Jurnal Teknik Sipil

Magister Teknik Sipil Universitas Sebelas Maret

Vol. II. No. 2 November 2014
ISSN : 2339-0271
 
THE RUBBERIZED CONCRETE FOR CRACK RESISTANT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
 

Fouad M. Ali Bin Ghasheir1), Ary Setiawan2), Sholihin As’ad3)

1Post Graduate Civil Engineering ProgramsUniversitas Sebelas Maret (2013-2014), Jl. Ir. Sutamai
36A, Surakarta 57126; Telp. 0271-634524. Email: haldon2006@yahoo.com
2 Civil Engineering Department, Sebelas Maret University.

Abstract
The concrete is the most used material in civil engineering world. The crumb rubber had been added to the
concrete instead of fine aggregate to used in a walls as a sound insulator and less heat conduction compared
with concrete without rubber. (Intesar et al, 2011). Many experiments were done to find out appropriate
methods of rubber application. Commonly, fully replacing coarse aggregate (gravel) or fine aggregate (sand)
with rubber is not appropriate because the loss of strength is too severe. However, with small portion of
aggregates replaced, the loss in compressive strength was not significant. A research study by Khatib et al
(1999) and Schimizze et al (1994) suggested that rubber should not exceed (17-20%) of the total aggregate
volume. Whenever possible to use the waste tyres in the construction work, it is possible to find effective
solutions to prevent environmental pollution. The aim of this research to investigate the property and crack
resistant of rubberized concrete. This research used crumb rubber of waste tyres in a concrete as replacement
of aggregate. Three dosage of crumb rubber (5,10 and 15)% by volume were used. One mixture of plain
concrete was also tested as reference and compare the results to the standard specification of rigid pavement.
Those mixtures then prepared for fresh concrete and hardened concrete test. Slump test was conducted for
assessing the fresh concrete performance while for hardened concrete performance, the compressive strength at
3,14 and 28 days were tested, the restrained shrinkage for early age of concrete were tested for 6 hours from
casting and the shrinkage measurements taken when the age of concrete 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,18,21,25, and 28
days. The results of this research show that the crumb rubber was an effective material to resist the cracks in
concrete. The results of compressive strength show that the compressive strength decrease when the amount of
crumb rubber increase. The results of shrinkage test and restrained shrinkage test show that the cracks in the
concrete decrease when the amount of crumb rubber increase. The total crack length reduce by (18.6, 55.2 and
58.2%) when the aggregate was replaced by (5, 10 and 15%) of crumb rubber. The number of cracks reduce by
(11.34, 42.67 and 49.34%) when the aggregate was replaced by (5, 10 and 15%) of crumb rubber.

Keywords: crumb rubber, rubberized concrete, cracks, compressive strength, shrinkage,

restrained shrinkage.

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Jurnal Teknik Sipil
Magister Teknik Sipil Universitas Sebelas Maret
Vol. II. No. 2 November 2014
ISSN : 2339-0271
1. Introduction
The concrete is the most used material in
civil engineering world, it is a composite material
composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate
or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the
cement or binder) that fills the space among the
aggregate particles and glues them together.
There are many additives that added to the
concrete to change or to improve some properties,
one of these additives is crumb rubber.
Crumb rubber is a term usually applied to
recycled rubber from cars and truck tires scrap, the
crumb rubber had been added to the concrete instead
of fine aggregate to used in a walls as a sound
insulator and less heat conduction compared with
concrete that do not add rubber to it. (Intesar et al,
2011).
A lot of tyres are generated each year in all the
world. This is considered as one of the major
environmental challenges facing municipalities
around the world because waste rubber is not easily
biodegradable even after a long period of landfill
treatment.
Whenever possible to use the waste tyres in the
construction work, it is possible to find effective
solutions to prevent environmental pollution and
reduce the construction costs.
Many experiments were done to find out
appropriate methods of rubber application.
Commonly, fully replacing coarse aggregate (gravel)
or fine aggregate (sand) with rubber is not
appropriate because the loss of strength is too severe.
However, with small portion of aggregates replaced,
the loss in compressive strength was not significant.
A research study by Khatib et al (1999) and
Schimizze et al (1994) suggested that rubber should
not exceed 17-20% of the total aggregate volume.
Experiments under the laboratory environments
commonly presented that the use of rubber in the
concrete cement mix reduced drying shrinkage,
brittleness, and elastic modulus, which might
improve the overall durability and serviceability of
concrete cement.
The main reason for crack occurrence is:
(1) The temperature variations cause shrinkage
and expansion.
The crumb rubber resist to temperature compare
to normal aggregate, according to Adhikari et al
(2000) the main advantages of pavements containing
crumb rubber aggregate from used tyres as tyre
aggregate (TA) are their greater resistance to
temperature variations and their better drainage.
(2) Vibration and shaking.
The crumb rubber gives flexibility to the
concrete to resist the vibration and shaking according
to Topçu and Avcular (1997) found that rubber
increases the capacity to absorb energy from impacts,
thus reducing the damage from collisions.
In this research, the crumb rubber from used
tyres in concrete as an aggregate instead of fine
aggregate with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of the total
aggregate by volume to resistant cracking.
This study is aimed to asses the property of
rubberized concrete and to investigate crack resistant
of rubberized concrete.
2. Material and Method
2.1 Materials
Portland cement PPC protected in Indonesia
country according to standard specification. Both of
coarse and fine aggregates were used for this study,
those were local material from Indonesia, prior to
casting, tests were done to determine the aggregates
properties of sieve analysis, specific gravity
absorption and fineness modulus.
2.2 Fresh Properties Test
The only tests, performed on fresh concrete
mixes, slump test according to BS EN 12350-3:2009
and BS EN 12350-2:2009.
2.3 Test on Hardened Concrete
Totally three experiments were carried out on
hardened concrete specimens, namely compressive
strength, restrained shrinkage and shrinkage.
3. Result and Discussion
3.1 compressive strength test
Table 3.1 Compressive strength results
Curing time (day) Crumb rubber (%)
0 5 10 15
Compressive strength (MPa)
3 22.65 19.25 18.49 16.23
7 27.37 22.65 20.95 18.68
28 36.23 27.74 24.91 22.37
 
