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Pub Iaq PDF
Seite 1
ISO EN 7730rev MODERATE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
• The present International Standard may be used in the design of • ISO EN 7730 Moderate thermal environments:
determination of PMV and PPD indices and
new environments or in assessing existing ones. specification of the conditions for thermal comfort.
• The standard has been prepared for working environments but
can be applied to any kind of environment. • ASHRAE 55-92R Thermal environment conditions for
human occupancy.
• In non-conditioned spaces ethnic and national-geographic
deviations may occur.
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GENERAL THERMAL COMFORT
THERMAL COMFORT
• OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE
• -0,5 < PMV < +0,5 ; PPD < 10 %
• SPACES WITH MAINLY SEDENTARY
OCCUPANTS :
– SUMMER CLOTHING 0,5 clo
– ACTIVITY LEVEL 1,2 met
• 23 °C < to < 26 °C.
• HUMIDITY
– Low humidity, eye irritation, skin dryness 0.5 Clo 0.5 Clo
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Humidity limits according to ASHRAE-55
2000 ??? GENERAL THERMAL COMFORT
1981 1992 1994
• AIR VELOCITY
– Preferred air velocity at increased temperature
– Direction of air velocity
– Large individual differences
– Personal control (fans, windows)
ADAPTATION
• Behavioural
– Clothing, activity, posture
• Psychological
– Expectations
30 86.0 F
• The following text can be found in ASHRAE
indoor comfort temperature, Top (oC )
– ”It should be kept in mind that southern people, with their 26 78.8 F
more sluggish heat production and lack of adaptability,
will demand a comfort zone several degrees higher than 24 75.2 F
those given here for the more active people of northern
climates” 22 71.6 F
90% acceptability limits
20 68.0 F
16 60.8 F
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
mean monthly outdoor air temperature (oC)
Seite 4
ADAPTATION
FIELD STUDIES • In determining the acceptable range of operative temperature from
Adaptation sec 4 to 6, a clo-value that correspond to the local clothing habits
and climate shall be used.
buildings with centralized HVAC buildings with natural ventilation • In warm or cold environments there may often be an influence of
27 27
adaptation. Other forms of adaptation, than clothing, like body
C) 26 26 posture and decreased activity, which are difficult to quantify, may
C)
RP-884 adaptive model with semantics o(
o
25 "PMV model 25 result in acceptance of higher indoor temperatures.
24 24
23 23
• People used to working and living in warm climates can more easily
accept and maintain a higher work performance in hot environments
22 22
RP-884 adaptive model than people from colder climates.
21 21 "PMV model
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LOCAL THERMAL DISCOMFORT LOCAL THERMAL COMFORT
DRAUGHT
DRAUGHT
• DRAUGHT RATING, DR
• MEAN AIR VELOCITY
• TURBULENCE
• AIR TEMPERATURE
Seite 6
VERTICAL AIR TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE VERTICAL AIR TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE
Seite 7
CEN TC156 Ventilation for
VENTILATION AND IAQ Buildings
STANDARDS OR GUIDELINES
• CR1752 • CR 12792 Symbols, units and terminology
• ASHRAE 62.1
• ASHRAE 62.2 • prEN 13465 Residential ventilation-
• ISO/TC205 WG4 Simplified calculation method
popular
25
ASHRAE
Smoking Areas 62-89
20
ASHRAE
15 62-73
10
Use of mechanical
ventilation begins
5
ASHRAE
62-81
0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Standard 62 Definitions:
TWO PATHWAYS
What is “Acceptable IAQ”?
IAQ”
• Standard 62-1989:
62-1989 “Air in which there are no known • Ventilation Rate • Indoor Air Quality
contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by Procedure Procedure
cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority – Prescriptively Based – Performance Based
(80% or more) of the people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction.” – Rates by Space Type – Concentration Targets
– Equipment Requirements – Occupant Acceptability
• Standard 62R:
62R “Air in an occupied space toward which a – 8-10 l/s/p – Air Cleaning Allowed
substantial majority of occupants express no dissatisfaction
and in which there are not likely to be known contaminants at
concentrations leading to exposures that pose a significant
health risk.”
