PRONUNCIATION

/prə,nʌnsi‟eiʃən/
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WHY YOU SHOULD STUDY ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION?

 Pronunciation is definitely the biggest thing that people notice when you
are speaking English.
 When you talk to a person in real life, they may not notice your limited
vocabulary or grammar mistakes. But they will notice right away if your
pronunciation is good or bad.
 And the consequences of bad pronunciation are tragic. Even if you used
correct grammar, peple may not simply not understand what you want to
say.
 If your pronunciation is poor, they will think about you as the guy/girl
who speaks bad English, and good grammar and vocabulary won‟t help
you!

Here is an anecdote about this. After coming bak from a vacation in the united
states, afriend of mine said:

Whenever I spoke to a person in America, they kept asking me what? I

would repeat my sentence again and again. Finally they would say Ah ha! And
then repeat my sentene, usin exactly my words! It was very humiliating. I knew
my word and grammar were good, but nobody would understand me, just
because of my pronunciation. I am very motivated to learn English now.

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IMPORTANCE OF SPELLING

The correlation between spelling and reading comprehension is high

because both depend on a common denominator proficiency with language. The
more deeply and thoroughly a student knows a word, the more likely he or she is
to recognize it, spell it, define it, and use it appropriately in speech and writing.

THE ALPHABET
/ ðɪ / /ælfəbet /

A B C D E F G H
/ eɪ / / bi: / / ci: / / di: / / i: / / ef / /dʒ/ / eɪtʃ /
I J K L M N O P
/aɪ/ / dʒeɪ / /keɪ/ / el / / em / / en / /əʊ/ / pi: /
Q R S T U V
/ kju: / / ɑː(r) / / es / / ti: / / ju: / / vi: /
W X Y Z
/ dʌbəlju: / / eks / / waɪ / / zed / zi: /

Practice

John : What‟s your name?

Niki : My name is NIKI
John : How‟d you spell it?
Niki : It spells like en aɪ keɪ aɪ

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INTRODUCTION THE IPA

IPA is international phonetic alphabet, is an alphabetic system of

phonetic notation based primarily on the latin alphabet. It was devised by the
international phonetic association as a standardized representation of the sounds
of oral language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students
and teachers, linguists, speech language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed
language creators and translators.

The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech tha are
part of oral language; phones, phonemes, intonation and the separation of words
and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech, such as tooth gnashing,
lipsing, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called
the extensions to the international phonetic alphabet may be used.

IPA (International Phonetict Alphabet)

VOWEL SOUNDS
 LAX VOWEL ə, e/ɛ, ɪ, ʊ, ʌ, ɒ/ɑ, æ
 TENSE VOWEL iː/i, uː/u, ɑː/ɑ, ɔː/ɔ, ɜː/ɚ
 DIPHTHONG eɪ, aɪ, əʊ/oʊ, aʊ, ɔɪ, ɪə/ɪr, eə/ɛr, ʊə/ʊr

CONSONANT SOUNDS
 VOICELESS p, t, ʧ, k,f, ɵ, s, ʃ
 VOICED b, d, ʤ, ɡ, v, ð, z, ʒ
 OTHER CONSONANT m,n, ŋ, h, l, r, w, j

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VOWELS
(LAX/SHORT SOUND)

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LAX / SHORT SOUND

Generally speaking, they are shorter than tense vowels. As we shall see,
tense vowel have more variable length. Another characteristic of lax vowels is
that, when stressed, they are always checked: that is, they do not accure alone at
the ends of words, but always need a following consonant.

In this part of this IPA, we will learn to pronounce LAX. We should

produce short voice in our mouth.

ə, e/ɛ, ɪ, ʊ, ʌ, ɒ/ɑ, æ
LAX EXAMPLE
A go A like Accuse Banana
ə /əɡəʊ/ /əlaɪk / /əkjuːz / /bənænə/
End Head Met Let
e/ɛ /end / / hed / / met / / let /
In Ink Him Is
ɪ /ɪn / /ɪŋk / / hɪm / /ɪz /
full Book Good Put
ʊ / fʊl / / bʊk / / ɡʊd / / pʊt /
Up Just Dust Cut
ʌ /ʌp / / ʤʌst / / dʌst / / kʌt /
Want God What Box
ɒ/ɑ /wɒnt / /ɡɒd / /wɒt / /bɒks /
Anger Black Cat Hat
æ /æŋɡə(r) / /blæk / /kæt / /hæt /

