Varanasi. She is also thankful to Dr.
Sushma Malhotra, Professor and Head,
Deptt. oi Sociology, Kashi Vidyapith, Va ranasi.
The Autho r is also thankful to Professor L.M. Singh, Head, Faculty of Law,
University of Allahabad, Professor B.P. Singh, Faculty of Law, University of
Allahabad for their co-operation. Author is immensely greatful to Professor
A.K. Awasthi, Head and Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow, for his
time to time suggestions.
The Author also acknowledges her · greatful thanks to Professor
A. Satyanarayan, Head, Deptt. of Sociology, University of Allahabad. The
Author is also thankful to her Academic fraternity Dr. Anand Shankar Singh
Principal ISDC Alld., t>t. R.K. Markandey, Dr. U.K. Dwivedi, Dr. Anand
Singh, Dr. Sheo Harsh Singh for their support.
The Author has completed writing work with the domestic assistance
granted by her daughters Prashasti, Pradeepti and Pragati With deep sense of
love acknowledges their support.
Shri Raj Kumar Arora, the Publishers M/s. Central Law Agency,
Allahabad deserves high appreciation and thanks for his positive support and
suggestions regarding publication of this book.
Dr. Indira Srivastava
CONTENTS
UNIT-I
CHAPTER 1
SOCIAL PROBLEMS, CONCEPT AND APPROACHES
"
Concept of Social Problem ................................................................... ............ 1
Characteristics of Social Problems .................................................................. 1
Stages of Social Problems ............................................................................... 2
(1) Awareness ..........., .... .......... .............. ,.................. .......................... .. 2
(2) Policy determination ........ ............................................................... 2
(3) Reform ...................................... .............................,............ ,...........2
Sociology and Study of Social Problems........................................................... 2
Types of Social Problems ................................................ ,...................... ... ...... 3
.(1) Physical Problems••.........................................................................3
_(2) Ameliorative Problems ................................................................... 3
J3) Moral Problems ......... ......................................................... ............. 3
So~ial Change and Sociµl Problems .................................................................4
Factors of Social Change ......................... ................................... .............. 4
Technology ............. ...... ............................ ........................................ ...... .4
The Physical Environment. ....................................................................... 5
Socio-Culture Factors ........................................... .................................... 5
Role of Media ..... ........ ...................... .... ... .................. ......................... ..... 5
Role of voluntary agencies ................................................. ....................... 6
Education ........ ... .................... ..... ......................... ............ ... .... ............ ..... 8
v Approaches or Perspectives of Social Problems ................................................ 8
01} S".>cial Pathology ....., ........ .. .......,..... .......................................... ..... 9
~~) Social Disorganization Approilch .................................... ................ 9
(3) Value Conflict Approach .......................... ... ................................. 10
(4) Deviant Behaviour Approach ................................................... .... 10
(5) Labelling Approach ................... ,... ...... .............. ........................... 11
,,
I\ S(XJOLOGY
(9) Further Social o rganisations may be formal or informal in
natu re ............... .......................................................................... 28
Social Disorganization ............................................................................... 28
Characteris tics of Social Disorganization ............................. ........................ 28
(1) Social Disorganization Is a process ............................... ................. 28
(2) Social Disorganization is an ind ication of disruption ...................... 29
( 3) Social Disorganization 1s a relative term ....................................... 29
(4) Social Disorganization is a qualitative term .................................. 29
(5) Conflict between Mores and Institutions ......................................... 29
Cause of Social disorganiza tion ....................... ................................... .. ........ 29
Lack of value education or value crisis .......................................................... 29
Family Disorganization .............. .. ..................... :......................................... 30
Decline of joint famil y and emergence of changing pattern of family .............. 30
Changing status of won,en ............................................................................. 31 ·
Corruption .................................................................................................. .. 31
Cu ltural factors ........................................................................., .................. 32
Decline of Political Democratic Value ........................................... .-.............. 32
Economic Factors ..................................................... ........ .. .... ....................... 32
Geographical factors .......................... ............................... ........................... 33
( 1) Manufactured Risk ........... .. ... ... ... ............. ......... ...... .......... ... ......... 33
(2 ) Hearth Risk .......... ........... ............. .... .. ........ .......... ....... , ............... 33
(3) Inequalities .................................................................................. 33
Comn,unicable Diseases ......................... ....................................................... 34
Rural Urban Dichotomy ................................................... .... ........................ 35
Technological Factors ......................... .......................................................... 35
Abnorn,al Behaviour ........... ......................................................................... 35
Is India n Society a Disorganized Society ? .......................................... .......... 36
CHAPTER4
~ CIALANOMIE
Definitions of Anomie .................... .................................... .... ................... ... 38
Sociological Interpretation of Anomie (Emile Durkheim) .............................. 39
Robert K . Merton ·s theory of Anomie............................................................. 40
CONTENTS v
Typology-Mode of Adaptation .......... .......... ................................. ............. 40
(I) Conformity ................................................................................... 4 1
(11) Innovation ...................... .............................................................. 41
( 111 ) Ritualism ..................................................................................... 4 1
(IV) Retreatism .................................................................................... 41
Rebellion .................................................................................... 41
(V)
Theory of Alienation ................................................................................ ,... 41
(1) Powerlessness ..
········· ······························ ······································· 41
(2) Meaninglessness .................... .. ..... ........ ... ......... ... ................ .......... 4l
(3) Normlessness ................................................................................ 41
(4) Isolation .............................. ....:.................. ."..... :............ .. .'............ 4 1
(5) Self-estrangement ......................................................................... 42
•Factors responsible for Anomie.................. .................................................... 42
(I) Unlimited desires ......... ...... ......................... ..................... ... .. , .. .... 42
(2) Abrupt transition ............ , ........................ .,................................... 42
(3) Family disruption ......................................................................... 42
( 4) Increasing Industrialization and Expansion of Markets ........... ,.... ... 43
(5) Psychological factors .................................................................... 43
CHAPTERS
SOCIAL CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
Definitions .................................................................................................. 45
Characteristics of Conformity ......... ........................................................ ..... 45
Social Deviance ...... ................................................ ..................................... 45
Definitions of social deviance .................... ,.................................................. 46
New Perspective of deviance theory ............................................................. 46
Characteristics of Social Deviance ............................................................... 47
Factors responsible for social deviance ..................................... ........... ... ....... 47
( 1) Fa ulty or Lacking socialization ... ......... .. ....................................... 47
(2) Weak Sanctions .................. .......................................................... 47
(3) Poor Enforce1nent ...... ................................... .................................. 47
(4) Ease of Rationaliza tion ............................................... .................. 47
(5) Indefinite range o f the n orm ........................................................... 47
 SCX:IOLCX:Y V il )
CONTEJ\"TS I

