9 Physics 2020

2019-20
AYUB‫حمزه‬ 9TH PHYSICS
Short question answers. | All questions from textbook are answered. All the questions
from BISE Lahore PHYSICS paper from 2013
2013-19
19 are answered with suitable pictures and diagrams.
Get e-copy From: 03234515251
www.hamzaayub333.blogspot.com www.issuu.com/hamzaayub333 hamzaayub333@gmail.com

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PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND

MEASUREMENT
1.2 What is difference between base and derived quantities? Give 3 examples in each
case. [L.B. 2015,16,17,19]
Base Quantities: Derived Quantities:

“Base quantities are the quantities on the “The quantities that are expressed in terms
basis of which other quantities are of base quantities are called derived
expressed.” quantities.”
Examples; Length, mass and time are base Examples; Volume, speed and force are
quantities. derived quantities.
1.3 Pick out the base units in the following; joule, Newton, kilogram, hertz, mole,
ampere, meter, Kelvin, coulomb and watt.
Base Units: Kilogram, mole, ampere, meter and Kelvin.
Derived Units:Joule, Newton, hertz, coulomb and watt.
1.4 Find the base quantities involved in the following derived quantities:
a)speed b) volume c) Force d) work
a)Speed: Speed is derived from length and time.
b)Volume: Volume is derived from length.
c)Force: Force is derived from mass, length and time.
d)Work: Work is derived from mass, length and time.
1.5Estimate your age in seconds. [L.B. 2014,15,17,18]
Age in Seconds: =

= 15 × 1

= 15 × 365 = 15 × 365 × 1
= 15 × 365 × 24 ℎ

= 15 × 365 × 24 × 1 ℎ
= 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 = 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 1
= 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 = 15 × 31536000
=
= 473040000
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1.6 What role SI units have played in development of science? [L.B. 2016]
Importance of SI: System international has fulfilled the need of a commonly acceptable
worldwide system of units for science and technology.
1.7 What is meant by Vernier constant? [L.B. 2014,15,17**]
Vernier Constant: “The minimum measurement that can be taken by vernier callipers is
called least count of vernier callipers or vernier constant.”
Value: Vernier constant = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm
1.8 What do you understand by zero error of a measuring instrument? [L.B. 2014]
Zero Error: “The extent of error in any measuring instrument is called zero error of that
instrument.”
Types: Zero error may be Positive or Negative.
1.9Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument?
Use of zero Error: Use of zero error ensures the precision and accuracy of measurement
taken by the measuring instrument.
1.10 What is a stop watch? What is the least count of mechanical stop watch you have
used in laboratories?
Stop Watch: “A stop watch is used to measure time interval of an event.”
L.C. of Mechanical Stop Watch = 0.1 s, L. C. Digital Stop Watch = 0.01 s
1.11Why do you need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Measuring Interval of Time: Different physical quantities like displacement, velocity and
acceleration, power and momentum are related to time. So we need to measure extremely
small intervals of time to get more precise readings.
1.12 What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?
Significant Figures: “All the accurately known digits and first doubtful digit in an expression
are called significant figures.”
Note: All non zero digits. Zero in a measurement may or may not be significant.
1.13How is precision related to significant figures in a measuring quantity?
Precision & Sig. Figs.: Number of significant figures reflects the precision of a measured
value of a physical quantity.
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IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS FROM BISE LAHORE
01 Define physics. [L.B. 2014,15]
Physics: “Physics is the branch of science in which we study matter, energy and their
interactions.”
Mechanics, optics, sound and electromagnetism are few branches of physics.
02 Define plasma physics, geo physics and nuclear physics. [L.B. 2016,17,18]
Plasma Physics: “Plasma physics is the study of production and properties of the ionic state
of matter – fourth state of matter.”
Nuclear Physics: Nuclear Physics is the study of properties and behavior of nuclei and
particles within the nuclei.”
Geo Physics: “Geo physics is the study of the internal structure of the earth.”
03How many divisions are present on vernier scale? [L.B. 2016]
No. of Divisions: 10 divisions are present on vernier scale of vernier callipers.
04 What is meant by prefixes? Give example. [L.B. 2016,19]
Prefixes: “Prefixes are the words or letters added before SI units. These are multiples of
10.”
Examples: Common examples of prefixes are kilo (k = 103), milli (m = 10-3), centi (c = 10-2)
etc.
05 Write 2 rules to find significant figures in a measurement. [L.B. 2016]
Rules: 1. Digits other than zero are significant.
2. Zero between significant digits is also significant.
06 Write the names of 2 length measuring instruments. [L.B. 2017]
Instruments: Two common length measuring instruments are metre rule and measuring
tape.
07 What do you mean by scientific notation? Give one example. [L.B. 2018,19]
Scientific notation: “A way to express a given number as a number between 1 and 10

multiplied by 10 having an appropriate power is called scientific notation or standard form.”
Example: A quantity 6400 km is written in standard form as 6.4 × 103 km.
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08 What is meant by base and derived units? [L.B. 2019]
Base Units: “The units that describe base quantities are called base units.”
Example: kilogram (mass), second (time) and meter (length) are commonly used base units.
Derived Units: “The units used to measure derived quantities are called derived units.”
Example: Watt (Power), coulomb (charge) and joule (Energy) are commonly used derived
units.
09 Write 4 names of laboratory safety equipment. [L.B. 2019]
Safety Equipment: A school laboratory must have safety equipments such as:
҉Waste-disposal basket ҉Fire extinguisher ҉Fire alarm ҉First Aid Box ҉Sand and
water buckets ҉Fire blanket to put off fire.
10 Define biological sciences and physical sciences. [L.B. 2019]
Physical Sciences: “Physical sciences deal with the study of non-living things.”
Biological Sciences: “Biological sciences are concerned with the study of living things.”
12 What is meant by physical quantities? Give 2 examples. [L.B. 2019]
Physical Quantities: “All measurable quantities are called physical quantities.”
Example: Length, mass, time and temperature.
A physical quantity possesses at least two characteristics in common. One is its numerical
magnitude and the other is the unit.
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KINEMATICS
2.2Explain translatory motion and give examples of various types of translator motion.
[L.B. 2016,17]
Translatory Motion: “In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any
rotation. The line may be straight or curved.”
Types: There are 3 types of translatory motion.
1.Linear motion: A car moving in a straight line and objects falling downward have linear
motion.
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2.Circular motion:A bicycle moving on a circular track possesses circular motion. Motion of
moon around earth is circular motion.
3.Random motion: The motion of insects is random motion. The motion of dust particles
and smoke in air is also random motion.
2.3Differentiate between the following;
(1) Rest and Motion
Rest: “A body is said to be at rest, if it does Motion: “A body is said to be in motion, if it

not change its position with respect to its changes its position with respect to its
surroundings.” surroundings.”
Example: A passenger sitting inside a moving bus is at rest with respect to other passengers
but to another observer outside the bus passenger inside the bus is in motion.
(2) Circular motion and rotatory motion
Circular Motion: “The motion of an object in Rotatory Motion: “The spinning motion of
circular path is called circular motion.” an object about its axis is called its rotatory
motion.”
Example: Motion of earth around sun. Example: Motion of earth about its own axis.
(3) Distance and displacement [L.B. 2016,17]
Distance: “Length of a path between two Displacement: “Displacement is the shortest

points is called distance between those distance between two points which has
points.” magnitude and direction.”
Quantity: Distance is a scalar quantity. Quantity: Displacement is a vector quantity.
(4) Speed and velocity [L.B. 2014,15]
Speed: “The distance covered by an object Velocity: “The rate of displacement of a

in unit time is called its speed.” body is called velocity.”
Quantity: Speed is a scalar quantity. Quantity: Velocity is a vector quantity.
(5) Linear and random motion [L.B. 2014]
Linear Motion: “Straight line motion of a Random Motion: “The disordered or

body is called linear motion.” irregular motion of an object is called
Example: A car moving in a straight line and random motion.”
objects falling downward have linear Example: The motion of insects is random
motion. motion. The motion of dust particles in air is
also random motion.
(6) Scalars and vectors [L.B. 2014,15**,17**,19]
Scalars: “A scalar quantity is described Vectors: “A vector quantity is described

completely by its magnitude only.” completely by it magnitude and direction.”
Example: Distance, time, speed etc. Example: Force, displacement, velocity etc.
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Define the terms speed, velocity and acceleration.

