GEO INFORMATICS

LAB MANUAL
GEO INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ABASYN UNIVERSITY, PESHAWAR

Prepared by: Checked By:

Engr. Sami ullah khan babar
Credits: Engr. Hizbullah Sajid
Approved By:

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Table of Contents

S. No. Description Page No.

1 Objectives of Laboratory

2 Safety Precautions

3 List of Experiments

4 Layout of Laboratory

5 List of Equipment

6 Assessment Domains

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Objective

The objective of this manual is the understanding of basic experiments that are being
performed in the computer lab. This manual has been developed for the students of Civil
Engineering Department, Abasyn University, Peshawar to introduce the basic principles and
methods of understanding computer tools in the field of Civil Engineering.

The teaching staff will assist the procedures and techniques required for the successful
completion of the experiment.

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Safety Precautions
Introduction

These notes with the safety precautions and safety measures that should be observed and

taken by all users of laboratory facilities. There will be special precautions needed for

Handicapped persons using laboratories, but these outside the scope of this set of notes.

General Behavior

 No smoking
 No running, playing games, throwing objects or foolish behavior allowed. Disciplinary
actions will be taken against offenders
 Safety precautions must be observed at all times
 Observe any instructions or advice given by the laboratory staff
 Do no attempt any install, correct or operate any apparatus before reading the
instructions, and if in doubt, seek the assistance of the laboratory staff.

Safety

General

 Treat every piece of apparatus with caution

 Beware of others working in the vicinity
 Understand all safety precautions before working in the laboratories
 If in doubt, ask for assistance.

Electricity

 Switch off and isolate the power supply before opening cabinet doors or
attempting to make any adjustment to the equipment
 Check all the circuits before switching on the power supply
 Do not tampers with any switches or protective gears
 Beware of dangerous voltages developed during the course of using any item of
apparatus
 Do not work on the electrical apparatus with wet hands

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 Always switch off and isolate the service suppliers after using any apparatus.

Fire Hazards

 Check for any possible danger of fire in the vicinity before producing any naked
flame
 Clean up any spilled combustible fluids immediately
 Extinguish all flames before refueling any equipment.
 Handle inflammable substances with care
 When a gas leak is suspected, extinguish all naked flames.
 Ensure there is enough ventilation before starting any combustion process.
 If the fire alarm sounds, evacuate from the laboratories immediately and
assemble at the ground floor lobby, unless there is a broadcast for other actions
over internal public address system.

Security

 Take care of your own valuables.

 Do not remove any piece of equipment from the laboratories unless authorized to
do so.
 Only enter and exit the laboratories through the established route.
 Observe the directives given by the laboratory staff.
 Do not attempt to enter or remain in the laboratory outside the opening hours.
 Report any loss or damage to laboratory equipment immediately to laboratory
staff

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List of experiments
Experiment # Name Status

1 Introduction to Geo-Informatics

2 Introduction to Software (QGIS)

3 Data Models

4 Working with Layers

(styles, symbols and Labeling)

5 Plugins and Base Maps

6 Geo-referencing and Digitization

7 Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding

8 Reprojection and Transformation of Vector Layers

9 Downloading vector data from open street Map

10 Spatial analysis in QGIS

11 Raster Analysis

12 Working with raster data

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Layout of the Lab

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List of Equipment
Computer No Specifications

Processor Hard disk RAM

1 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB 4GB
4GB
2 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
3 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
4 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
5 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
6 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
7 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
8 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
9 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
10 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
11 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
12 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
13 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
14 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
15 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
16 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
17 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
18 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
19 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
20 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB

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4GB
21 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
22 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
23 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
24 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
25 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
26 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
27 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
28 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
29 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
30 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
31 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
32 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
33 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
34 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
35 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
36 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
37 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
38 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
39 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
40 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
41 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
42 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
43 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB

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4GB
44 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
45 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
46 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
47 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
48 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
49 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB
4GB
50 Core i5 3.2GHZ 160GB

Assessment Domains

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LAB FOLDER

Geo informatics (CE-304 L)

Spring-2018
BATCH 3
5th SEMESTER

S.NO CONTENTS REMARKS

1 Curriculum Vitae
2 Time Table
3 List of Experiments
4 Marking Criteria
5 Attendance
6 Lab Manual
7 Result

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MARKING CRITERIA
GEO INFORMATICS (CE-304 L)
CREDIT HOURS (1+1)
SEMESTER5TH

