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Set-A (List of Experiments Is Not Mentioned in RGPV Curriculum) Set-B
Set-A (List of Experiments Is Not Mentioned in RGPV Curriculum) Set-B
Set-A (List of Experiments Is Not Mentioned in RGPV Curriculum) Set-B
SET-B
8 Evaluate the value of voltages for a 4-BUS system using node equations in MATLAB
9 To plot the daily load curve for the given data using MATLAB
12 Three phase short circuit analysis (3-phase faults-device duty)for a given power system
using ETAP
THEORY
Transmissionlinehasfour parametersnamelyresistance,inductance,capacitanceand
conductance.The inductanceandcapacitanceare duetothe effectofmagneticandelectricfields
aroundthe conductor.Theresistanceofthe conductoris best determinedfrom the manufactures
data,theinductancesand capacitancescanbe evaluatedusingthe formula.
Inductance
Thegeneralformula
L=0.2 ln(Dm /Ds)
Where, Dm =geometricmeandistance(GMD)
Ds =geometricmeanradius(GMR)
I. Single phase 2 wire system
GMD=D
GMR =re-1/4=r
Where,r =radiusof conductor
II. Threephase– symmetricalspacing
GMD=D
GMR =re-1/4=r
Where,r =radiusof conductor
III. Threephase – AsymmetricalTransposed
GMD=geometricmeanof the threedistanceof thesymmetricallyplaced
conductors
=3√DABDBCDCA
GMR =re-1/4=r
Where,r =radiusof conductors
Compositeconductorlines
Theinductanceof compositeconductorX, isgivenby
Lx=0.2 ln(GMD/GMR)
where,
GMD= mn(Daa Dab )…….(Dna…….Dnm )
where, r a=rae(-1/4)
Bundle Conductors
TheGMR of bundledconductorisnormallycalculated
Threephase – Doublecircuittransposed
Theinductanceper phase in millihenriesperkm is
L=0.2 ln(GMD/GMRL) mH/km
where,
GMRLisequivalentgeometricmeanradiusandisgiven by
GMRL=(DSADSBDSC)1/3
where,
)2
DSA=4 (Dsb Da1a2 s
=[DbDa1a2]
1/2
where,
Where,
GMDisthe“Geometricmean distance”whichis same asthatdefinedfor inductanceunder
variouscases.
PROCEDURE
5. Viewtheresults.
EXERCISES
1 Athree-phasetransposedline composed ofoneACSR,1,43,000cmil, 47/7 Bobolink
conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 11mbetween phases a and b and
betweenphasesb andc.Theconductorshaveadiameterof 3.625cmandaGMR of1.439
cm.Thelineistobereplacedbyathree-conductorbundleofACSR477,000-cmil,26/7
Hawk conductorshavingthesamecrosssectionalareaof aluminumasthesingle-conductor
line.Theconductorshaveadiameterof2.1793cm anda GMRof0.8839cm.Thenewline
willalsohavea flathorizontalconfiguration,but itistobeoperatedat ahighervoltageand
thereforethephase spacingisincreasedto14m asmeasuredfrom thecenterofthebundles.
Spacingbetweenthe conductorsin thebundle is45 cm.
(a) Determinethe inductanceand capacitanceper phase per kilometerof theabove two lines. (b)
Verifythe resultsusing theMATLABprogram.
PROGRAM
THEORY
SymmetricalFault
Threephase fault
From thethevenin’sequivalentcircuit
Vth
Faultcurrent,If =
Zth
Where Vth=Thevenin’sVoltage
Zth=Thevenin’sImpedance
UnsymmetricalFault
Singleline to ground fault
Faultcurrent,If=Ia=3Ia1
Ia1= Ea
Z1+Z2+Z
0
Lineto line fault
Faultcurrent, If=Ia1(a2– a)
Ea
Ia1=
Z1+Z2
DoubleLine to ground fault
Ea
Ia0= (Ia1Ia2)
PROCEDURE
1. Enterthecommandwindowof the MATLAB.
5. Viewtheresults.
EXERCISE
Theonelinediagramofasimplepowersystemisshowninfigure.Theneutralofeach
generatorisgroundedthroughacurrentlimitingreactorof0.25/3 perunitona100MVAbase.