2.4Define [L.B. 2015**,17,19]
Speed: “The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed.”
Velocity: “The rate of displacement of a body is called velocity.”
Acceleration: “Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity of a body.”
Can a body moving at constant speed have acceleration?

2.5Can [L.B. 2014]
2014
Body with Constant Speed: Yes Yes! The body moving with constant speed may
have acceleration if it is moving in circular path
path.
2.6 How riders in Ferris wheel possess translator motion but not rotator
motion?
Motion of Riders:: The motion of riders is;
Translatory because they move in circular path without rotation.

Not rotatory because the axis of rotation is not passing through the wheel.
2.7 Sketch a distance-time

time graph for a body starting from rest. How will you determine the
speed of a body from this graph?
Graph: Distance-time
time graph is shown. Its slope gives the speed
of object. Consider points A & B on the graph.
= !
! ! #$
"
" 20
= = = 10 %&

2
2.8 What would be the shape of a velocity
velocity-time graph of a body
moving with variable speed? [L.B. 2014,15]
v-t Graph: Velocity-time

time graph of a body moving with variable speed
is shown.
2.9 Which of the following can be obtained from speed

speed-time graph of a
body; (1) Initial speed (2) Final speed (3) Distance covered in time t(4)
(4) Acceleration of motion.
Vt- Graph: All of the above quantities can be find by vv-tt graph if the body is moving in straight line.
How can vector quantities be represented gra

2.10How graphically? [L.B. 2014]
Graphical Representation: To represent a vector graphically:
Draw a straight line (length of line is magnitude of vector).

Put an arrowhead at on one end (to signify direction).
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2.11Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?
Vector Addition: Vectors cannot be added like scalars due to their direction. During vector
addition, direction is also added.
2.12How are vector quantities important to us in our daily life? [L.B. 2016]
Importance: Vector quantities are important to us in
Locating exact position of objects.

Indicating direction of motion of object.
Drawing maps.
2.14 Sketch a velocity-time graph for the motion of the body. From the graph explaining
each step, calculate total distance covered by the body.
Velocity-Time graph: (2nd Equation of motion.)
01 Convert speed of 20 ms-1 into kmh-1. [L.B. 2016]
3600 × 10(
' = 20 %& = 20 × %&
10( × 3600
20 × 3600 10( 72000 )
' = × = ×
10( 3600 1000 ℎ
' = 72 kmh%&
02 Define uniform speed. [L.B. 2016]
Uniform Speed: “A body has uniform speed if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of
time however short the interval may be.”
03 What is meant by gravitational acceleration? [L.B. 2016]
Gravitational Acceleration: “The acceleration of freely falling objects is called gravitational

acceleration.”
Value: The value of gravitational acceleration g on the surface of earth is 10 ms-2.
04 Define uniform acceleration. [L.B. 2016,17]
Uniform Acceleration: “A body has uniform acceleration if it has equal changes in velocity
in equal intervals of time however short the interval may be.”
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05 Define vibratory motion. [L.B. 2017,19]
Vibratory Motion: “To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is called vibratory
motion.”
Example: Motion of pendulum and motion of child sitting on sea saw is vibratory motion.
06 Define acceleration and write its unit. [L.B. 2018]
Acceleration: “Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity of a body.”
Unit: SI unit of acceleration is ms-2.
07 Define terminal velocity. [L.B. 2019]
Terminal Velocity: “Terminal velocity is the constant speed that a freely falling object
eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents
further acceleration.”
Example: A paratrooper attains a uniform velocity called terminal velocity with which it
comes to ground.
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DYNAMICS
3.2 Define the following terms;
(1) Inertia [L.B. 2015,16]
Inertia: “Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest
or motion.”
Dependence: Inertia of a body depends upon its mass.
(2) Momentum [L.B. 2014,15]
Momentum: “Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it possesses due to its mass
and velocity.”
Formula: -./ = v
./
Unit: SI unit of moment is kgms-1.
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(3) Force [L.B. 2016]
Force: “A force moves or tends to move, stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. The
force can also change the direction of motion of a body.”
Unit: Unit of force is Newton (N).
(4) Force of friction
Friction: “The force that opposes the motion of a moving object is called friction.”
Friction depends upon nature of surface, contact area and pressing force.
(5) Centripetal force. [L.B. 2015,16,17,19]
Centripetal Force: “Centripetal force is a force that keeps a body to move in circle.”
345
Formula: 12 = 6
3.3 What is the difference between;
(1) Mass and weight [L.B. 2014,15**]
Mass: “Mass is the amount of matter in any Weight: “Weight is the force of gravitation
substance.” acting on an object.”
Quantity: Mass is a scalar quantity. Quantity: Weight is a vector quantity.
(2) Action and reaction
Action and Reaction: If “The force that book applies on the table
downward is referred as action.” Then “The upward force by the
table on book will be referred as reaction.”
(3) Sliding and rolling friction.
Sliding Friction: “The force of friction faced Rolling Friction: “The force of friction faced
by a surface when it slides over other.” by a surface when it rolls over other.”
Note: Rolling friction is 100 times less than sliding friction.
3.4 What is the law of inertia? OR State Newton’s 1st law of motion. [L.B. 2014,16,18]
Law of Inertia: Newton’s first law of motion is also called as law of inertia.
Statement: “A body continues its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line provided
no net force acts on it.”
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3.5 Why is it dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus?
Travel on the Roof: The passengers traveling on the roof of bus are always in a danger to
fall in front of bus.
Reason: When brakes are applied, the passengers continue their straight line motion due to
inertia.
3.6 Why does a passengers move outward when a bus takes a turn?
Passengers Move Outward: When a bus takes a sharp turn, passengers continue their
straight line motion due to inertia. So they feel moving outward from the bus.
3.7 How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of a body?
Force and Momentum: “When a force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body
and will be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body.”
78 %79
Mathematical Form: 1= :
3.8 What will be the tension in the rope that is pulled from its ends by two opposite
forces 100 N each?
Tension: The tension in the string is equal to the force acting on either side of string. So the
tension will be 100 N.
3.9 Action and reaction are always equal and opposite. Then how does a body move?
Action and Reaction: Action and reaction act on different bodies. Forces
of action and reaction produce acceleration in different bodies and cannot
nullify the effect of each other.
3.10 A horse pulls the cart. If action and reaction are equal and opposite the how does
the cart move?
Horse-Cart: Action and reaction act on different bodies. Forces of horse and cart produce
acceleration in different bodies and cannot nullify the effect of each other. Hence the cart
moves.
3.11 What is the law of conservation of momentum?
Law of Conservation of Momentum: “The momentum of an isolated system of two or more

than two interacting bodies remains constant.”
3.12 Why is the law of conservation of momentum important?
Importance: Law of conservation of momentum is important in order to understand
The movement of system of gun bullet.

The rocket and jet engine.
Almost all isolated systems.
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3.13 When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why? [L.B. 2018]
Gun Recoils: The gun recoils to conserve the momentum of system. Before
firing, both the gun and bullet are at rest, so the total momentum of system
is zero. The bullet gets momentum when fired, so the gun recoils in opposite direction.
3.14 Describe two conditions in which force of friction is needed. [L.B. 2017]
Need of Friction: To walk or to run friction is needed to push

the ground backward. Friction is highly desirable when climbing
up a hill.
3.15 How does oiling the parts of a machine lower friction?
Oiling: Due to oiling parts of machine become smooth the movement of one surface over
other becomes easy. Hence friction is lessened.
3.16 Describe ways to reduce friction. [L.B. 2014,19]
Reducing Friction: The friction can be reduced by
Making sliding surfaces smooth

Making fast moving objects streamlined shape
Lubricating the sliding surfaces
Using ball bearings or roller bearings.
3.17 Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction? [L.B. 2014,18]
Rolling Friction: During rolling motion contact area is minimum and

rolling surface rolls without rupturing the cold welds which makes
rolling friction about 100 times less than sliding friction.
3.18 What do you know about the following;
(1) Tension in a string [L.B. 2019]
Tension: “The force acting along a stretched string is called as tension.”
(2) Limiting Force of Friction: “The maximum amount of friction that can be generated
between two static surfaces in contact with each other is referred as limiting force of
friction.”
(3) Braking Force [L.B. 2019]
Braking Force: “A sufficient amount of friction must be generated between tires of vehicle
and surface of track which can stop the vehicle, this friction is called braking force.”
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(4) Skidding of Vehicle [L.B. 2019]
“If brakes are applied too strongly, the tires