Total Marks : 100

Rubrics: 50
ASSIGNMENT MARKS: 5
EXPERIMENTS /ACTIVTIES 15
MARKS:
Final Viva: 30

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Table of Contents
Module 1: ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Geographic Information System...................................................................................................... 16
Basic Elements of GIS....................................................................................................................... 17
Framework of GIS process............................................................................................................... 18
Module 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 20
Vector Data Model ............................................................................................................................ 20
Raster Data ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Module 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 26
Getting Started with Quantum Geographic Information System ................................................ 26
QGIS interface .................................................................................................................................. 26
Customizing interface ....................................................................................................................... 26
Adding Vector Data Layer ............................................................................................................... 26
Adding Raster Data Layer ............................................................................................................... 26
To view attributes of a data layer: ................................................................................................... 27
Identify layers .................................................................................................................................... 27
Query Builder/Filter ......................................................................................................................... 28
Working with Styles .......................................................................................................................... 28
Module 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Creating and adding vector data layers .............................................................................................. 30
Adding points ........................................................................................................................................ 31
Some editing options in Digitizing Toolbar ........................................................................................ 32
Module 5 .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Plugins and Base Maps ......................................................................................................................... 35
Plugins for Loading Base Maps ........................................................................................................... 35
OpenstreetMap...................................................................................................................................... 36
Module 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 38
Working with delimited text layers ..................................................................................................... 38
File Format ............................................................................................................................................ 38

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Importing data from excel spreadsheet .............................................................................................. 38
Loading CSV as delimited text layer ................................................................................................... 40
Module 7 .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Geocoding and Reverse geocoding ...................................................................................................... 40
Reverse Geocoding? .............................................................................................................................. 41
MMQGIS Workflow: ........................................................................................................................... 42
Module 8 .................................................................................................................................................... 43
Projection ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Reprojecting a layer .............................................................................................................................. 44
Module 9 .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Spatial Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 46
Geoprocessing Tools ............................................................................................................................. 46
Module 10 .................................................................................................................................................. 52
Working with raster data ..................................................................................................................... 52
Terrain Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 52
Hillshade ................................................................................................................................................ 52
Slope ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
Extraction .............................................................................................................................................. 53

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Module 1:
Introduction to Quantum Geographic Information System

Geographic Information System

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system capable of assembling, storing,
manipulating, analyzing and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data
identified according to their location.
Geographic relates to the surface of the earth. Information is a knowledge derived from study,
experience, or instruction. System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent
elements forming a complex whole.
GIS performs a variety of functions which are useful in maximizing the output production of
various projects.
The basic Process of GIS includes the following steps
1. Data Collection (Data capturing)
2. Data storing analyzing and processing the captured data
3. Then finally the Output. (displaying and extraction of the desired data)

DATA CAPTURING

PROCESSING DATA

OUTPUT PRODUCTION

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Basic Elements of GIS

GIS includes the following basic elements
 People
 Data
 Software
 Hardware
 Procedure/Methods

People:
The most important component of Geographic information
system
People are most important part of a GIS
Define and develop the procedures used by a GIS
Can overcome the shortcoming of other/elements (but not the
vice versa)

Figure 1:Collection of Ground data

Data:
Data is the information used within a GIS Since a GIS
often incorporates data from multiple sources.
Its accuracy defines the quality of the GIS.
GIS quality determines the types of questions and
problems that may be asked of the GIS

Figure 2:Data

GIS Software:
It encompasses not only to the GIS package, but all the software used for databases, drawings,
statistics, and imaging. The functionality of the software used to manage the GIS determines the
type of problems that the GIS may be used to solve. The software used must match the needs and
skills of the end user. Popular GIS Software includes
• ArcGIS
• QGIS
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• MapInfo
• Edras Imagine
• ENVI, etc.
Hardware
The type of hardware determines, to an extent the speed at which a GIS will operate.
Additionally, it may influence the type of software used.

