P

ROC
ESSo
fTR
ANS
LAT
ING
“
App
ro
ach
,Un
it
ofT
ran
sl
at
io
n,T
ran
sl
at
io
nMe
th
od”

A
rr
ang
edb
y:

Y
ol
and
aRa
madh
an
(
17
8820
305
2)

E
NGL
IS
HED
UCA
TIO
NDE
PAR
TME
NT

F
ACU
LTYO
FTE
ACH
ERT
RAI
NI
NGA
NDE
DUC
ATI
ON

U
NIV
ERS
ITYO
FLA
NCA
NGK
UNI
NGP
EKA
NBA
RU

2
019
 A
CKN
OWL
EDG
MEN
T

B
is
mil
l
ahi
ra
hma
ni
rr
ahi
m.

A
ndPr
ai
seGodt
heaut
ho
rpra
yedt
oAl
lahSWT,
bec
aus
eth
ank
sfo
rHi
sgra
cea
ndgu
ida
ncew
ewereab
let
oco
mpl
et
eth
ispa
per
o
nti
me.Th
ispape
risti
tl
ed"
Pro
ces
so fTr
ans
lat
i
ng(Ap
pr
oac
h,U
nito
fTra
nsl
at
io
n,Tr
ans
la
tio
nMet
hod
)"
.Th
ispap
eris
s
tr
uc
tu
redt
oful
fi
l
lones
ubj
ect
tas
kofT
ransl
at
io
n.

T
rans
la
ti
onist
hepro
ces
soft
ran
sfe
rr
in
gin
for
mat
io
nfromthes
our
cel
angu
aget
otheta
rge
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angu
age.
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iv
it
yinv
ol
ve
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e
t
ra
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at
ionofacompl
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st
emtopr
odu
cegr
ammati
cal
,na
tur
alan
dcons
is
ten
tres
ult
swit
hor
igi
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nfor
mat
ion.
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re
for
e,
s
omedi
ffi
cul
ti
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ncou
nt
ere
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it
eri
nthetr
ans
la
ti
onpr
oc
ess.
Howe
ver,
eve
rydi
ff
ic
ul
tyt
heremus
t b
easol
ut
io
n.
F
orth
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e a
son
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ispap
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es
ent
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pl
ana
ti
onofsomeoft
hepr
obl
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edtot
hetr
ans
la
ti
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o c
essasakn
owl
edg
e
b
asef
orund
ers
tan
din
gtra
nsl
at
io
n.

T
her
ef
ore
,t
heaut
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comesa
nycon
st
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ct
ives
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est
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sandcr
it
i
cis
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eper
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ct
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noft
hi
spap
er
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lde
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ci
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cie
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a
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mefromth
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orh
imse
lfp
er
son
all
y,
andal
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ol
ut
etr
ut
hsc
omefr
omAl
la
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.Fi
na
ll
y,I
hop
eth
isp
ape
r
c
anbe
nef
it
w r
it
er
sandre
ader
s.

P
eka
nba
ru,
13O
cto
ber
201
9

A
uth
or
 C
HAP
TERI

I
NTR
ODU
CTI
ON

A
.Ba
ckg
rou
nd

T
het
ra
nsl
at
io
npr
oce
ssi
sope
ra
ti
ona
l.
Itt
ran
sfe
rsmea
ni
ngbych
ang
in
gthewr
it
t
eni
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pr
ess
edi
non
ela
ngu
aget
oano
th
er
o
rfr
omth
eSour
cel
ang
uag
etot
heTar
getLa
ngua
ge.
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ti
mat
egoa
list
oconv
eyinf
or
mati
ona
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onv
in
cerea
der
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th
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ho
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sin
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ean
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tat
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sl
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tre
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ec
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ali
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aln
ess
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ist
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oba
lli
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.Wecanc
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it
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tht
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omso
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otar
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ra
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nad
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omvar
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.
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ansl
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vol
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ui
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omp
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ng
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ste
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chmus
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el
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omon
e
l
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not
her
.Be
cau
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ans
la
to
rskn
owth
esy
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tapp
li
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hes
our
cela
ngu
age,
itce
rt
ai
nlycr
ea
te
s
d
if
fi
cu
lt
ie
sfo
rtr
ans
la
to
rst
hems
e l
ve
s.
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nad
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io
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ra
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ato
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llf
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ro
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ase
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i
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guis
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te
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a n
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t
hatmaynotbeknow
nbytr
ans
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ors
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ti
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eart
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ex
it
yanddev
elo
pment
o
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ra n
sla
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ms. H
o we
ver
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he
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sandpro
bl
emsifther
earenoal
ter
nat
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e
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uti
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atw a
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cul
t
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obl
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ight
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yr e
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r,
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ra
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tan
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ect
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e v
er
, s
ometi
mest
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tor
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ediff
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her
efo
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lat
ora
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oneedst
ou n
der
s t
an
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fat
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rst
and
ingi
n
h
and
li
ngtr
ans
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io
npro
ble
ms ,
thet
ran
sl
ati
onpro
cesswi
llbeea
sie
r.
 C
HAP
TERI
I

