ZOOLOGY LECTURE

Francisco, CJ Allen J.
I – BS Biology – A1
 Phototaxis: moves toward an area of light
KINGDOM PROTISTA - Has specialized receptors to detect light
- Euglena (plant-like)
 One way to classify protist is by the  Chloroplasts
manner of nutrition:  Eyespot
 Protozoa – Heterotrophs (animal – like protist)
 Algae – Photosynthesizers (Plant-like protists) Reproduction
 Decomposers and Parasites are called fungus
like protists  Asexual Reproduction
 Chytrids - Fission – parent cell divides into two
 Water Molds - Budding – parent cell produce an outgrowth
 Slime Molds - Sporulation – production of spores
 Sexual Reproduction
Protozoa
- Conjugation - exhibit a form of sexual reproduction
• Microscopic, unicellular animals called Bacterial Conjugation. It is the transfer of
• Single or colonial genetic material between bacterial cells by direct
• Shape is variable cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection
• Mostly universal SYMMETRY between two cells.
• Some are ASYMMETRICAL
• No germ layers, tissues, organs and systems Locomotion
• Specialized organelles are present
• Nucleus (single or multiple)  Protozoa used to be classified according to how they
move.
Nutrition  Ciliates use fine “hairs” called cilia.
 Holozoic - feed on other organisms  Flagellates use longer, whip-like hairs called
 Holophytic - produce its own food by photosynthesis flagella.
 Saprozoic - feed on dead animal matter  Amoebas and their relatives use pseudopodia
 Saprophytic - feed on dissolved substances  Pseudopodia are also used to capture food.
 Sporozoans (apicomplexans) don’t have any ability
 Animal-like: ex. Amoeba to move (non-motile).
 Endocytosis: (taking into cell)
- Phagotcytosis (eating) Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
- Pinocytosis (drinking)  7 Phyla of Protozoa
 Plant-like: ex. Euglena • P. Sarcomastigophora
 Photosynthesis: using sunlight to produce food • P. Ciliophora
• P. Apicomplexa
(glucose)
• P. Labrinthomorpha
Nutrition Condition • P. Ascetospora
• P. Microsopora
 Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs with cell walls • P. Myxozoa
 Feed on dead or decaying materials
Subphylum Plasmodroma
Habitat • Gr. (Plasma) = Anything formed
• Gr. (Dromos) = Course
 aquatic, terrestrial, parasitic • Characteristics
• Locomotory organelle
Regulation • Flagella, pseudopodia and
Monomorphic nuclei
 Chemotaxis: moves toward a food source
I. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
 Has specialized receptors to detect food chemicals
Class under this subphylum:
October 12, 2019
1. Class Mastigophora
2. Class Sarcodina • Trichomonas vaginalis
3. Class Sporozoa
• Genus Trypanosoma
1. Class Mastigophora
• Organisms in this class moved by the presence of
FLAGELLA.
• Some have pseudopodia, temporary arm-like
protrusions of cytoplasm that help the cell move
about and enwrap particles of food.
• Example: Euglena, Volvox and Trypanosoma
• have flagella
• some species of zooflagellates have mutualistic
relationships
• Example : Trichonympha digests cellulose in the
guts of termites.
• Others are parasites, like Trypanosoma, which
causes African Sleeping Sickness (coma).
 Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in
other words, it’s a Vector
African Sleeping Sickness
• Giardia lamblia
• T. brucei causes sleeping sickness
• T. cruzi causes Chagas disease
Giardiasis
• Fecal-oral route of infection
• recreational water, water, fomites,
contaminated uncooked food
• Symptoms normally begin 1 to 2 weeks (average
7 days) after becoming infected.
• Symptoms
• Diarrhea
• Gas or flatulence
• Greasy stools that tend to float
• Stomach or abdominal cramps
• Upset stomach or nausea
• May lead to weight loss and dehydration
• Symptoms of giardiasis may last 2 to 6 weeks.

