 NAOH CH2OH +
2CH15H31COON SODIUM PALMITATE)
CH1COOC15H31 + NAOH ----> CHOH +
CH17H35COONA(SODIUM STEARATE
CH2COOC17H35 NAOH CH2OH
(DI POLMITO STARIN)

The alkali hydrolysis of oils and fat is known as

SAPONIFICATION . Sodium Soaps are hard and
called hard Soaps whereas Potassium Salts are
comparatively Softer called Soft Soaps .
 Aim:-
To Prepare a soap from
Mustard oil .

APPARATUS:-
Beakers, Stalagmometer ( drop pipette ) , Test
Tube , Petri dishes , Stop Watch .

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
The Washing Soap is prepared from the
following chemicals :-

MUSTARD OIL : 100gm

CAUSTIC SODA : 50gm

STARCH : 50gm

WATER : 150ml
PROCEDURE:-
1. Dissolve the Caustic Soda in 150ml of
water.
The solution is called IYE . Let this soda
Iye cool .
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50
gm starch with it . Remove the flame and
allow the oil to cool .
3. When the oil and soda Iye are at
about the same temperature ( which can
be tested by putting a finger in each of
the same time) add soda Iye to the oil in
a thin stream , stirring the mass
constantly well with a wooden rod till the
whole Iye has been added . A creamy
pasty mass is obtained.
4. Stir the mass more till a semi-solid
mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron
mould or a wooden frame. Cover the
 mould or frame with a wooden board or a
gunny bag and leave it for a few hours.
5. Remove the flame and take out the
soda slab. Cut it with the help of a wire
into cakes of desired size .

PRECAUTION:-
 Caustic soda is very corrosive and should
no. therefore , be touched with hands.
Aim:-
To Prepare a soap from
Soyabean oil .

APPARATUS:-
Beakers, Stalagmometer ( drop pipette ) , Test
Tube , Petri dishes , Stop Watch .

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
The Washing Soap is prepared from the
following chemicals :-

SOYABEAN OIL : 100gm

CAUSTIC SODA : 50gm

STARCH : 50gm

WATER : 150ml
PROCEDURE:-
1. Dissolve the Caustic Soda in 150ml of
water.
The solution is called IYE . Let this soda
Iye cool.
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50
gm starch with it. Remove the flame and
allow the oil to cool.
3. When the oil and soda Iye are at
about the same temperature ( which can
be tested by putting a finger in each of
the same time) add soda Iye to the oil in
a thin stream , stirring the mass
constantly well with a wooden rod till the
whole Iye has been added . A creamy
pasty mass is obtained.
4. Stir the mass more till a semi-solid
mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron
mould or a wooden frame. Cover the
 mould or frame with a wooden board or a
gunny bag and leave it for a few hours.
5. Remove the flame and take out the
soda slab. Cut it with the help of a wire
into cakes of desired size.

PRECAUTION:-
 Caustic soda is very corrosive and should
not, therefore, be touched with hands.
Aim:-
To Prepare a soap from
Coconut oil .

APPARATUS:-
Beakers , Stalagmometer ( drop pipette ) , Test
Tube , Petri dishes , Stop Watch .

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
The Washing Soap is prepared from the
following chemicals :-

COCONUT OIL : 100gm

CAUSTIC SODA : 50gm

STARCH : 50gm

WATER : 150ml
PROCEDURE:-
1. Dissolve the Caustic Soda in 150ml of
water .
The solution is called IYE . Let this soda
Iye cool .
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50 gm
starch with it. Remove the flame and allow
the oil to cool.
3. When the oil and soda Iye are at about
the same temperature ( which can be
tested by putting a finger in each of the
same time) add soda Iye to the oil in a thin
stream , stirring the mass constantly well
with a wooden rod till the whole Iye has
been added . A creamy pasty mass is
obtained .
4. Stir the mass more till a semi-solid
mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron
mould or a wooden frame. Cover the mould
 or frame with a wooden board or a gunny
bag and leave it for a few hours.
5. Remove the flame and take out the soda
slab. Cut it with the help of a wire into
cakes of desired size.

PRECAUTION:-
 Caustic soda is very corrosive and should not,
therefore, be touched with hands.
Aim:-
To Prepare a soap from Castor
oil .

APPARATUS:-
Beakers, Stalagmometer ( drop pipette ) , Test
Tube , Petri dishes , Stop Watch .

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
The Washing Soap is prepared from the
following chemicals:-

CASTOR OIL : 100gm

CAUSTIC SODA : 50gm

STARCH : 50gm

WATER : 150ml
PROCEDURE:-
1. Dissolve the Caustic Soda in 150ml of
water .
The solution is called IYE . Let this soda
Iye cool .
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50 gm
starch with it. Remove the flam and allow
the oil to cool.
3. When the oil and soda Iye are at about
the same temperature ( which can be
tested by putting a finger in each of the
same time) add soda Iye to the oil in a thin
stream , stirring the mass constantly well
with a wooden rod till the whole Iye has
been added . A creamy pasty mass is
obtained.
4. Stir the mass more till a semi-solid
mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron
mould or a wooden frame. Cover the mould
 or frame with a wooden board or a gunny
bag and leave it for a few hours.
5. Remove the flame and take out the soda
slab. Cut it with the help of a wire into
cakes of desired size.

PRECAUTION:-
 Caustic soda is very corrosive and
should not, therefore, be touched
with hands.
APPLICATION
Cleansing Action of Soaps
Soaps acts as cleansing agents by
decreasing the surface tension of water.
Any surface or interface has a surface
tension or surface energy caused by
unequal attraction between molecules in
opposite sides. A detergent ties together,
the two surfaces and consequently
diminishes the fraction of molecules at
surface and decreases the surface energy.
The absorption of detergent at solid
surface permits wetting by the water and
rolling up of oil films into small droplets.
Greater the lowering in the value of
surface tension, greater cleaning capacity.
BIBILOGRAPHY:-

 PRACTICAL MANUAL

 WIKIPEDIA.COM

 WWW.ICBSE.COM