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COMON SPELLING PATTERN (CSP) FOR LAX / SHORT

Common spelling pattern for / ə /

a (at the beginning of a word) ago, away, along, arrive
a (at the end of a word) zebra, sofa, soda,
e oven, open, seven, belief, jacket
i humid, capital, typical, cousin
o occur, obtain, lemon, lesson
u upon, suppose, circus, column
Common spelling pattern for / e /
e (at the beginning and middle of end, egg, edge, else, every
aword) bed, next, west, rest, bent
ea head, lead, dead, meant, measure
Common spelling pattern for / ɪ /
I Sin, lips, with, gift, pin, miss
ui Build, quick, quilt, guilty, guitar
y (between two consonants) Gym, syrup, symbol, system
Common spelling pattern for / ʊ /
u Pull, full, push, sugar
oo Good, book, hook, cookie
ould Could, would, should
Common spelling pattern for / ʌ /
u Up, cut, sun, lucky, funny
o Love, done, some, mother, Monday
ou Cousin, country, enough, trouble
Common spelling pattern for / ɒ /
a Want, what, dark, father, wallet
o Fox, hot, spot, opera
Common spelling pattern for / æ /
A apple, bad, hat, black, back, man

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Practice 1
Try to pronounce this sentence with correctly pronunciation.

A couple years ago I started to learn English to be better and better

ə
It sounds terrible to go to bed after getting dinner, we better get out
e/ɛ
I sing this song with him to get rid of this boring, will you sing it?
ɪ
Could you put the good book on the wood?
ʊ
Shut up! Mother‟s come and supper is ready
ʌ
I want to wash the car before my boss comes
ɒ/ɑ
You look so sad, do you miss your dad so bad?
æ
Practice 2
Which are including lax vowel?

1 a. cot b. goat 6 a. angle b. angel

2 a. pick b. peek 7 a. fact b. face

3 a. wick b. week 8 a. girl b. gel

4 a. bake b. back 9 a. maze b. match

5 a. shoot b. shut 10 a. range b. rack

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VOWELS
(TENSE / LONG SOUND)

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TENSE / LONG SOUND

Lax vowels, remember, are short. Tense vowels are also called long
sound; this name is slightly misleading because in English, the tense vowels have
variable length, they can be much longer than the lax vowels.

In this part, we will learn how to pronounce the TENSE vowel correctly.
To pronounce the symbols, we must produce long voice in our mouth. You
should be careful with the similar sounds to the LAX vowels.

iː/i, uː/u, ɑː/ɑ, ɔː/ɔ, ɜː/ɚ

TENSE EXAMPLE
See She Seat Sheet
iː/i /siː/ /ʃiː/ /siːt / /ʃiːt /
You Blue New Group
uː/u /juː/ / bluː / / njuː / /ɡruːp /
Father Hard Heart Car
ɑː/ɑ /fɑːðə(r) / /hɑːd / / hɑːt / /kɑː(r) /
Saw Law call Bought
ɔː/ɔ / sɔː / / lɔː / /kɔːl / / bɔːt /
Learn Word Shirt Turn
ɜː/ɚ /lɜːn / /wɜːd / / ʃɜːt / / tɜːn /

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COMON SPELLING PATTERN (CSP) FOR TENSE / LONG

Common spelling pattern for / iː /

ee Meet, feel, see, free
ea Team, reach, mean, sea
ie and ei Belief, piece, neither, receive
final e Me, we, she, he
e consonant e These, Chinese, peter
final y City, duty, country, ability
endins with ique Unique, boutique, critique
Common spelling pattern for / uː /
oo Too, food, school, tool
ue True, blue, avenue
o Do, who, lose, prove
ew New, blew, drew
u Super, rule, duty, student
Common spelling pattern for / ɑː /
ar ark, art, arch, are, dark
Common spelling pattern for / ɔː /
all Fall, call, mall, tall
o Dog, toss, lost, offer
aw Jaw, lawn, dawn, drawn
Common spelling pattern for / ɜː /
er Her, mercy, mother, winner
ear Heard, learn, earth
ir First, girl, firm
or Doctor, word, worry
ur Occur, curtain, jury
ure Insecure, culture
ar Grammar, collar

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Practice 1
Try to pronounce this sentence with correctly pronunciation.