The results of compressive strength test show that the
compressive strength of concrete at 28 days reduce
by 23.4% when the aggregate was replaced by 5% of
2 
Jurnal Teknik Sipil
Magister Teknik Sipil Universitas Sebelas Maret
Vol. II. No. 2 November 2014
ISSN : 2339-0271
crumb rubber, the compressive strength reduce by
31.2% when the aggregate was replaced by 10% of
crumb rubber, the compressive strength reduce by
38.3% when the aggregate was replaced by 15% of
crumb rubber.  The compressive strength decrease
when the amount of crumb rubber increase because
the property of hardness for rubber less than the
property of hardness of aggregate.  crumb rubber decrease the cracks in concrete.
3.2 restrained shrinkage test
Figure 3.1: Total crack length evolution for restrained
shrinkage test
Figure 3.2: Number of cracks for restrained shrinkage
test
The results of restrained shrinkage test show that the
cracks occurs after 3 hours from casting, the number
of cracks increase and there is development in crack
length until 6 hours from casting, after 6 hours there
is no more development in cracks. The total crack
length results of restrained shrinkage test reduce by
18.6% when the aggregate was replaced by 5% of
crumb rubber, the total crack length reduce by 55.2%
when the aggregate was replaced by 10% of crumb
rubber, the total crack length reduce by 58.2% when
the aggregate was replaced by 15% of crumb rubber.
The number of cracks results of restrained shrinkage
test reduce by 11.34% when aggregate was replaced
by 5% of crumb rubber, the number of cracks reduce
by 42.67% when aggregate was replaced by 10% of
crumb rubber, the number of cracks reduce by
49.34% when aggregate was replaced by 15% of
crumb rubber.  However increase the amount of
 
3.3 shrinkage test
Figure 3.3: The results of shrinkage test for varying
percent of crumb rubber
The results of shrinkage test show that with 0% of
crumb rubber has maximum shrinkage, with 5% of
crumb rubber has less shrinkage, with 10% of crumb
rubber has less than the previous percentage, with
15% of crumb rubber has the lowest shrinkage. The
shrinkage of concrete increase by 40.9% when
aggregate was replaced by 5% of crumb rubber, the
shrinkage increase by 50.9% when aggregate was
replaced by 10% of crumb rubber, the shrinkage
increase by 56.9% when aggregate was replaced by
15% of crumb rubber. However increase the amount
of crumb rubber increase the shrinkage of concrete
because the concrete after casting starts to harden.
The water vaporizes and also reacts with the cement.
When this happens there is a change in volume,
rubber can be changed in volume depending on the
concrete.
Conclusion
1. The
concrete designed in this research with
replacement of aggregate by crumb rubber in
the rang of 5%, 10%, 15% by total aggregate
volume resist the cracks. The results of this
research show that the compressive strength
decrease when the amount of crumb rubber
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Jurnal Teknik Sipil
Magister Teknik Sipil Universitas Sebelas Maret
Vol. II. No. 2 November 2014
ISSN : 2339-0271
increase, the shrinkage of concrete increase
when the amount of crumb rubber increase
and the cracks decrease when the amount of
crumb rubber increase.
2. From the
results of restrained shrinkage test found that
increase the amount of crumb rubber decrease
the cracks in concrete because the rubber let
the concrete free to move. The results of
shrinkage test and restrained shrinkage test
show that the cracks in the concrete decrease
when the amount of crumb rubber increase.
The total crack length reduce by (18.6, 55.2
and 58.2%) when the aggregate was replaced
by (5, 10 and 15%) of crumb rubber. The
number of cracks reduce by (11.34, 42.67 and
49.34%) when the aggregate was replaced by
(5, 10 and 15%) of crumb rubber.
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Magister Teknik Sipil Universitas Sebelas Maret
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ISSN : 2339-0271
 
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