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    Algebra

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf
    10 views48 pages

    Algebra 1 CH 2

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    Nguyen Duy
    Algebra

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 48
    In the last chapter you learned hhow to write expressions repre: senting such things as perimeter, area, dollars, and speed. Jn this chapter you will use the same techniques. But the ansvers will Sometimes be negative numbers. Nexaiive numbers were invended te represent things like ¢em- peratures below freezing, over- drawn bank balances, and number of seconds ago. For instance, suppose you are riding a bike downhill and are gaining speed at j mile per hour eack second. if you are going 12 miles per hour now, positive values for time could be used to find your speed several seconds: later. Negative values for time could be used to _find your speed several seconds ‘ago. in this chapter you will Fearn haw ta operate with negative numbers: ‘Variable: x Represents number of seconds later. “Expression: I2 + Gx Represents speed x sec- conds Later. aris 3 Represents 3 seconds ago, Tio. TU 110. Chapter Review and Test 41 Write an expression for each of the fallowing. Use purentheses only ‘where necessary. a, Eleven cubed, b. The fifth power of y. c. The sum of 17 and x. d. The product of 17 and a. fe. Add 8 to z; then multiply the recult by x. £. Multiply & by z and add x to the result. a. Divide the sum of and s by the difference r minus s. ‘Write an expression for the length marked “?." pea Savings Problem When money is left in a savings account, it earns “simple interest.” If the interest rate is 104% a year, you will have 1.1 times as much money at the end of 1 year as you had to start with, Each year the amount is multiplied by 1.1 again. If you start with $1, how much will you have at the end of 30 years? Write the answer as & power. ‘Thunder and Lightning Problem ‘The number of seconds it takes the thunder sound to reach you is 3 times the numiber of kilometers between you and the lightning. Let x'be the number of kilometers. 1a. Write an expression for the mumber of seconds the sound takes to reach you, b. How long does it take the sound to reach you if the lightning is: i, S kilometers away; 2.8 kilometers away? &Write ae equation stating that the sound takes 12 seconds to reach you. Then solve it to find your distance from the lightning: Bank Robbery Problem Robin Banks robs a bank and takes off in the get-away car. Five minutes later, Willie Catchup starts after Robin, Let x be the number of minutes Robin has been driving « ——1— a, Write an expression for the number of minutes Willie has been driving. b. How long has Willie been driving when Robin has been going for: i. 13 minutes; ii, 21 minutes? ©. How long has Robin been driving when Willie has been going i i. 17 minutes; ii, 24 minutes? Negative N INTRODUCTION TO NEGATIVE NUMBERS ‘This section is meaet for you t read and work on your own, If you have worked with negative mumbers before, this will be review. If not, this will be a chance for you to try leaming something new before hearing about it in clas. Numbers were invented by people, Different kinds of mumbers are used for different purposes. The positive integers 1, 2,3, 4, 5, ... were in- vented for counting. The fractions and decimals, such as 34 of 98.6, were invented for measuring. In order to express things like temperatures colder than 0°, overdrawn bank accounts, and