D
ISC
USS
ION

A
.Ap
pr
oac
hPr
oc
esso
fTr
ans
la
ti
on

T
hePr
oc
esso
ftr
ans
la
ti
oni
sop
er
at
io
nal
.I
tt
ra
nsf
er
smean
in
gbyc
onv
ert
i
ngwri
tt
eni
de
ase
xpr
es
sedi
non
ela
ngu
aget
oan
ot
he
r
l
an
gua
georf
ro
mSour
cel
an
gua
get
oTa
rge
tLa
ngu
age
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emai
npu
rp
osei
stoc
onv
eyt
hei
nf
or
mati
on.
T
ran
sl
at
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nst
ar
tsw
it
hch
oos
in
game
th
odo
fAp
pr
oac
h.T
her
ear
et
woma
ina
ppr
oac
hest
ot
ra
nsl
at
in
g;

 T
hefi
rstmet
hodistr
ansl
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ngsen
te
ncebysen
te
nceofapar
agr
aphorach
a p
te
r.
Inor
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ogetth
efeel
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oneoft
he
t
ex
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s c
onsci
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iewoft
hete
xtbyr
ead
ingiti
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ceLang
uage.
Thi
smetho
dissui
ta
blefo
rth
eli
ter
ary
t
ex
ts.
 T
hesec
ondme t
ho
di n
vol
vesr
eadin
gthewhol
et
ext
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hr
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ooki
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nte
nti
on,r
eg
ist
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t
on
einorde
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hed i
ff
icul
two
rdsandpa
ssa
ges.
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rta
kin
gthebea
rin
gsonec
anproc
eedwi
thtr
ansl
at
ingof
a
t
ex
t.T
hismet
hodismoresui
tabl
efo
rtec
hnic
alo
rinst
i
tuti
on
alt
ext
.Thef
ir
stapp
roac
hispre
fe
rre
dforare
la
ti
vely
e
asyt
extwhi
l
etheseco
n dap
proac
hispr
efer
re
dforahar
dero
ne.

B
.Un
it
ofT
ran
sl
at
io
n

T
he‘u
ni
toft
ran
sl
ati
on’
isth
eel
emen
t‘
use
d’byt
ransl
at
or
sw h
enwor
kin
go nth
eST.I
ndi
vi
dua
lword
sCla
use
sSen
ten
cesWhol
e
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ex
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ssu
re
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gn:si
gn
if
ie
r(wo
rd,
sound
,image
)andsi
gni
fi
ed(c
o nc
ept
).
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sarb
itr
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y:i
tsmea
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gder
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om
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ont
ra
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ansl
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ea
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ur
pose
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hi
nganequ
iv
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enc
e.T
hetra
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ti
onun
itmaybeasi
ng l
ewor
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ras
e,on
eormor
esen
te
nce
s,ore
vena
l
ar
geru
ni
t.

Whenatra
nsl
at
orse
gment
satexti
nt
otr
ans
la
ti
onuni
t
s,t
hel
arg
ert
heseu
ni
tsa
re,
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tt
erc
han
cet
he
rei
sofob
ta
ini
nganid
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mati
c
t
ransl
at
ion
.Th
isist
ru
en o
ton
lyofhuma
ntr
ans
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ti
on,
buta
ls
oinca
seswh
ereh
umantr
ans
la
to
rsu
sec
ompu
te
r-
as
si
ste
dtr
ansl
at
io
n,a
nd
al
sowhent
ran
sl
ati
on
sarepe
rf
ormedb
ymach
inet
ra
nsl
at
io
nsys
te
ms.