Figure 3:Hardware

Framework of GIS process

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Figure 4:Typical GIS Framework

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Module 2
Data Models
A data model is a method used to represent real world object in a computer.
Two most common data models in GIS are:
1. Vector Data Model
2. Raster Data Model

Vector Data Model

Vector data is used to define objects with distinct boundaries, such as roads, parks, and land
parcels. In order to accurately represent these objects, a GIS provides different geometries to use
depending on the object you are trying to represent. The three geometries are:
 Points
 Polylines
 Polygon
Point Feature

Figure 5: Vector Data

Choice of Using Point Feature is usually depending upon:
Scale (how far away are you from the feature),

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Convenience (it takes less time and effort to create point features than polygon features), and the
type of feature (some things like telephone poles just don’t make sense to be stored as polygons)

Polyline Feature
A polyline is used to show the geometry of linear features such as roads, rivers, contours,
footpaths, flight paths, etc. Sometimes we have special rules for polylines in addition to their
basic geometry. For example: contour lines should never cross over each other. Similarly,
polylines used to store a road network should be connected at intersections. In some GIS
applications you can set these special rules for a feature type (e.g. roads) and the GIS will ensure
that these polylines always comply to these rules.

Polygon Feature
Polygon features are enclosed areas like dams, islands, country boundaries and so on. Like
polyline features, polygons are created from a series of vertices that are connected with a
continuous line. However, because a polygon always describes an enclosed area, the first and last
vertices should always be at the same place! Polygons often have shared geometry - boundaries
that are in common with a neighboring polygon. Many GIS applications have the capability to
ensure that the boundaries of neighboring polygons exactly coincide.

Figure 6: Real World features represented by Vector data models

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Attributes
It describes the additional information or characteristics of vector data model.
For example, a road polyline may have attributes that describe whether it is surfaced with gravel
or tar, how many lanes it has, whether it is a one-way street, and so on.
 For a polygon, such as dam, the attributes may include depth and water
quality, etc.

Vector data in layers

Most GIS applications group vector features into layers. Features in a layer have the same
geometry type (e.g. they will all be points) and the same kinds of attributes (e.g. information
about what species a tree is for a trees layer).
For example: if you have recorded the positions of all the footpaths in your school, they will
usually be stored together on the computer hard disk and shown in the GIS as a single layer.
This is convenient because it allows you to hide or show all of the features for that layer in your
GIS application with a single mouse click.
Most Common Data Formats:
 .shp (shape file)
 .kml/.kmz (Keyhole Markup Language – Google Earth™ File Format)
 .gpx (GPS Handset File Format)
In summary:

Vector data
layers

Geometry Attributes
(Shape Files) (Atributes Tables)

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Raster Data
A raster dataset is composed of rows (running across) and columns (running down) of pixels
(also know as cells).Each pixel represents a geographical region, and the value in that pixel
represents some characteristic of that region

Figure 7: Rater data

. Raster data is used in a GIS application when we want to display information that is continuous
across an area and cannot easily be divided into vector features.
 Not every object or phenomena has distinct boundaries.
 Precipitation, heat from a forest fire, and satellite imagery are
All examples of features and phenomena with a continuous surface, without a defined outline. A
GIS represents this information using a raster data model.
Sources of Raster Data
 Aerial Photography
 Satellite Imagery

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Figure 8: Raster data

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Module 3
Getting Started with Quantum Geographic Information System
There are two main software currently in use in the market for GIS operations:
 ArcGIS by ESRI (It is the most powerful commercial GIS software widely used in the
market)
 Quantum GIS (QGIS) is an open source software with a lot of capabilities. It is license free
We will be using QGIS software in
this course

QGIS interface
QGIS interface consists of five
components as shown in figure
 Main menu
 Toolbar
 Panel Area
 Map Canvas
 Status bar

Customizing interface
 View > Toolbar
 View > Panel

Adding Vector Data Layer

1. Layer > Add Layer > Add Vector
Layer
2. Shortcut: ctrl + shift + v
3. Manage Layer Toolbar: Add
Vector Layer

Adding Raster Data Layer

1. Layer > Add Layer > Add Raster Layer

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2. Shortcut: ctrl + shift + r
3. Manage Layer Toolbar: Add Raster Layer

To view attributes of a data layer:

 Right click on the layer > Open Attribute Table
 Toolbar: Open Attribute Table

Identify layers
Identify feature is used to view attributes of a particular feature in a vector layer

Command path:
Click on Identify
Features icon in the
Attribute Toolbar
 View > Identify
Features
 Shortcut: ctrl +
shift + i

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Query Builder/Filter
There are two ways:
 Layer > Filter
 Shortcut: ctrl + F
Note: In older version, Query
is present instead of Filter.