speeds when going backwards, people invented negative numbers. Negative numbers are mumbers that are fess than zero, One of the best ways for you to visualize negative numbers is to Took at a number lin. Digger numbers ——» ——— Siniller numbers 87 6 ‘origin Each point on the line represents a number. The bigger the number, the farther itis to the right. Numbers to the left of 0 (the erigin) are called negative numbers. The — sign is used to represent a negative number, as shown above. All numbers that have a place en the number line are called read numbers, These include decimals and fractions, both positive and negative, ‘To add two numbers such as 2+ 3, you start at 2 and move 3 spaces to the right, ending at 5 43 44 Chapier 2 Introduction to Negative Numbers asges Stat ae 2, Move ight Bspaces. — Endat 5, =~; 3 To add a negative number to a positive number, such as 4 + (—3), you start at 4 and then count 3 spaces to the feft, ending at 1. seenel Movelett 8 End atte 3 spaoss if yee e876 5 orz2F ts 678 9 Objective Be able to discover something about the answers to addition problems the forms (positive) + (negative), (negative) + (positive), (negative) + (negative). Working the following exercise should allow you to reach same conclu- EXERCISE 2:1 ‘Work the following addition problems. ‘You may use a number Tine if nec~ essary. You should work all 33 problems rather than just the odds or just the evens. 54-2) 2 7+-3 3 6 +(-4) 4 8+e-7) 5 240-5) 6 9+ (10) 2 13+ (8) B 1+ 9 340-7) 10. 2+e1) MW. -34+C-9 1 -5+(-1 1B. -13 4 (-4) M. -1+(-6) 2:2 Adding Signed Numbers 18, =a +(-9) 16. -2+(-9 1 =8 + (-9) 1. 1+) 1. 0+ 63) 20, -10 + (~10) U, -3+5 22. =2+7 2 mw -12+8 25. 19415 26. a7, -2741 28. -4 +15 29. #, -100 + 100 31, Tru 0 false? a, The sum of two negative numbers is always negative 1b. A negative number plus « positive number is always nega tive, ©. A positive number plus a negative number is always posi- tive 32. Adding a negative number to another nurmber is the same as what other operation? 33. What is meant by: a. a negative number; -b, an integer; a real number? ADDING SiG! DNL In the previous section, you added signed numbers am a number line, In this section. you will learn a quicker way. jective Be able id positive ive numbers quickly ‘To accomplish this objective, you must first have two background con- cepls ‘The first is that of additive dverses (opposites); Negative 5, written —5, is a number 5 units to the left of the origin on a number line. If you add 5 to it, the answer is 0. Chapter 2. Introduction to Negative Numbers [Any 0wo numbers that have a sum of zero are called additive inverses, or capposites, of each other. DEFINITION ‘Because —5 + 5 equals 0, you can say that —5 i the opposite of 5 and ‘that 5 is the opposite of ~5. The opposite of —5 can be written ~(=5). So you can write “I= 5 An general, for any real number x, ‘The second concept is absolute value, The absolute value of a number, written | number |, its distance from the: origin on a number line. Because 3 and ~5 are ‘both 5 spaces from the origin, |-3)=5 and [5] = 5. ae ae gp 3 0 5 |AS you can see, the absolute value of a number tells you its “size.” For ‘instance, ~7 has a larger absolute value than does 3, hecause ~7 is far- ‘ther from the origin than 3. T spaces 3 spaces + a 3 22 Adding Signed Numbers 47 these two concepts, you are ready to leam how to add negative num: bers quickly. The following cases show how, Case He Add 7 + (-4). From the number tine, the answer is 3 THeHe3 mec: a 11 ° 3 7 Quick way: 7+ (=a ~ 4 = Subsract the: numbers! Note that in expressions such as 7 + (—d), the parentheses are needed t0 separate the + and ~ signs. It is not correct notation to write two oper- ation signs together without parentheses, Case 2: Add 7 + (-9). From the number line, the answer is —2. 