2/11/2019 Frequently Used Equations – The Physics Hypertextbook

Frequently Used Equations

Reference

mechanics

velocity acceleration equations of motion newton's 2nd law weight

Δs Δv v = v0 + at ∑F = ma W = mg
v̅ = a̅ = 2
Δt Δt s = s0 + v0t + ½at dp
2
∑F =
ds dv v = v02 + 2a(s − s0) dt
v= a=
dt dt v̅ = ½(v + v0)

dry friction centripetal accel. momentum impulse impulse-momentum

2
fs ≤ µsN v p = mv J = F̅Δt F̅Δt = mΔv
ac =
J=⌠
fk = µkN r ⌠ F dt = Δp
⌡ F dt ⌡
ac = − ω2r

work work-energy kinetic energy general p.e. gravitational p.e.

ΔU = − ⌠
2
W = F̅Δs cos θ F̅Δs cos θ = ΔE K = ½mv ΔUg = mgΔh
⌡ F · ds
W=⌠
⌠ F · ds = ΔE p
2
⌡ F · ds ⌡ K=
F = − ∇U
2m

efficiency power power-velocity angular velocity angular acceleration

Wout ΔW P = Fv cos θ Δθ Δω
η= P̅ = ω̅ = α̅ =
Ein Δt P=F·v Δt Δt
dW dθ dω
P= ω= α=
dt dt dt
v=ω×r a = α × r − ω2 r

equations of rotation torque 2nd law for rotation moment of inertia rotational work
2
ω = ω0 + αt τ = rF sin θ ∑τ = Iα I = ∑mr W = τ̅Δθ
I=⌠ W=⌠
2 2
θ = θ0 + ω0t + ½αt τ=r×F dL
∑τ = ⌡ r dm ⌡ τ · dθ
2
ω = ω02 + 2α(θ − θ0) dt
ω̅ = ½(ω + ω0)

rotational power rotational k.e. angular momentum angular impulse angular i.m.
2
P = τω cos θ K = ½Iω L = mrv sin θ H = τ̅Δt τ̅Δt = mΔω
H=⌠
P=τ·ω L=r×p ⌠ τ dt = ΔL
⌡ τ dt ⌡
L = Iω

universal gravitation gravitational field gravitational p.e. gravitational potential orbital speed
Gm1m2 Gm Gm1m2 Gm Gm
Fg = − 2
r̂ g=− 2
r̂ Ug = − Vg = − v=√
r r r r r

escape speed hooke's law spring p.e. s.h.o. simple pendulum

2
2Gm F = − kΔx Us = ½kΔx m ℓ
v=√ T = 2π √ T = 2π √
r k g

frequency angular frequency density pressure pressure in a fluid

1 ω = 2πf m F P = P0 + ρgh
f= ρ= P=
T V A

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buoyancy mass flow rate volume flow rate mass continuity volume continuity
B = ρgVdisplaced ∆m ∆V ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2 A1v1 = A2v2
q̅m = q̅V =
∆t ∆t
dm dV
qm = qV =
dt dt

bernoulli's equation dynamic viscosity kinematic viscosity drag

P1 + ρgy1 + ½ρv12 = P2 + ρgy2 + ½ρv22 F̅ Δvx η R = ½ρCAv2
=η ν=
A Δz ρ
F dvx
=η
A dz

mach number reynolds number froude number young's modulus shear modulus
v ρvD v F Δℓ F Δx
Ma = Re = Fr = =E =G
c η √gℓ A ℓ0 A y
σ = Eε τ = Gγ

bulk modulus surface tension

F ΔV F
=K γ=
A V0 ℓ
P = Κθ

thermal physics

solid expansion liquid expansion sensible heat latent heat ideal gas law
Δℓ = αℓ0ΔT ΔV = βV0ΔT Q = mcΔT Q = mL PV = nRT
ΔA = 2αA0ΔT
ΔV = 3αV0ΔT

molecular constants maxwell-boltzmann molecular k.e. molecular speeds

2
2 3 mv 3
nR =Nk 4v ⎛ m ⎞ 2 − 2kT ⟨K⟩ = 2
kT 2kT 8kT 3kT
p(v) = e vp = √ ⟨v⟩ = √ vrms = √
√π ⎝ 2kT⎠ m πm m

heat flow rate thermal conduction stefan-boltzmann law wien displacement law internal energy
4
ΔQ kAΔT P = εσA(T − T04) b ΔU = 32 nRΔT
P̅ = P= λmax =
Δt ℓ T ΔU = 32 NkΔT
dQ
P=
dt

thermodynamic work 1st law of thermo. entropy efficiency c.o.p.

