Timber Connections by Dr. Ad Leijten TU-Eindhoven The Netherlands Former PT-member

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Background and Applications EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1
TIMBER CONNECTIONS
by
Dr. Ad Leijten
TU-Eindhoven
The Netherlands
Former PT-member
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Background and Applications
We can not escape connections

THE WEAKEST LINK
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What kind of connections do we use?

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Carpenter connections (not in Eurocode 5)
National regulations apply

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Carpenter connections compression forces

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Glued connections (not in Eurocode 5)
Structural Finger joints Glued in steel rods
National regulations apply

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What do we find in Eurocode 5

Section 8: Connections with metal fasteners
Mechanical connections with
Dowel type fasteners
- Nails, staples,
- punched metal plates,
- screws,
- dowels and bolts
Connectors
- Shear plates
- Split-rings
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Nails < 8 mm (EN14592)

definition profiled nails Bolts > 8 mm
Dowels > 6 mm
Screws
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Punched metal plate fasteners
Split-ring connectors
64- 104 mm diameter
Bolts M12 to M20

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Steel – to – timber
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Eurocode 5 allows:
Design by testing:
EN 1075 – tests punched metal plates connections
EN 1380 – tests nails,screws,dowels,bolted conn.
EN 1381 - tests on stapled connections.
EN 26891 – Specimen density selection.
EN 28970 – Test procedure for connection tests.
Design by calculation
- Model provided in EN1995-1-1
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Design by calculation - covers

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Fastener spacing requirements

Key:
(1) Loaded end
(2) Unloaded end
(3) Loaded edge 2 1
a2
a2
(4) Unloaded edge
a2
a2
a)
a1 a1
a1 a1
b)
α
a4,c
a4,t
α α α
a3,t
a3,c
-90° ≤ α ≤ 90° 90° ≤ α ≤ 270° 0° ≤ α ≤ 180° 180° ≤ α ≤ 360°
(1) (2) (3) (4)

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Fastener spacing requirements (bolts)

Spacing and end/edge Angle Minimum spacing or
distances distance
(see Figure 8.7)
a1 (parallel to grain) 0° 360° (4 + cos )d
a2 (perpendicular to grain) 0° 360° 4d
a3,t (loaded end) -90° 90° max (7 d; 80 mm)
a3,c (unloaded end) 90° < 150 ° max([1 + 6 sin ) d; 4d)

150° < 210° 4d
210° 270° max([1 + 6 sin ) d; 4d)
a4,t (loaded edge) 0° 180° max([2 + 2 sin ) d; 3d)
a4,c (unloaded edge) 180° 360° 3d

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Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions

a1
Decrease member
width ?
a2
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Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions

ka1a1
Only for connectors
a2
Split-rings and
shear plates
ka1a1
ka2a2
ka2a2
0 ≤ k a1 ≤ 1
( k a1 ) 2 + ( k a 2 ) 2 ≥ 1 with
0 ≤ ka 2 ≤ 1
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Laterally loaded axially loaded
The strength capacity model for

laterally loaded dowel-type-fasteners
(based on Johansen (1949)
Background:
-Structural Education Timber Program (STEP 1)(1994)
-Timber Engineering; Thelandersson & Larsen (2003) ISBN 0-470-84469-8
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single shear
fasteners
multiple shear
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Double shear
Embedment
stresses
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Starting point for strength model - Embedment strength
Embedment = femb femb
displacement
embedment
Idealised femb= fv
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Determination of embedment strength –EN 383
Eurocode 5 Design clause embedment strength

Nails (not pre-drilled) f h,k = 0,082 ρ k d -0,3 N/mm 2
Nails pre-drilled
f h,k = 0,082 (1- 0,01 d ) ρ k N/mm 2
Bolts/dowels
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Parallel Perpendicular
Taken from Sawata and Yasumura (2002).
Background: Whale L. and Smith, I. The derivation of design clauses for nailed and bolted joint in Eurocode
5, In Proceedings of paper CIB-W18 paper 19-7-6/ Florenze 1986
Yasumura, M. and Sawata, K., Determination of embedment strength of wood for dowel-type-fasteners. In:
Journal of Wood Science, nr. 48, 2002, Japan Wood Research Society, Inst. Of Wood Techn, Akita, Japan
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Embedment test - parallel to grain