7469) Quick way: 7 + (9) —9 — Subiract the absolute values, 9 and 7 == ‘The answer is negative since the absolute value ‘of 9 is greater than the absolute value af 7, Case 3: Add -3 + (4) From the number line, the answer is -7. Chapter 2 Introduction 10 Negative Number Quick ways ~3 + 1-4) <7 — Add the absolute values, 3 and 4, Then make the answer negative Case 4: Add 3 + 4, From the number line, the answer is 1, Quick way: 344 = L = Subiract the absolute values. The sign of the answer is the sign of the greater absolute. valu. From these four cases, you can summarize the quick ways TECHNIQUE ‘TO ADD SIGNED NUMBERS: 1, If the two numbers have opposite signs: ‘+ Subiract the absolute values. +The answer has the sign of the term with the greater absolute: value, Big minus small is postive. ae ‘Small minus big is egative. ‘Smal Big 2. I the two numbers have the same sign: Add the absolute values, Use the sign of the two numbers for the answer. Positive plus positive is positive. Negative plus negative is negarive You have read the words positive number, negative number, integer, and real mmber, Here are formal definitions of these sets of numbers, 22 Adding Signed Numbers DEFINITION ORAL PRACTICE B. 4] c [zal E. jo) Fo3+(-3 HO -6+1 Lo -3+e4 K -2+(-7) LL -4 M. -(-6. N |-33| 0. -|-9) P. Tell why it would be bad form to write 3 + —7, ‘Tell whether the parentheses are needed in cach case. Q 6+C-5) R. -7+ (4) Ss. -3+0-) T. 6.24.4) UL =(-8) Give an example of each, V. Negative umber, W, Positive number. Chapter 2 Introduction to Negative Numbers X. Real number that is mot an integer. Y. Negative integer. Z. Negative real mumber that is not an integer. EXERC! For Problems 1 through 40, evaluate the expression. Write both the given expression and the answer. 1. 12+ (-9) 2 14+ (-6) 3. B+ (13) 4. 94-19) 5. -2+(-16) 6 -S+(1) ho -4+0L & =3 +17 9, -21+7 10, ~8 +2 I, 5 + (-8) 12. -7+(-9 1B. 5+ (-8 1, 79) 15, -5+8 16. -7+9 1-845 18-947 19, -23 + (-15) 20. -62 + (-38) 2. 63421 2. ET +12 23. 5.8 + (4) 44+ (-2. 2. 18 +(-7.3) 26, -53+(-7.4) n Re x. 2+(-4) a - w. -6$+2 a. |-7/ 32. |-6| BO oA-7) 34. -(-6) BOAT47 36. -6 +6 3 -T+(-D 38. -6 + (-6) ED 40, =(=(-(-0) For Problems 41 through $4, evaluate the expression. Recall the agreed- upon order of operations H+ (3) 4 (6 #2. 21+ (-8) + (-7) B24) 4+ E19 44. 5+ (HL) + (=2) 23° Subs Numbers 51 45. -19+84+(-4) 4%. -19+6+(-1) 47, -30 +6 +29 48. 90+ 10 +30 49, -S + (-1) +13) 50. 4 + (16) + (-27) Si. 5 + (-32) + 16 + (-8) 32. 12 + (=5) + 1 + (29) 53. -F4 t+ AO SH. -IT FOF (-ID ED For Problems 55 through 60, tell what kinds) of number is (ate) given: real, ive, negative, or integer. EXAMPLE 55.13 56. a7. 63 58, 3 9.9 oO. In the last section, you saw that addition of negative numbers can be turned into a subtraction problem. For example, T+(-3) =7-3, =4 “The reverse is also true. A subtraction problem cam be turned into an addi- tion problem. For instance, T-3=7+(-3) ‘This equation says T minus 3 equals 7 plus the opposite of 3. ‘This idea can be used as 1 definition of suberaction.. DEFINITION “SUBTRACTION Subtracting & namber means adding its opposite. That is, Fee: Chapter 2 Iniroduction to Negative Numbers ‘This definition is especially useful if you must subtract a negarive number, The expression 