CHAPTER I

ADVERB

A. Explanation:
Adverbs are a very broad collection of words that may describe how, where,
or when an action took place. They may also express the viewpoint of the speaker
about the action, the intensity of an adjective or another adverb, or several other
functions. Use these pages about the grammar of adverbs in English to become more
precise and more descriptive in your speaking and writing.
Adverbs also modify, or tell us more about, other words. Usually adverbs
modify verbs, telling us how, how often, when, or where something was done. The
adverb is placed after the verb it modifies.
There are 4 type of adverb : Adverb of Manner, Adverb of Place, Adverb of Time,
Adverb of Frequency and Adverb of Quantity

B. Examples:
EXAMPLES
 The bus moved slowly.
 The bears ate greedily.
 The car drove fast.

Sometimes adverbs modify adjectives, making them stronger or weaker.

EXAMPLES
 You look absolutely fabulous!
 He is slightly overweight.
 You are very persistent.

Some types of adverbs can modify other adverbs, changing their degree or precision.

EXAMPLES
 She played the violin extremely well.
 You're speaking too quietly.
C. Exercises:
1. Joanne is happy. She smiles ……..
2. The boy is loud. He shouts ……..
3. Her English is fluent. She speaks English ….....
4. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us ……..
5. My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives ……..
Key:
1. Happily
2. Loudly
3. Fluently
4. Angrily
5. Carelessly
 CHAPTER II
ADVERB OF MANNER

A. Explanation:
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed either
after the main verb or after the object.
B. Examples:
 He swims well.
 He ran quickly.
 She spoke softly.
 James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
 He plays the flute beautifully. (after the direct object)
 He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (after the direct object)

An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb
must be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.

 He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]

 He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]
 He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]
 He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]
 He gave us the money generously. [correct]
 He generously gave us the money. [correct]

If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of manner
either before the preposition or after the object.

 The child ran happily towards his mother.

 The child ran towards his mother happily.

Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs which have no object
(intransitive verbs).

 The town grew quickly after 1997.

 He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.

C. Exercises:
1. She agreed to re-type the letter. (Quick)
2. He asked me to leave the house. (Quiet)
3. I always study ___ for a big test. (Hard)
4. Please try to behave ___ when you meet my family. (Normal)
5. She laughs ___ at my jokes. (Happy)
 Key
1. Quickly
2. Quietly
3. Hard
4. Normally
5. Happily
CHAPTER III

ADVERBS OF PLACE
A. Explanation
Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. Adverbs of place are
usually placed after the main verb or after the clause that they modify. Adverbs of
place do not modify adjectives or other adverbs. Some examples of adverbs of place:
here, everywhere, outside, away, around

B. Examples
1. John looked around but he couldn't see the monkey.
2. I searched everywhere I could think of.
3. I'm going back to school.
4. Come in!
5. They built a house nearby.
6. She took the child outside.

1. HERE AND THERE

Here and there are common adverbs of place. They give a location relative
to the speaker. With verbs of movement, here means "towards or with the
speaker" and there means "away from, or not with the speaker".

Sentence Meaning
Come here! Come towards me.
The table is in here. Come with me; we will go see it together.
Put it there. Put it in a place away from me.
The table is in there Go in; you can see it by yourself.

Here and there are combined with prepositions to make many common
adverbial phrases.

Examples

1. What are you doing up there?

2. Come over here and look at what I found!
3. The baby is hiding down there under the table.
4. I wonder how my driver's license got stuck under here.

Here and there are placed at the beginning of the sentence in exclamations
or when emphasis is needed. They are followed by the verb if the subject is a
noun or by a pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
 Examples

1. Here comes the bus!

2. There goes the bell!
3. There it is!
4. Here they are!

2. ADVERBS OF PLACE THAT ARE ALSO PREPOSITIONS

Many adverbs of place can also be used as prepositions. When used as

prepositions, they must be followed by a noun.

Word Used as an adverb of place, Used as a preposition

modifying a verb
around The marble rolled around in my I am wearing a necklace around
hand my neck.
behind Hurry! You are getting behind. Let's hide behind the shed
down Mary fell down. John made his way carefully
down the cliff.
in We decided to drop in on Jake I dropped the letter in the
mailbox
off Let's get off at the next stop. The wind blew the flowers off the
tree.
on We rode on for several more hours. Please put the books on the table
over He turned over and went back to I think I will hang the picture over
sleep. my bed.

3. ADVERBS OF PLACE ENDING IN -WHERE

Adverbs of place that end in -where express the idea of location without
specifying a specific location or direction.

Examples

1. I would like to go somewhere warm for my vacation.

2. Is there anywhere I can find a perfect plate of spaghetti around here?
3. I have nowhere to go.
4. I keep running in to Sally everywhere!
4. ADVERBS OF PLACE ENDING IN -WARDS

Adverbs of place that end in -wards express movement in a particular

direction.

Examples

1. Cats don't usually walk backwards.

2. The ship sailed westwards.
3. The balloon drifted upwards.
4. We will keep walking homewards until we arrive.

Be careful:Towards is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always

followed by a noun or a pronoun.