Working with Styles

Right Click on Layer > Properties
 Style
 Labels

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Module 4
Creating and adding vector data layers

The data that you use has to come from somewhere. For most common applications, the data
exists already; but the more particular and specialized the project, the less likely, it is that the
data will already be available. In such cases vector dataset need to be created by the user.

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Command Path:
 Layer > Create > New Shapefile Layer
 Shortcut: ctrl + shift + N
 Manage Layer Toolbar: New Shapefile Layer

After clicking New Shapefile

Layer, the following dialogue
box opens:
 Here you have option to
create either Point, Line or
Polygon Shapefile.
 After selecting Type, select
CRS for the layer and click
OK.

Adding points
Now, we can add features in this layer and attributes for the features.
 For adding features in vector layer, first turn on Editing Mode by clicking Toggle Editing
option in the Digitizing Toolbar.
 Now click on Add Feature option in the Digitizing Toolbar

Add feature

Toggle editing

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Some editing options in Digitizing Toolbar

Paste Feature(s): paste a cut or copied feature

Move Feature(s): move an entire feature around
Node Tool: move only one part of a feature
Delete Selected: delete the selected feature
Cut Feature(s): cut the selected feature
Copy Feature(s): copy the selected feature

Now add features in the Map Canvas for the layer

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Now that we have added features, we can go to Attribute

Table of the layer to add attributes

Add field values. Add more fields for defining more information about each feature in the layer
and then click on Save Edits and turn off editing mode

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Using the procedure specified in the previous pages, we can define Line and Polygon features
and define attributes table based on our requirements.
 Features are usually added on a raster data which is already georeferenced (digitization
process)
 Attributes values for each feature are collected based on data collected during surveys.

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Module 5
Plugins and Base Maps
A map depicting background reference information such as landforms, roads, landmarks, and
political boundaries, onto which other thematic information is placed

Plugins for Loading Base Maps

 Open Layers
 Quick Map Services

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Note: Both of these plugins are web based, hence, these plugins will work only when connected
to internet

OpenstreetMap

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Module 6
Working with delimited text layers
A delimited text file is a text file used to store data, in which each line represents a data record
(consisting of one or more fields), and each line has fields separated by the delimiter.
Any character may be used to separate the values, but the most common delimiters are the
comma, tab, and colon.
When values are separated by comma, they result in Comma Separated Values (CSV) format.
 CSV format is readable in QGIS.
 Mostly gis data is in tabular form (spreadsheets) which can be easily
converted to delimited text (for instance CSV) and then imported into QGIS (or other GIS
software) for further processing.

File Format
.csv or.txt

Importing data from excel spreadsheet

Data (e.g. earthquake, population, traffic, floods, etc.) is usually in excel spreadsheet.
 For processing excel spreadsheet values in QGIS, first convert excel spreadsheet to
delimited text (File>Save As>.csv format)
 CSV file can then be loaded in QGIS.
For adding delimited text as layer in QGIS:
 Layer > Add Layer > Add Delimited Text Layer
 Manage Layers Toolbox > Add Delimited Text Layer

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Loading CSV as delimited text layer

Module 7
Geocoding and Reverse geocoding
A GIS operation for converting street addresses into spatial data that can be displayed as features
on a map, usually by referencing address information from a street segment data layer.

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 Two sets of data are needed for the geocoding process - the address data that you want to
place on a map, e.g., a list of addresses, and the GIS data layer that you will use as the
geographic reference layer,
e.g., a city's street centerlines layer or a parcel address point layer.
 Input: “University of Peshawar, Pakistan’’
 Output: “xxxxxx N, yyyyyy E"
Workflow:
 Add georeferenced raster data layer
 Install Geocoding Plugin
 Plugins > GeoCode > Settings
 Set GeoCoder to Google (or openstreetmap)
 Select appropriate scale (e.g. 1:200)
 Plugins > GeoCode > GeoCode
 Insert Address and select appropriate CRS.

Reverse Geocoding?
 A GIS operation for converting spatial data into Street addresses.
 Input: “xxxxxx N, yyyyyy E’’
 Output: “University of Peshawar

Workflow:
 Add georeferenced raster data layer
 Install Geocoding Plugin
 Plugins > GeoCode > Settings
 Set Geocoder to Google (or openstreetmap)
 Select appropriate scale (e.g. 1:200)
 Plugins > GeoCode > Reverse GeoCode
 Click on the map canvas (to specify spatial data) and select appropriate CRS.