(6) Secrecy of Violations ............................. ........ · ···· ·•.... ... ........... ... 47
(i) Ambiva lence of the agents of social controls. •· ········· ...... ......... ..... . 47
(8) Co-operation of the victim ........ .......... ........................... ... ..... . .. 47
(9) Sentiments of loyalty to Deviant Groups ................. .. ... .. ................ 48
( l 0) Sub-cultural legitimatism of Deviation ........... ........... .... .............. 48
( 11) Unjust and corrupt enforcement. .. ..... .......................... ................... .. 48
Deviance as labelled ...................... ............................ .................... ......... ..... 48
UNIT-II
CHAPTER 7
~ TYPES AND FORMS
Concept of Crime ...... .... . ... .. ..... .. .................. .... ......................... ...... ...... ...... 60
Definitions of C rime .......... .............. ........................................ .......... ....... 60
Crime and Tort .................................. ..... ..... ..... ..... ......... ..................... ........ 61
Characteristics of C rime ............ ...... ... .......... ..... ............... .................. ...... ... 61

Assumptions of deviant behaviour ............... ....................... ..... ...... .... ... ........ 48
Who is ·outsiders· and who constitutes 'Rule' ................. ....... ......... ..: ... ··:···"· 50
Two different perspecti\•e of ·outsiders· used by Becker., ........... :·····•··:··········· 51
Roberl K. Merton·s Theoty of So<:ial Deviance (Anomie) ............ ....... , ... .... .. ... 51
Conformity ........ .................. ..... .... ................................................. ........ 51
Innovation ............ ... ............................. .................... •··•··-····•··········· ··· ··· 52
Retualism ,............................. ..................... ..................... .......... ............ 52
Retrt'atism ........................................................................ , .... .... .. ... ....... 52
( 1) External Consequences ............... ................. ........... .. .... .. .... ............ 61
(2) Act (Actus Reus) ... .... .. ..................... ... .... ..................... ..... ..... ....... . 6 1
(3) Mens-rea o r guilty mind .......................................... .......... ......... .... 61
(4) Prohibited act.. ....... ................ .......... ..... ....... ........................... ..... 61
(5) Punishment ............................................ ..... ........ ..... .... .... ...... ...... . 61
Classification of Crimes ....... .. ... ..... .............................................. ........ .. ..... 61
Bonger·s classification of crime ........... ......... ......... ....... .......... ..... ..... ..... .. 63
Sutherland ·s Classification........ ........ ................. ........................ ........... 63
Classification of Offences under l.P.C. ........................ ........ ........... ......... 63

Rebelliort ..... ............................... ....... ................. .. .... ..... .......... .... .......... 52 I . Offences against Person or (affecting the Human body) ....... .... ...... .. 64
Talcott Parsons views on Anomie and de · ce 2. Offences against property ....... ................_. ....... ............. .... .... .. ........ 64
................ ......... ............. .. ...... 52
3 . Offences relating to documents ... .... ... ....... ......... ............... ....... ....... 6-t
4 . Offences affecting mental order ............... ........ .. ................ .... .. ... . . 65
ClAL PA THO LOGY
5 . Offences against Public Tranquillity ... ......... ........ ....... .. ... .......... .... 65

:
Charac'.eristics of Social Pathology .... ..................................... ... . ······ .......... 55
6 Offences against state ........ ......... ........ ....................... ...... ............. 65
SoC1c1! Inequalities .... ....... .... ... . ..