Thesystemdataexpressedinperunitonacommon100MVAbaseistabulatedbelow.The
generatorsarerunningonnoloadattheirratedvoltageandratedfrequencywiththeiremfin phase.
Determinethe faultcurrentfor thefollowing faults.
PROGRAM
zdata1 = [0 1 00.25
0 2 0 0.25
1 2 0 0.125
1 3 0 0.15
2 3 0 0.25];
zdata0 = [0 1 00.40
0 2 0 0.10
1 2 0 0.30
1 3 0 0.35
2 3 0 0.7125];
zdata2 = zdata1;
Zbus1 =zbuild(zdata1) Zbus0 =
zbuild(zdata0) Zbus2 = Zbus1;
symfault(zdata1,Zbus1)
lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
MANUAL CALCULATIONS
RESULT
Modelingand analysisof powersystemsunderfaultedconditionwas studied. Faultlevel, post-
faultvoltagesand currentsfor differenttypesof faults,for the givennetwork under symmetric
andunsymmetricalconditionswerecomputedand verifiedusing MATLAB Software.
EXPERIMENT NO-3
AIM- LOAD– FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OFSINGLEAREAPOWERSYSTEMS
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics
of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design better controllers
for getting better responses.
THEORY
PROCEDURE
EXERCISE
(a)Use the Routh– Hurwitzarrayto find therange of R for control systemstability. (b)Use MATLABto
obtainthe rootlocusplot.
(c)Thegovernor speed regulationis set to R =0.05 per unit.Theturbine ratedoutputis250MW
atnominalfrequencyof 60Hz. Asudden loadchangeof 50 MW (ΔPL=0.2 per unit)occurs. (i) Find
the steady statefrequencydeviationin Hz.
(ii) Use MATLABto obtainthe timedomainperformance specificationsand the frequency
deviationstep response.
MANUAL CALCULATIONS
RESULT
Modelingand analysisof the frequencyand tie-lineflowdynamicsof a singlearea power
system withoutand withload frequencycontrollers(LFC) was studiedand responsesare simulated
using simulationsoftware.
EXPERIMENT NO-4
THEORY
PROCEDURE:
commonbase
Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Frequency –sens.loadcoeff. D1=0.6 D2=0.9
InertiaConstant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
SIMULINKBLOCKDIAGRAM
MODELCALCULATIONMANUAL
RESULT
Modelingand analysisof the frequencyand tie-lineflowdynamicsof a two areapower system
withoutand withload frequencycontrollers(LFC) was studiedand responsesare simulated using
simulationsoftware.
EXPERIMENT NO-5
AIM-TRANSIENT ANDSMALL SIGNAL STABILITYANALYSIS –
SINGLEMACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
PROGRAMREQUIRED:MATLAB 7.6
THEORY
Stability:Stabilityproblemisconcernedwiththebehaviorofpowersystemwhenitissubjected
todisturbanceandisclassifiedintosmallsignal stabilityproblemifthedisturbancesaresmalland transient
stabilityproblem when the disturbancesarelarge.
Smallsignalstability:Whenapowersystemisundersteadystate,normaloperatingcondition, the
systemmaybe subjectedto smalldisturbancessuch as variationin load and generation, changein
fieldvoltage,changeinmechanicaltoqueetc.,thenatureofsystemresponsetosmall disturbancedependson
theoperatingconditions,thetransmissionsystem strength,typesof controllersetc.Instabilitythatmay
resultfromsmalldisturbancemaybe of two forms,
(i) Steadyincreasein rotorangle dueto lackof synchronizingtorque.
(ii) Rotoroscillationsof increasingmagnitudedue to lackof sufficientdampingtorque.
FORMULA
Reactivepower Qe=sin(cos-1(p.f))
S*
StatorCurrentIt=
*
Et
Pe- jQe
=
E
*
t
Voltagebehindtransientcondition
E1 = Et +jXd1It
Voltageof infinitebus
EB= Et- j(X3+ Xtr)It
X1X2
where, X3 =
X1+ X2
Angularseparationbetween E1and EB
o = E1- EB
Prefault Operation:
X=jXd1+jXtr+ X1X2
X1+X2
E1x EB
Power Pe= sin o
X
Pe* X
o= sin-
1 E1* EB
During FaultCondition:
Pe=PEii=0
Find outXfromthe equivalentcircuitduring faultcondition
E1x EB
Power Pe= sin o
X
max= - o
Pm
Pe = sinmax
Critical ClearingAngle
Pm(max- o) +P3maxcos max - P2maxcos o
Cos cr=
P3max-P2max
Critical ClearingTime
2H( cr- o)
5. Viewtheresults.
EXERCISE
1.