Skidding of Vehicle:“If res of vehicle will lock up (stop
turning) and will slip on the track. This slipping is called skidding of vehicle.”
(5) Seatbelts: Seatbelts secure the person sitting in fast moving vehicle from harmful
collision. When brakes are applied the person inside the vehicle continues his motion due to
inertia and may collide with windscreen or any other thing.
(6) Banking of Roads:: “Banking of road means that outer edge of road is raised.”
Advantage: Banking causes a component of vehicle’s weight to

provide necessary centripetal force while taking a turn. Thus banking
of road prevents skidding of vehicle and thus make
makes the driving safe.
(7) Cream separator: Cream separator is a high speed spinner used to

control the fat contents of various products.
Principle of Working:: Cream separator works on the same principle of centrifuge machine.
The high speed spinning bowl causes the heavier contents of milk to move outward in the
bowl and lighter contents move in centre where it is collected through pipe.
3.19 What would happen if all friction suddenly disappears?
Friction Disappears: If all friction disappears we will not able to move on earth, it will be
difficult to stop any moving object, birds will not be able to fly etc.
3.20 Why the spinner of washing machine is made to spin at high speed?
Spinner: When spinner is rotated at high spe

speed, the water droplets from wet clothes are
forced out through holes of container due to lack of centripetal force.
01 What is meant by centrifugal force? [L.B. 2014]
Centrifugal Force: “The

The opposite reaction of centripetal force is called centrifugal force.”
Direction:: The direction of centrifugal force is outward from the centre of circle.
02The weight of a body is 147 N. What is its mass?

02The [L.B. 2015]
;ℎ = ; = = 147 <
> 147
∴ = 3 = =
? 10
= = 14.7 )
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04 Define the SI unit of force. [L.B. 2017]
Unit of Force: SI unit of force is kgms-2 which is equal to Newton (N).
Newton: “One newton (1N) is the force that can produce an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in a body
of mass 1 kg.”1 < = 1 ) × 1 %A
05 State Newton’s 3rd law of motion. [L.B. 2017,19]
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: “To every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.”
Example: When the fuel of rocket burns, hot gases escape out from tail with high speed. The
reaction of these gases on the rocket causes it to move opposite to gases rushing out
of its tail.
06 Define co-efficient of friction and write its equation. [L.B. 2019]
Co-efficient of Friction: “A coefficient of friction is a value that shows the relationship

between the force of friction between two objects and the normal reaction between
the objects that are involved.
1E
B −
= μ =
F
Mathematical Form:
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TURNING EFFECT OF FORCE
4.2 Define the following;
(1) Resultant vector
Resultant Vector: “Such a vector, which shows the combined effect of two or more vectors
is called resultant vector.”
NOTE: Two or more vectors are added to find resultant vector by head to tail rule.
(2) Torque
Torque: “The turning effect of a force is called torque or moment of force.”
Dependence: Torque depends on force G ∝ 1 and Torque also depends on moment arm
G∝I
Formula: G=1×I
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(3) Centre of mass [L.B. 2014,15,17]
Centre of Mass: “Centre

Centre of mass of a system is such a point where an applied force causes
the system to move without rotation
rotation.”
(4) Centre of gravity. [L.B. 2014**,16**]
Centre of Gravity: “A point where the whole weight of the body

appears to act vertically downward is called centre of gravity of a body.”
4.3 Differentiate the following;
(1) Like and unlike forces [L.B. 2014,15**,17,19]
Like Parallel Forces: “Like

Like parallel forces are Unlike Parallel Forces:: “Unlike parallel
the forces that are parallel to each other and forces are the forces that are
a parallel but
have same direction.” have opposite direction to each other.”
Example:: Weights of apples in a bag are Example: Weight of apple,, suspended by
vertically downward. These are like parallel string, and tension in string vertically upward
forces. are unlike parallel forces.
(2) Torque and couple [L.B. 2016]
Torque: ““The turning effect of a force is Couple: “AA couple is formed by two unlike
called torque or moment of force.” parallel forces of the same magnitude but
not along the same line.
Torque is produced by a single force or by a Couple is a combination of unlike parallel
combination of forces. forces which produces torque.
(3) Stable and neutral equilibrium.
Stable Equilibrium: “A A body is said to be in Neutral Equilibrium:: “A body is said to be in

stable equilibrium if after a slight tilt it neutral equilibrium if after
ter a slight tilt it
returns to its previous position.” remains in its new position.”
position
Position of C.G.: In stable equilibrium centre Position of C.G.: In neutral equilibrium
of gravity is at lowest position
position. centre of gravity remains in the same
position irrespective to its new position.
4.4 How head to tail rule helps to find the resultant of forces?
Head to Tail Rule: Head to tail rule is graphical method to find resultant of 2 or more than 2
vectors.
Description: Consider any of the vectors J./ and K../as 1st vector and
./ and .K
the other as 2nd. Draw the vectors J ./ graphically such that
tail of the 2nd vector coincides with the head of 1st vector.
Similarly draw the next vector (if any). Now draw the vector L ../
st
(resultant vector) such that its tail is at the tail of 1 vector while its head is at the head of
last vector.
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4.6 When a body is said to be in equilibrium? [L.B. 2015,16]
According to 1st condition: “A body is said to be in equilibrium if resultant of all forces

acting on it is zero.”
According to 2nd condition: “A body is said to be in equilibrium if resultant of all torques

acting on it is zero.”
So, a body is in equilibrium if it satisfies either both or any one condition for equilibrium.
4.7 Explain the first condition for equilibrium.
First Condition: “A body is said to satisfy 1st condition for equilibrium if resultant of all
M1 = N
Forces cancel each
forces acting on it is zero.”
other and no
rotation.
Example: A book lying on the table or a picture hanging on the wall satisfy the 1stcondition F1
for equilibrium.
4.8 Why there is a need of second condition for equilibrium if a body satisfies first
F2
condition for equilibrium? F1
Need of 2nd Condition: Only the 1st condition for equilibrium does not ensure that a body is
in equilibrium as in the figure (a) resultant of F1 and F2 is zero (1st condition is satisfied).
When location of F1 and F2 is shifted as in figure (b), the body has tendency to rotate. So F2
body is not in equilibrium. Forces cannot
cancel each other
4.9 What is second condition for equilibrium? [L.B. 2016,18] and produce
torque.
Second Condition: “A body is said to satisfy 2nd condition for equilibrium if resultant of all
torques acting on it is zero.” MG = N
Example: A ladder leaning at a wall satisfies the 2nd condition for equilibrium.
4.10 Give an example of a moving body which is in equilibrium.
Example: Any object moving in straight line with uniform velocity is in equilibrium. A
paratrooper coming down with terminal velocity (constant velocity) also satisfies 1st
condition for equilibrium.
4.11 Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium. [L.B. 2016]
Body at Rest: In ideal situation, two forces act on a body thrown vertically upward. One is
the applied force vertically upward and other is weight vertically downward. At peak point,
body is at rest and applied force is zero but weight acts on body. Hence body is not in
equilibrium in presence of single force.
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Why a body cannot be in equilibrium due to single force acting on it?

4.12Why [L.B. 2015]
Single Force: Because single force cannot make resultant force to be zero. Hence the body is
not in equilibrium.
Why the height of vehicles is kept as low as possible?