If you have a CSV formatted file containing addresses, you can take advantage of QGIS to map
out those addresses.

In order to geocode addresses from a CSV file, you will need to first install the plugin MMQGIS.
For installing MMQGIS plugin:
Plugins > Manage and Install Plugin > mmqgis

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MMQGIS Workflow:
 First convert data containing addresses to CSV format.
 MMQGIS > Geocode > Geocode CSV with Google /OpenStreetMap
 Specify input CSV file, fields, name and address for output Shapefiles and Ok

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Module 8
Projection
A method by which the curved surface of the earth is portrayed on a flat surface. WGS-84 is one
of the most commons CRS

 QGIS allows you to reproject data “on the fly”.

 It means even if the data itself is in another CRS, QGIS can project it as if it were in a
CRS of your choice.
 To enable “on the fly” projection, click on the CRS Status button in the Status Bar along
the bottom of the QGIS window:
 In the dialog that appears, check the box next to Enable ‘on the fly’ CRS transformation

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Reprojecting a layer
 OTF only reprojects the layer as they appear on the map. It does not change the
projection of the data.
 To change the projection of the data, it must be exported to a new file with a new CRS.
 For saving a dataset to another CRS:

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 Right click on the layer and click Save As
 Give output layer name
 Change the value of CRS by clicking the CRS name or specify.
 Click Ok.

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Module 9
Spatial Analysis
Spatial analysis uses spatial information to extract new and additional meaning from GIS data.
 It can answer important queries related to vector data:
 which houses are within the 100 year flood level of a river?
 where is the best place to put a hospital so that it is easily accessible to as many people as
possible?
 which learners live in a particular suburb?
Geoprocessing Tools
 Buffers
 Convex Hull
 Intersect
 Union
 Symmetrical Difference
 Dissolve

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Buffers
It creates an equal zone around specific features at a specified distance. A buffer zone is any
area that serves the purpose of keeping real world features distant from one another. Buffer zones
are often set up to protect the environment, protect residential and commercial zones from
industrial accidents or natural disasters, or to prevent violence. Common types of buffer zones
may be greenbelts between residential and commercial areas, border zones between countries,
noise protection zones around airports, or pollution protection zones along rivers.
In a GIS Application, buffer zones are always represented as vector polygons enclosing other
polygon, line or point features (as shown in the figure below)

Command Path
 Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Buffer(s)

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Convex Hull
It creates the smallest possible convex polygon enclosing a group of objects

Command Path
 Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Convex hull(s)

Intersect
It creates new layer based on the area of overlap of two layers

Command Path
 Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Intersect

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Union
It combines two layers together into one while preserving features and attributes of both

Input Output
Command
Path
 Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Union

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Symmetrical Difference
 It creates a new layer based on areas of two layers that do not overlap.
 The symmetric difference is the union without intersection.

Input Output
Command Path
 Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Symmetric Difference

Dissolve
 It creates a new set of features from a given set of features based on the attribute
specified for the purpose

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Command Path
 Vector > Geoprocessing Tools > Dissolve

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Module 10
Working with raster data
Working with Raster Data
 Terrain Analysis
 Hillshade
 Slope
 Aspect
 Contouring using DEM Raster

Terrain Analysis
Certain types of rasters allow you to gain more insight into the terrain that they represent. Digital
Elevation Models (DEMs) are particularly useful in this regard. Terrain analysis tools are used to
get more information about a raster.

Hillshade
A hillshade is a grayscale 3D representation of the surface, with the sun's relative position taken
into account for shading the image. Hillshading creates a three-dimensional effect that provides a
sense of visual relief for cartography

Hillshading in QGIS
 Load DEM raster
 Raster > Terrain Analysis > Hillshade
 Specify the following parameters:
 Elevation Layer
 Output Layer
 Output Format

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 z Factor
 Illumination values (altitude and azimuth of sun)
Slope
 Slope represents the rate of change of elevation for each digital elevation model (DEM) cell.
 To determine slope for a DEM in QGIS:
 Raster > Terrain Analysis > Slope
 Specify raster layer
 Specify output layer name and format
 Specify z factor

Extraction
 Raster > Extraction > Clipper
 Raster > Extraction > Contour

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