Examples

1. He walked towards the car.

2. She ran towards me.

5. ADVERBS OF PLACE EXPRESSING BOTH MOVEMENT &

LOCATION

Some adverbs of place express both movement & location at the same
time.
Examples
1. The child went indoors.
2. He lived and worked abroad.
3. Water always flows downhill.
4. The wind pushed us sideways.
 C. Exercise

1. Close the door when you go ___________.

A. Out
B. Westward
C. Lightly
D. Here
2. The cat is hiding -------------_______________ the couch.
A. On
B. Underneath
C. Somewhere
D. There
3. Will you be starting your plants ________________ or in a greenhouse?
A. Round
B. Home
C. Outside
D. Around
4. The ship sailed ________________, encountering heavy weather along the way.
A. Up
B. Down
C. Northwards
D. Backwards
5. When she saw me waiting, she ran --------------__________________ me.
A. Around
B. Towards
C. Through
D. Forward

Answer Key:
1. A. Close the door when you go out.
2. B. The cat is hiding underneath the couch.
3. C. Will you be starting your plants outside or in a greenhouse?
4. C. The ship sailed northwards, encountering heavy weather along the way.
5. B. When she saw me waiting, she ran towards me.
 CHAPTER IV

ADVERBS OF TIME
A. Explanation

Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and
how often. Adverbs of time are invariable. They are extremely common in English.
Adverbs of time have standard positions in a sentence depending on what the adverb
of time is telling us.
B. Example
1. ADVERBS THAT TELL US WHEN

Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the sentence.

 Examples
1. Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.
2. I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.
3. I saw Sally today.
4. I will call you later.
5. I have to leave now.
6. I saw that movie last year.

Putting an adverb that tells us when at the end of a sentence is a neutral

position, but these adverbs can be put in other positions to give a different
emphasis. All adverbs that tell us when can be placed at the beginning of the
sentence to emphasize the time element. Some can also be put before the main
verb in formal writing, while others cannot occupy that position.

 Examples
1. Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is important)
2. Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a
policeman's report)
3. Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular
emphasis)

2. ADVERBS THAT TELL US FOR HOW LONG

Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the
sentence.

 Examples
1. She stayed in the Bears' house all day.
2. My mother lived in France for a year.
3. I have been going to this school since 1996.

In these adverbial phrases that tell us for how long, for is always followed
by an expression of duration, while since is always followed by an expression of
a point in time.
  Examples
1. I stayed in Switzerland for three days.
2. I am going on vacation for a week.
3. I have been riding horses for several years.
4. The French monarchy lasted for several centuries.
5. I have not seen you since Monday.
6. Jim has been working here since 1997.
7. There has not been a more exciting discovery since last century.

3. ADVERBS THAT TELL US HOW OFTEN

Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action. They
are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be,
have, may, & must). The only exception is when the main verb is "to be", in
which case the adverb goes after the main verb.

 Examples
1. I often eat vegetarian food.
2. He never drinks milk.
3. You must always fasten your seat belt.
4. I am seldom late.
5. He rarely lies.

Many adverbs that express frequency can also be placed at either the
beginning or the end of the sentence, although some cannot be. When they are
placed in these alternate positions, the meaning of the adverb is much stronger.

Adverb that can be used Stronger position Weaker position

in two positions
Frequently I visit France frequently I frequently visit France.
Generally Generally, I don't like I generally don't like spicy
spicy foods. foods.
Normally I listen to classical music I normally listen to
normally. classical music.
Occasionally I go to the opera I occasionally go to the
occasionally. opera.
Often Often, I jog in the I often jog in the morning.
morning.
Regularly I come to this museum I regularly come to this
regularly. museum.
Sometimes I get up very early I sometimes get up very
sometimes. early.
Usually I enjoy being with children I usually enjoy being with
usually. children.

Some other adverbs that tell us how often express the exact number of
times an action happens or happened. These adverbs are usually placed at the end
of the sentence.
  Examples
1. This magazine is published monthly.
2. He visits his mother once a week.
3. I work five days a week.
4. I saw the movie seven times.

4. USING YET

Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences to indicate that

something that has not happened or may not have happened but is expected to
happen. It is placed at the end of the sentence or after not.

 Examples
1. Have you finished your work yet? (= simple request for information)
2. No, not yet. (= simple negative answer)
3. They haven't met him yet. (= simple negative statement)
4. Haven't you finished yet? (= expressing surprise)

5. USING STILL

Still expresses continuity. In positive sentences it is placed before the

main verb and after auxiliary verbs such as be, have, might, will. If the main verb
is to be, then place still after it rather than before. In questions, still goes before
the main verb.

 Examples
1. She is still waiting for you.
2. Jim might still want some.
3. Do you still work for the BBC?
4. Are you still here?
5. I am still hungry.