The employees agreed to meet at eight fifteen

iː/i
Soon you will stay in the new room
uː/u
My father parks his car in the dark yard
ɑː/ɑ
For your sake stay away from her, I saw her with another man
ɔː/ɔ
That girl works hard this year
ɜː/ɚ
Practice 2
Find the phonetic symbol of this text, and write the symbol below the text

“NOTHING CAN STOP ME”

A guy wrote to his girl friend “for you sake I‟m ready for doing anything

that none will do, I can swim across the pacific, walk to you under water for

miles and miles” that surely sounds convincing. Then he added “neither storm

or hurricane can stop me”

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VOWELS
(DIPHTHONG / GLIDE SOUND)

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DIPHTHONG / GLIDE SOUND

Diphthong is also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel

sounds accurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel
with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech
apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most dialects of
English, the phrase no highway cowboy/”nəʊ haɪweɪ kaʊbɔɪz”has five distinct
diphthongs, one in every sillabel.

eɪ, aɪ, əʊ/oʊ, aʊ, ɔɪ, ɪə/ɪr, eə/ɛr, ʊə/ʊr

DIPHTHONG EXAMPLE
Day Say Pay Make
eɪ /deɪ/ /seɪ/ /peɪ/ /meɪk/
Lie Price Night Might
aɪ /laɪ / / praɪs/ /naɪt / /maɪt /
No So Show Low
əʊ/oʊ / nəʊ / /səʊ / /ʃəʊ / /ləʊ /
Now Down Town Mought
aʊ /naʊ / /daʊn / /taʊn / /maʊt /
Toy Join Coin Voice
ɔɪ /tɔɪ / / ʤɔɪn / /kɔɪn / /vɔɪs /
Near Clear Here Tear
ɪə/ɪr /nɪə(r)/ /klɪə(r)/ /hɪə(r)/ /tɪə(r)/
Bear Care Share Hair
eə/ɛr /beə(r) / /keə(r) / /ʃeə(r) / /heə(r) /
Cure Pure Sure Tour
ʊə/ʊr /kjʊə(r) / /pjʊə(r) / /ʃʊə(r) / /tʊə(r) /

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COMON SPELLING PATTERN (CSP) FOR DIPHTHONG / GLIDE

Common spelling pattern for / eiː /

a consonant e Late, came, take, save
ai Rain, wait, pain, aim
ay Say, away, play, Monday
ey They, survey, obey
eigh Weigh, eight, neighbor, freight
Common spelling pattern for / aiː /
y Fly, sky, appryl, styl
i Nice, kind, fine, sign
igh Light, fight, sight, night
ie Lie, tie, tried
Common spelling pattern for / əʊ /
o No, don‟t, home, only
oa Road, coat, boat
ow Own, slow, window
ough Though, although
Common spelling pattern for / aʊ /
ou Found, loud, around, thousand
ow Now, down, town, vowel
Common spelling pattern for / ɔɪ /
oi Avoid, oil, moist, join
oy Enjoy, toy, employ, royal

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Practice 1
Practice the dialogue with your partner.

Coffee tomorrow
John : hi Nicole can you talk?
Nicole : oh, hi John. Can you hold on? I‟m on another call.
John : no problem. I‟ll wait „til you‟re done.
Nicole : okay, now I can talk. What‟s going on?
John : I just wanted to know if we can meet for lunch or coffee tomorrow.
Nicole : that sounds like fun.

Practice 2
Try to pronounce this sentence with correctly pronunciation.

They take eight times to make the cake

eɪ
I like to try to speak English,
aɪ
No, I don‟t know, why do you think so?
əʊ/oʊ
Sit down right now or get out of my house
aʊ
The boy got a choice to destroy
ɔɪ
I can‟t hear your voice, come here
ɪə/ɪr
Be fair! There‟s a lot of things we need to share
eə/ɛr
It‟s our pure tou
ʊə/ʊr

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QUICK REVIEW

Word contras vowel versus vowel

Make sure you don‟t pronounce these pairs of words the same

ʌ ɒ iː ɪ
Buss Boss Seat Sit
Cup Cop Sleep Slip
Nut Not Feel Fill
Gut Got Heal Hill
Cuff Cough Eat It