• Bite reaction
• Parasitemia Trichomonas vaginalis
• attacks of fever which starts 2-3 weeks A flagellate - causes Trichomoniasis, a sexually
after the bite transmitted disease
• CNS Stage
Trichomoniasis
• changes in character and personality
• STD
• Terminal stage is marked by wasting and
emaciation • Clinical Features:
• Death results from coma, intercurrent infection • Trichomonas vaginalis infection in
or cardiac failure women is frequently symptomatic.
• Vaginitis with a purulent discharge is the
 Trypanosomes prominent symptom, and can be accompanied by
 Sleeping Sickness (T.brucei) vulvar and cervical lesions, abdominal pain, dysuria
 55 million are at risk / approx. 0.5 million people and dyspareunia.
infected • The incubation period is 5 to 28 days.
 Almost always fatal • In men, the infection is frequently
 Chagas Disease (T. cruzi)
asymptomatic; occasionally, urethritis, epididymitis,
 30 million at risk/ 20 million infected
and prostatitis can occur.
 Surra (T. evansi)
2. Class Sarcodina
• move by Pseudopodia
 wide host range
• with no definite Pellicle
endemic in Indonesia • Free living or parasitic
• mostly holozoic
mortality/reduced productivity • Examples: Entamoeba, Arcella and Globigerina

Sarcodina (Amoebas)
Pathogenic Flagellates (P. Mastigophora) • Pseudopods
• Some have flagellated reproductive states
• Asexual reproduction by fission
• Two groups have an external shell
• Mostly uninucleate
• Usually encyst
• Most free-living
• Examples: Entamoeba, Foraminifera and
Radiolarians

• Parasite causes eye and brain damage in a baby,

Amoeba
• Amoebas are flexible, active cells with thick
pseudopods that extend out of the central mass of the
cell.
• Cytoplasm streams into the pseudopod, and the rest
of the cell follows.
• This type of locomotion is known as amoeboid
movement.
• It uses pseudopodia for locomotion.
if untreated.
• Acute infection in older children and adults may
be without symptoms, cause flu like illness or
enlarged lymph glands.
• Latent parasite occurs very commonly in people
infecting approximately a third to a half of all
humans.
- Can cause active disease if a person becomes
immune compromise.

Infective Amoebas: Entamoeba

• Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica Toxoplasma gondii
• Fourth most common protozoan infection in the Clinical Features:
world • Generally an asymptomatic or mild self-
• A.k.a. amoebic dysentery limiting infection.
• Immunodeficient patients
3. Phylum Sporozoa - brain lesions
• are parasites - pneumonitis
• have no means of locomotion
• form spores that are dispersed by one or more hosts • Pregnant women/infant
- miscarriage; still births
• ex. Plasmodium, which causes malaria
- cerebral palsey; seisures
• They reproduce by producing sporozoites - mental retardation
• Sporozoites can attach itself to a host cell, penetrate - eye infections; impaired vision
it, and then live within it as parasites - enlarged liver and spleen

Malarial Infection
• A female Anopheles mosquito bites a human II. Phylum Ciliophora
infected with malaria and picks up the Plasmodium • with cilia as locomotory organelle
gamete cell. • with two kinds of nuclei; macronucleus and
• Sexual phase of the Plasmodium vivax happens in micronucleus
the mosquito. • reproduction involves conjugation
• It’s vector: Anopheles Mosquito • Class Ciliata
• Trophozoites mobile by cilia
Toxoplasmosis • Some have cilia in tufts for feeding and attachment
• Most develop cysts
• Both macronuclei and micronuclei
• Division by transverse fission
• Most have definite mouth and feeding organelle
• Show relatively advanced behavior
• Majority are free-living and harmless

Balantidium coli
• Only known ciliate that is pathogenic in humans
• Affects humans, other primates, and pigs which are
the reservoir
• Lives in the large intestine and causes diarrhea
• Trophozoites can also be detected in tissue.
• Collect a tissue specimen from the large intestine, by
sigmoidoscopy

• Most cases are asymptomatic.

 Clinical manifestations, when present, include

persistent diarrhea, occasionally dysentery,
abdominal pain, and weight loss.
 Symptoms can be severe in debilitated persons.

• Diagnosis is based on detection of trophozoites in

stool specimens or in tissue collected during
endoscopy.
• Repeated stool samples
• Treatment

 Tetracycline with metronidazole and iodoquinol as

alternatives.

Class Ciliata

• cilia are present in adult and young III. Phylum Foraminifera

• largest free living protists • have a protective shell or TEST, usually made of
• Examples: Paramecium, Colpoda, Vorticella and calcium carbonate
Stentor • layers of tests can deposit on the ocean floor
• Paramecia • these can form limestone and chalk, like the
White Cliffs of Dover
 Macronucleus • Some species of forams are good indicators
• Multiple copies of most genes needed by the of oil deposits below
organism in its day-to-day existence
 Micronucleus
• Copy of all the cell genes

Important Protozoan Pathogens