T
heno
ti
onofUni
tofTra
nsl
atio
nTheno
ti
onofUn
ito
f Tr
ansl
at
ion(UT
),o
ncede
fi
n e
d,i
sus
efu
lfo
rbr
idgi
ngthet
echn
ic
alga
pbet
weent
he
f
ul
lte
xtanditscompo
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ibi
ngrel
at
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nship
si n
vol
vedinat r
ans
lat
io
n,an
dlook
in
ga tal o
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ize
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age
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ent
i
al
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cco
unt
ab
ili
tyt
othewho
let
e x
t.
TheUni
tof
Tran
sl
ati
onisde
fin
edfunc
ti
ona
llya
satext
ua
luni
ti
ns
tea
dofalangu
ageun
itw
hic
hmaint
ai
ns
i
t
stex
tu
alint
egr
it
ybyperf
ormin
gthr
eefu
nct
io
ns:
1.sy
n t
at
icbe
a r
er
,2.i
nf
ormat
ionca
rr
ier
,a
nd3.s
ty
lis
ti
cma r
ker
.Te
xtt
ran
sl
ati
onth
us
p
re
ser
ve
sthete
xt
uali
nt
egri
tyofea
chUTno
tins
ynt
act
icfor
mb u
t i
nfu
nct
io
n ,
gi
venth
enec
ess
ar
yran
k-
shi
ftsi
nthepr
oc
ess
.So
,weca
nsay
t
ha
tth
ekeyfun
ct
io
n a
lUTcanbese
tatt
hel
ev
elofs
ent
ence
.

I
nact
ualt
r
ansl
at
io
npr
act
ic
e,a
nal
ys
isan
dte
achi
ng
,ex
amin
at
iona
ren
eed
edt
ocla
ri
fyt
here
la
ti
ons
hi
pbe
twe
ent
hete
xta
ndi
tsc
ons
ti
tu
ent
pa
rt
sasUni
tso
fTr
ans
la
ti
on(
UT).
Exa
min
ati
onmak
est
heun
it
soft
ran
sl
at
io
ntex
tu
all
ysi
gni
fi
ca
nta
ndt
hu
sacco
unt
ab
lewi
th
int
r
ans
lat
i
on,
apr
oc
esst
hatr
ec
ons
tr
uc
tst
hest
ru
ct
ureo
fth
esou
rcet
ex
ti
nthet
ar
get
la
ngu
agean
dcul
tu
re
.

T
heC
onc
ept
of“
UNI
TOFT
RAN
SLA
TIO
N”U
TGo
odt
ra
nsl
at
in
g,l
i
keg
oodw
ri
ti
ng
,co
mesf
ro
mth
eri
ght
cho
ic
eof
wor
dsa
ndw
ordo
rde
r.
The
o
nl
ydif
fer
en
ceist
hati
ntr
ans
la
ti
ng,
th
is“r
ig
htcho
ice
”isp
rompt
edandat
thesa
meti
mere
str
ic
te
dbyth
eex
is
ti
ngSLt
exta
swel
la
sbyth
e
r
es
our
cesav
ai
la
b l
eint
heta
rge
tla
ngu
age.T
hisap
pro
pri
at
enes
s,hasen
gag
e dt
heat
te
nt
io
noftr
ans
la
ti
ont
heo
ri
stsan
dpra
ct
it
io
ner
sfo
r
c
ent
ur
ie
sdeci
di
ngwhatl
en
gtho
fdis
cou
rsec
anser
veasaun
itofp
ract
ic
eandanal
ys
is
.Th
isha
sbee
nacor
eis
sueun
der
ly
in
gth
econ
cep
t
o
fUT,
“abas
isf
orasci
en
ti
fi
capp
roa
chtot
ra
nsla
ti
on”
(Sne
ll
-
H o
rnby19
90:8
1).