;:;:~:;,~ 7 . Offences by Government Servants ................................................... 65

CHAPTERS
Sociopa thic Individuation ·········•· .. CYBER CRIMES IN INFORMATJON SOCIETY
Information Society .......... ................. .. ............ .......... ...... ..... .. ..... ...... ....... .... 66

~:,:,
,·;,,~,:;:~~·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·••·•··•·••·····•·•·•················
The Defectives •·•••··•·••··•···........................
·· ·····•..................... · ••··••························:56
Daniel Bell and the Informa tion Age ... ........ . .. ........... .. ........... ................. . .. 66
Crimes against persons or corporate houses ........ ... ... .. .... ...... ... ......... ...... ..... ... 68
Radicalism and ~~~;;~~·~·.·.·.-.·.-.-.-.-.-:::::::::::::·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·....................... .................. 56 Crime against property-tangible o r intangible ....... ................. .. ..... .... ......... 68
The Pathology of the Famil .. ... ..... ........... ........... ...... 56 C rimes against Government and Democracy .. ........................ ........................ . 68
y .........................
l'alhology of Education .................................... .... 57 Characteristics of computer crime ..... ........ .......... .. ..... ... ..... ........... ...... ... ..... . 68
······ ·····• ........... . Cyber crimes-its types ........... .................... ......... .. .. ..... ....... .................. .. .... 68
P,1thology of the State ............................ ....... ..... .......... 57
···················· .............................. .. ............ ......... 57 I . Data Diddling ... ................. ..... .......... .. .... .. ......... .................. ....... . o'-J
 SOCIOLOGY
viii .... . 69 CONTE!IITS ix

2 Salami Shaving ........ ........... .....................•.·.·.·:.-.-.-.·.-:.-:::::::::::::::::::.... 69 Feelings of Inferiority ........ ......... ...... ... .... .. .......... ............. .............. ..... ....... 79
3 Phreakings . . ...... ..................... .... ....... .... . .. ...... 69 Geographical Factors .... ....... ................. ...... ....... .... ...... .. ...... ... ............. ........ 79
........
Industrialization and Urbanization ......... .... .............................. ............... .... 79
4 . ~~o::gg..... ·.::·.·.·.::·.·.·.::·.:::::·.::·.·.·. :::::::::::::................. ....... :::::::: ..... .......... 69
5. .............. 69 Political factors of crime ........................................................... ........ ... ........ 80
Shoulder surfing..... ......... .. ........................... .. ................. 69
6. ........................ .. .............. . Corruption and Crime .............................................................. ... .... ......... ..... 80
7 . Social Engineering................................ 69 Economic Factors of crime .............. ..... .. ...... ....... .... ........ ................................ 80
Social Factors ......... , ............. .... .......... ......... ..... .. .......................... ............ . 81
Mass Media, Means of Communication and Crimes ................................... ...... 61
:. ~:~::•:
10. ..~iv:•~············
Hacking....................... . : ••·•·•·••·· · : :••·······:70 Religious factors of crime .................. ............. ....................................... ....... 8 1
11 . Jamming.... ...................................... ·······························
············· 70
CHA 10 <IJt, __ / •
12. Cyber Stalking............................................... ............... ....... ....... .. 70
THEO OFCRIMES ~ V f
13 Cyber Terrorism •............ " ...... " .................. " .... · .. · · .. ······················ Conventional or classical sc o ........ ......... .... ............. ........... , .................. ... 83
· ................. 70
14 Child Pornography ............ ............................... .. .. .. Geographical Theory ............................... . , ..... ........ ..... ...... ..... ...... ........ .. .... . 84
· ............................................... 70
Computer virus.............. ............. 71 Biological Theory of Criminal Behaviour................................................ .. ... 85
Jnformation Technology Act, 2000 ....................................,............................ . Heredity ..... .............. ......... ........ ....................... .... ........ ........... ..... ............ .. 86
. ............, ............................ 73
E-mail Related Crimes ...................................... .. The Psychogenic Theories of Criminal Behaviour .. .... .. .... ........... ........ .......... 88
.............................. 73
1. E-mail Bombings ..................................... ...... .. Personality Structure....... .. .......... .. ................. ......... ...................... .. ............. 88
. . .......... ..... ........... 73
2. E-mail Spoofing ........................ ......................... Id ............ ........... ...................... ............... .. ... ......... .. ..... .. .. ... ...... ..... .. ..... 88
73
3. Threatening E-mails ......... ........ · ... .. ........................................... Super-ego ... .............. ....... .. ... ..... ..... ...... ....... ... ...... .... .. ..... .. ......... .... ...... .. 88
75
India needs specialists to deal with c er offences .............. .............. ............
Ego - ····· ····· ···· ····· ·········· ··· ·· ····· ········· ···· ···· ········ ···· ······ ······ ······ ···· ············ 88
HAPTER9 \ Psychoses ..... ........................... ....... ........... ... .......... ................... ....... ........ .... 88
USATION OF CRIME dr1V'°~ Neuroses ... .... .......... ....... ... ....................... ........ .......... ............................ ..... 88
...z:.. ..
Ca uses of Crime ........ ....: ~=
. .=. =
. '.:':.~. ~. :.' .:.=. =..=
...=. =. =...=..-..-...-..-..-..........··............ ·.. ·......·77 Intelligence ........ ..... ........ .. ...... ....... ... ............ ... ..... ........ .. ...... ....... ... ............. 89
Biological Factors ......... ................. .............. ...... ............ ..... .... .. .......... ... ...... 77 [ Physique and Personality ..... .. ......... ..... ................. ....... ..... .... .. ... .. ... ............. 89
( l) Physiological Factors .................... .......... .... ... ................... ............ 77 Tarde's Immilation-Suggestion Theory ....................... ... ....... ......... ........ ... .. 90
(2) Heredity ............................................. .......................... ....... .. .. .... 77 The Economic Theory of Criminal behaviour ....... .. ............. ............... ...... ...... 91
Age .. .................... ..................................................... .... .... .. ........................ . 78 Economic Interpretation by Karl Marx ................. .... ...................................... 92
Sex ............ .................................. .......... ....................... .............. ... .... ....... ... 78 Ecological Theory .. ........ ................................................. .... ........ .. .. ......... .... 92
Intelligence ....... ........... .. .............. ................................................ ... .......... ... 78 Sociological Theories of Criminal behaviour ....... ..... .................... ................ 94
.Mental dnd Psychological Factors ............................................................... .. 78 R. K. Merton's Theory of Social Anomie ................ .. ............. ......... .. .......... .... 94
1. Mental deficiency ........ .............. .... .............................. .... ........ ..... 78 Typology-Mode of Adaptation ..... .................. ...................... ............ ...... .... 94
:! . Psych opdthic personalities ................ ........ ... ............................... . 78 (I ) Conformity ... ......... ........ ....... .............. ..... ... ...... ........................... 94
Endocrines ............................. ... .... .... ............... .. ............... ....... .. ... ... ............. 79 (II) Innovation .... ...... ..... ........ ... .... .. .... .. ........ .. ............... .. ... ........ .... ... . 9-+
 )( SOCIOLOGY
CONTENTs
(Ill) Ritualism ..................................................................................... 95 xi
Westermark ....... .
(IV) Re treatism ............................................................................. ....... 95 Objective of Punishme ············· ··•· .. ·····••........................................................ l0l
(V) Rebellion ........................ ..... ......................................................... 95 Forms of punishm ~t ...................................................... ........................ 101
R. K. Merton·s Typology of Deviance ............................................................. 95 T en ........................... .......................... .
~s or Forms of PuntShment ..............................102
........... ,
Richard Cloward's Views on Anomie ........................................................... 96
Sutherland s Theory of differential Association ........................................... 97
Criminal behaviour is learned ....................................................... 97 (B)
2. Criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other (C)
persons in a process of communication ................................ ••••· •....... 97 (D)
3. The Principal part of the learning of criminal behaviour (E)
occurs within intimate personal groups ........................................... 98
(2) Transportation ······························································· ·J03
4. When criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes ............ 98
(3) Capital Punishment ·················· •............................................. 103
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned ············•• .. ..............
,