W = −⌠ ΔU = Q + W ΔQ QC QC
⌡ P dV ΔS = ηreal = 1 − COPreal =
T QH QH − QC
S = k log w TC TC
ηideal = 1 − COPideal =
TH TH − TC

waves & optics

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periodic waves frequency beat frequency intensity

v = fλ 1 fbeat = fhigh − flow ⟨P⟩
f= I=
⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ T A
∆s(x,t) = ∆s sin⎣ 2π ⎝ ft − ⎠⎦
λ

intensity level pressure level doppler effect mach angle cerenkov angle

⎛ I⎞ ⎛ ∆P ⎞ fo λs c ± vo c c
LI = 10 log ⎝ ⎠ LP = 20 log ⎝ = = sin µ = cos θ =
I0 ∆P0⎠ fs λo c ∓ vs v nv
Δf Δλ ∆v
≈ ≈
f λ c

interference fringes index of refraction snell's law critical angle image location
nλ = d sin θ c n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 n2 1 1 1
n= sin θc = = +
nλ x v n1 f do di
≈
d L

image size spherical mirrors

hi di r
M= = f≈
ho do 2

electricity & magnetism

coulomb's law electric field, def. electric potential, def. field & potential electric field
q1q2 FE ΔUE ∆V q
F=k 2
E= ΔV = E̅ = E=k∑ r̂
r q q d r2
1 q1q2 E = −∇V ⌠ dq
F= r̂ E = k ⌡ 2 r̂
4πε0 r
2 ⌠ r
−⌡ E · dr = ∆V

electric potential capacitance plate capacitor cylindrical capacitor spherical capacitor

q Q κε0A 2πκε0ℓ 4πκε0
V=k∑ C= C= C= C=
r V d ln(b/a) (1/a) − (1/b)

⌠ dq
V=k⌡
r

capacitive p.e. electric current charge density current density ohm's law
2
1 2
1Q 1 Δq Q I V = IR
U= CV = = QV I̅ = ρ= J=
2 2 C 2 Δt V A E = ρJ
dq J = ρv J = σE
I=
dt

resitivity-conductivity electric resistance electric power resistors in series resistors in parallel

2
1 ρℓ 2
V Rs = ∑Ri 1 1
ρ= R= P = VI = I R = =∑
σ A R Rp Ri

capacitors in series capacitors in parallel magnetic force, charge magnetic force, current biot-savart law
1 1 Cp = ∑Ci FB = qvB sin θ FB = IℓB sin θ µ0I⌠ ds × r̂
=∑ B=
Cs Ci FB = qv × B dFB = I dℓ × B 4π ⌡ r2

solenoid straight wire parallel wires electric flux magnetic flux

B = µ0nI µ0I FB µ0 I1I2 ΦE = EA cos θ ΦB = BA cos θ
B= = ⌠ ⌠
2πr ℓ 2π r ΦE = ⌡ E · dA ΦB = ⌡ B · dA

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motional emf induced emf

ℰ = Bℓv ΔΦB
ℰ̅ = −
Δt
dΦB
ℰ=−
dt

gauss's law no one's law faraday's law ampere's law

Q ∂ΦB ∂ΦE
∯E · dA = ∯B · dA = 0 ∮E · ds = − ∮B · ds = µ0ε0 + µ0I
ε0 ∂t ∂t
ρ ∂B ∂E
∇·E= ∇·B=0 ∇×E=− ∇ × B = µ0ε0 + µ0 J
ε0 ∂t ∂t

electromagnetic plane wave em wave energy density poynting vector em radiation pressure
2
x η = ε0E 1 P = ½η
E (x,t) = E0 sin [2π(ft − + φ)] ĵ S= E×B
λ 1 µ0
η= B2
x µ0
B (x,t) = B0 sin [2π(ft − + φ)] k̂
λ

modern physics

lorentz factor time dilation length contraction relative velocity relativistic energy
2 2 2
1 t0 ℓ = ℓ0√(1 − v /c ) u+v mc
γ= 2 2
t= 2 2
u' = 2
E= 2 2
√(1 − v /c ) √(1 − v /c ) ℓ0 1 + uv/c √(1 − v /c )
ℓ= 2
t = γt0 γ E = γmc

relativistic momentum energy-momentum mass-energy relativistic k.e. relativistic doppler effect

2 2 2 2 4 2
mv E =p c +m c E = mc ⎛ 1 ⎞ λ f0 ⎛ 1 + v/c⎞
p= K=⎝ − 1⎠ mc2 = = √⎝
2
√(1 − v /c ) 2
√(1 − v /c ) 2 2
λ0 f 1 − v/c⎠
2
p = γmv K = (γ − 1)mc

photon energy photon momentum photoelectric effect schroedinger's equation

E = hf h Kmax = E − ϕ ∂ ℏ2 2
p= iℏ Ψ(r,t) = − ∇ Ψ(r,t) + V(r)Ψ(r,t)
E = pc λ Kmax = h(f − f0) ∂t 2m
E ℏ2 2
p= Eψ(r) = − ∇ ψ(r) + V(r)ψ(r)
c 2m

uncertainty principle rydberg equation half life absorbed dose effective dose
−t/T½
ℏ 1 ⎛1 1⎞ N = N02 E H = QD
ΔpxΔx ≥ = −R∞ ⎝ 2 − 2⎠ D=
2 λ n n0 m
ℏ
ΔEΔt ≥
2

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