ɪ e e æ
Sit Set Men Man
Did Dead Bed Bad
Big Beg Then Than
Hill Hell Said Sad
Fill Fell Beg Bag

eɪ e eɪ aɪ
Pain Pen Lake Like
Sail Sell Make Mike
Wait Wet Late Light
Waste West Wait White
Tail Tell Bait Bite

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 əʊ aʊ ɔː aʊ
No Now Dawn Down
Boat About Horse House
Don‟t Down Bought About

æ ɒ ʌ ɔː
Hat Hot But Bought
Lack Lock Cut Cought
Cap Cop hull Hall
Rack Rock Done Dawn
Tap Top Flood Flawed

uː ʊ
Fool Full
Pool Pull
Food Foot

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CONSONANTS
(VOICELESS / UNVOICED)

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VOICELESS / UNVOICED CONSONANT

Voiceless do not used the voice. They are percuassive and use hard
sounds. Once again, you can test if a consonant is voiceless by putting your
finger on your throat. You will fell no vibration in your throat, just a short
explosion of air as you pronounce. Pronounce each of these consonant sounds
and feel no vibration in your throat.

p, t, ʧ, k,f, ɵ, s, ʃ
VOICELESS EXAMPLE
Pop Pack Punch Pink
p /pɒp/ /pæk / /pʌnʧ/ /pɪŋk /
Ten Took Fat Lot
t /ten / /tuːk/ /fæt / /lɒt /
Much Catch Teacher Choose
ʧ / mʌʧ / /kæʧ / /tiːʧə(r) / /ʧuːz /
Kick Came Lake Rock
k /kɪk / /keɪm / /leɪk / /rɒk /
Fit Few Laugh Face
f /fɪt / /fjuː / /lʌf / /feɪs /
Think Thanks Thought Mouth
ɵ /ɵɪŋk/ /ɵæŋks/ /ɵɔːt/ /maʊɵ/
Smile Some Miss kisses
s / smaɪl / / sʌm / /mɪs / /kɪsɪz /
Shock Fish Nation Flush
ʃ /ʃɒk / /fɪʃ / /neɪʃən / /flʌʃ /

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CONSONANTS
(VOICED)

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VOICED CONSONANT

A simple explanation of voiced consonants is that they use the voice.

This easy to test by putting your finger on your throat. If you feel a vibration the
consonant is voiced. Here is a list of some voiced consonants. Pronounce each
consonant sound (not letter) and feel the vibration of your vocal chords.

b, d, ʤ, ɡ, v, ð, z, ʒ
VOICED EXAMPLE
Bring Bob Block Able
b /brɪŋ / /bɒb/ /blɒk / /eɪbl /
Done Odd Dame dead
d /dʌn / /ɒd/ /deɪm / /ded /
Jump Age Judge Gym
ʤ /ʤʌmp / /eɪʤ / /ʤʌʤ / /ʤɪm /
Game Dog Gig Bag
ɡ /ɡeɪm / /dɒɡ / /ɡɪɡ / /bæɡ /
Vowel Oven Vew Leave
v /vaʊəl / /əʊvən / /vjuː / /liːv /
This That There Other
ð /ðɪs/ /ðæt/ /ðeə(r)/ /ʌðə(r)/
Zoo Use Realize Zing
z /zuː / /juːz / /riːlaɪz / /zɪŋ /
Pleasure Measure Usual television
ʒ /pleʒə / /meʒə / /juːʒʊən / /telɪvɪʒən /

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CONSONANTS
(OTHER CONSONANT)

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OTHER CONSONANT / MORE VOICED CONSONANT

Now let‟s go through the rest of the consonant sounds of English. These
consonants are all voiced except h (voiceless sound but without pair). Make sure
that you feel the vibration in your vocal cords as you say them.

m, n, ŋ, h, l, r, w, j
VOICED EXAMPLE
Male Female Same Mad
m /meɪl / / fɪmeɪl / /seɪm/ /mæd /
None Nice Can Moon
n /nʌn / /naɪs / / kæn / /muːn /
King Uncle Bank anger
ŋ /kɪŋ / /æŋkəl / /bæŋ / /æŋɡə(r)/
Hit Hot Hang Behind
h /hɪt / /hɒt / /hæŋ/ / bɪhaɪn /
Let Little Please Late
l /let / /lɪtəl / /pliːs / /leɪt /
Run Sorry Right Rush
r /rʌn / /sɒriː/ /raɪt/ /rʌʃ/
Wing When One Week
w /wɪŋ / /wen / /wʌn / /wiːk /
Yes Use Beauty Cute
j /jes / /juːz / /bjuːtiː / /kjuːt /