from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or ( 4) Imprisonment.. ····· · · · ··· · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · ·· ••.....103
unfavourable................................ .................... :.. ......................... , 98 (5) Monetary .........·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·... ······· ... ········································· ·• ••...... 103
6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions (A) Forfeiture and C f ····.·······································•.................. 103

~::.:·
fa vourable to violation of law over definitions l!Jlfavourable ( B) Fines on iscallon of property .................. ········· ······• .... 103
to violation of law ........................................................................ 98
7. Differential association may vary in frequency duration,
priority and intensity .................................................................... 98
8. The process of Criminal behaviour by association with
;:;;:::
Deterrent Theory
••••••••.••••••••·.••••••••
'. .•.••.• . ·.•.·•·.·.·.·.···•····•••····•············.·.·.•
·······•· .. ·································............... .104
::
•...•••••...••.·••

criminal and anti-criminal patterns :nvolves all the Preventive Theor;·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·... ···· ... · ···· · ··· · ··· ·· · ·· · ·· · ·· · · · · · · · ·· · · · ··· •...... .105
mechanism that are involved in any other learning........................ 98 Reformative Theory ...... ::::::::::::.·.·.·.·.·.········••.......... ·····································105
9. While criminal behaviour is expression of general needs and ls Capital punishment Necessary ? .... . . ....... ... . ······ ...... .... ········ ..... ....... 105
values, it is not explained by these general needs and value ·······················································106
since non-criminal behaviour is an expression of the same HAPTER 12
needs and values .... .. .. .. .... .... . ... .. .. ..... .. ... ...... . ............................. 98
. REFORMS A EHABJLJTATIONOFOFFENDERS
UNIT-III Proba!Jon ...................... ..
Role of Probation Offic ····················· .......................... ·············· .. ············· 111
ers ............. .
(1) Social Jnvestigation ........... .-.-.-:::::::·.......................................... ..........112
Is Punishment Necessary? .. . (2) Supervision ························· ·····•• ............... 112

Dtdirnl1on of Punishment ............................................................ ............. .101 Pa role .........................·.- ···· .. ······································································ ....112
Dc·fm111ons-O.R. Taft. .. ................. ...................... .. .................... ......... .101 The objectives of Parole ................. ·· ··········•............................... ·······--···· .... .113

I;\, C Reckless .................................................................... ................. .101 The Difference betwee~··;~~~~;;~~--~~~··;~;··; ········· •· .. ······························· ll3
O
Ferri ... ....... ... .. .. ................................. ...... ...... ... .... ........ .... ... ...... ... ...... 101 Treatment of Criminals e ............................................... I 14
SethanJ ............. ................................................................. ..............·... 101 ·······························································• ........... .... J 15
 SOCIOLOGY CONTENTS xiii

CHAPTER 13 Forms of Corruption ............................... ................................................ •·· ...140