THERANG
EAN DSCOPEOFTHEUTCat
for
d,
fol
lo
win
gH a
ll
id
ay,
pr
opos
esasy
ste
mi chi
er
arc
hyoff
iv
eu n
it
sfo
rcon
sid
er
ati
oni
ntra
nsl
at
in
g.
Th
eyare,
indesc
end
ingord
er:
1.t
hesen
te
nce
,2.c
la
use,3
.gr
oup
,4.wo
rdan
d5. morp
heme(C
atf
or
d1 9
65:8)
.Ne
wmark
,st
ate
stha
t“f
re
e
t
rans
la
ti
onhasal
w a
ysfav
our
edthese
nt
enc
e;l
it
er
alt
ran
sla
ti
ont
hewor
d,
”.H
ehaso bs
er
vedt
hatwi
thte
xtl
in
gui
sti
cs
,fr
eetr
ans
la
ti
onha
s
move
dtoth
ew ho
lete
xt,
i.
e.
,t
oregar
di
ngth
ewhol
ete
xtasth
eUT,an
dhasgi
venris
etoa“co
nfu
singt
end
ency
”(Ne
wmark19
88:
54)
.Hi
s
sc
hemaofhi
erar
chi
calr
ank
ing,
incon
seq
uen
ce,
ra
ngesf
romth
ecompl
et
ete
xt
,tothepa
ragr
aph
,se
nten
ce,
cl
aus
e,c
oll
oc
ati
on,
wor
dgro
up,
wo
rd,a
ndmor
ph e
me(New
mark19
8 8:
65-
66
).

Th
osewh
oh a
vet
ake
nexcept
iont
othe(
ful
l)
te
xta
stheUT,
in
clu
din
gNewmar
k,a
rgu
ethat“
Tha
t w
oul
dbecha
os,
”and“
Id
eal
ly
,th
eUTison
e
wo
rd[.
.
.
]neve
rth
etex
t”
(N e
wma r
k1981
:1
40,1
988
:55)
.Tho
sewhoho
ldt
he(fu
ll
)t
extast
heUTeit
her
w a
rnt
hatt
hetr
ans
lat
or“
mustne
ve
r
dw
ello
nthewor
dsofhisau
thor
”(O’
Bri
en1
959/
66:
84,q
uot
in
gD r
yde
n)
,ori
nsi
stt
hatth
etr
ansl
at
or“mus
tev
ent
uall
yre
sol
vet
otr
ansl
at
e
di
sc
our
seequi
va
len
ts,
rath
erthanl
exi
calo
reve
nsent
ent
ia
lst
ruc
tur
es
”(Giv
ón19
78:272)
.Iti
swort
hnot
ingth
atwha
tunde
rl
ie
sthes
e
co
nt
endi
ngar
gumen
tsisacommon(mis
)be
li
eft
ha
tthes
ent
enc
eandth
e(fu
ll
)t
ext
aremutu
al
lyexc
lu
siv
euni
ts;
or
,th
att
ext
ual
/d
is
cour
sal
mea
nin
gisin
dep
end
entofth
es t
ru
ct
ure
soft
heco
nst
it
uen
tsen
te
nces
.

C
.Tr
ans
la
ti
onMe
th
od

T
ran
sl
at
io
nist
hec
ommu
ni
ca
ti
ono
fth
eme
ani
ngo
fas
our
ce
-l
an
gua
get
ex
tbyme
anso
fane
qui
va
le
ntt
ar
get
-
lan
gua
get
ex
t.

S
omet
yp
eso
ftr
ans
la
ti
on
:

1
. Wo
rd-
f
or-
wor
dtr
ans
la
ti
on

o T
heso
urc
ela
ngu
agew
ordo
rde
risp
re
ser
ve
dan
dth
ewo
rdst
ra
nsl
at
edb
yth
ei
rmo
stc
ommo
nme
ani
ng
s”E
xamp
le
:l
ov
e
a
tfi
rs
tsi
ght

2
.Li
t
era
lt
ra
nsl
at
io
n

o T
heSLgra
mmat
ic
alc
ons
tr
uc
ti
onsar
econ
ver
te
dtoth
ei
rnea
re
stTLeq
ui
val
en
tsbu
tth
ele
xi
ca
lit
emsa
rea
gai
n
t
ra
nsl
at
edo
uto
fco
nt
ex
t.
Aspr
e-
tr
ans
la
ti
onp
ro
cess
,i
ti
ndi
ca
te
spr
obl
emst
obes
ol
ved
.

3
.Fa
it
hf
ult
ra
nsl
at
io
n

o I
tat
t
empt
stor
epr
odu
cet
hepr
eci
seco
nt
ex
tu
almea
ni
n go
fth
eor
igi
na
lwi
t
hint
hec
ons
tr
ai
nt
soft
heT
Lgr
ammat
i
cal
s
tr
uct
ur
es
.I
ttr
ans
fe
rscu
lt
ur
alw
ordsa
ndp
re
ser
ve
sthede
gre
eof
gra
mmat
ic
ala
ndl
exi
ca
lde
vi
at
io
nfr
omS
Lnor
ms.
It
 a
tt
emp
tst
obec
omp
le
te
lyf
ai
th
ful
tot
hei
nt
en
ti
on
san
dth
ete
xt
-r
ea
li
sa
ti
ono
fth
eSL
wri
t
er.