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FINAL SOUND
(POP SOUND)

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POP SOUND / EXPLOSIVE SOUND

Try to explode your sound in the end of the word. You must realize if
pop sound followed by consonant the sound of the pop sound usually silent.
There are two kinds of pop sound:
voiceless : p, t, ʧ, k
voiced : b, d, ʤ, ɡ
let‟s practice how to pronounce the pop sound with examples available here:

Voiceless Voiced
pop sound pop sound
Stop Tab
/stɒp/ /tæb/
Top Crab
/tɒp/ /kræb/
Hot Dead
/hɒt/ /ded/
Bet Bed
/bet/ /bed/
Bitch Bridge
/ bɪʧ / / brɪʤ /
Rich Judge
/ rɪʧ / /ʤʌʤ /
Seek Beg
/ siːk / / beɡ /
Kick Leg
/kɪk / / leɡ /

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FINAL SOUND
(D/ED SOUND)

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D / ED SOUND

Pronounce ed at the ends of words. There are three ways to pronounce

the final -ed in a word (regular verb).
-ed = /ɪd/
-ed = /t/
-ed = /d/
/ɪd/ sound
In this type of -ed sound, we should add an additional syllable in a word.
For example, the past of “start” is pronounced / stɑːtɪd /with stress on the first
syllable. If the last sound of the present in verb is /d/ or /t/, the -ed will sound like
/ɪd /.

Example of /ɪd / sound

Present Past and past participle
Last sound in present
(v1) (v2 and v3)
End Ended
/ end/ / endɪd/
d Need Needed
/ niːd / / niːdɪd /
Wait Waited
/ weɪt / / weɪtɪd /
t Want Wanted
/wɒnt/ /wɒntɪd/

Practice
I needed your answer
He hated her so much

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/t/ sound
You make this sound by unsticking your tongue from the roof of your
mouth and pushing air out of your mouth at the same time. The vocal chords
aren‟t used (voiceless only).

Example of /t / sound
Present Past and past participle
Last sound in present
(v1) (v2 and v3)
Stop stopped
p /stɒp/ /stɒpt/
Watch Watched
ʧ / wɒʧ / / wɒʧt /
Pack Packed
k / pæk / / pækt /
Laugh Laughed
f / lʌf / / lʌft /
Froth Frothed
ɵ /frɔːɵ/ /frɔːɵt/
Kiss Kissed
s / kɪs / / kɪst /
Wish Wished
ʃ /wɪʃ/ /wɪʃt/

Practice
Who cooked the rice?
I washed it.
She was cathed her cat las night
And we laughed together
My car stopped by police

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/d/ sound
If the last sound of the word is all symbol except voiceless and d (all
symbol include vowel sounds) –ed will sound like /d/

Example of /d / sound
Present Past and past participle
Last sound in present
(v1) (v2 and v3)
Play Played
/pleɪ/ /pleɪd/
Vowel sound
(lax, tense, diphthong) Try Tried
/traɪ/ /traɪd/
Move Moved
/muːv/ /muːvd/
Voiced
(b, d, ʤ, ɡ, v, ð, z, ʒ) Judge judged
/ʤʌʤ / /ʤʌʤd /
Fail Failed
Other consonant /feɪl/ /feɪld/
(m, n, ŋ, h, l, r, w, j) Rain Rained
/reɪn/ /reɪnd/

Practice
They lived in Jakarta for three years
We cleaned up the floor also the roof
I stayed in pare til I met her
She cried again and again
I pulled it out of my pocket

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FINAL SOUND
(S/ES SOUND)

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S / ES SOUND

Pronounce -es at the ends of words. There are three ways to pronounce
the final -es in a word ( verb 1 s/es or plural nouns). The pronunciation depends
on the last sound of the verb or noun which is usually a consonant.
-es = /ɪz/
-es = /s/
-es = /z/
/ɪz/ sound
If the last consonant sound of the word is a sibilant sound (a hissing or
buzzing sound), the final s/es is pronounced /ɪz/. This sound is pronounced like
an extra syllable.

