WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS • Occurs where polished rice is the only staple

• Beriberi
Nutrition | Ma’am Wynona | PPT
• Weakness, nerve degeneration, irritability,
Overview of Water-Soluble Vitamins poor arm/leg coordination, loss of nerve
transmission
• Dissolve in water
• Edema, enlarged heart, heart failure
• Generally readily excreted
• Symptoms due to poor metabolism of glucose
• Subject to cooking losses
• Depression and weakness can be seen after
• Function as a coenzyme
only 10 days on a thiamin-free diet
• Participate in energy metabolism
• 50-90% of B vitamins are absorbed Wet and Dry Beriberi
• Marginal deficiency more common (impairment
of certain biochemical reactions) Food Sources of Thiamin
General Properties • Wide variety of food
• Soluble in water • Pork, hot dogs, luncheon meat, cold cereal
• Minimal storage of dietary excess • Enriched breads and grains/ whole grains
• Excreted in the urine • Green beans, milk, orange juice, organ meats,
• Deficiency symptoms often develop rapidly peanuts, dried beans and seeds
• Generally not stored in the body. • Thiaminase found in raw fish
• Must be supplied everyday in the diet • Destroys thiamin
• Generally do not have precursor RDA For Thiamin
• 1.1 mg/day for women
B Complex Vitamins • 1.2 mg/day for men
• Co-enzymes (activate enzymes) • Daily Value on food label is 1.5 mg
• Found in the same foods • Most exceed RDA in diet
• Single deficiency rare • Low income people and older people may
• Act together in metabolism barely meet needs (highly processed and
• Metabolic pathways used by protein, unenriched foods, sugar, fat, alcohol)
carbohydrate, and fat • Surplus is rapidly lost in urine; non toxic; no
Upper Level
Vitamin B1 Thiamine
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Alcohol and Thiamin
Vitamin B3 Niacin, Nicotinamide Riboside • Alcoholics are at greatest risk for thiamin
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid deficiency because absorption and use of
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine thiamin are profoundly diminished and excretion
Vitamin B7 Biotin is increased by alcohol consumption
Vitamin B9 Folate • Poor quality diet makes it worse
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin
• Little stored in body, so alcoholic binge of 1-2
weeks may result in deficiency
B Complex Digestion
• Broken down from coenzyme form into free Riboflavin (B2)
vitamins in the stomach and small intestine
• Coenzymes
• Absorbed, primarily in the small intestine (50%-
• Participate in many energy-yielding metabolic
90%)
pathways
• Once inside cells, coenzyme forms are
• Fatty acids broken down and burned for
resynthesized
energy
• No need to ingest coenzyme forms; we
• Flavin mononucleotide and Flavin
can make them
adenine dinucleotide
B Complex Primary Functions
Deficiency of Riboflavin
• Energy metabolism
• Ariboflavinosis
• Thiamin (B-1), Riboflavin (B-2), Niacin (B-
• Glossitis, cheilosis, seborrheic dermatitis,
3), Pyridoxine (B-6), Biotin, Pantothenic
stomatitis, eye disorder, throat disorder,
Acid
nervous system disorder
• Red blood cell synthesis
• Occurs within 2 months
• Folate, B12
• Usually in combination with other deficiencies
• Homocysteine metabolism Ariboflavinosis
• Folate, B12, B6
Thiamin (B1) Food Sources of Riboflavin
• Contains sulfur and nitrogen group • Milk/products
• Destroyed by alkaline and heat • Enriched grains
• Coenzyme • Dried beans, bataw, kadyos,
• Releases energy from carbohydrate • Ready to eat cereals
• CO2 is released from a larger molecule • Liver
• Glucose metabolism • Oyster
• Egg
Deficiency of Thiamin
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 • Liver
• Peanut
• Vegetables (asparagus, broccoli, greens) • Eggs
RDA for Riboflavin • Adequate Intake = 5 mg/day
• 1.1 mg/day for women • Daily Value 10 mg
• 1.3 mg/day for men • Average intake meets all
• Average intake is above RDA
• Toxicity not documented Pyridoxine (B6)
• No upper level • 3 compounds
• Coenzyme
Niacin (B3) • Activate enzymes needed for metabolism of
• Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide CHO, fat , protein
• Coenzymes • Synthesize nonessential amino acid via
• Needed when cell energy is being utilized transamination
• Synthetic pathways require niacin, especially • Synthesize neurotransmitters
fatty acid synthesis • Synthesize hemoglobin and WBC
Deficiency of Niacin: Pellagra