9 —(-$) can be written as 9 plus the opposite of ~5, Since the opposite of ~$ is, you can waite 9-1-8) =945 ‘Objective Be able to subtract positive and negative numbers. ‘The following mules ean be used for quick subtraction of signed numbers. TECHNIQUE For each of the following examples, put piece of paper along the dotted lines to cover the answer. Evaluate the expression. Then uncover the an= swer to be sure you are right. EXAMPLE 1 13-29 ‘Write the given expression, 13 + (29) (Change subtracting to adding the opposite. ‘Subrract the absolute values, EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate —4 — 3. 23 Subtracting Signed Numbers 53 =-4+(-3) Change subtracting to adding the opposite, ‘Add the absolute values. Make the answer negative. EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate 11 — (—3) 11 —(-3)—4 Write the given expression. =ita-4 Change subtracting to adding the opposite. (The "=a" does not need t0 be changed yet.) ‘Add and subtract from left to right. Do the arithmetic -— C2. -3-7-(-2) Write the given expression. = -3+(-T)+2 Change subtracting to adding the opposite. = -10+2 Add the absolute values. Make the answer negative. =-8 Subtract the absolute values, Make the answer negative. ORAL PRACTI Give the value of each expression. A S-7 B. -6-2 c 8-(-5) D 7-9) B -3-CD Fo-4-6 G s-(-2) H. 73-98 L 6+(-5) 1 -24+8) K. Tell why it would be bad form to write 3 ~ —7, Tell whether or not the parentheses are needed in each case. L 6-1-3) M. -7- (4) N 0. 62-14) PB 0-(3) Q. State the definition of subnraction. -cy 4 EXERCISE Evaluate 1, 35 ~ 200 2 3 14-(-17) 4, 5. --(-2 6 7, -9= 99 & 9, 241 ~ (42) 10, 1 1s = (=115) 2. 1, 59-23 M4. Is. 12-73 16. P aR-(-29 1 ww -$-2 20. 2. O-(-18) 2. 2. 14-3 ~ 281 24. 25. 314 — (58 ~ 703 26. 27. @3—48)— 6 — 7H 28. 29. (3-9-2468) 20. 31, 1066 = 1492 + 1984 2. 33. 8-(-- U6) 34. 3S. 1244-8416 36. 3. 45-7584 11-21 38 3, 19-2+23-s4+34—29 40. 100 = 195 + 71 - 66 + 18 - 29 2 introduction to Negative Numbers 44 — a 3 ("20 -M--D -40 - 0 300 ~ (88) 135 — (-165) 67-41 2.5 - 67 54 = (-69) -B_s aT o- (2 200 — (68 ~ 50) 90 ~ (40 ~ 85) (36 - 46) - 22-390) G3 — 13) ~ (-8 + 10) 1215 — 1776 + 2001 =10 = 4-[-6 = (1) W-B+i2+3—19 35-15 +8 ~ 20-48 For Problems 41 through 50, the operations inside the absolute value sign must be done first. A 13-7] 2, 43. [8 -1D] 4. 45, [19- S| +4 46, 47, |-17+2|-2 48, 49. -|-2+5]+1 50. |2-91 | -(-4)| jo~ 6] 45 |-4+3]-8 -|-8 = (-9)+2 Signed Numbers 55. 24 | MULTIPLYING SIGNED NUMBERS ‘You recall that multiplication ean be thought of as repeated addition. For instance, (QT) means 7+74747, oF 28, Similarly, (2-1) means (-1) + (1) + (-1) + 1), or = Multiplying a number by —1 gives a special result. The answer is the op- posite of the number multiplied. For example, «3K (Say 1000K=1 “The two factors in a product can be written in either order. For example. (S)'7) and (7)(3) both equal 35. Therefore, (03) = -13 bis) This fact is called the Multiplication Property of Negative One: PROPERTY MULTIPLICATION BY 1 1 times & number equals the apposite of that number; that is, for amy veal number x, ‘The property 9s true if itself is negative. For instance, = 1=Tp is the ‘opposite of ~7, which is 7. Similarly CIX-12) = 12 (1-88) = 88 (1-100) = 100, ‘In these examples, a negative number times a negaiive number gives a positive answer, This always happens, even seben neither number is — 56 Chapter 2 Iniroduction to Negative Ny For example, (5-3) = 15 (9-8) = 72 (-1N-6) = 42, ‘You can remember these simple statements to help you