4.13Why
Height of Vehicles:: The height of vehicles is kept low to make centre off gravity as lower as
possible which makes the equilibrium of vehicle more stable.
4.13 Explain what is meant by stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium. Give an example
in each case. [L.B. 2019**]
Stable Equilibrium:: “A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if after a slight tilt it

returns to its previous position.”
Example: When we slightly tilt a book lying on table by lifting it from opposite side,
it returns to previous position. This state of book is stable equilibrium.
Unstable Equilibrium:: “A body is said to be in unstable equilibri

equilibrium if
after a slight tilt it does not return to its previous position.”
Example: A pencil balanced on its tip is in unstable equilibrium.
Neutral Equilibrium:: “A body is said to be in neutral equilibrium if after a slight tilt it

remains in its new position.”
Example: A ball is in neutral equilibrium because it always remains in new displaced

position.
01 Define perpendicular components

components. [L.B. 2014]
Perpendicular Components:: ““The components of a force which are mutually perpendicular

to each other are called perpendicular components.”
02 In a right angled triangle length of base is 4 cm and its perpendicular is 3 cm. Find
length of hypotenuse. [L.B. 2014]
$ = 4
, -
!
= 3 , P =??
By Pythagorean Theorem OP

OP. SA = O$SA T O-
. SA
OOP. SA = O4SA T O3. SA = 16 T 9
VOP. SA = √25 = 5
P = 5
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03 Define moment arm, rigid body and axis of rotation? [L.B. 2014,15,16,17]
Moment Arm: “The perpendicular distance between axis of rotation and the line of action
of force is called moment arm.”
Rigid Body: “If the distance between particles of a body remains unchanged, the body will
be called as rigid body.”
Axis of Rotation: “The particles of rigid body move in circles during rotational motion. The
straight line joining these centers is called axis of rotation.”
04 Write the mathematical form of conditions of equilibrium. [L.B. 2017]
1st Condition for Equilibrium: M1 = N
2nd Condition for Equilibrium: MG = N
05 What is meant by resolution of forces? [L.B. 2017**]
Resolution of Force: “Splitting up of a force in 2 mutually perpendicular components is

called resolution of force.”
06 Define resolution of forces. [L.B. 2018]
Resolution of Forces: “Splitting up of a force into perpendicular components is called

resolution of forces.”
The perpendicular components are1X = 1YZ[\, 1] = 1 E^_`
07 Why are vehicles made heavy at bottom? [L.B. 2019]
Vehicle Bottom: Vehicles are made heavy at the bottom. This lowers their centre of gravity
and helps to increase their stability.
U
nit 05
GRAVITATION
5.2What is meant by the force of gravitation?[L.B. 2015**,16**,17]
Force of Gravitation: “The force due to which every body of the universe attracts every
other body.”
&
Formula: a
b! c
∝
& a
b! c
∝ efghijkl m
n 3 35
a
b! c
= 1 =
o5
P a g e | 18
5.3 Do you attract the earth or the earth attracts you? Which one is attracting with a
larger force? You or the earth.
By Gravitation Law: “Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force
which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to
the square of distance between their centers.”
Thus, we and earth all attract each other with a mutual (same) force.
5.4 What is a field force? [L.B. 2018,19]
Field Force: “Field force is such a force which one body can apply on other weather the
body is in contact with it or not.”
Example: Gravitational force is an example of field force.
5.5 Why earlier scientists could not guess about gravitational force? [L.B. 2017]
Guess about Gravitational Force: Due to very small value of G, the gravitational force of
attraction between objects around us is very small. That is why earlier scientists could not
guess it.
5.6 How can you say that gravitational force is a field force?
Gravitational Field Force: The velocity of a body, thrown up, goes on decreasing while on
returns its velocity goes on increasing. The earth’s gravitational force produces acceleration
in the body weather the body is in contact with earth or not. So earth’s gravitational force is
a field force.
5.7 Explain, what is meant by gravitational field strength? [L.B. 2014,15,18]
Gravitational Field Strength: “In the gravitational field of earth, the gravitational force per
unit mass is called the gravitational field strength of the earth.”
Value: On the surface of earth value of gravitational field strength is 10 N kg-1.
5.8 Why is law of gravitation important to us?
Importance: Gravitation law is important for us because we can use it;
To calculate gravitational force of attraction between objects

To calculate the mass of Earth and other solar planets
To understand the orbital motion of natural and artificial satellites.
P a g e | 19
5.9 Explain the law of gravitation. [L.B. 2014,17**,18]
Gravitation Law: “Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of distance between their centers.”
n 3 35
a
b! c
= 1 =
o5
Mathematical Form:
5.10 How can the mass of earth be determined? [L.B. 2019]
Mass of Earth: Mass of earth can be calculated by gravitation law. = 10 %A
?F5 z = 6.4 × 10{

pq = = 6.0 × 10Ar )
n a = 6.673 × 10%&& < A kg %A
Here, pq = s
ℎ, ? =
b! !
, F =
s
ℎ, n = a
b
5.11 Can you determine the mass of moon? If yes then what do you need to know?
Mass of Moon: Yes! Mass of moon can be determined by the following formula;
?3 OF3 S5 = 10 %A
p3 = = 7.35 × 10AA )
n z = 6.4 × 10{
Here, p3 = , ? =
b! !

, a = 6.673 × 10%&& < A kg %A
F3 =
, n = a
b
5.12 Why does the value of g vary from place to place? [L.B. 2016]
uv
Value of g: As by formula, ?t = OxytSw m
&
?t ∝ OxytSm ∴gh is inversely proportional to Oz T ℎSA
So value of gh varies with height and is different on different places.
5.13 Explain how value of g varies with altitude?

uv
Value of g: As by formula, ?t = OxytSw m
&
?t ∝ OxytSm ∴ gh is inversely proportional to Oz T ℎSA
At a height equal to one earth radius above earth surface g becomes one fourth of its value
and so on.
5.14 What are artificial satellites?
P a g e | 20
Artificial Satellites: “Scientists

Scientists have sent many objects into space. Some of these objects
revolve around earth.. These are called artificial satellites.”
Use:: Most of the artificial satellites orbiting the earth are used for communication purposes.
5.15 How Newton’s law of gravitation helps in understanding tthe

he motion of satellites?
Understanding the Motion Satellites: A satellite requires centripetal force keeps it to

otion of Satellites
move around the earth. The gravitational force of attraction between earth and satellite
provides the necessary centripetal force. So Newto
Newton’sn’s law of gravitation is important to
understand the motion of satellites.
5.16 On what factors the orbital speed of a satellite depends? [L.B. 2016]
Factors: By formula; = Vt × r
Here, }~ =
! b!, ? =
b! !
ℎℎ
,
6~ =

So, orbital speed of satellite depends on t (

b! !

ℎℎ )and
6~ O

= z
ℎ T #!).
5.17 Why communication satellites are stationed at

geostationary orbits?
Orbits: Communication satellites are

Satellites in Geostationary Orbits
stationed at geostationary orbits so that signal transmission
could face no problem.
Explanation: Communication satellites take 24 hours to complete their one revolution

around earth.. As earth also complet
completes
es its one rotation about its own axis in 24 hours so
they appear tobe stationary. Hence they face no problem in signal transmission.
01 Describe navigation system. [L.B. 2014]
Navigation System: GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite navigation system. It helps
us to find exact position of object anywhere on land, on sea and in air.
GPS consists of 24 satellites revolving at speed of 3.87 kms-1 around the earth.
P a g e | 21
02 What is the height and speed of geostationary satellite with respect to earth? [L.B. 2014]
Height of Geostationary Satellite: The height of geostationary satellite from centre of earth
is 42300 km and 35900 km from surface of the earth.
Speed of Geostationary Satellite: The speed of geostationary satellite with respect to earth
is zero.
uv
03 How the equation t = w
OxytSm
changes when R is doubled? [L.B. 2015]
uvw
?t =
OxytSm
Change in gh: As by formula,
&
?t ∝ OxytSm ∴ gh is inversely proportional to Oz T ℎSA
At a height equal to one earth radius above earth surface, g becomes one fourth of its value
and so on.
04 What is the orbital speed of lower orbiting satellite? [L.B. 2016]
Orbital Speed: The orbital speed of lower orbiting satellite is 8000 m/s and can be calculated
by following formula = Vt × r .
05 Write the definition of satellite and give example. [L.B. 2017]
Satellite: “An object that revolves around a planet is called a satellite.”
Example: Moon revolves around earth. So moon is a natural satellite of earth.
06 What is meant by geostationary satellite? [L.B. 2017]
Geostationary Satellite: “The satellite which remains stationary with respect to earth is
called geostationary satellite.”
These satellites take 24 hours to complete their one revolution around the earth. The earth
also completes its one rotation about its axis in 24 hours. So these satellites appear to be
stationary with respect to earth.
07 Why we cannot feel gravitational force around us? [L.B. 2018]
Feeling Gravitational Force: Due to small value of G, the gravitational force of attraction
between objects around us is very small and we do not feel it.
08 Write the value of ‘G’ and write its SI unit. [L.B. 2019]
Value of ‘G’: G is called gravitation constant.
Value: a
b! B = n = 6.67310%&& 5 %5
P a g e | 22
09 What are natural satellites? [L.B. 2019]
Natural Satellites: “An object that revolves around a planet is called a satellite.”
Example: The moon revolves around the Earth so moon is a natural satellite of the Earth.
10 What is the value of ‘g’ at moon and mars? [L.B. 2019]
On Mars: The value of g on the surface of mars is3.73 ms-2.
On Moon: The value of g on the surface of moon is1.62 ms-2.
11 What is difference between “g” and “G”? [L.B. 2019]
G: G is the proportionality constant. It is called the universal constant of gravitation. Its