• 3 Ds Other Roles of Vitamin B-6
• Dementia Homocysteine
• Diarrhea • Produces toxic effect on arterial walls
• Dermatitis (worse with sun exposure) (atherosclerosis)
• Occurs in 50-60 days • Metabolized by vitamins B-6, B-12 and folate
• Poor appetite, weight loss, weakness
Pellagra Food Sources of Vitamin B-6
• Prevented with an adequate protein diet Well absorbed
• R.A. 8976 (Food Fortification Law) • Meat, fish, poultry
• Became epidemic in southern Europe in early • Enriched cereals
1700s when corn became a staple food (poor • Potatoes
source) • Milk
• Reached epidemic proportions in the Less well absorbed
southeastern U.S from late 1800s to 1930s • Fruits and vegetables: Banana, spinach,
• Only dietary deficiency disease to reach avocado
epidemic proportions in the US Heat and alkaline sensitive
Food Sources of Niacin
• Enriched grains, ready to eat cereals B6 Deficiency
• Beef, chicken, turkey, fish Widespread symptoms
• Asparagus, peanuts • Depression
• Heat stable; little cooking loss • Vomiting
• 60mg tryptophan can be converted into 1 mg • Skin disorders
niacin; meets 50% of our needs • Nerve irritation
• Niacin in corn is bound by a protein • Impaired immune system
• Soaking corn in alkaline solution, like B6 Toxicity
lime water releases niacin • Nerve damage
• Hispanic people soak corn in lime water • Difficulty walking
before making tortillas • Numbness in hands/feet
RDA for Niacin B-6 As A Medicine?
• 14 (mg) NE/day for women • PMS
• 16 (mg) NE/day for men • B-6 to increase the level of serotonin
• Daily Value on labels is 20 mg • Not a reliable treatment
• Upper Level is 35 mg • Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Toxicity S/S: headache, itching, flushing, liver • Toxicity potential
and GI damage • Can lead to irreversible nerve damage with >
• Megadose can lower LDL and TG and increase 200 mg/day
HDL • Upper Level set at 100 mg/day
Pantothenic Acid (B5) RDA for Vitamin B-6
• Part of Coenzyme-A • 1.3 mg/day for adults
• Essential for metabolism of CHO, fat, protein • 1.7 mg/day for men over 50
• Deficiency rare • 1.5 mg/day for women over 50
• Usually in combination with other deficiencies • Daily Value set at 2 mg
• No known toxicity • Average intake is more than the RDA
Food Sources of Pantothenic acid • Athletes may need more
• “From every side” • Alcohol destroys vitamin B6
• Meat
• Milk Biotin (B7)
• Mushroom • Free and bound form
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 Food Sources of Folate
• Liver
• Metabolism of CHO and fat • Fortified breakfast cereals
• Assists the addition of CO2 to other compounds • Grains, legumes
• Synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, DNA • Foliage vegetables
• Help break down certain amino acids • Susceptible to heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light
Biotin Deficiency • Synthetic form better absorbed
• Raw egg whites avidin bind biotin → deficiency RDA for Folate
• Requires large amount • 400 ug/day for adults
• Scaly inflamed skin, tongue, and lip changes • (600 ug/day for pregnant women)
• Poor appetite, nausea, vomiting • Average intake below RDA
• Anemia • FDA limits nonprescription supplements to 400
• Muscle pain and weakness ug per tablet for non-pregnant adults
• Poor growth • OTC Prenatal supplement contains 800 ug
Food Sources of Biotin • Excess can mask vitamin B-12 deficiency
• Widely distributed in nature • Upper Level set at 1 mg
• Plant foods- whole grain cereals, legumes, nuts,
most fruits, and veggies COBALAMIN Vitamin B-12
• Biotin content only available for a small number • Compounds containing the mineral cobalt
of foods • Synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and other lower
Biotin Needs organisms
• Adequate Intake is 30 ug/day for adults • Role in folate metabolism
• This may overestimate the amount needed for • Maintenance of the myelin sheaths
adults • RBC formation
• Deficiency rare • Pernicious anemia (associated with nerve
• No Upper Level for biotin degeneration and paralysis)
• Relatively nontoxic
Deficiency of Vitamin B-12
Folate (B9) • Pernicious anemia
• Coenzyme • Nerve degeneration, weakness
• DNA synthesis • Tingling/numbness in the extremities
• Homocysteine metabolism (parasthesia)
• Neurotransmitter formation • Paralysis and death
Deficiency of Folate • Looks like folate deficiency
• Similar signs and symptoms of vitamin B-12 • Usually (95%) due to decreased absorption
deficiency ability