Nepotism ................ ............................................................ ......... ............... 140
THE PRISON
/
yvSTEMS
..................... .
......... ····· ··········113
Money Power ...................... ········· ... ·.......................................................... 141
O<'f,nitiun of Prisons • · · ~...
...................................... 118 Bureaucra ts and Corruption ................. ........................................................ 142
Origin o[ pn on system ... ·... ·· .. ·· ······· ... ····· ··
············· ············· ····120 Economy and Corruption .... .................................................................... .... .. 143
Wolncn In l'n.sons ... •...... ··.... "· ...... ··.. ··.. " ·.... ·.......... ......................... 120
>roblC'ms of Prison .... ·...... ·...................... ·· .... ·.. ·... .. .... .. .... . 121 Religion and Corn1ption .............................................................................. 143
l ............. , .... ...... .
(' 11stud1c1I Violence ............ ....... .........................
············.......................... 122 CHAPTER 16
Prison Problem ...... •····· ····.. ·.. ····....... ··...... ·... ···.... ·.. ··.... ··· ·· · 123
·························· 124
~ T E COLLAR CRIME OR ORGANIZATIONAL CRIME J.j., vio1
Role or Pn on Staff · ......... ·.... .... ·........... ·· ·...... ··............. · (1) Misrepresentation ......................................... .........................................145
..................
The Priwns Act of 1894 ............................................................. 124 (2) Duplicity ................................................................... ...................... ......145
l'mon Administration ...... ...............................................·························· 124 Sociological Implications of white collar crimes .......................................... 146
........................,..... ···························
Kecord \ 1amtenancc .... ...... ............... .. .......... .125 Maxist Theory-Kar Marx ..........................................................................146
Otht·r Provisions .............................................. .···························· Theory of circulation of Elites by V. Pareto ................................................. .146
...........................125
l'n.Yln offences and Punishment ......... ·.............·......... ····.. ··
...........................126 System Theory by T. Parsons ........................................................................146
Pun~hment of such offences ....................................... ·· ... .
Causes of White Collar Crimes................................................................. .. 147
UNIT-IV Globalization .............................................................................................147
/ CHAPTER 14 • J Black Marketing .........................................................................................148
TTVU"f
CRJMI~ALIZATION OF POLITICS _,,U.;' Economic Competition and Commercialization .............................................148
!:.m<'n;ence of Power El1tes. ...................................................... .. .. .................. 129
Corruption .................................................................................................. 149
· of power stru cture Pre-independence period .... •.. •••............ · ... 130
ran~formation Technological advancements ....................................................................... 149
PCJ,t independ ence peno · d .................................................... .. ....................... 130
Alienated Nature .......................................................................................149
\'.'e.ipon of Criminalization of politics-Religion and Caste ......................... 131
The Knowledge Society ...............................................................................150
E•o-,ion of Electoral System of Criminalization of Po}jtics ............................131
Rc-m< arnation of Traditional Elites mto Legal Elites .................................. 131 CHAPTER 17
!:.l\'ctoral Corrupt Prac!lces ....... ...................................................................132 L..-- ~NILEDELINQUENCY_~~'
Poht1ca! Corruption ....................................................................................133 Juvenile Delinquency ................................................................................... 1S1
C nmanal Poht,cians .................................................................................. 133 Definitions .......................................................... ........................... ............151
The \l achane ..................... ..................................................................... 134 Crime and delinquency .............................................. .............. .. .......... ....... .151
T',,, lJ1,ct1on Commission ...........................................................................134
Mass Media and Communication ................................................................. 151
CHAPTER 15 Family background ......................................................................................152
~UPTION ILvJ Process of delinquent behaviour ................................................................... 153
D1: lin1t1on .......... ....... .................. ..........................................................137 Improper Socialization ............................... ................................................ 154
l..A:~a, Ddinition ......................................................................................... 137
 SOCIOLOGY
CONTENTS xv
'" ........ .. .............. ....... ..... .. ... 1~4
Economic Factor · ............................................ .
CHAPTER 20
....... .................................. 155
Trn.1ncy ;ind Vagrancy ....................... .............. .
HIV/AIDS
................................. ... ..... 155
The Culture of Poverty ..................................... . Section 269 of l.P.C................................................................., .............. ...... 171
· ........................ 155
Industrializa tion and Urbanization .................................... . Section 270 of l.P.C....................................................... .... ...........................172
........................ .... 156
Thrones of Juvenile Delinquency .................................... .
CHAPTER 21
1. Differential Association Theory ............................. ...................... 156
SUICIDE
2. Thrasher's Gang Theory ............................................. .·................ 156
Man against himself ........................................................... ........................ 174
56
3. Abbert K. Cohen,s theory of Del1·nquent sub-Culture ............... ···· ...l
Emili? Durkheim·s theory of suicidc ............................................................. 177
4. Cloward and Ohl in's theory of delinquency .................................. l 57
. 1. Egoistic Suicidc ............................................................................177
Pre\'ention of ju\·enile DeImquency ............................. ·······..... ............ ......... 157
2. Altruistic Suicide ......................................................................... 177
Nat ional Policy for ch I.ld rcn .m Ind.1a .. .......... . ..... ......... . ... ..... . ...................... 158
3. Anomic Suicide ............................................................................ 178
~HAPTER 18
Murder and Suicide .....................................................................................180
PROSTITUTION
Euthanasia ........ ............................................................................. ............ 182
Causes of Prostitution ................................................... ...............................159
Suicide-Traditional to Modern Perspective ................................................183
Economic factors .......................................................................................... 159
Biologica l factors ........................................................................ ........ ........ 160 Incidence of suicides by Causes during, 1991 .. .... ........ ... .... ....... .......... .... ........ 184
Industrialization and Urbanization ........................................................ ..... 160 Means Adopted for Committing Suicide ...................................................... .185
Psychological factors .. ........... ...................................... ..... ............. ............ .161
Religious factors ................ ........... .... ............... ..... ......... ....... ....... ......... ......161
UNIT-V
G.HAPTER22
CHAPTER 19
ALCQHOLiSM AND DRUG ADDICTION
f ~ A L CONTR~-MEANS AND AGENCIES OF }»
~ } SOCIAL CONTROL j '
F,1ctors responsible for alcoholism ..................................................... ........ .. 164
Forms of Social Control.. .............................................................................. 187
f'sychological Factors ............................................................................164 I . Direct or Indirect Social Control .................................................. .187
Psycho-ana lytical aspect ......................................................................164 2. Positive and Negative Social Control.. ......................................... 187
S0cial Factors .......................................................................... ............ .164 3. Conscious and Unconscious Social Control ..................................... .188
Emo tional disturbances ..................; .............................................................165 Sociological Implications of Social Control.. ................................................188
Drug Addiction .. ................ ... .............. .. ... ....... ........ .... .. ..... .............. ... ........166 1. Theory of Social Contract .............................. ...... , ........................188
Types of Drugs ............................................................................................. 168 2. Social control theory by Emlle Durkheim ....:.. ·····•.........................l89
( I) Hallucmogcns ............................................................................ ...... 168 ( i) Mechanical solidarity ..................................................., .......189
(2J Opi,itcs ............. ............................................................................. .168 (i i) Organic Solida rity ........ .........................................................189
3. Cooley-Theory of Social Control.. ............................................... 189
(:I) Analgesics .......................................................... ............................. 168
( i) Primary Groups ..................................................................... .189
(-lJ Tranqudlizers ..................................................................................168
(i i) Secondary Groups ...................................................................190
Drug Addiction ,rnd Crime .......................... .................................................169
 jP'
"' I rJ:-5,. '0 - The~n· 0i Soci.11 Control .......... .............................. ......... 190
.. ~ \.' . .._
(i l R,•!Jtional lnstitutions ....................... .. ............ .. .................... 190
111 ) Rcgul,1ti,·e lnstitutions .................. .... .............. ......... .......... .... 190
11i 1\ Cultur:il lnstitutions ........ ................ .......................................190
\ kans ,rnd Agencies oi Social Control... ....................... ..................... ......... .. .191
Family JS Agencv of Social Control ............................................................. .191
So.:1;1I Control through Education ...................... ....... ....... .. ...... :... ............... .193