value is same everywhere. In SI units its value is 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2.
g: The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration. It is denoted
by g. On the surface of the Earth, its value is approximately 10 ms-2.
U
nit 06
WORK AND ENERGY
6.2 Define work. What is its SI unit? [L.B. 2014,15,17]
Work: “Work is done when force acting on a body displaces it in the direction of the force.”
Unit: The SI unit of work is Joule (J).
Definition of Joule: “The amount of work done is one joule when a force of one newton
displaces a body through one meter in the direction of force.”
6.3 When does a force do work? Explain. [L.B. 2019]
Work by Force: Work is said to be done when a force F acts on a body and moves it in
direction of force. = 1 × 2~E `
Dependence: This work done depends on the force F acting, displacement S covered by
body and the angle ` between force and displacement.
6.4 Why do we need energy?
Need of Energy: As “Energy is the ability of a body to do work”
So, we need energy to do some useful work in daily life.
P a g e | 23
6.5 Define energy give two types of mechanical energy. [L.B. 2019]
Energy:: “A body possesses energy if it is capable to do work.”
Types:: Two types of mechanical energy are 1)Kinetic Energy 2)Potential Energy.
6.6 Define K.E. and derive its relation. [L.B. 2014,15**]
Kinetic Energy: “The

The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic
. s. = )

energy.”
=
&
. s. = b A
A b = b!
Formula:
6.7 Define potential energy and derive its relation. [L.B. 2019]
Potential Energy: “The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called its potential
energy.” =
a
b!
a
b! -! s
= ℎ
=
b! !

Formula:
ℎ = ℎℎ
6.8 Why are fossil fuel called non

non-renewable form of energy?
Fossil Fuels: Current supply of fossil fuels will soon be exhausted and ffossil
ossil fuels took
millions of years for their formation. That is why fossil fuels are called as non-renewable
non
sources of energy.
6.9 Which form of energy is preferred and why?
Preferred Energy Form: Electric energy is preferred over other formss of energy and is
widely used because it is easy to convert in forms and easy to supply to any desired place.
6.10 How is energy converted from one form to another? Explain. [L.B. 2014]
Energy Conversion:: Energy can be converted from one form to another by

doing work.
Explanation: For example, rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them
warm. You have used your muscular energy in rubbing your hands. By the
process of rubbing mechanical energy can be converted into heat.
6.11 Name any five devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Devices:: Following are the devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.
1) Electric Fan 2) Electric Drill 3) Electric Motor 4) Washing Machine 5) Sinner
P a g e | 24
6.12 Name a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. [L.B. 2016]
Device: Electric Generator converts mechanical energy to electric energy.
Mechanical Electric
Electric Energy
Generator
Energy
6.13 What is meant by the efficiency of a system? [L.B. 2014]
Efficiency of System: “Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy obtained
from the system as output to the total energy given to it as input.”

s =
!

-
s = × 100%
!

6.14 How can you find the efficiency of a system?
Efficiency: Efficiency of a system can be calculated by dividing

on
lfle hh
!
. s =
hhi fjh ljl
6.15 What is meant by the term power? [L.B. 2014,15,16,17,18,19]
Power: “Power is defined as the rate of doing work.”

ejl
Formula: -= hfl
Unit: The unit of power is watt (J s-1). 1 W = 1 J s%&
6.16 Define watt. [L.B. 2014,16]
Watt: “The power of a body is one watt if it does work at the rate of one joule per second.”
1
1 =
1
01 Write Einstein’s equation and value of c. [L.B. 2014,15]
Einstein’s Equation: Einstein’s equation = 325 shows the relation between mass and
energy.
Here, 2 = !ℎ = 3 × 10 %&
P a g e | 25
02 What is difference between sound energy and mechanical energy? [L.B. 2014,15]
Sound Energy: “Sound energy is produced Mechanical Energy: “The energy possessed
by a vibrating surface.” by a body due to its motion or position is
called mechanical energy.”
03 Differentiate between chemical and mechanical energy. [L.B. 2015]
Chemical Energy: “The energy stored in Mechanical Energy: “The energy possessed
form of chemical bond in a substance is by a body due to its motion or position is
called chemical energy.” called mechanical energy.”
04 Define mechanical energy and give example. [L.B. 2017]
Mechanical Energy: “The energy possessed by a body due to its motion or position is called
mechanical energy.”
Example: The energy possessed by running water or energy stored in stretched bow.
05 Write 2 major disadvantages of fossil fuels. [L.B. 2017]
Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels: 1) Fossil fuels causes air pollution. 2) Fossil Fuels are
nonrenewable sources of energy.
06 A body of mass 50 kg is raised to a height of 3 m. What is its potential energy? [L.B. 2018]
Potential Energy: = 50 ),ℎℎ = 3 ,-. s. = ?
By definition, 7. . = 3? = O50SO10SO3S
-. s. = 1500
07 What is meant by nuclear energy? [L.B. 2018]
Nuclear Energy: “Nuclear energy is the energy released in the form of nuclear radiations
during nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion reaction.”
Benefit: Heat energy released in nuclear reactors can be converted into electrical energy.
08 What is meant by light energy? [L.B. 2019]
Light Energy: Light is an important form of energy. Plants produce food in the presence of
light. We also need light to see things.
Sources: We get light from candles, electric bulbs, and fluorescent tubes and also by burning
fuel. However, most of the light comes from the Sun.
09 What is the 2nd name of solar cell and how is it made? [L.B. 2019]
Solar Cell: A solar cell also called photo cell is made from silicon wafer. When sunlight falls
on a solar cell, it converts the light directly into electrical energy.
Uses: Solar cells are used in calculators, watches and toys. Large numbers of solar cells are
wired together to form solar panels.
P a g e | 26
U
nit 07
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
7.2 How is kinetic molecular model of matter helpful in differentiating

various states of matter? [L.B. 2014,16]
Kinetic Molecular Model:: Kinetic molecular model of matter is helpful in differentiating

various states of matter as it describes all states as follows:
All states of matter are made up of particles called molecules.

The molecules remain in continuous motion.
Molecules attract each
ach other.
7.3 Does there exist a fourth state of matter? What is that? [L.B. 2017]
Fourth State of Matter: Yes! Plasma is called fourth state of matter. At very high
temperature, the collisions between atoms and molecules tears off their electrons. Atoms
become positive ions. This ionic state of matter is called plasma.
7.4 What is meant by density? What is its SI unit? [L.B. 2017,19]
Density: “Density
Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.”
Unit: The SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter (kgm-3).
7.5 Can we use a hydrometer to measure the density of milk?
Hydrometer: Yes!! A hydrometer can be used to measure the density of milk. The
hydrometer must be calibrated as lactometer to measure density of milk.
7.6 Define the term pressure. [L.B. 2015,16**,18]
Pressure: “The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of a body is called
pressure.”
1~62q
76qEE 6q =
¡6q¢
Formula:
7.7 Show that atmosphere exerts pressure.
Atmosphere Exerts Pressure:: Place a tin can, half filled with

water, over flame. Wait till water begins to boil and steam expels
the air out of the can. Now place the can
can, over chilled running
water, with closed cap. The steam in can condenses by running
water and changes into water leaving an empty space be behind it.
P a g e | 27
This lowers the pressure inside the can and atmospheric pressure outside will cause the can
to collapse from all directions. This shows that atmosphere exerts pressure.
7.8It is easy to remove air from balloon but it is very difficult to remove air from a glass bottle.
Why?
Air Removal: Balloon is filled with compressed gas or air. The pressure of air inside the
balloon is higher than outside. That is why air rushes out from balloon easily while the
pressure of air inside the bottle is same as outside. Hence it is difficult to remove air from
bottle.
7.9 What is a barometer? [L.B. 2018]
Barometer: “The instrument that measures the atmospheric pressure

is called barometer.”
Mercury barometer is a simple barometer that consist 1 m long glass

tube filled with mercury and closed at one end.
7.10 Why is water not suitable to be used in barometer?[L.B. 2014]
Water in Barometer: The height of water column at sea level will be

