The Paris Union
Convention
First intellectual property
treaties.
signed in Paris, France, on
20 March 1883
As of January 2019, the
Convention has 177
contracting member countries,
which makes it one of the most
widely adopted treaties
worldwide
The substantive provisions of
the Convention fall into three
main categories: national
treatment, priority right and
common rules.
National treatment:
According to Articles 2 & 3 of
this treaty, persons of a state
party to the Convention shall
enjoy in all other countries of
the Union, the advantages that
their respective laws grant to
nationals. In other words,
when an applicant files an
application for a patent or a
trademark in a foreign country
member of the Union, the
application receives the same
Berne Convention
Property Organization
The Berne Convention for the
Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works, usually known
as the Berne Convention, is an
international agreement
governing copyright
which was first accepted in
Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
As of April 2019, there are 177
states that are parties to the
Berne Convention. This includes
174 UN member states plus the
Cook Islands, the Holy See and
Niue.
The Berne Convention formally
mandated several aspects of
modern copyright law; it
introduced the concept that a
copyright exists the moment a
work is "fixed", rather than
requiring registration. It also
enforces a requirement that
countries recognize copyrights
held by the citizens of all other
parties to the convention.
The Berne Convention, on the
other hand, provided for
copyright protection for a single
term based on the life of the
author, and did not require
registration or the inclusion of a
Universal Copyright
This is one (other is Berne
convention) of the
international conventions
protecting copyright adopted
by Universal Copyright
Convention (UCC)
Geneva, Switzerland, in 1952
This was developed by the
United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) as
an alternative to the Berne
Convention for those states
that disagreed with aspects of
the Berne Convention but
still wished to participate in
some form of multilateral
copyright protection
The United States only
provided copyright
protection for a fixed
renewable term, and required
that, in order for a work to be
copyrighted, it must contain
a copyright notice and be
TRIPS World Intellectual
(WIPO)
The requirements of TRIPS:
TRIPS requires member states
to provide strong protection for
intellectual property rights. For
example, under TRIPS:
 Copyright terms must extend Geneva (Switzerland).
at least 50 years, unless based it was created at the
on the life of the author. (Art. diplomatic conference in
12 and 14)[ 1893
 Copyright must be granted WIPO includes 184
automatically, and not based member-states
upon any "formality," such as
registrations, as specified in
the Berne Convention. (Art. 9)
 Computer programs must be
regarded as "literary works" The WIPO main
under copyright law and functions are:
receive the same terms of
protection.  assisting campaigns
 National exceptions to development to
copyright (such as "fair use" improve IP
in the United States) are protection all over
constrained by the Berne the world and to
three-step test harmonize national
 Patents must be granted for legislations in this
"inventions" in all "fields of field;
technology" provided they
meet all other patentability  signing international
requirements (although agreements on IP
exceptions for certain public protection;
interests are allowed (Art. 27.2  applying the
and 27.3) and must be administrative
enforceable for at least 20 functions of the Paris
years (Art 33). and Berne Unions;
treatment as if it came from a
national of this foreign
country. Furthermore, if the
intellectual property right is
granted, the owner benefits
from the same protection and
the same legal remedy against
any infringement as if the
owner was a national owner of
this right.
Priority right
The "Convention priority
right", also called "Paris
Convention priority right" or
"Union priority right", was
also established by Article 4 of
the Paris Convention, and is
regarded as one of the
cornerstones of the Paris
Convention. It provides that
an applicant from one
contracting State shall be able
to use its first filing date as
the effective filing date in
another contracting State,
provided that the applicant, or
his successor in title, files a
subsequent application within
6 months (for industrial
designs and trademarks) or 12
months (for patents and utility
models) from the first filing.
Mutual independence of
patents and trademarks in
copyright notice for copyright to registered at the Copyright
exist
the United States became
willing to participate in the
Berne Convention and change
its national copyright law as
required. In 1989 it became a
party to the Berne Convention as
a result of the Berne Convention
Implementation Act of 1988.
The minimum standards of
protection relate to the works
and rights to be
protected[edit]
As to works, protection must
include "every production in the
literary, scientific and artistic
domain, whatever the mode or
form of its expression" (Article
2(1) of the Convention).
Subject to certain allowed
reservations, limitations or
exceptions, the following are
among the rights that must be
recognized as exclusive rights of
authorization:
 the right to translate,
 the right to make
adaptations and
arrangements of the work,
 the right to perform in
public dramatic, dramatico-
musical and musical works,
 the right to recite literary
works in public,
 Exceptions to exclusive rights  rendering technical
Office must be limited, provided that and legal assistance
a normal exploitation of the in the field of IP;
work (Art. 13) and normal
 collecting and
exploitation of the patent
disseminating the
(Art 30) is not in conflict.
information,
 No unreasonable prejudice to
conducting
the legitimate interests of the
researches and
right holders of computer
publishing their
programs and patents is
results;
allowed.
 Legitimate interests of third  ensuring the work of
parties have to be taken into the services
account by patent rights facilitating the
(Art 30). international IP
 In each state, intellectual protection;
property laws may not offer
 applying any other
any benefits to local citizens
which are not available to appropriate actions.
citizens of other TRIPS
signatories under the principle
of national treatment (with
certain limited exceptions,
Art. 3 and 5).[8] TRIPS also
has a most favored nation
clause.
The TRIPS Agreement
incorporates by reference the
provisions on copyright from the
Berne Convention for the
Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works (Art 9), with the
exception of moral rights. It also
incorporated by reference the
substantive provisions of the
Paris Convention for the
Protection of Industrial Property
(Art 2.1). The TRIPS
the different Countries of the  the right to communicate to
Union
According to Articles 4 and 6
(for patents and trademarks
respectively), for foreigners,
the application for a patent or
the registration of a trademark  the right to use the work as
shall be determined by the
member state in accordance
with their national law and not
by the decision of the country
of origin or any other
countries. Patent applications
and trademark registrations are
independent among
contracting countries.
Agreement specifically
the public the performance of mentions that software and
such works, databases are protected by
 the right to broadcast copyright, subject to originality
 the right to make requirement (Art 10). Article 10
reproductions in any manner of the Agreement stipulates: "1.
or form Computer programs, whether in
source or object code, shall be
a basis for an audiovisual protected as literary works under
work, and the right to the Berne Convention (1971). 2.
reproduce, distribute, perform Compilations of data or other
in public or communicate to material, whether in machine
the public that audiovisual readable or other form, which by
work. reason of the selection or
arrangement of their contents
constitute intellectual creations
shall be protected as such. Such
protection, which shall not
extend to the data or material
itself, shall be without prejudice
to any copyright subsisting in
the data or material itself."

Patent Co-operation Treaty International Patent Law Treaty, concluded in 1970. It provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect
inventions in each of its contracting states. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an international application,