6. ORDER OF ADVERBS OF TIME

If you need to use more than one adverb of time in a sentence, use them in
this order:

1: how long 2: how often 3: when

 Example
1. 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day
2. 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year.
3. 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year.
4. 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3)
last year.
 C. Exercise

1. We go out for Japanese food ________________.

A. Willingly
B. Normally
C. Weekly
D. Perfectly
2. Have you done your homework _____________?
A. Now
B. Then
C. Yet
D. Still
3. Do you _______________ work at the bank?
A. Still
B. Never
C. Grudgingly
D. Happily
4. Would you rather drive sometimes or take the train ______________?
A. Still
B. Never
C. Every day
D. To the beach
5. The patient is -------------___________ waiting to see the doctor.
A. Still
B. Never
C. Every day
D. Sadly

Answer Key :
1. C. We go out for Japanese food weekly. (This sentence talks about how often we go
out for Japanese food.)
2. C. Have you done your homework yet? (This question inquires whether homework
has been done at the appointed time.)
3. A. Do you still work at the bank? (This question asks whether the subject is
employed at the bank as they were in the past.)
4. C. Would you rather drive sometimes or take the train every day? (This question asks
how often the subject would prefer to take the train instead of driving.)
5. A. The patient is still waiting to see the doctor. (This sentence expresses continuity.
The patient was waiting to see the doctor before and is still waiting.
 CHAPTER V
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
A. Explanation

Adverbs that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us how

often or how frequently something happens are defined as adverbs of frequency.
An adverb of frequency is exactly what it sounds like – an adverb of time.
Adverbs of frequency always describe how often something occurs, either in definite
or indefinite terms. An adverb that describes definite frequency is one such as weekly,
daily, or yearly. An adverb describing indefinite frequency doesn’t specify an exact
time frame: examples are sometimes, often, and rarely.

Adverb of Frequency Rules

These simple rules for adverbs of frequency will help you to use them correctly:
 Always use adverbs of frequency to discuss how often something happens.
 Adverbs of frequency are often used to indicate routine or repeated activities,
so they are often used with the present simple tense.
 If a sentence has only one verb, place the adverb of frequency in the middle
of the sentence so that it is positioned after the subject but before the verb.
For example: Tom never flies. He always takes the bus.
 When a sentence contains more than one verb, place the adverb of frequency
before the main verb. For example: They have often visited Europe.
 When using an adverb of frequency in the negative or in forming a question,
place it before the main verb. For example: "Do you usually get up so late?".

B. Examples

Each sentence contains an example of an adverb of frequency, the examples are

bold text for easy identification.
1. The incubator turns each egg hourly.
2. We take a vacation at least once annually.
3. I usually shop for groceries on Saturday mornings.
4. He is often late for work.
5. We seldom see John.
6. My dentist told me I should floss twice daily.
Adverb of Frequency List

This list of adverbs of frequency contains many of the most common; keep in
mind though that there are many other words which can serve in this capacity.

Always Normally
Annually Now
Constantly Occasionally
Daily Often
Eventually Quarterly
Ever Rarely
Frequently Regularly
Generally Sometimes
Hourly Soon
Infrequently Then
Later Today
Monthly Tonight
Never Weekly
Next Yearly
Nightly Yesterday
Yet
C. Exercise

1. I ________________ late on Saturdays.

a. Get up usually
b. Get usually up
c. Usually get up
Answer: C. I usually get up late on Saturdays.

2. Jared ______________ late for work.

a. Never is
b. Is never
Answer: A. Jared is never late for work.

3. _______________ on weekends?
a. Often do you travel
b. Do you often travel
c. Often you do travel
Answer: B. Do you often travel on weekends?

4. Susan ________________ early for class.

a. Often is
b. Are often
c. Often are
d. Is often
Answer: D. Susan is often early for class.

5. When do you ____________ go on vacation each year?

a. Always
b. Never
c. Usually
d. Ever
Answer: When do you usually go on vacation each year?
 CHAPTER VI

Adverb Of Quantity
A. Explanation
Adverbs of quantity in English indicate the quantity of an action. An adverb is a word
which is used to modify any part of speech except a noun or pronoun. They are
usually placed after the verb and before the adjectives and other adverbs.

B. Example
- A few : There are a few problems with the new program.
- Almost : The bag is almost full.
- Fairly : The exam was fairly easy.
- Very : She is very late.
- So : John is so generous.
- Much : I can speak much more German than Spanish.
- Less : She has got to spend less money.
- Many : There are many people at the concert.
- Lots : There are lots of people waiting outside.
- Enough : They are smart enough to skip a class.

C. Exercise

1. There ___ factory workers. We need to hire ten more workers by tomorrow
a. aren’t enough
b. more
c. too much
d. too many
Answer : a. aren’t enough

2. She’s ___ in her school , so she failed in exam .

a. not smart enough
b. smart enough
c. lots of smart
d. very smart
Answer : a.not smart enough

3. I drink ___ water because I am very thirsty

a. few of
b. less
c. too
d. lots of
Answer : d.lots of
4. There are ___ cars on the street can create problems like traffic congestions,
accidents and air pollution
a. too much
b. few
c. less
d. too many
Answer: d. too many

5. We need ___ transportation in our city

a. enough
b. more
c. almost
d. so
Answer : b. more