Example of / ɪz/ sound

Last sound in verb and Verb and noun Verb and noun
noun (without s/es) (with s/es)
Kiss Kisses
S /kɪs/ /kɪsɪz/
Watch Watches
ʧ / wɒʧ / / wɒʧtɪz /
prize Prizes
z / praɪz / / praɪzɪz /
Wash washes
ʃ /wɒʃ / / wɒʃɪz /
Judge Judges
ʤ //ʤʌʤ // /ʤʌʤɪz /

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/s/ sound
This type, the final s should be pronounced with air pushed out between
the top of your tongue and your top teeth, without using the vocal chords (the
sound made by a snake or gas escaping from a pipe). If the last consonant of the
word is voiceless then the s/es is pronounced as /s/.

Example of /s/ sound

Last sound in verb and Verb and noun Verb and noun
noun (without s/es) (with s/es)
Stop Stops
p /stɒp/ /stɒps/
Hit Hits
t / hɪt / / hɪts /
Attack Attacks
k /ətæk / /ətæks /
Cough coughs
f /kʌf / / kʌfs /
Month months
ɵ /mʌnɵ/ /mʌnɵs/

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/z/ sound
If the letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the s
is pronounced like a /z/ (without crating another syllable). This /z/ sound is
similar to the sound a bee makes zzzzz.
We also use this ending when the word ends in a vowel sound.

Example of /z/ sound

Last sound in verb and Verb and noun Verb and noun
noun (without s/es) (with s/es)
Play Plays
/pleɪ/ /pleɪz/
Vowel sound
(lax, tense, diphthong) Flee Flees
/fliː/ /fliːz/
Love Loves
/lʌv/ /lʌvz/
Voiced
(b, d, ɡ, v, ð, ʒ) Pig Pigs
/pɪɡ/ /pɪɡz/
Come Comes
Other consonant /kɒm/ /kɒmz/
(m, n, ŋ, h, l, r, w, j) hill hills
/hɪl/ /hɪlz/

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WORD STRESS

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WORD STRESS

In phonetic, stress is the degree of emphasis given a sound or syllable in

speech. Why is stress important in pronunciation? Stress is important because it
adds rhythm when you speak. If you stress all the words in an utterance, you may
sound unpleasant or even cause misunderstanding, because:
 You are giving too much information; and
 English native speakers usually stress all words only when they
are impatient or angry.

In English there are two main types of stress in syllable recognized by

the IPA. The symbols used to denote stress can be found in the suprasegmentals
section of the IPA. At the word level, primary stressis denoted by a superior
vertical stroke (/ ˈ/) and secondary stress is denoted by an inferior vertical stroke
(/ ˌ /).

Here, there are three kinds of syllable stress in word:

1. Monosyllabic word
Monosyllabic word is a word which contains only one syllable. In
monosyllabic words, most of the syllable are not denoted by the
stroke (/ ˈ/) except when they stand within a sentence.
Examples:
You / juː /
Good /ɡʊd /
Tie / taɪ /
Fan /fæn/
2. Bisyllabic words
Bisyllabic words is a word which consists of two syllables. There
are four common patterns that can be noted in pronouncing and
transcribing two syllable words at the word level.

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  The first syllable receives primary stress and the second
syllable receives no stress.
Examples:
Table /ˈteɪbl /
Open /ˈəʊpən /
Paper /ˈpeɪpə(r) /
Busy /ˈbɪziː/
 The first syllable receives no stress and the second
receives primary stress.
Examples:
Above /əˈbʌv /
About /əˈbaʊt /
Defeat /dɪˈfiːt /
Inside /ɪn ˈsaɪd /
 The first syllable receives primary stress and the second
receives secondary stress or the first syllable receives
secondary stress and the second receives primary stress.
Examples:
Present (n)/ˈpre ˌzent /(v)/ˌprɪˈzent /
Export (n)/ˈeksˌpɔːt /(v)/ˌɪks ˈpɔːt /
 Both syllables receiving primary stress. This words are
usually in form of coumpound words.
Examples:
Baseball /ˈbeɪsˈbɔːl /
hotdog /ˈhɒt ˈdɒɡ/

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 3. Multisyllabic words
Multisyllabic words is a word which consist of more than two
syllables. Multisyllabic words may have more than one syllable
that receive secondary stress.
Examples:
Animal /ˈænɪməl /
Aromatic /ˈærəˌmætɪk/
Pronunciation /ˈprəˌnʌnsiːeɪʃən /

There are six very simple rules about word stress:

 One word has only one stress (one word cannot have two stress. If you hear two
tresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that
there can be a “secondary” stress in some words. But secondary stress is much
smaller than “primary” stress and is only used in long words).
 We can only stress vowels, not consonant.
 Stress on first syllable (most 2 syllable nouns and most 2 syllable adjectives).
 Stress on last syllable (most 2 syllable verbs).
 Stress on second from end (-ic and –ion)
 Stress on third from end (-cy, -ty, -phy, -gy and –al)

Word stress has difference way to pronounce abbreviations and numbers

also names of places and people.