13.6 times greater than that of mercury column i.e. 0.76 m x 13.6 = 10.34 m due to lesser
density of water. Thus a glass tube more than 10 m long is required to make a water
barometer. That is why water is not suitable to be used in barometer.
7.11 What makes a sucker pressed on a smooth wall sticks to it?
Sucker: The air between sucker and wall expels out on pressing it hence
outside atmospheric pressure becomes higher than inside pressure and
makes the sucker pressed on the wall.
7.12 Why does atmospheric pressure vary with height?
Atmospheric Pressure Variation: Atmospheric pressure depends on density of air. Density

of air changes with height hence atmospheric pressure varies with height.
7.13 What does it mean when the atmospheric pressure at a place fall suddenly?
Atmospheric Pressure Fall Suddenly: Rapid fall in atmospheric pressure indicates a windy
and showery condition in the nearby region.
7.14 What changes are expected in weather if the barometer reading shows a sudden
increase?
Changes in Weather: A sudden increase in reading shows increase in atmospheric pressure

with a decline later on predicting an intense weather condition.
P a g e | 28
7.15 State Pascal’s law. [L.B. 2015**,17,19]
Pascal’s Law: “Pressure applied at any point of a liquid enclosed in a

container, is transmitted without loss to all other parts of the liquid.”
Applications: Pascal’s law finds its numerous applications in automobiles,

hydraulic brake system, hydraulic jack and hydraulic press etc.
7.17 What is meant by elasticity? [L.B. 2016,17**,19**]
Elasticity: “The
The property of a body to restore its original size and shape as deforming force
ceases to act is called elasticity.
elasticity.”
7.18 State Archimedes principle. [L.B. 2016,19]
Archimedes Principle: “When

When an object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an
upthrust acts on it equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces.
7.19 What is upthrust?

thrust? Explain the principle of floatation.
Upthrust: “Upthrust on a body immersed in liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced.”
Principle of Floatation: “A
A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to the weight
of the object.”
7.20 Explain how a submarine floats on the water surface

and dives down in water?
Submarine Floats: Submarine floats over water when weight

of water equal to its volume is greater than its weight.
Submarine Dives:: Submarine dives into water when its tanks

are filled with seawater and its weight increases than upthrust.
7.21Why does a piece of stone sink in water but a ship with a huge
weight floats? [L.B. 2014,15]
Piece of Stone:: Piece of stone sinks in water because the weight of displaced water is less
than its own weight.
Ship Floats:: Ship floats over water because the weight of displaced water is greater than its
own weight.
7.22 What is Hook’s law? What is meant by elastic limit? [L.B. 2017,19]
Hook’s Law: “The strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it is directly
proportional to the stress within the elastic limit of the body.”
E:6qEE
= 2~_E:¢_:
E:6¢^_
P a g e | 29
Elastic Limit: “Elastic limit is a limit within which a body recovers its original length, volume or
shape after the deforming force is removed.”
01 The mass of 200 cm3 of stone is 500 g. Find its density. [L.B. 2014,18]
Density: = 500 , b! = 200 (," = ?

3¢EE
£q_E^:] =
}~¤ 3q
By definition,
¥¦¦
" =
A¦¦
Substituting values,
" = 2.5 %(
02 Define stress. [L.B. 2016,19]
Stress: “The force acting on unit area at the surface of a body is called stress.”
Unit: In SI the unit of stress is newton per square metre ( § 3%5 ).
03 State young’s modulus. [L.B. 2019]
Young’s Modulus: “The ratio of stress to tensile strain is called Young's modulus.”
©ª
Mathematical Form: Young’s Modulus = ¨ = ¬ ∆ª«
U
nit 08
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
8.2Why does heat flows from hot body to cold body?
Heat Flow: When two bodies of different temperature come into contact with each other,
the temperature of the hot body falls and it loses energy. This energy enters the cold body
due to which its temperature rises. The transfer of energy continues till both bodies have
the same temperature.
8.3 Define the terms heat and temperature. [L.B. 2014**,16**,19]
Heat: “Heat is the energy that is transferred from one body to the other in thermal contact
with each other as a result of the difference of temperature between them.”
Unit: Unit of Heat energy is joule (J).
Temperature: “Temperature of the body is the degree of hotness or coldness of the body.”
Unit: SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K).
P a g e | 30
8.4 What is meant by internal energy of a body? [L.B. 2014]
Internal Energy: “The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy associated with the atoms,
molecules and particles of a body is called its internal energy.”
®
! s
= ¯. . T7. .
8.5 How does heating affect the motion of molecules of a gas? [L.B. 2015]
Effect of Heat: Gas molecules move randomly and when heat energy is given to these
molecules their kinetic energy increases due to which their velocity is increased.
8.6 What is thermometer? Why mercury is preferred as a thermometric substance?
Thermometer: “A device which is used to measure the temperature of a body is called

thermometer.”
Mercury as Thermometric Material: Mercury is preferred as thermometric material

because it has all the thermometric properties like low freezing point i.e. -39oC, high boiling
point i.e. 357oC and small specific heat capacity.
8.7 Explain the volumetric thermal expansion.
Volumetric Thermal Expansion: “The volume of a solid changes with the change in
temperature and is called as volumetric thermal expansion.”
Bℎ b! = − = ° ∆±

8.8 Define specific heat. How would you find the specific heat of solid? [L.B. 2014,15,17,18]
Specific Heat: “Specific heat of the substance is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg mass of that substance through 1 K.”
∆²
Formula: ' P = 2 = 3∆³
8.9 Define and explain latent heat of fusion. [L.B. 2016,19]
Latent Heat of Fusion: “Heat energy required to change unit mass of a substance from solid
to liquid state at its melting point without any change in its temperature is called its latent
heat of fusion.”
∆²¶
´ P c = µ¶ =
3
Formula:
8.10 Define and explain latent heat of vaporizations.
Latent Heat of Vaporization: “Heat energy required to change unit mass of a liquid
completely into gas at its boiling point without any change in its temperature is called its
latent heat of vaporization.”
∆²4
´ P
· = µ4 =
3
Formula:
P a g e | 31
8.11 What is meant by evaporation? On what factors the evaporation of a liquid

depends? Explain how cooling is produced by evaporation? [L.B. 2015]
Evaporation: “Evaporation is the changing of a liquid into vapours from the surface of liquid
without heating it.”
Factors: Evaporation of a liquid depends on temperature, surface area, wind and nature of
liquid.
Evaporation Causes Cooling: During evaporation, fast moving molecules escape from the
surface of liquid leaving lower K.E. molecules behind. This lowers the average kinetic energy
of liquid molecules and temperature of liquid. Hence evaporation causes cooling.
01 What will be the temperature on Kelvin scale when it is 20 C° on Celsius scale? [L.B. 2014]
Temperature: ±

= ±OB S = 20 C°,±

= ±OS =?
By Formula, ±

= ³O¯S = ³Oº~ S T 5»¼
Substituting values, ±

= ±OS = 20 T 273
±

= ±OS = 293
02 Define coefficient of linear thermal expansion. [L.B. 2014]
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion: “Coefficient of linear thermal expansion of a

substance is defined as the fractional increase in its length per Kelvin rise in temperature.”
∆I
CoefÀicient of linear thermal expansion = É =
I~ ∆³
03 Convert 100 F° into temperature on Celsius scale. [L.B. 2014,18]
Temperature: ±