4
.Se
man
ti
ct
ra
nsl
at
io
n

o I
tdi
ff
er
sfromf
ait
hf
ultr
ans
la
ti
onon
lyinasfar
asitmus
ttak
emor
eacc
o u
ntoft
heae
st
het
icv
al
ueofth
eSLte
xt
,
c
ompr
omi
singo
n7meani
ngwher
eappr
opr
iat
esotha
tnoasso
nan
ce,
wordpl
ayorre
pet
it
i
onjar
sinth
efin
ish
ed
v
er
si
on.
Itd
oesno
tre
lyoncu
lt
ura
leq
ui
vale
ncean
dmakesv
erysma
llc
onc
essi
on
stoth
ere
ader
sh
ip
.Whi
le`fa
it
hfu
l
t
ra
nsl
at
io
nisdo
gmat
ic,
sema
nt
ict
ran
sl
ati
onismor
efl
exi
bl
e.

5
.Ad
apt
i
vet
ra
nsl
at
io
n

o I
tat
t
empt
store
nde
rth
eexa
ctc
ont
ex
tu
almea
ni
ngoft
heor
ig
in
ali
nsu
chaw
ayt
ha
tbo
thl
an
gua
gea
ndc
ont
en
tar
e
r
ea
dil
yac
cept
ab
lea
ndco
mpre
hen
si
bl
etot
her
ea
der
shi
p.

6
.Fr
eet
ra
nsl
at
io
n

o I
tr
epr
odu
cest
heme
ssa
geo
fth
eor
ig
in
alb
utt
en
dst
odi
st
or
tnu
anc
eso
fme
ani
ngb
ypr
ef
er
ri
ngc
ol
lo
qui
al
is
msa
nd
i
di
oms
.

7
.Id
io
mat
i
ctr
ans
la
ti
on

o I
tr
epr
odu
cest
hemat
te
rwi
tho
utt
hema
nne
r,
ort
hec
ont
en
twi
t
hou
tth
efo
rmo
fth
eor
ig
in
al
.U
sua
ll
yit
isap
ara
phr
as
e
mu
chl
onge
rth
anth
eor
igi
na
l.

8
.Co
mmu
ni
ca
ti
vet
ra
nsl
at
io
n

o T
hisi
sthefr
ee
stf
or
mo f
tr
ansl
at
io
nmai
nl
yuse
dfo
rpl
ay
san
dpoe
tr
y:
the
mes
/ch
ara
ct
ers
/pl
ot
spr
es
er
ve
d,S
Lcu
lt
ur
e
c
onve
rt
edtoTLc
ul
tu
re&t
ext
isr
ewr
it
te
n.
(F
romATe
xt
boo
kof
Tra
nsl
at
io
nbyP
.Ne
wmark
)

9
.Ph
il
ol
og
ic
alt
ra
nsl
at
io
n

o Whe
napp
lyin
gth
ismeth
od,t
het
rans
lato
rca
naddnot
eso
fphi
lo
lo
gic
alan
dhi
st
ori
ca
lnat
ur
etot
he
t
ran
sl
ati
on
,wit
hthepu
rpo
seofno
tonlyun
der
st
andi
ngsp
eci
fi
cte
rmsan
dwor
dspr
oper
l
y,b
utal
sof
or
ad
din
gcl
arif
ic
at
ionso
ffami
lia
rmeanin
gs;
int
hisca
se,
th
eso
urc
e t
ex
tof
te
nbec
omessu
bje
cto
f
ex
amin
at
ionan
dthetr
ans
lat
i
onaimedats
peci
al
ize
daud
ie
nce
sorst
ude
nt
s.
 C
HAP
TERI
I
I