 Abbreviations and numbers

Always stress the last letter or the last number when pronouncing
abbreviations and numbers.
Abbreviations for practice:

MBA UCLA JFK ph.D

FBI CNN USA IBM

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 Numbers for practice:

1997 911 $37.99

11:45 5:15 (310) 555 2389

 Names of places and people

When pronounce a name whether of a person or place, always stress the
last word.
Names of places for practice:

Palm Springs New York

Las Vegas South Africa

Central Paark Venice Beach

Mount Everest North Dakota

Names of people for practice:

Bill Clinton Martin Luther King

George Washington John F. Kennedy

Tom Cruise Julia Roberts

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INTONATION

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INTONATION

“Intonation” is the melody of language and is made up of pitches that

rise and fall. This rising and falling melody is used to communicate our
intentions and our emotions. In spoken language, intonation replaces punctuation.
It tells the listener whether we are finished talking or whether we have something
more to say; whether we are asking a question or making a statement. Intonation
also gives information that words alone cannot give. It can indicate anger,
surprise, confusion, hesitation, sarcasm, interest, or lack of interest. If your
speech has good intonation, it will be more dynamic and more interesting to
listen to.

Speaking and understanding English doesn‟t just come from using

correct grammar and vocabulary. Native English speakers convey meaning in
their sentences with pitch the ups and downs and the musical notes of their
sentences.

Rising intonation
Rais the pitch of your voice at the end of the sentence to create “rising
intonation”. Rising intonation is used in “yes/no questions. Yes or no question it
can be answered with either a “yes” or “no”.

Practice sentences:

Did he work yesterday? Just it?

Does he know about it? Excuse me?

Can you call me at five? Really?

Is it good?

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Falling intonation
Lower your voice at the end of the sentences to produce a “falling
intonation”. This intonation is used in two conditions:

1. STATEMENTS
Falling intonation is used in simple sentences that are not questions. For
example:
My name is john. I‟ll be back in a minute.

It‟s nice to meet you. I‟m going outside.

Have a nice day.

2. QUESTIONS
Falling intonation is also used when asking questions if they contain
interrogative words such as what, where, when, who, why and how. For
example:
What‟s your name? When does it start?

where are you going? Who are you?

Why did you leave? How about me?

Wavering intonation
Wavering intonation is used for expressing specific emotions or attitudes.
With this type of intonation, the pitch changes within words. Some of the
emotions we can express with our intonation include anger, surprise, sarcasm,
hesitation, uncertainty, fear, amazement, and pity.

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Let‟s start with the words thanks a lot. We can say them with three different
ways depending on the emotion or intention.
Thanks a lot normal

Thanks a lot very happy

Thanks a lot sarcastic

Now try saying the expression, you did in five different ways. Change the
intonation each time.

You did? curious

You did? Very surprised

You did? disappointed

You did? angry

You did. in agreement

Try saying okay with four different emotions.

Okay normal

Okay hesitant or unwilling

Okay very excited

Okay frustrated and angry

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Practice 1
Practice sentences:

He arrived at LAX at 8:23 AM.

I love my IBM PC.

He has a ph.D from UCLA.

My SUV was made in the USA

We arrived in the USA in 2007

I bought the DVD player for $39.99

I have a class at 9:17 til 10:17

Practice 2
The following question pairs contain falling and rising intonation, depending on
whether they contain a “question word” or whether they are “yes/no questions.

Do you teach? What do you teach?

When did you see the movie? Did you see the movie?

How do you know that guy? Do you know that guy?

Did you buy the car? Where did you buy the car?

Why do you work there? Do you work there?

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Practice 3
This dialogue has examples of all of the types of intonation you have learned so
far.

Losing weight

Emily : Rachel, is that you?

Rachel : Hi Emily.

Emily : I didn‟t recognize you at first. Did you lose weight?

Rachel : As a matter of fact, I lost twenty pounds.