= ±OcS = 100 F°,±

= ±OB S =?
³O1~ S%¼5
±

= ³Oº~ S =
.Ë
By Formula,
±

= ±OB S =
&¦¦%(A {
= &.
&.
Substituting values,
±

= ±OB S = 37.8 B
P a g e | 32
04 What is meant by thermal equilibrium? [L.B. 2015]
Thermal Equilibrium: “The property of a system when all parts of the system have the same
temperature along with its surrounding.”
05 Write 2 uses of bimetallic strip. [L.B. 2015]
Uses: Following are uses of bimetallic strip; 1) Bimetallic strips are used in thermostats. 2)
Bimetal thermometer is used to measure temperature in furnaces and oven.
06 What is meant by upper and lower fixed points of thermometer? [L.B. 2015,19]
Upper Fixed Point: “The upper fixed point is the mark that shows the position of mercury in
the thermometer when it is placed in steam from boiling water at standard pressure.”
Lower Fixed Point: “The lower fixed point is the mark that shows the position of mercury in
the thermometer when it is placed in ice”
07 Convert 300 K into temperature on Celsius scale. [L.B. 2014]
Temperature: ±

= ±OS = 300 K,±

= ±OB S =?
By Formula, ±

= ³Oº~ S = ³O¯S − 5»¼
Substituting values, ±

= ±OB S = 300 − 273 B
±

= ±OB S = 27 B
08 Write the names of types of latent heat. [L.B. 2015]
Types of Latent Heat: Two types of latent heat are 1) Latent Heat of Fusion and 2) Latent
Heat of vaporization.
09 Write two applications of thermal expansion. [L.B. 2016,19]
Applications: 1) Thermal expansion is used in thermometer for temperature

measurements. 2) Fixation of iron rims on wooden wheels. 3) Use of bimetallic strip
10 Define thermal expansion. [L.B. 2016]
Thermal Expansion: “Most of the substances expand on heating this phenomenon is called
thermal expansion.”
Types: Its 2 types are linear thermal expansion and volumetric thermal expansion.
11 Which scales are used to measure temperature? [L.B. 2017]
Scales: Three scales are used to measure temperature. 1) Celsius Scale or Centigrade Scale
2) Fahrenheit Scale 3) Kelvin Scale.
P a g e | 33
12 What is meant by melting point and freezing point? [L.B. 2017]
Melting Point: “The

The temperature at which a solid starts melting is called its melting point.”
Freezing Point: “The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to solid is called
its freezing point.”
13 Gaps are left in railway tracks. Why? [L.B. 2017]
Railway Track Gaps: Gaps are left in railway tracks to compensate thermal expansion during
hot season.
U
nit 09
TRANSFER OF HEAT
9.2 Why are metals good conductors of heat?
Metals: Metals have free electrons which remain in continuous

motion and can transfer heat energy at a very fast rate from hot
part to cold part. So metals are conductors due to free electrons.
9.3 Explain why:
a. A metal feels colder to touch than wood kept in a cold place?
Metal Feels Colder: Metal is good conductor while wood is insulator. Metal transfers the
heat energy from your hand on touching
touching, due to which it feels colder.
b. Land breeze blows from land to sea?
Land Breeze: Att night, the land cools faster than the sea. Therefore,
air above the sea is warmer, rises up and the cold air from the land
begins
ns to move towards the sea. It is called land breeze.
c. Double walled glass vessel is used in thermos flask?
Double Walled Glass Vessel:: Double walled glass vessel is used to reduce heat transfer as;
Vacuum between Double walled glass vessel

vessels reduces conduction of heat.
Outer glass vessel is silvered from inner side and the other from outside which
reduces heat transfer by radiation.
d. Deserts soon get hot during the day and soon get cold after sunset?
P a g e | 34
Deserts: Deserts soon get hot during the d day

ay and soon get cold after sunset due to less
specific heat capacity of sand i.e. 835.0 J kg-1 K-1.
9.4 Why conduction of heat does not take place in gases?
Conduction in Gases: Conduction can take place due to vibrations of molecules packed close
or due to free electrons. Gases do not have closely packed molecules or free electrons. That
is why gases are not good conductors of heat.
9.5 What measures do you suggest to conserve energy in houses? [L.B. 2016**]
Conserve Energy in Houses: Following measures may be taken to conserve energy;
Hot water tanks are insulated by plastic or foam lagging.

Wall cavities are filled with plastic foam or wool.
9.6 Why does transfer of heat in fluids take place by convection?
Transfer of Heat in Fluids: Molecules of fluids are far apart due to weak intermolecular
forces. On heating these
hese molecules move from hotter place to colder place and hence
transfer heat by convection.
9.7 What is meant by convection current? [L.B. 2018]
Convection Current: “On

On heating, molecules of fluid start flow from hot part to cold part
which is called convection current.”
Example: Rise of smoke

ke from chimneys is an example of convection current.
9.9 How does the heat reach us from the sun? [L.B. 2016]
Heat from Sun: The heat energy reaches us neither by conduction nor by convection,
because the space between SSun and Earth’s atmosphere is empty. It is through radiation
that heat reaches us from the sun.
9.11 What is greenhouse

house effect? [L.B. 2015,17**]
Greenhouse Effect: “Layer of carbon dioxide and water

vapourstraps infrared radiations emitting out from earth
surface and does not allow them to escape
escape, hence behaves
like greenhouse. This phenomenon is called greenhouse
effect.”
Greenhouse effect causes rise in average earth

temperature called global warming.
P a g e | 35
9.12 Explain the impact of greenhouse effect in global warming?
Impact: During the recent years, the percentage of CO2 has been increased considerably.
This has caused an increase in average temperature of earth which is called global warming.
This has serious implications for the global climate.
01 Write the names of modes of transfer of heat. [L.B. 2014,19]
Modes of Heat Transfer: 1) Conduc

Conduction 2) Convection 3) Radiation, are three modes of heat
transfer.
Conduction: “The
The mode of transfer of heat by vibrating atoms and free electrons in solids from hot
to cold parts of a body is called conduction of heat.”
Convection: “Transfer
Transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place to a cold place is
known as convection.”
Radiation: “Radiation
Radiation is the mode of transfer of heat from one place to another in the form of
waves.”
02 Why dark colored clothes are prohibited to wear in summer? [L.B. 2014,17]
Dark Colored Clothes: Dark colored clothes being good absorber of heat radiations can
cause us to feel hot. That is why dark colored clothes are prohibited to wear in summer.
sum
03 Differentiate between land breeze and sea breeze. [L.B. 2014,19]
Land Breeze: “Land breeze blows from land Sea Breeze: “Sea breeze blows from sea to
to sea during night.” land during day time.”
P a g e | 36
04 Define thermal conductivity. [L.B. 2014,19]
Thermal Conductivity: “The rate of flow of heat across the opposite faces of a metre cube
of a substance maintained at a temperature difference of one kelvin is called the thermal
conductivity of that substance.”
² Ï
Î= ×
: ¡O³ − ³5 S
05 Describe the effect of length on thermal conductivity. [L.B. 2015**]
Effect of Length: Thermal conductivity is a material property and is independent of change

in length, but rate of heat flow through a sample changes inversely with length.
06 On which factors radiations depend? [L.B. 2015]
Radiations Dependence: The rate of emission of radiation depends on 1) Colour & Texture
of surface 2) Surface Temperature 3) Surface Area
07 Define convection. [L.B. 2016**,17,19]
Convection: “Transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place to a cold
place is known as convection.”
08 Describe the effect of cross sectional area on thermal conductivity. [L.B. 2017]
Effect of Area: Thermal conductivity is a material property and is independent of change in

cross sectional area, but rate of heat flow through a sample changes directly with cross
sectional area.
09 What causes a glider to remain in air? [L.B. 2017]
Glider: “Gliders ride over thermals (upward moving hot air currents due to convection). The
upward movement of air currents in thermals helps them to stay in air for a long period.
10 Write two names of expert thermal climbers. [L.B. 2018]
Expert Thermal Climbers: Eagles, hawks and vultures are expert thermal climbers.
11 Write 2 uses of good conductors. [L.B. 2019]
Uses of Conductors: Good conductors are used when quick transfer of heat is required
through a body. Thus cookers, cooking plate, boiler, radiators and condensers of
refrigerators, etc. are made of metals such as aluminum or copper.
P a g e | 37
Numerical Formulae
-ℎ '
; a
1.6 Z.E. = Coinciding Division × L.C. ,
Zero Correction= - (Z.E.)
´ '
; a =
1.7
. !
!
!
1.10 #
= ´ℎ × ℎ s [L.B. 2014]
Example1.4 [L.B. 2014,15]
2.1 ' =b×
&
2.2 ' = bf T A
, b = bf T t
A
&
2.3 ' = bf T A
A , b = bf T t
&
2.4 ℎ = bf & T & A
A
, Total Time = time to go up + time to come back
&
2.5 '& = b × , 'A = bf T A t A , ' = '& T SA
2.6 2' = b − bfA
, b = bf T t
A
Example 2.11 b = bf T at [L.B. 2019]