Religion as means of Social Control.. ................. ............. .......................... ... .194
Hindu Religion ..... ........... ....................................... .......... .......... ..........195
Islamic Ideology ......... ... ................. ................ ..... ..... .... ........ .......... .. .. ..195
Sikh Values ................. .......................... ............ ..... ........... .. ............. ....195
The Philosophy of Jainism .. ........................ ...... ......... .. ................ ........ .195
The Buddhism .................... ... ................... .......... ..... .... .............. ......... . .196
Christian Religion .......... ....... .... ................. .............. ......... ............. ... ... 196
Law as means of Social Control. ............... .......... ... .. .. ........ .. ..... .. .......... ... .... .197
Characteristics of Law ... ...... ......... ... ................. ...................... ....... ... .. .. ...... 197
Law, Controls the social life.................................................................... ....197
Law and Morale ............... ....... ..................... ............ .......... ......................... 198
Folkway and Mores .. ............ .. ....... .. ........ ..... .............. ....... .. ........ .. .. .. ..... .. .. .199
As means of social control ............................................................... .... ... ...... 199
:-.Q-IAPTER 23
hploilalion ofcz:~T~°.:~~~~~~:l'.~~~~
Sex Discrimination ......... .............................. .... .................. .........................201
Violence Against Women ............................................. ................................ 202
Crime agamst women
·················································································202
Crimes .igainst Dowry (killing) murder ..........................
······························203
Suicide bv Women
Haras m~nt ...... ... :::::.· :::::::: :::::::: ::: ::::::::::: ::::::::::: ::::::.-.-::.-: _. _. _.: :: ::: · · · .. · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · 04
Sexual Harassment ······ ······· ·· · ··•
~ati Pr~tha ............ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.-:::::::::~:
omest1c Violence ......... ............. .. ..
.............................................................208
..
CO, TENTS xvii
Definition ol Domestic Violence .. ........ ............. .... ... ..... ......... ... .. ...... ... .... ...208
Formc; of Domestic Violence ............... ... .. ...... ... .... .. ....... .......... .... .. .. .. ••· ••· ... .209
( I ) Physical Violence .. .. ............. ... ... ............... .. ............ .. ........ .. .... ...209
(2) Sexual Violence ...... .. ...... ..... ............................... .. ..... ...... .. ... .......209
(:'\) Verbal and Emotional Violence ....................... ....... .... ..... ......... .. ..209
(4) Economic Violence .. ...... ............... ........ ........... , .. .. ........ .. ........ ......209
Causes of Domestic Violence ......... ........ ........... ... ............. ...... ..... .... ...... .......210
Women and Legislations .......... ....................... ........ ........................ .. .... ...... .212
Violence against Children ....... .. .... .. ....................... ........... .. ............ ............213
Factors responsible for crime against children ........ ... ...... .. ............... .. .. ....... .215
(1) Broken Homes .. ................. ......... ..... ......... .. ........... ..... ................ .215
(2) Slum Culture .. ........... , ....... ...... ........................... ......... .. ............. ..215
Crime against Chil<lren ..... ........ .............. ................ ... ....... .............. ..... .......216
Child Labour ................ ... ... , ..................... ...... ...... .... ..... .... .... ... ..... .......... ...216
To g row money ......................... .... .......... .............. ... .......................... .... , ......218
Re ligious Customs ........ ......... ....... .......... ... .. ........ ..... ........ ........ .... ....... , . , ... ..218
Child abuse ... ..... ...... ... .... .. .............. ....... ........ .... ...... ..... ....... .......... ........ .. ..218
.C:HAPTER 24
~ G I S L ATIONS
Social Legisla tions-Pre-lndependence Period .................. ........ ........... ........219
Labour-Legislations ........... ......... ....... .. ......... .. .... .......... ... .............. .... .... .....220
. 20! Social Legislation in Post Independence Period ......................................... .... 221
Objectives of social legisla tions ...... ........ .. ............. .... ............................. .... .222
To establish social norms .. .... .................................. ....... ..... ....... ... ...... .. .. .....223
Social legislations to establish gender justice ...... ..... .............. ... ............. ......223
Laws regarding marriage and status of women ........ ........... ....................... ... .22-l
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 ......... ... .... .............. .............. ............ ....................22-l
The National Commission for Women Act, 1990 ............ ................................ 22-l
2
Hindu Succession Act, 1956 ......................... .. ............ .............. .... ..................22-l
204
Atrocities and Violence against women ..................... ................ .. .................224
The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 .................................... .. ....................... ....22-l
Immoral Traffic (Pn!,·ention) Act, 1956 ............. ...... ....................... ..... .. .......225
 xviii SOCIOLOCY
The Commission of Sati.(Prevention) Act, 1987 ................................ .............225
The Child Marriage Kestraint Act, 1976 ..................... ............................ .... .225
Rehabilitation of abused children ..... ......... .................. ....... ........ ... ........... .225
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes-law to protect them from
injustice ...... ........ ..... .................... ..... ........ ..... ... ......... ... .......... .. .. ...... ... .226
To eradicate poverty .... ..... ......... ............. .. ........... ................. .. ................... .226
To Protect Human Rights and Provide social security....................................226
UNIT-VI
CHAPTER25
ENVIRONMENT AND ECO-CRIMES
Need of Environment Protection and Conservation .. ..... .... ............. .. ............. .227
Environmental crime or violation of Environmental and Eco-norms ...... ..........227
Factory Act, 1948 (Amended in 1987) .............................. ..............................229
Legal Penalties .... ....................... ..... ........ ....... ....... .. .............. ..... ......... ..... . .229
Insecticide Act, 1968 (A.mended in 2000) .......................................................230
Legal Penalties .......... ........................... .............. .............. ...... .... ..... ...........230
Wild Life Protection Act, 19n (Amended in 1991) ..•.....................................230
Penalties ...... ... ............. ............ .... ...... ...... .................. ..... .... ... ....... ..... ..232
Attempts and abetment .......... ..... ......... ..... ................... ..... ................... .234
Punishment for wrongful seizure............................................................. 234
Power to compound offences................................................................... .234
Cognizance of offence ....... ........................................................... ...........234
\.Yater Pollution Act, 1974............................................................................235
Legal Provisions ........ .......... ............ ...................... .......... .......... ............235
Few Points regarding water pollution ......... ........................................... .235
Air Pollution Act, 1981 ................................................................................236
1. Inorganic .. ................... ........ .. ................ ... ... .... ........... ........ .............. .236
., 0 . (iv) Toxic Substances Control Act .... ... ... .. ..... •····· ······ ··· ··· .... ····· ···· ······ ···
-· rgan1c ....... ..................... ....... ....... .. ........ .... ............ .... ......... ....... .....236
Legal Provis1or.s ...................................... ... .... ... ...... ..... .......... ...............237
List of Industries in the Schedule under the Act
························· ·············237
Forest Consen·ation Act, 1980 (Amended in 1988)..........................................238
Importance of Forest. ........................................
·····································238
CONTENTS xi x
( i) Protective Functions .... .... ... ........ ..... ....... .......................... . •....238
( ii ) Producllvc Functions .............. ................................................238
( i ii) Accessory Functions ....... ..... ........... ....... ..... .. .. ... .......... ...........238
Legal Provisions . ... ..... ............... ................ ........................ ..... ..............239
Penalties ... .......... .. .. ... ..... .... .......... ........ .... ........... ..... ...........................240
Legal Provisions ....... ...................... ...... ... ............. .......... .. ............... .... ..240
Penalty for contravention of the Environment Act, 1986.................................241
Bio-diversity Act, 2002 ...............................................................................241
Bio-diversity of the World .... ..... ............ .... .... ........... .. ......... ........ .......... ... .241
Bio-diversity of lndia ........................... ...... .... ..................... .. ....... ......., ......242
Need for preservation of Bio-diversity ................ ... ..... ................. ...............242
Threats to Bio-diversity ............. ........ ..... .. .............. ....... .. ........... ....... ........242
Obstacles to conserve Bio-diversity ...... .. ........ ........ ......... ..... .. ......... .... ........243
Bio-diversity and Economic Progress ....... .. ............ ........ ........... .................. ..243
Salient Provisions of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 .....................................244
CHAPTER26
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION & ABFfMENT OF ILLEGAL
WILD TRADE IN INDIA
Environmental Problems in India ...... ...................... .......... .. •.. ••••••••,••· •••· •••••.246
1. Land degradation ............ ................................ .......... ................. .246
2. Deforestation .... ........... .......... ... ....................... .... ............... ........ 246
3 . Wild life degradation ............................................................. .....246
4. Pollution Menace ............ ...... ...... .................................................247
New Legislative requirements ... ........... ........................... ....... ...... ............ .. 2 47
( i) Biosphere reserves ......... ........... ....... •··••••••·••··• •... •·•········ ··· ··· ····· · ..247
(ii) Protection of Grazing lands ....... ....... •... ••••••· •••·••···•····· ············· ····· ·
247
247
(iii) Protection of Endangered Species• .... •• •••• ••·•·········· ··· ············ · .. ···· ·· ·
247
(v} Scientific land use ........ ......... ........ ....... ...... ... .. ........ .. ...... .... ... ... ...247
(v i) Prevention of denuderation of fo rests ............ .................................247
(v ii) Prevention of Noise Pollution ······ ··················· ·· ········ ············ ..... ..2-48
· 1d 1·f trade . A major set back to wild life consPr\'at1on ················248
Jllega I w 1 1 e ·
Reasons for Extinction o f w1·1d rf i e ..... .......... ............ .. .................. ..···· ·· ·········248
 , xi
50C!OI..OCY C01'TENTS