Dowels Parallel All wood species
120,0
100,0 5mm data

7mm data
80,0
Embedment
8mm data
60,0 12mm data
16mm data
40,0
20mm data
20,0 30mm data
0,0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Density
Background: Leijten, A.J.M. & Köhler, J.& A Jorissen, Review of Probability Data for Timber Connections
with Dowel-Type Fasteners; In Proceedings of CIB-W18, paper 37-7-12, Edinburgh, UK, September 2004
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Re-evaluation parallel to grain embedment results

for future consideration in EC5?
Nails (pre-drilled)
f h;0 = 0, 0104 ρ 1,35 d −0,27
Coniferous
f h;90 = 0, 046 ρ 1,48 d −0,42
Bolts and dowels

f h;0 = 0, 097 ρ 1,07 d −0,25
Coniferous
f h;90 = ?
Decideous f h;0 = 0, 087 ρ 1,09 d −0,25

f h;90 = 0,106 ρ 1,13 d −0,46
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Embedment - perpendicular to grain

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Embedment – at angle to grain
Bolts/dowel:
f h,0,k = 0,082 (1- 0,01 d ) ρ k
f h,0,k
f h, ,k =
k 90 sin α + cos α
2 2
1,35 + 0,015 d for softwoods

k 90 =
0,90 + 0,015 d for hardwoods
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Coniferous: Embedment test - perpendicular to grain

Embedding strength, based on average values embedding tests
(European Whitewood (EW), European Redwood (ER), Canadian Spruce Pine Fir (CS))
40
Nails ER
Nails EW
35 Nails CS
fh;90 (Embedding strength) [N/mm ]
2
Bolts ER
30 Bolts EW
Bolts CS
Nails Bolts Eurocode 5
25 Power (All)
Power (Eurocode 5)
20
Eurocode 5
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Nail or Bolt diameter [mm]
Needs adjustment in future EC5

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Embedment rules
Nails in:
Plywood f h,k = 0,11 ρ k d −0,3
Hardboard f h,k = 30 d −0,3t 0,6
Particleboard & OSB f h,k = 65 d −0,7 t 0,1
Taken from DIN 1052

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Mode I Mode II Mode III
Some failure modes of

single shear fasteners

double shear fasteners
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Equations for every failure mode

Fasteners in single shear
f h,1,k t1 d (a)
f h,2,k t2 d (b)
2 2
f h,1,k t1 d t t t2 t2
β + 2β2 1 + 2 + 2 + β3 − β 1+ (c)
1+ β t1 t1 t1 t1
Fv,Rk = min 1, 05 f h,1,k t1 d 4β(2 + β) M y,Rk Fax,Rk

2β(1 + β) + −β + (d)
2+β 2
f h,1,k d t
1 4
f h,1,k t2 d 4β(1 + 2β) M y,Rk Fax,Rk

1, 05 2β2 (1 + β) + −β + (e)
1 + 2β f h,1,k d t22 4
2β Fax,Rk
1,15 2M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (f)
1+ β 4
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Equations for every failure mode

Fasteners in double shear
f h,1,k t1d (g)

0,5 f h,2,k t2 d (h)
f h,1,k t1d 4 β (2 + β ) M y,Rk Fax,Rk
Fv,Rk = min 1,05 2 β (1 + β ) + −β + (j)
2+ β f h,1,k d t12 4
2β Fax,Rk
1,15 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (k)
1+ β 4
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single shear fasteners
steel to wood
connections
thick steel plate t > d = fastener diameter

thin steel plate t < 0,5d
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Test results still higher than Johansen equations
Cord effect:
Only valid for