multiply negative numbers, "Negative times negative is pasiive. ‘Positive times negative is negative. Objective Cover the answer as you work the example. Then uncaver the answer to be sure you are right EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate (-3\(-7). Think These Reasons (31-7) Write the given expression -a Negative times negative is positive. EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate (—$)8). (5x8 Weite the given expression, Negative times postive is negative, EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate (—5—3)—2). (-S-34-2) Write the given expression, = (15-2) Negative times negative is positive. == Positive times negative is negative. 24 Multiplying Signed Numbers 57 EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate (—3\(—8(-24-1) (3-80-21) Write the given expression, = 240-2-D Negative times negative is positive. (1) Positive times negative is negative, [Negative times negative is positive From these examples you should be able to see a shortcut for telling the sigh of the answer, The product (3)(3)(—2) has an odif number of negative factors and the answer is negative. The product —B)(— 2-1) has an ever number of negative factors and the an- swer is positive. CONCLUSION ‘The following examples involve powers of negative numbers. EXAMPLE 5 (-2" ‘Write the given expression. “Write the power as a product. ‘Odd number of negative factors. (-2y ‘Write the given expression. = (-2K-20-2K-2) Write the power as a product. Is Even number of negative factors. Think These Reasons -2 Write the given expression = ~C2N2N212) Only base 2 is raised to the fourth power, nat ~2. You may think of -2! as meaning ne). | =n Multiply Before taking opposites. ‘The last three examples lead to a conclusion about the sign of a power. CONCLUSION _ SIGN OF A POWER OF A NEGATIVE NUMBER (Negative numbery"" °""" is positive. ‘(Negative number)" is negative. Note: An expression like ~3' is nor a power of a negative number, =H equals —G¥3)3\3}, er —81. B. (3\-8) 2-8) E. (-90) F (8-7) G. (I-93 H. (4-8) 1 (6x7) J. (-27) Give the sign of the answer, Answers i (-2K=3) i Positive ji, (-2N3) ii, Negative. 244 Multiplying Signed Numbers K. (~462)(—291) L. (55-20-18) M, (-73)(-$4)(—66) 1. (~200)(35)(68) 0. (-2K-3(-41-5K-6) P. (-12K-34M-5K-6) Q (-15% RB. (731 s. (-85)" tT. (-21" U. —4a" Vas Evaluate. we in” x (1 Mt i For Problems 1 through 40, evaluate the expression. 1. (10-7) 2. (8-6) 3. (5-9) 4. (-3)(12) 5 (68) 6 arn 2 CLAS 8. (0x34) x. (Fo 10. Qe iL. (-72M1) 12. (- 1454) 13. (— 1-200) 14. (1 =300) 15. (530) 16. (—82)(0) 17. {-3X-SM-7) 18, (-24—4-6) 19. (= 25-8) 20. (35-10) 2b. K-72) 22. (74 =4)3) 23. (—1K5-3(-2 24. (-6)(—1NSK-3) 2s. (-4P 26. (+5)? a, (~ay 28. (-5y ww. -# 2.. +3 uM. (-1* 32 (=F 3. (-" 34. (1) as. -1" 36. <1" 3. (“K-39 38. CD-3 39. (-3(-2 40. (-2)"-3" 60 Chapter 2 Introduction to Negative Numbers For Problems 41 through 50, evaluate the expression for the given values of the variable. 41 5Y, if a2 (-4)' it a xia a xi83; b. xis, b ris 2 exis. cris 43. 5 if a risk boris? 45. (oa a xis? be ist; c xis 41. my, if a. xis: be 8-3; c xis =I on if xis 5, b. xis 3: ce xis-1. 