Emily : Really? How did you do it?

Rachel : Well, I stopped eating cake, ice cream, potato chips, and candy
bars and istarted eating healthier foods like salads, fruits, nuts
and vegetables.

Emily : Wow! I have to say, you look amazing.

Rachel : Do you really think so?

Emily : Absolutely!

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LINKING
(WORD CONNECTION)

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LINKING / WORD CONNECTION

Linking is the merging of multiple words together until they sound as if

they are only one word. Words are not pronounced one by one. Usually the end
of one word attaches to the beginning of the next word. Native speakers of
English all do this naturally.

Vowel + vowel
When a word ending in a vowel sound is next to one beginning with a
vowel sound, they are connected with a glide between the two vowels.

U + vowel = w I + vowel = j

eg: Youare eg: Theend

Goaway Anyidea

Doit Iunderstand

Consonant + vowel
When a word ends in a consonant sound and is followed by a word that
starts with a vowel sound, the speaker should push that consonant sound forward
and connect it to the vowel in the next word.

Consonant + vowel = link up

eg: Feeloke

Comein

Turnon

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Consonant + consonant
Words are connected when a word ends in a consonant sound and the
next word starts with a consonant that is in a similar position.

Consonant + consonant Consonant + consonant

(same consonant) (similar position)

eg: Besttime eg: Blendtogether

Biggrape It wasso

Goodday I keepbuy it

When the sound of /t/, /d/, /s/ or /z/ is followed by a word that starts with
/j/or it‟s sound, both sound are connected.

/t/+/j/ = ʧ /d/+/j/ = ʤ
eg: I got you eg: Did you see?

About you Could you

Don‟t you Find you

/s/+/j/ = ʃ /z/+/j/ = ʒ
eg: I miss you eg: How‟s your family?

Yes you are How was your class?

Kiss you Who‟s your friend?

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Another rule in word connection

/t/+ vowel = d/r /d/+ consonant = held

eg: Getout eg: That was

Outof Fat boy

ButI‟m here Sit down

/h/ and /ð/preceded by consonant

(silent)

eg: Did he

Town hall

Tell them

Practice 1

American accent

I‟m taking American accent training. There is a lot to learn but I hope to make it

as enjoyable as possible, and if you already to speak some English, and now

would you like to speak like a native, you have to learn about pronunciation.

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T-SOUND
(AMERICAN T)

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T-SOUND / AMERICAN T

The “T” sound is influenced very strongly by intonation and it‟s position
in a word or phrase. There are, however, five basic rules:

Tat the beginning of a word (T is T)

The regular T sound is almost always used when “T” is the first letter of a word.
Example:

Table Teach

Take Ten

Tomorrow times

Tin the middle of a word (T = D)

When T is between two vowel sounds (A, E, U, I, O) or between a vowel and R
or L, it becomes D sound. It should be a soft, light sound.
Example:

Computer Heater
compuder header

Water Better
wader beder

bottle Ability
bodle abilidy

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Tin the middle of a word (T is silent)
When T and N are so close or T comes after N, the T sound is dropped in many
words.
Example:

Interview Wanted
Inerview Waned

Interstate Enter
Interstate Ener

International Twenty
International tweny

Tin the middle of a word (T is held)

When T is before an N, the sound is stopped and turns into a hard N. the final N
should be strong.

Mountain Forgotten
Mou-N forgo-N

Certain Important
Cer-N impor-Nt

Written Sentence
wri-N sen-Nce

Tin the end of a word (T is stopped)

When T is at the end of a word and this is not followed by a vowel, the sound
stops.
It‟s hot Fat boy
It‟s hok Fat boy

Like that Sit down

Like that Sit down

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Practice
Try to pronounce this text using all skil you have learned so far.

My American Accent

I‟ve been practicing the American accent for a while now. At first, it was

kind of hard to keep track of all the rules and exceptions. I had no idea there was

so much to learn. I‟ve been practicing with the audio materials. It‟s somewhat

easier to pronounce some of the sound but it‟s difficult to know how I sound to

others. I think I‟m getting better. One of the hardest things for me is to stress

some syllable and to reduce certain others. When I ask my friends how I sound,

they all say they hear a difference in my speech. My boss said that I‟m making

progress and that I sound more and more like a native speaker. My clients are not

asking me to repeat my self as much. It makes it all worth while, I won‟t stop

practicing.

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