Mode II and III
Requires knowledge about withdrawal

Theory for nails 15% extra
Background: Kuipers, J. Van der Put, T.A.C.M., Betrachtungen zum Bruchmechanismus von Nagel verbindungen,
In: Ingenieuholzbau in Forschung und Praxis, J. Ehlebeck and G. Steck, editors, Bruderverlag Karlsruhe 1982
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Cord effect:
Fax/4 = withdrawal capacity/4 = estimated effect
% are estimates
Maximum
Nails 15%
Grooved nails 50%
Screws 100%
Bolts 25%
Dowels 0%
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f h,1,k t1d (g)
0,5 f h,2,k t2 d (h)
Fv,Rk = min 1,05 2 β (1 + β ) + −β + (j)
2+ β f h,1,k d t12 4
2β Fax,Rk
1,15 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (k)
1+ β 4

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Mode III
2⋅δ
theory F=
1+ δ
⋅ 2 ⋅ M s ⋅ f h ,1 ⋅ d schroef
k mod 0,9
Design value Fd = Fk ⋅ = Fk ⋅ = 0,69 ⋅ Fk
ym 1,3
Ms = yield bending moment steel fastener
Partial material factor of timber γm

applied to Ms !!
Better seperate:
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Mode III
Taking both γm - seperately

4δ M e,k f h ,1,k
Fd = ⋅ ⋅ d schroef ⋅ ⋅ k mod
1+ δ ym , s ym,h
4δ M e,k f
Fd = ⋅ ⋅ d schroef ⋅ h ,1,k ⋅ 0,9
1+ δ 1,1 1,3
4δ
Fd = 0,79 ⋅ ⋅ M e,k ⋅ d schroef ⋅ f h ,1,k
1+ δ
Fd = 0,79 ⋅ Fk
0,79 ⋅ Fk
factor = = 1,15
0,69 ⋅ Fk
For Mode II factor is 1,05

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f h,1,k t1d (g)
0,5 f h,2,k t2 d (h)
Fv,Rk = min 1,05 2 β (1 + β ) + −β + (j)
2+ β f h,1,k d t12 4
2β Fax,Rk
1,15 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (k)
1+ β 4
Eurocode 5 equations
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Yield moment of dowel type fasteners

Large diameter bolts and dowels
Small rotation at failure No full plastic yielding
2,6
M y,Rk = 0,3 f u,k d
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
R
8.0
6.0
4.0
Rotation 2.0
0.0
angle 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
diameter
d
Background: Jorissen, A.J.M. Blass, H.J., the fastener

yield strength in bending, In: Proceedings of CIB-W18
paper 31-7-6, 1998
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Failure of multiple of fasteners in a row
Splitting
Shear
Tensile
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Failure of multiple of fasteners in a row

Caused by group effect
Only for load component in grain direction
Stress ⊥ 13d
Cumulatieve
stress
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Failure of multiple of fasteners in one row

Caused by group effect effective number
Nails: Spacinga kef
Empirical (Gehri) Not Predrilled

predrilled
nef = n k ef a1 ≥ 14d 1,0 1,0

a1 = 10d 0,85 0,85
Bolts & dowels: a1 = 7d 0,7 0,7

Fracture mechanics a1 = 4d - 0,5
a0 a For intermediate spacings, linear
nef = n 0 ,9 4
interpolation of kef is permitted
13d
Background:
Double shear timber connections with dowel type fasteners, A.J.M. Jorissen, ISBN 90-407-1783-4, DUP Delft,
1998
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Be careful with cheese connections

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Steelplate – in – timber
Chees connections
Small dowels
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Failure at fastener perimeter (Prof.Racher, Fr.)
Block shear:
Full penetration
Plug shear
Partial penetration
Tensile or shear failure, which happens first?