~ 3tlll!, of con5ervahon are of two fold .......................... .......... ............... ·· 24
\ -1aL"l Reasons oi wild life extinction ......................... •············ ···· ··· ··· ···· 249
~eed oi v.-ild hfe conservation............................................................. ·· ... ..249
Ho..,, to save Depleting Wild Life? ......... ...... ...... ... .. ........... ..... ... ......... .... .249
Illegal wild life trade · An organized Ennronment and Eco-crime, a
ma1o r threat to global bio-diversit)°············· ················-·······..·········· .....:!50
Ir.d i r. scenario .. ........................... ............................................................250
Conclus.1on and Suggesuon .. ......................................................................... 252
CHAPTER 27
BIOLOGICAL RESOL'.RCE USE AS A CRIME: BIO-TERRORISM
A Big Threat to Public Health .....................................................................254
Some ::i ~aded dl!iea5eS can be used as a Terror .............................................255
"-nt rax ............................ ................................................................... .255
Sr.la!! Pox.. . ...........................................................................................256
Pl.agw ........................................................................... ' ............................2:J"7
B.io-Ttt rorum Through An1IIYls ................................................................. 257
Ste-rs to G'leel 31l<rTenorism ..- ..................................................................258
6. Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1974 ....... ..................... .................2ol
7. Em·ironment Protection Act, 1986 ...... ....................... ......... ..... .. .... .~6 1
8 Fisheries Act, 1897 . ...... ... ..................................................... 261
9 Forests Act, l 927 ..............................................................................262
1O. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 ...................... ................................262
11. Impo rt and Export (Control) Act, 1987 ..... ... ......... .......... .......... ....... .262
12. Marbe Products Export De,·elopment Authority, 19n . ...................262
13. Maritime Zones of India [Regulation of Fishing by Foreign
Vessels) Act, 1980 .......... ......................................................... .........262
14. National Dairy Development Board Act, 1987.................................262
15. National Oilseed, and Vegetable Oils Development Board,
1983 ..... ......................................................... ·································263
16. New Seed Development Policy, 1988................................................ 263
17. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960........................... _..... .... 263
18. Rubber [Production and Marketing! Act, 1947 ................................... 26...1
19. Seeds Act, 1966................................................................................263
20. A5 in Rubber Act, etc. for cardamom for other spices, restricted
to export-import development and regulation......................... ....... 263