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Perceived air quality
INDOOR CONTAMINANTS
• People and their activity (smoking)
• Building
• Furnishing
• HVAC system
• Outdoor
Required ventilation rate for smoking Required ventilation rate for smoking
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Possible Revised Ventilation Rate Analytical procedure
Procedure (from 62R)
People Component Building Component
The required ventilation rate is calculated as:
Design G
Outdoor Air Q= l/s
(Ci − Co ) ⋅ Ev
Ventilation
Rate
where G= Total emission rate mg/s
DVR = RpPd + RsSd + RbAb Ci = Concentration limit mg/l
Co = Concentration in outside air mg/l
Minimum Ventilation
l/s/Person per Smoker Building Area Ev = Ventilation effectiveness
Number of Number of Minimum
People Smokers l/s/m²
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DESIGN VENTILATION RATES DESIGN VENTILATION RATES
Standards Room Occupancy Only People STANDARD-calculation 20 % Smokers Standards Room Occupancy Only People STANDARD-calculation
Person/m² l/s m² l/s m² l/s m²
Person/m² l/s m² l/s m²
Class A B C A B C A B C
Class A B C A B C
prENV 1752 5.0 3.5 2.0 6. 4.2 2.4 1.0 7.8 4.4 prENV 1752 5.0 3.5 2.0 6.0 4.2 2.4
0
DIN 1946 0.5 4.2
DIN 1946 0.5 2.8 - 5.4 5.4
ASHRAE 62 (rev.96) Class room 2.1 (4.6)
ASHRAE 62 (rev.96) 1.5 (4.0) 4.4 (8.2) ASHRAE 62-89
ASHRAE 62-89 Conference 4.0
5.0 5.0
NKB-61 (91) 3.5
NKB-61 (91) room 3.5 10.0
CIBSE-Guide A (rev.93) 4.0 8.0
CIBSE-Guide A (rev. 93) 4.0
Background
Pollution source control and • Poor data on direct effects of air pollution
ventilation improve health, comfort on human performance in offices
and productivity
Seite 11
Diagnostic tests in schools
0,0
effect on productivity and
0,1
economic growth in warm climates
0,2
0-999 ppm 1000-1499 ppm 1500-4000 ppm
CO2 concentration
Seite 12
CEN CR 1752
ASHRAE 62
DIN 1946 Five independent studies
have shown a significant
impact of indoor air quality
on office productivity.
Methods: interventions
High indoor air quality :
10 L/s/person
10 L/s/person
Source absent
Typical pollution
source
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Experimental set-up Subjects & procedure
30 healthy females
20-31 years old
performed simulated office work during
4.4 hours’ occupation of the office:
text typing
arithmetical calculations
creative thinking
Just acceptable
Just not acceptable
90 female subjects
18-33 years old Clearly not acceptable
students
not atopic
Q proof-reading
Dizzy Not dizzy
Feeling bad Feeling good
Tired Rested
Difficult to concentrate Easy to concentrate
Depressed Positive
Alert Sleepy
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Methods: performance Results: air quality
%
Subjects performed simulated office work: 80
(P<0.0001)
Dissatisfied
Arithmetical calculations
Estimates of
50
Tests of knowledge and recall 40
Tests of creativity productivity
30
20
10
0
Source Source Source Source 3 10 30
pre se nt abse nt pre se nt abse nt L/s pe r pe rson
101
performance
intensity
Relative
40 Headache Difficulty in
thinking clearly
30 99
20
97
10
No = 0 95
Source Source Source Source 3 10 30 Source Source Source Source 3 10 30
pre se nt abse nt pre se nt abse nt L/s pe r pe rson pre se nt abse nt pre se nt abse nt L/s pe r pe rson
Pettenkofer (1858):
Source control works
”If there is a pile of manure in a
and pays!
space, do not try to remove the
odor by ventilation. Remove the
pile of manure.”
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Total productivity Total productivity
% %
100 100
98 98
2
(R =0.763; P=0.010)
96 96
94 94 2
(R =0.777; P=0.009)
92 92
90 90
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 decipol 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Perceived air quality Ventilation rate (L/s per olf)
0
12 24
Ventilation rate (L /s per perso n)
Estimated improvement in
performance of office work
• 10% less dissatisfied with air quality = 1.1% increase in
performance
In a life cycle cost analysis of a building a
lost annual productivity of 5% becomes
completely dominating • Halving pollution load = 1.6% increase in performance
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Worker salaries vs building Empirical findings
energy & maintenance costs
Q Net savings (due to decreased short-
• Salaries/energy costs = 25-100 term sick leave) following increase of
• Salaries/maintenance costs = 25-100 ventilation from 12 to 24 L/s per person
source: Woods & Jamerson (1989)
are estimated to $400/year/employee
($22.8 billion/year nationally)
Ø German conditions:
Ø
DEM 920/employee/year
High air quality pays DEM 16 billion/year nationally*
gains >>> costs
*$100=DEM
*$100=DEM 230
population ratio=Germany 81 mil/US 265mil Source: Milton et al. (2000)
Seite 17
Why not serve clean air
directly to people?
Personalized Ventilation
• 6 workstations equipped
with PV
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Human subjects
Experimental design
• 30 subject
• groups of 6 subjects
Mixing ventilation PV PV
23 oC 23 oC 20 oC
• simulated office work
• 4 hours exposure
% Headache
25
22 20
20
Dissatisfied
14 p<0
15 .03
10
15
7
0
Mixing ventilation PV PV 10
23°C 23°C 20°C Mixing ventilation PV PV
23°C 23°C 20°C
.03 .002
p<0 80 p<0
85
75
80
70
75 Mixing ventilation PV PV
Mixing ventilation PV PV 23°C 23°C 20°C
23°C 23°C 20°C
Seite 19
Ability to concentrate
80
Individual preferences
Positioning of Air Supply
.005
p<0
75
70
Mixing ventilation PV PV
23°C 23°C 20°C
Conclusions
Seite 20
Conclusions (contd
(contd)
)
(contd)
• Measures used to reduce costs of owning and operating buildings
can be counter-productive.
Seite 21