51. From the answers to Problems 47 through $0, you ean see that —x and —1 - x always stand for the same number. True or false: Does the expression —x always stand for a negative number? Explain, 52. Explain the difference in meaning between —27 and (a). OF SIGNED NUMBERS You have leamed that two numbers with a sum of 0. are called addirive inverses, or opposites, of each other. Thete is a similar relationship applying to multiplication. For example, 22s aah Any two numbers whose product is Fare called malipliaitve imverses, or reciprocals, of cach other. Some other examples are 4 and 4 25 Division of Signed Numbers 61 The symbols ‘are used for the reviprocal of x. Note that 0 has io reciprocal, since there is po number for which DEFINITION ‘One-fourth of 20 means § rimes 20, which equals 5. The 5 can be found by dividing 20 by 4, This fact provides a means of defining division in terms of muliplication, 2054 means 20-4. Chapter 2 nroduction 10 Negative Number Because 0 has no recipcocal, division by 0 is undefined. The expression p means 3G. which does not equal a real number. However, division of 0 by another number i defined. For example, With this definition of division, the propesties of multiplying by negative numbers carry over direcly to division. For example, consider (15) * 3), 5, =3 Negative times nepative is positive To find this quotient, you must realize that the reciprocal of —5 is — because (—5K= 9) = 1 ) aio ‘You can remember the sign of a quotient as follows. ‘Negative divided by negative is positive, ‘Positive divided by negative is negative. [Negative divided by positive is negative Later in your matherna vies, For the time bei tase them. al career you will be able to prove these proper- you will be required only to rememaber ther and Objective Bi jolving negative oumbers Coyer the answer as you work the example, Then uncover the answer to bbe sure you are right, EXAMPLE cris, Division of Signed Numbers Think These Reasons Write the given expression. Substitute 6 for x. Negative divided by positive is negative. Write the given expression. Substitute —3 for x Negative divided by negative is positive. a vi Reason: Division by zero. undefined. Simply mark out the expression — and write the word undefined. ORAL PRACTICE 63 64 — Chapier 2 Introduction to Negative Numbers Give the sign of the answer. N. °. @ Tell the reciprocal of the given number. 2 3 R 5 85 Te on¥ uo -1 vod wo X. State the definition of division, RCISE 2-5 For Problems 1 through 40, evaluate the expression. =21 a-4 8. 3-8 wo (146. 23, HE 30. Cl a, 4% = 2 ag 10 25 Division of Signed Numbers 65. 20 0 20 BS 3. 75 x. 0 0 10 3h. ag 3B. 55 RG 0 ©. 0 For Problems 41 through 50, evaluate the expression for the given values of x a 2 43, 4 43, 46. 4 48, 4. 50, 51, Explain why 0 has a reciprocal 52, Explain why division by 0 is undefined, but division af 0 by a non- zero number is defined. For Problems 53 and 54, write the reciprocal of each given number in the simplest possible form Boa 7 b. 5/9 = 4-1 c. 0.25 Lo Chapter 2 Introduction io Negative Numbers Soa 3 b/s a +3 ail e 05 f£oo ‘For Problems 55 and 56, change the division to multiplication by the re- ‘ciprocal.. 1 Soaxty Beg «2 2 mse 56 a eRY b. aft ee ast COMMUTING AND ASSOCIATING a tis obvious that $ + 3.and 3 + 5 are equal to each other because they each equal 8. The process of reversing the two terms in a sum is called cominacting ther. DEFINITION Since you cen commute two terms in a sum without changing the answer, Addition is said ta be a commutative operation, So is multiplteation. For exaraple, 3: Tand 7-5 each equal 21. CONCLUSION 26 Commuting and Associating 67 [Not all operations are commutative. Commuting the numbers in a differ- fence, 2 quotient, or a power changes the value of the expression. Subtraction: 71-2 = — Different! —= Division: ord 346 =2 = Different! —+ Power: 2 7 =8 «= Different! —> =9 Addition and multiplication ate binary