• Anemia • Achlorhydria especially in elderly
• RBC grow, cannot divide • Injection of B-12 needed
• Megaloblast: large, immature RBC • Takes ~20 years on a deficient diet to see
• Pregnant women nerve destruction
• Alcoholics
• Megaloblastic Anemia Therapy for Ineffective Absorption
• Many factors can disrupt this process
• Monthly injections of vitamin B-12
Neural Tube Defects • Vitamin B-12 nasal gel
• Neural tube closes first 28 days of pregnancy • Megadoses of vitamin B-12 to allow for passive
• Forms brain and spinal cord diffusion
• By the time pregnancy is confirmed, damage is
done Food Sources of Vitamin B-12
• Spina bifida • Synthesized by bacteria, fungi and algae
• Spinal malformation • (Stored primarily in the liver)
• Paralysis • Animal products
• Anencephaly • Organ meat
• No brain cortex • Seafood
• Stillborn or die within hours • Eggs
• Importance of folate before and during • Hot dogs
pregnancy • Milk
• Government requires folate enrichment of flour
and cereal Low B12 Intake
• May prevent 50% neural tube defects • Vegans: will have to find alternative source
• Breastfed infants of vegan mothers
Folate and Homocysteine • Symptoms of Pernicious anemia
• High homocysteine levels in blood associated • Takes longer to develop
with increased risk of CVD • 5-10 years of anemia
• Folate deficiency → homocysteinemia • 20 years nerve damage
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 • Spinach
• Easily lost through cooking
RDA for Vitamin B-12 • Sensitive to heat
• 2.4 ug/ day for adults and elderly adults • Sensitive to iron, copper, oxygen
• Average intake exceeds RDA
• B-12 stored in the liver RDA for Vitamin C
• Non-toxic (no Upper Level) • 90 mg/day for male adults
• 75 mg/day for female adults
Vitamin C • +35 mg/day for smokers
• Synthesized by most animals (not by humans) • Average intake ~72 mg/day
• Decrease absorption with high intakes • Daily Value is 60 mg
• Excess excreted • Fairly nontoxic (at <1 gm)
Functions of Vitamin C • Body is saturated at intake of 200 mg/day
• Reducing agent (antioxidant) • Upper Level is 2 g/day
• Iron absorption (enhances)
• Synthesis of collagen Vitamin C Excess
• Immune functions • Hemochromatosis
• Does not prevent colds, but may reduce • Vitamin C enhances iron absorption
duration of symptoms by a day or so • Oxalate kidney stones
• Wound healing • Erodes tooth enamel

Antioxidant Choline
• Can donate and accept hydrogen atoms readily • Newest essential nutrient
• Water-soluble • All tissues contain choline
• Needs are higher for smokers • Precursor for acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
• May prevent certain cancers (esophageal, oral, • Precursor for phospholipids
stomach cancer, cardiovascular disease, • Some role in homocysteine metabolism
cataracts)
Vitamin C Deficiency: Food Sources of Choline
History of Scurvy • Widely distributed
• Sailors on long sea voyages suffered horribly • Milk
from scurvy • Liver
• Jacques Cartier and his exploring party • Eggs
suffered from scurvy in Canada during the • Peanuts
winter of 1535-6. Local Indians showed them • Lecithin added to food
how to brew a tea from evergreens • Deficiency rare
• On Vasco da Gama's voyage to the East Indies Needs for Choline
in 1497, 100 out of 160 men were lost from the • Adequate Intake is 550 mg/day for adult males
disease. • Adequate Intake is 425 mg/day for adult
• Scurvy was also seen in the Great Potato females
Famine, in soldiers during the Civil War, and in • Normal consumption is ~700-1000 mg/day
California Gold Rush communities • High doses associated with fishy body odor,
• James Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy vomiting, salivation, sweating, hypotension, GI
in 1754. Lime juice was made mandatory on effects
British Navy sailing ships 40 years later • Upper Level is set at 3.5 g/day (3500 mg/day)
Vitamin-Like Compounds
Deficiency of Vitamin C • Choline
• Scurvy • Carnitine
• Deficient diet for 20-40 days • Inositol
• Fatigue, pinpoint hemorrhages • Taurine
• Bleeding gums and joints. Hemorrhages • Lipoic acid
• Associated with poverty; macrobiotic • Synthesized in the body at the expense of
diet amino acids and other nutrients
• Rebound Scurvy
• Sudden halt to high levels of vitamin C
supplements
Food Sources of Vitamin C
• Citrus fruit
• Potato
• Green pepper
• Cauliflower
• Broccoli
• Strawberry
• Romaine lettuce

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