C
ONC
LUS
ION

A
.Co
ncl
us
io
n

Th
eProc
essoft
ran
sl
ati
oni
soper
at
ion
al
.I
ttr
ans
fersmean
ingb
yconv
ert
ingw r
it
t
e ni
deasexp
res
sedinon
elangu
agetoan
ot
her
l
ang
uageorf
romSou
rcel
angu
aget
oTar
getL
ang
uag e
.Con
cl
usi
onAsent
en
c een
terst
hetex
t-b
ui
ldi
ngproc
essasasyn
tac
ti
cal
l
y
i
nde
penden
tbu
t n
ott
ext
ual
lyi
ndep
end
ent
ent
it
y,i
tsinde
pen
den
ceendow
edb yac og
nit
i
velysi
gni
fic
antst
ruc
tur
eofcombi
ne
d
ol
d-
ne
wi nf
or
mati
on(c
f.Do
wni
ng199
5)se
cur
edsemanti
ca
ll
ybylo
w e
r-
le
veltex
tu
a lu
nit
ssuchaswor
d s
.Fu
rth
erdownfr
omth
e
l
eve
lofsen
te
nces
,un
it
ssuc
hascla
use
s,p
hra
ses
,wordsan
dmorp
hemesen
jo yl
essandl
essind
epe
ndence
,deg
ree
sofw h
ic
har
e
mar
kedbyva
ri
oust
ype
s o
fpun
ct
uati
on
s(i
ncl
udi
ngzeropu
nct
ua
tio
n)orwo
rds p
ace.

B
.Su
gge
st
io
ns

T
hetr
ans
la
to
rhast
olo
okupf
oral
lt
hepr
ope
rname
sbef
ore
sta
rt
ingt
hePr
oce
sso
f t
ra
nsl
at
io
n.Fi
rs
tl
yhemus
tbea
war
eofa
ll
t
hege
ogr
aph
ica
lt
er
msandpar
ti
cu
lar
lyc
are
ful
ofpr
ope
rna
mesinmed
ic
alt
ext
sasadr
ugi
noneco
unt
ryi
smar
ket
edu
nde
ra
d
iff
er
ent
bra
ndna
meinan
oth
er.
It
maybeach
emic
alf
ormu
las
uchas‘
Asp
ir
in
’.
Thet
ra
nsl
at
ormust
che
ckth
esp
ell
i
ngs
ofal
l
t
hepr
op
erna
mesasmi
spr
int
sap
pea
rver
yco
mmo n
ly
.

F
inal
ly
,th
er
e i
sther
evi
si
onpro
ced
urei
npro
cess
oftr
ans
la
ti
onwhi
chco
nce
ntra
tesa
ccor
dingt
oth
esi
tua
ti
on.
Thi
spr
oc
esso
f
r
ev
isio
ncon
sti
tu
teshal
fof
theco
mplet
epr
oce
ss.
Rev
isi
oni
sate
chn
iqu
etha
tisacq
uir
edbyatr
ans
lat
or
.At
ran
sla
to
rsh
oul
d
s
pendfi
ft
ytose
vent
yper
ce
ntoft
het
imeinr
evi
si
ngth
etex
tt
hani
ntra
nsl
at
in
gd ep
end
ingonth
edi
ffi
cu
lt
yoft
hete
xt
.I
ti
shar
d
f
oratr
ans
lat
ort
oma k
econ
ti
nuali
mpro
veme
ntswhi
l
erev
is
in
gbuth
ecanre
adthet
ext
forcohe
si
onof
sent
en
cesan
d
n
at
ural
nes
so f
thete
xt
.
 R
EFE
REN
CE

S
hut
t
lew
ort
h,
M.&M.
Cow
ie.
(1
997
)D
.i
ct
io
nar
yof
tr
ans
la
ti
ons
tu
di
es
.Ma
nch
est
er
:S
t.
Je
ro
me.
h
tt
ps
:/
/mi
tr
atr
ans
la
ti
ons
.
com/e
n/
met
hod
s-
of-
t
ran
sl
at
io
n/
h
tt
ps
:/
/www.
s
li
des
har
e.
net
/
aanag
gng
/t
ra
nsl
at
io
n-
met
ho
ds-
1
551
17
26
h
tt
ps
:/
/en
.
wik
ipe
dia
.
org
/wi
ki/
Tr
ans
la
ti
on
_un
it

H
ati
m,B
.&Mu
nda
y,J
.(
200
4)T
.r
ans
la
ti
on
:Ana
dva
nce
dre
sou
rc
ebo
ok.
NewY
ork
:Ro
ut
le
dge

V
in
ay,
J.
P&Darb
el
net
,J
.(
19
58/
199
5).
Ame
th
odo
lo
gyf
ort
ra
nsl
at
io
n.
InL
.Ve
nut
i(
Ed.
)
,Th
etr
ans
la
ti
ons
tu
di
esr
ea
der
(pp
.84
-93
).
L
ond
on:
Rou
tl
ed
ge.