Literature: Johnson, H, Stehn, L, A Linear Fracture Mecanics Evaluation of Plug Shear Failure,In Proc of 8th
world conf on Timber Engineering WCTE 2004, Finland
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1,5 Anet,t f t,o,k Tensile failure

Fbs,Rk = max
0,7 Anet,v f v,k Shear fracture
v,1 v,2 v,3 v,4 1
Correlation
parameters 2 t,1
t,2
v,5 v,6 v,7 v,8
Fasteners keep
straight
tef
Not correct in
EC5
see previous
sheet
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Amendment A1:
Contains:
New design rules for:

compressive strength perpendiculer to grain
Present rules unsafe
1 l
3
lef
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Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
Traditional screws
Diameter thread=smooth shank
Not very effective
not hardened
low bending moment
>8mm requires predrilled holes
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Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
Very effective
hardened
self tapping
high axial stiffness
Background:
Blaß, HJ; Bejtka, I: Self-tapping screws as reinforcements in connections with dowel-type fasteners. In:
Proceedings. CIB-W18 Meeting, Karlsruhe, Germany 2005. Paper 38-7-4
Blass H.J. Joints with dowel-type-fasteners, In: Timber Engineering Thelanderson and Larsen, editors, Wiley &
Sons (2003):
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Some examples
Leg or coach screw

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Some examples
Spax-S
Heco Topix/Fix
Rapid Komprex
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Tecfi Woodpecker
BMF Torx
SFS WT
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Check:
- Withdrawal failure
- Tear-off failure of the head
- Pull through of the head
- Tensile failure of the screw
- Torsional capacity
- Group effect (neff number of effective fasteners)
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-Withdrawal: Code proposals in EU countries

Eurocode 5 = (1)
3,6 ×10 −3 ⋅ ρ k
1, 5
(1) Rax ,a ,k = (π ⋅ d ⋅ lef )

0 ,8
⋅ 2
sin a + 1,5 ⋅ cos 2 a
60 ×10 −6 ⋅ ρ k
2
(2) Rax;k = ⋅ d ⋅ lef

sin a + 3 ⋅ cos a
2 4 2
(3) Rax ,k = (1,5 + 0,6 ⋅ d nom ) ⋅ (lhec − d nom ) ⋅ ρ
3,0 ×10−3 ⋅ ρ k
(4) Rax ,k = 1,7 ⋅ π ⋅ d1 ⋅ lef ( )
0 ,8
⋅ 2
sin a + 1,5 ⋅ cos 2 a
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Model uncertainty – evaluation of test results
Eurocode 5
25
(1) (4) (2) (3)

20
Frequentie..
15
10
0
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
ln(model/meetpunt)
Current EC5 design rule unsafe

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New proposal in Amendment A1:
Requirement
Screws as defined in EN 14592 0 ,8
0,52 d .l ef0 ,9 ⋅ ρ k
Rax ,a ,k = nef
sin 2 a + 1,2 ⋅ cos 2 a
6 mm ≤ d ≤ 12 mm
0 ,8
f ax .d .l ef ρk
All other screws: Rax ,a ,k = nef
sin 2 a + 1,2 ⋅ cos 2 a ρ a
Parameters determined by tests EN

14592 (EN 1382)
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- Head tear off

- Axial screw strength:
Determine by tests:
EN 14592 Rax = A ⋅ f ax
- Torsional capacity
EN 14592
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Head pull through

EN 14592
Test standard EN 1383
Rax = A ⋅ f ax
Eurocode 5:
Rk = π ⋅ (( 1
2
2
)
⋅ d k ) - ( 12 ⋅ d s ) ⋅ 3,0 ⋅ f c ,90,k
2
Zulassung Germany 9.1-235:

2
N k = 16,0 ⋅ d k
In the absents of information Clause 8.5.2. bolt washers

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•short elastisch behaviour

•Large non-elastic traject
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Model uncertainty design rule 9.1-235andn Eurocode 5 for screws

with washers
8
Eurocode 5
Zulassung 7
6
Frequentie
0
-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5
ln (model/meetwaarde)
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- Group (tear out) effect:

Due to a lack of background information
Based on test by Gehri (empirical):
0,9
nef = n
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Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
FEd
α b
he h
Fv,Ed,1 Fv,Ed,2 b/2 b/2

b
a) b)
Design clause 8.1.4 (3) is formulated as a maximum

shear force criterion on either side of the connection
Background: Leijten A.J.M. & Vander Put T.A.C.M, Evaluation of Perpendicular to Grain Failure of Beams
caused by Concentrated Loads of Joints, In: Proceedings of CIB-W18, paper 33-7-7, Delft, 2000.
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Design clause 8.1.4 (3) is

formulated as a maximum shear
force criterion on either side of
the connection
he
Fracture mechanics background F90,Rk = 14 b w
he
1−
14 is calibration parameter h
0,35
wpl
w = (political factor) max for punched metal plate fasteners
100
w=
1
1 for all other fasteners
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Some empirical models consider

Fastener spacing
18a 2
F90,k = ks k r 6.5 + 2 ( tef h )0.8 f t,90,k
h
1
k s = max 1.4 a
0.7 +
h
n
kr = 2
n
h1
i =1 hi
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Fracture mechanical
model
Consider energy
balance after crack
appearance
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UK-Test results versus design proposals
50000
45000
40000
35000
Strength [N]
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
he/h
Test Results Eurocode 5 design
Punched metal plate fasteners

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Comparison between models
Eurocode 5
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Assumed governing failure mechanism is shear

Not by tensile stresses perpendicular to grain
For loaded edges

>0,7 h no splitting he h
Simply supported F
max F
Cantilever beam h he
max F/2
F/2
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Frequently heard:
Not found in Eurocode
We don’t know everything
Research in progress
Future changes and additions are
expected

Timber Connections by Dr. Ad Leijten TU-Eindhoven The Netherlands Former PT-member

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EUROCODES

Background and Applications EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2

We can not escape connections

What kind of connections do we use?

Carpenter connections (not in Eurocode 5)

National regulations apply

Carpenter connections compression forces

Glued connections (not in Eurocode 5)

Structural Finger joints Glued in steel rods

National regulations apply

What do we find in Eurocode 5

Nails < 8 mm (EN14592)

Punched metal plate fasteners

Bolts M12 to M20

Design by calculation - covers

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 13

Fastener spacing requirements

-90° ≤ α ≤ 90° 90° ≤ α ≤ 270° 0° ≤ α ≤ 180° 180° ≤ α ≤ 360°

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 14

Fastener spacing requirements (bolts)

a1 (parallel to grain) 0° 360° (4 + cos )d

a2 (perpendicular to grain) 0° 360° 4d

a3,t (loaded end) -90° 90° max (7 d; 80 mm)

a3,c (unloaded end) 90° < 150 ° max([1 + 6 sin ) d; 4d)

a4,t (loaded edge) 0° 180° max([2 + 2 sin ) d; 3d)

a4,c (unloaded edge) 180° 360° 3d

Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions

Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions

Laterally loaded axially loaded

The strength capacity model for

Starting point for strength model - Embedment strength

Embedment = femb femb

Determination of embedment strength –EN 383

Eurocode 5 Design clause embedment strength

Taken from Sawata and Yasumura (2002).

Embedment test - parallel to grain

100,0 5mm data

Re-evaluation parallel to grain embedment results

Bolts and dowels

Decideous f h;0 = 0, 087 ρ 1,09 d −0,25

Embedment - perpendicular to grain

Embedment – at angle to grain

1,35 + 0,015 d for softwoods

Coniferous: Embedment test - perpendicular to grain

Needs adjustment in future EC5

Hardboard f h,k = 30 d −0,3t 0,6

Particleboard & OSB f h,k = 65 d −0,7 t 0,1

Taken from DIN 1052

Mode I Mode II Mode III

Some failure modes of

Some failure modes of

Equations for every failure mode

Fv,Rk = min 1, 05 f h,1,k t1 d 4β(2 + β) M y,Rk Fax,Rk

f h,1,k t2 d 4β(1 + 2β) M y,Rk Fax,Rk

Equations for every failure mode

f h,1,k t1d (g)

Some failure modes of

thick steel plate t > d = fastener diameter

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 33

Test results still higher than Johansen equations

Only valid for