CRANIAL FOSSA FLOOR: Orbital Plate of FB and Crista galli of EB

PARTS OF THE BRAIN  Cribriform Plate and Crista Galli (Ethmoid Bone) located in
the fontal bone but not part of frontal bone.
 Cerebrum
 Cerebellum CRIBRIFORM PLATE
 Brainstem
 “sieve like”
CEREBRAL CORTEX  numerous openings where olfactory nerves pass through
 Olfactory bulb is lodged
 Frontal Lobe
 Parietal Lobe CRISTA GALLI
 Temporal Lobe
 Attachment of the anterior end of falx cerebri
 Occipital Lobe
LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE
PARTS OF CRANIAL BONE
 Posterior boarder of the anterior cranial fossa
 Frontal Bone
 In the middle end has the Anterior Clinoid Process
 Parietal Bone
 Temporal Bone ANTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS
 Occipital Bone
 Site of attachment of free border of Tentorium Cerebelli
 Ethmoid Bone
o Cribriform Plate
o Crista Galli MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
 Sphenoid Bone – “flying bat appearance”
BOUNDARIES
o Lesser wing
o Greater wing ANTERIOR: Lesser Wing of SB
o Body of Sphenoid
POSTERIOR: Superior border of petrous part of TB
ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
LATERAL: Squamous part of TB, Greater wing of SB and the PB
BOUNDARIES
FLOOR: Greater wing of SB and Petrous part of TB
ANTERIOR: Frontal crest
CENTER: Body of Sphenoid
POSTERIOR: Lesser Wing of SB
  Weakest FLOOR: basilar, condylar and squamous part of OB and mastoid part
 Numerous Opening/Foramen of TB

SELLA TURCICA  Accommodates the Hindbrain: Cerebellum, pons, medulla

oblongata
 Saddle shape
 Located in the body of sphenoid
 Pituitary gland is lodged
INTERNAL
PETROUS BONE TRANSVERSE SYGMOID
JUGULAR
SINUS SINUS
 Posterior boundary of middle cranial fossa VEIN
 Rock like / small mountain
 Houses the apparatus of hearing and equilibrium
 Hearing: Cochlea JUGULAR FORAMEN
 Equilibrium: Vistibule and Semicircular
canal JUGULAR VEIN
 Internal auditory meatus is located
 INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
GREATER WING o biggest
 EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
 FORAMEN OF MCF
o Foramen Rotundom INTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE
o Foramen Ovale
 Site of confluence of venous sinuses
o Foramen Spinosum
o Foramen Lacerum FORAMEN MAGNUM

 Biggest opening
POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA  Boundary between spinal cord (below) and medulla
oblongata (above).
BOUNDARIES

ANTERIOR: superior border of the petrous part of TB

POSTERIOR: Squamous part of OB

 3. Falx cerebelli
MENINGES
 Separates right cerebellar hemisphere and
 Covering of sinuses left cerebellar hemisphere

DURA MATER ARACHNOID MATER

 Biggest, outermost and toughest meninges  Spider like

 Covers the outgoings of spinal nerves  Has filaments that goes down
 Attached to dura
2 PARTS:
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
1. PERIOSTEAL LAYER
2. MENINGEAL LAYER  Space below the arachnoid mater and contains
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Notes: this 2 layers divide and form a cavity where the venous
sinus resides CSF

MENINGEAL LAYER  Protection of CNS as a shock absorber

 Plasma derived from choroid plexus
 Forms the special structure of the brain:
 Choroid plexus – tuff of capillaries
1. Falx Cerebri
 Lies in the longitudinal fissure of 2 Cerebral SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS
Hemispheres
 Structure in the arachnoid mater
 Function:
 Arachnoid granulation/arachnoid villi are found
 Prevent rotatory movement of the
2 Cerebral Hemispheres ARACHNOID VILLI
2. Tentorium Cerebelli
 Lies in the transverse fissure which separate  Site where CSF diffuse to venous blood stream
cerebellum (below) and cerebrum (above)  “Site where CSF exit from the subarachnoid space to the
Tentorial notch venous blood stream”
 Passage of the midbrain  Blockage is caused by PURULENT MENINGITIS
 Part of brainstem will pass through
o Free Border – attached to anterior clinoid process
o Fixed Border – attached to petrous bone
PIA MATER INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE – rupture of lenticulostriate
artery
 Innermost
 Attached to nervous tissue INFERIOR SAGITAL SINUS
 Most vascular
 Found in the inferior boarder of falx cerebri

GREAT CEREBRAL VEIN OF GALI

BLOOD SUPPLY
 Vein of diencephalon
 Venous sinuses are found externally while arteries are
STRAIGHT SINUS
found in the base of the brain called “Circle of Willis”
 Where inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein of
ARTERY
gali combine
MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY  Located in the junction between falx cerebri and
tentorium cerebelli
 Primary artery / blood supply of Meninges
 Branch of maxillary artery – passes through the Foramen CONFLUENCE OF SINUSES
spinosum
 Where superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus unite
 Rupture common deaths among boxers
 Located at the internal occipital protuberance
 Common culprit of EXTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE
 separates into:
VENOUS SINUSES o RIGHT TRANSVERSE SINUS – from superior sagittal
sinus
SUPERIOR SAGITAL SINUS
o LEFT TRANSVERSE SINUS – from straight sinus
 Found in the superior border of falx cerebri SYGMOID SINUs
 SUPERIOR CEREBRAL VEIN
o Located in the superior sagittal sinus  Drains to the internal jugular vein
o If rupture can cause SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE
OCCIPITAL SINUS
Note:
 Sinus found on the falx cerebelli
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE – due to aneurysm
SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUS

 Receive blood from cavernous sinus

  Drains blood into transverse sinus
INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS
 Receive blood from the cavernous sinus
 Drains blood into internal jugular vein
CAVERNOUS SINUS
 Found in the body of sphenoid bone
 Communicates with the superior ophthalmic vein
o SUPERIOR OPHTHALMIC VEIN – one of the drainage
of facial vein
o Associated with the DANGEROUS TRIANGLE OF THE
FACE which causes thrombosis that lead to death
VENTRICULAR SYSTEM / VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN
 Four fluid filled cavities within the brain
o Left lateral ventricle
o Right lateral ventricle
o Third ventricle fourth ventricle
 DEVELOPMENT
o Ectoderm – forerunner of the CNS
o Neural plate
o Neural groove
o Neural fold
o Neural tube – more develop cranially
 Give rise to prosencephalon,
mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
 Lumen of neural tube
 Will not obliterate
 Develops into ventricles – brain;
and central canal – spinal cord
LATERAL VENTRICLE
 Largest
 C shaped/configuration cavity
 PARTS:
o BODY – parietal lobe
o ANTERIOR HORN – frontal lobe
o POSTERIOR HORN – occipital lobe
o INFERIOR HORN – temporal lobe
 Located in the left and right cerebral hemisphere
 CAUDATE NUCLEUS
o Divides into: body, head and tail
o Follows the couture compartment boundaries of
the lateral ventricle
 SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
o Membrane that covers the lateral ventricle
o Forms the medial wall of the ventricles
 CHOROID PLEXUS
o produce cerebrospinal fluid
o composed of tuff of capillaries which suspended in
the tela choroidea
 TELA CHOROIDEA – two layered fold of pia
mater
o Choroidal branches of the internal carotid artery
and basilar artery
FORAMINA OF MONRO
 Intertubular foramen
 Where lateral ventricle and third ventricle communicates
  Opening found in anterior inferior part of septum pallicidum o MEDIAN EMINENCE
o SULCUS LIMITANS
THIRD VENTRICLE
o VESTIBULAR AREA
 Located in Diencephalon – “slit like” o FACIAL COLLICULUS
 CHOROID PLEXUS  CHORIOD PLEXUS
o Choroidal branches of the internal carotid artery o Derives from the POSTERIOR INFERIOR CERBELLAR
and basilar artery ARTERY

CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT SUBARACHNOID SPACE

 Found in the midbrain  SUBARACHNOID CISTERN

 Where the third ventricle and fourth ventricle o Expansion of the subarachnoid space
communicates o CERBELLOMEDULLARY CISTERN / CISTERNA
 Divides the midbrain MAGNA – largest cistern
o Anterior: cerebral peduncle o PONTINE CISTERN – smallest cistern
o Posterior: tectum o INTERPEDUNCULAR CISTERN - found in the
 Narrowest pathway midbrain
 Common site of congenital obstruction “CONGENITAL ARACHNOID VILLI
HYDROCEPHALUS”
 Main site of absorption/exit of CSF
FOURTH VENTRICLE  ARACHNOID GRANULATION – group arachnoid villi
 Located in the hindbrain (cerebellum, pons and medulla TERMINAL VENTRICLE
oblongata)
 Tent shaped  Lowermost part central canal
 ROOF
o Formed from superior inferior medullary villum
o SUPERIOR INFERIOR MEDULLARY VILLUM – formed
by 2 superior cerebellar peduncle
 OPENINGS
o FORAMEN MAGENDIE – median aperture
o FORAMEN LUSCHKA – lateral aperture
 FLOOR
CSF FLOW CSF

Lateral ventricle Lateral ventricle  Found in the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid
space around the brain and spinal cord
 CHARACTERISTICS
APPEARANCE Clear and colorless
Foramen monro Foramen monro VOLUME 150 mL
RATE OF PRODUCTION 0.5 mL/minute
PRESSURE 60-150 mm of water
Third ventricle  COMPOSITION
PROTEIN 15 - 45 mg/100 mL
GLUCOSE 50 – 85 mg/100 mL
CHLORIDE 720 – 750 mg/100 mL
Cerebral aqueduct NUMBER OF CELLS 0 – 3 lymphocytes/cumm
 FUNCTION
1. Cushions and protects the CNS from trauma
Fourth ventricle 2. Provides mechanical buoyancy and support for the
brain.
3. Serves as a reservoir and assists in the regulation of the
contents of the skull
Foramen Foramen Foramen
4. Nourishes the CNS
luschka magendie luschka
5. Removes metabolites from the CNS
6. Serves as a pathway for pineal secretions to reach the
pituitary gland.
Subararachnoid space
 Formed mainly in the choroid plexuses of:
(Cisterna magna)
1. Left lateral ventricle
2. Right lateral ventricle
3. Third ventricle
Arachnoid villi 4. Fourth ventricle
 Originates from the ependymal cells and endothelium,
which has fenestrated capillaries with an opening
Superior sagittal permeable to large molecules.
sinus
 LUMBAR TAP
o Extraction of the CSF
o BETWEEN L4 AND L5 – site of extraction in adult to
avoid hitting the spinal cord
o ANTERIOR FONTANEL – site of extraction in
newborn
- Side of superior sagittal
sinus
- Still open
- Have subarachnoid space
inside of it
o L1 and L2 – where spinal cord ends
o S2 – where subarachnoid space reaches S2