&
Example 2.14 ℎ = bf T A A , 2ℎ = b − bf
A A [L.B. 2017]
&
Example 2.15 ℎ = bf T A A
, b = bf T gt [L.B. 2017]
c =
; =
3.1
c = ; =
3.2
3.3
c =
; = c Ñ = c = ; T c Ñ
3.4
O& − A S 2& A
3.5
= ± =
3.6
O& T A S O& T A S
& & A
= ± =
O& T A S O& T A S
3.7
- − -f
c=
3.8 [L.B. 2014,18]

3.9 cg = Ò [L.B. 2016]
b A
ck =
3.10 [L.B. 2018,19]

- − -f
c=
Example 3.6 [L.B. 2016]

4.2 cÓ = c cos θ , c = c sin θ
c
[L.B. 2018]
c = ÕcÓ A T c A Ö = tan%& × Ø
4.3
cÓ
4.4 Ù =c×´
4.5 cÓ = c cos Ö
4.6 ±
B! = Ù = c
× Ú #
[L.B. 2014,15]
4.7 ; = ± = ±& T ±A
4.9 cA × ´A = c& × ´& [L.B. 2018]
4.10 cA × ´A = c& × ´&
a& A
Example 4.2 [L.B. 2015]
c=
5.1
A
a& A
c=
5.2
A
5.3
P a g e | 38
z A
Ú =
5.4
a
aMl
t =
5.5
Oz T ℎSA
aMl

= z T ℎt =
5.6
Oz T ℎSA
t OR T hSA
Úl =
5.7
a
aÚl aÚl
Oz T ℎSA = ℎ=Ý −z
5.8
t t
uÞ uÞ
t = OxytSw m , b = Vt Oz T ℎS OR b = ÕOxytSw m × Oz T ℎS
5.9 [L.B. 2014]
uÞ uÞ
t = OxytSw m , b = Vt Oz T ℎS b = ÕOxytSw m × Oz T ℎS
5.10
OR
= c'
a. -. s. = ℎ
6.1
; 1
6.2
= , . s. = b A
6.3
2
[L.B. 2015]
1
. s. = b A , a. -. s. = . s. ℎℎ
6.4
2
1
a. -. s. = ℎ. s. = b A
6.5
2
'
-=c
6.6

[L.B. 2019]
c'
-=
6.7

[L.B. 2015]
c' ℎ
-= =
6.8

ℎ
-=
6.9 [L.B. 2014,19]

= - × = cj = ℎ , s = × 100%

6.10
Example 6.1 = c h [L.B. 2016]

Example 6.3 -. s. = h [L.B. 2017]
© ß © ß
Example 6.6 -& = hà
, -A = hm
[L.B. 2016]
á
Example 6.7 = c S - = h [L.B. 2017]

,
" =
b!
7.1

7.2 [L.B. 2014]
! =
"
7.3 [L.B. 2015,16]
= ! × "

c
7.4 [L.B. 2014]
-=
7.5
#
c
-=
7.6
#
[L.B. 2018,19]
c
# = !ℎ × ;ℎ - = = #
× ℎℎ " =
7.7
#
" ;&
=
7.9
â ;& − ;A
[L.B. 2019]
P a g e | 39

" =
b!
Example 7.1 [L.B. 2015]
ãℎ

= â
" ;&
Example 7.3 [L.B. 2018]
=
Example 7.4
â ;& − ;A
[L.B. 2016]
±OcS = 1.8B T 32
±OcS = 1.8B T 32 , ±OS = ±OBS T 273
8.1
8.2 [L.B. 2015,17]
´ − ´ = Oä´ SO± − ± S
= T °O S∆T
8.3
∆æ
8.4
=
8.5
∆±
[L.B. 2014]
∆æ ∆±
=
8.6

∆æ
P =
8.7

∆æç
Pç =
8.9

[L.B. 2015]
æ AOTA − T& S
Example 8.6 [L.B. 2017]
=
9.1
L
AOTA − T& S
æ= ×t
9.2
L
æ AOTA − T& S
=
Example 9.1 [L.B. 2014]
L

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2019-20

AYUB‫حمزه‬ 9TH PHYSICS

www.hamzaayub333.blogspot.com www.issuu.com/hamzaayub333 hamzaayub333@gmail.com

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND

Base Quantities: Derived Quantities:

Base Units: Kilogram, mole, ampere, meter and Kelvin.

Derived Units:Joule, Newton, hertz, coulomb and watt.

a)speed b) volume c) Force d) work

a)Speed: Speed is derived from length and time.

b)Volume: Volume is derived from length.

c)Force: Force is derived from mass, length and time.

d)Work: Work is derived from mass, length and time.

1.5Estimate your age in seconds. [L.B. 2014,15,17,18]

Age in Seconds:  =  

 = 15 × 365  = 15 × 365 × 1 

 = 15 × 365 × 24 ℎ

 = 15 × 365 × 24 × 60  = 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 1 

 = 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60  = 15 × 31536000

1.7 What is meant by Vernier constant? [L.B. 2014,15,17**]

Value: Vernier constant = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm

Types: Zero error may be Positive or Negative.

1.9Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument?

Stop Watch: “A stop watch is used to measure time interval of an event.”

L.C. of Mechanical Stop Watch = 0.1 s, L. C. Digital Stop Watch = 0.01 s

1.11Why do you need to measure extremely small interval of times?

1.12 What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?

1.13How is precision related to significant figures in a measuring quantity?

IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS FROM BISE LAHORE

01 Define physics. [L.B. 2014,15]

Mechanics, optics, sound and electromagnetism are few branches of physics.

03How many divisions are present on vernier scale? [L.B. 2016]

No. of Divisions: 10 divisions are present on vernier scale of vernier callipers.

04 What is meant by prefixes? Give example. [L.B. 2016,19]

05 Write 2 rules to find significant figures in a measurement. [L.B. 2016]

Rules: 1. Digits other than zero are significant.

2. Zero between significant digits is also significant.

06 Write the names of 2 length measuring instruments. [L.B. 2017]

Scientific notation: “A way to express a given number as a number between 1 and 10

Example: A quantity 6400 km is written in standard form as 6.4 × 103 km.

08 What is meant by base and derived units? [L.B. 2019]

10 Define biological sciences and physical sciences. [L.B. 2019]

12 What is meant by physical quantities? Give 2 examples. [L.B. 2019]

Physical Quantities: “All measurable quantities are called physical quantities.”

Example: Length, mass, time and temperature.

Types: There are 3 types of translatory motion.

2.3Differentiate between the following;

(1) Rest and Motion

Rest: “A body is said to be at rest, if it does Motion: “A body is said to be in motion, if it

(3) Distance and displacement [L.B. 2016,17]

Distance: “Length of a path between two Displacement: “Displacement is the shortest

Speed: “The distance covered by an object Velocity: “The rate of displacement of a

Linear Motion: “Straight line motion of a Random Motion: “The disordered or

Scalars: “A scalar quantity is described Vectors: “A vector quantity is described

Define the terms speed, velocity and acceleration.

Velocity: “The rate of displacement of a body is called velocity.”

Can a body moving at constant speed have acceleration?

Motion of Riders:: The motion of riders is;

Translatory because they move in circular path without rotation.

2.7 Sketch a distance-time

v-t Graph: Velocity-time

2.9 Which of the following can be obtained from speed

How can vector quantities be represented gra

Graphical Representation: To represent a vector graphically:

Draw a straight line (length of line is magnitude of vector).

Age in Seconds: =

= 15 × 365 = 15 × 365 × 1

= 15 × 365 × 24 ℎ

= 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 = 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 1

= 15 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 = 15 × 31536000

;ℎ = ; = = 147 <

(4) Centre of gravity. [L.B. 2014,16]