l CcrtJol a."ld Pm•ention ......................................... ...... ........... ....... 258 21 . Tea Act, 1953 .................................................................................. .263
~ J>rcJ-ib:uoo ..,,.;th Legai Provisions ................................................258 22. Territonal Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone
:- \.'~a c~ m Epidt>irics a::;! Capability to Tackle Emergent and other Mantime Zones Act, 1976 ......................................... ...... 263
Su allor. ..... .......................................................................258 23. Tobacco Board Act, 1975.................................................................. 2£H
-1 . \l~:ca2 \bn.agemt-nt.- Jt includes r,ea!th care s\·stem 24. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Wildlife (Protection)
growth.. ................................................................. . .............. .258 Amendment Act, 1991 .................................................................... .264
; ll"iomuhon, Ed:iution and Communiation. ~
APPENDICES

':;r':.."'!.";;;' :: :: .: :: : :::::·. : . : :: I. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000........267
11. The Ju venile Justice (Care and Protection o f Children
t:nl.ll-fuJ AdJ~ ibn Pr~·enhoo Act, 1%7 ........···--···•............................... 259 Amendment) Act, 2006 ....................................................................294
\u,cx Pe,t'",ar'. f'::..\UIOOS of Cen:ral A(t relating Envuonment, frology
:-a
8,o-<Jn·~ !ty . ...... ······ . ........ ········ .............................. :....... .2~
. Ag:;ru.,"ra a.'ld P~,:..,c~!ed food Prodccts Export Dev I
III. The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958............................................... .JCl
IV. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 ............ .308
A•Jttior Act !925/ : ~ . e opment V. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.. .............................. ......... ....... .322
2 • ....................... ········ .. ····•············21JJ
Agncu,rwral ProdU(.e 'Gramng ar.:1 Making, Act ; 937 VI . The Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of List of Presents to
3 c ~rd.imom Act. 1~;. .. . .. , ·····•··· ............ 21JJ Bride and Bridegrooms) Rules, 1985 . .......... ... .... .. ......... .. ... ...... . . . 327
4 ( oca"11. On·elopmftu Bw~d ~ -· ;; ;.-:·····•...... ..... ······· ....... ..2h]
, ( ~ Act, :,.::2 . .. .... ....... ······ ·················.261
. . ..... .... ·············· ..26]