operations. This means that num bers are added or multiplied only two at w time, IF 3 sum hes three terms, such as 34549, it has been agreed to add in order from left to right, But the answer is the same no matier whieh order you add the terms. G+H+9 a+6+9 =8t9 341 S17 — Thesame! —+ = 17 ‘The process of grouping two numbers in an expression is called associ- ating them. DEFINITION Since you ean associate any two terms in a sum without changing the an- ‘swer, addition is said to be an associative operation. Multiplication is also ‘an associative operation, For example, 68° Chapter 2 Introduction to Negative Numbers Q-H-5 CONCLUSION ‘Again, subiraction, division, and raising to a power are not associative ‘operations. Subtraction: 2-7-2 2-G-2 =5-2 =12-5 =3 0 +— Different! —+ = Division: (446) 42 244 6=2) =4e2 =Me3 <2) +— Different! —- = Power: ar mn =8 = G4 Different! —+ = S12 ‘Commuting and associating can be used to simplify expressions containing variables. Any subtraction or division must be changed to addition or mul- tiplication before you commute or associate, ‘Objective Be able to simplify expressions by commuting and associating. Cover the answer as you work the example, Then uncover the answer to be sume you are right. 2-6 Commuting and Associating 69 EXAMPLE 1 | Simplify 3 + 2x +7. B+2e+7 ‘Write the given expression, =Wxs347 Commute the 2 and the 3. ‘Associate the 3 and the 7 and add, Note; In the given expression, 2s is the variable term and 3 and 7 are constant terms. The idea is to commute and associate the constant terms to simplify the expression, If you like, you can commute and associate at the same time, The minimum you should write is the given expression and the answer. EXAMPLE 2 amplify 7 ~ x — 12. Tar-2 Write the given expression. =7+ (=a) + (-12) Change subtracting to adding the oppos =2+7+(=12) Commute —x and 7. =ox+(-9) Associate 7 and —12 and simplify. mons ‘Change adding the opposite back ta subtracting. Note: The form —x — 5 is considered to be simpler than ~x + (—5) because it has fewer symbols of inclusion EXAMPLE 3 Simplify 128-4. et Write the given expression 1 1 -e}es ‘Commute and Associate 12 and 4 and simply. 70 Chapter 2. Introduction to Negative Numbers EXAMPLE 4 Simplity = = Write the given expression. arg (-3) Change dividing to-muiplying by the reciprocal sand ~7 and simplify 7 Replace 1 = x with x, ‘Note: x is considered to be simpler than 1 - x. The expression t+ x equals x ‘Because | times sny number equals that number. ‘Tell what was done to transform the expression of the left to the one on the right. EXAMPLES Answers i S#xe3=5+043) i, Associate the x and the 3, ii anText(-2) ii. Change subtracting 7 to adding ~7, ii, x+(-Nh=-7+ax iii, Commute the x and the +7. A, S+raxt+S B. x'5=Sr C. S+e¢ de ened D. Sx G=54+ (e+ Oy BE it(-me-r41 Fo34(-2=-343 GtSte Go G++ =x4Q+) Ho 44640 26 Commuting and Associating 71 Lo x3= 4 Morttat+s Ke Sax) = (3 > abe Ly, 26x) = (2 - Oe No 5- S+i-2 Po x-9=-942 & 1 I iy pit = (4-7) Vo Stetdextit4 Xo rt3tdext Gta Z 4-246=446 For Problems 1 through 40, commute and associate the constants 10 sim Dilify the expression as much as possible 144243 2 Stath 3 64247 484x415 5 6 141-9 1 8 34x40 9. 10. 16-445 i. 2. -x-18 3 4. -2-2-71 15. 16 -B-s+2B 1, oF 743 1B, M+ ar+ 21 19. -18-36+7 2, 8-Sr- 13 2 See 2. 19 23. (Gnt-8) 24. GxX-13) 25. 2. Me-f n ws. -4- 21 2. A00- Be 3 Chapter 2 Introduction to Negai aL 33. 7 39, a, 2 45 © Numbers Sax Bor 9 ay —8iv = 11 4. 1000 10 36 37x + (1) 38.

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