A60HzsynchronousgeneratorhavinginertiaconstantH=5MJ/MVAandad
irectaxis transientreactanceXd1
=0.3perunitisconnectedtoaninfinitebusthroughapurely
reactivecircuitasshowninfigure.Reactancesaremarkedonthediagramona
common systembase.Thegeneratorisdeliveringrealpower Pe
=0.8perunitandQ=0.074 perunit tothe infinitebusata voltageof V=1 per
unit.
PROGRAM
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17;V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf;X3 = 0.65;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
For b)
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17;V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.8;X3 = 0.8;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
MANUAL CALCULATION
RESULT
Transientandsmall signalstabilityanalysisof Single-Machine-
InfiniteBus(SMIB) system was studied andsimulatedusing simulationsoftware.
EXPERIMENT NO-7
AIM-Buselimination ofa4-BUSsystem usingMATLAB
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
SOURCE TRANSFORM
Yu= Y1O+Y14+Y13
Y22 =Y20+Y23+Y24
MATLABCODE
0 0-8.30i0+2.S0i 0+S.OOi;
0+4.00i0+2.S0i0-14.Si 0+8.00i;
0+S.OOi0+S.OOi0+8.00i 0-1B.00i];
>>L= [0+4.00i0+S.OOi;0+2.S0i0+S.OOi];
>>N=inv(M);
»P=L*N*LT;
>>Ybus=K-P
MATLABRESULTS
Ybus=
o-4.8736io +4.0736i
0+ 4.0736i 0- 4.8736i
Part-2: Elimination Bus-4
MATLABCODE:
»K= [-9.8i04i;0-8.3i2.5i;4i2.5l-14.5i];
>>L=[5i;5i;8i);
>>M=[-18iJ;
>>P=L';
>>T=lnv(M);
>>A=K-L*T*P
MATLABRESULTS
A=
MATLABCODE:
>>P=[-11.1889i-1.38891;-1.38891-9.6889i];
>>Q=[1.7778i; 0.2778i];
EXPERIMENT NO-9
AIM-Evaluatethevalueofvoltagesfora4-BUSsystemusing nodeequations
inMATLAB
GIVEN ONE UNEDIAGRAM
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
In thefirst step, wedraw the reactance diagram ofthe given one-line diagram
asshown below:
• Applying KCLatnode-2:
• Applying KCLatnode-3:
• Applying KCLatnode-4:
Where:
EXPERIMENT-10
MATLAB
Givendata:
12A.M 2A.M 6
2 6 5
6 9 10
9 12 15
12P.M 2P.M 12
2 4 14
4 6 16
6 8 18
8 10 16
10 11 12
11 12A.M 6
Requirements:
1.Findaverage valueofload
2. Findpeakvalue ofload
3. Findthe loadfactor
4. Plotthe loadcurve
Theory
Loads:
1.Industrial Loads
2. Commercialtoads
3. ResldentlalLoads
Matlabcode:
data= [026;
265;
6910;
91215
;
121412
;
141614
;
16 1816;
182018
;
20 2216;
22 2312;
23246];
p=data(:,3);
w-= p'*Dt;
pavg=w/sum( Dt)
peak=max(p)
LF=pavg/peak*1 00
L=length(data);
t= sort(reshape(tt, 1,2*L));
forn= 1:L
xlabel('TIME, Hr').ylabel('P,MW')
Matlabresults:
pavg=11.5417 peak=18
LF=64.1204
EXPERIMENT-11
Introduction tobasics ofElectrical Transients Analyzer
Program (ETAP)
What isETAP?
ETAPisthe mostcomprehensive analysis platform for the design, simulation,
operation, control, optimization, and automation of generation,
transmission, distribution, and industrial power systems.
Project Toolbar
TheProjectToolbarcontainsiconsthatallowyoutoperform shortcutsofmany
commonlyusedfunctionsinPowerStation.
Create Createanewprojectfile
Open Openanexisting'projectfile
Save Savetheprojectfile
Print Printtheone-linediagramorU/Gracewaysystem
Cut Cuttheselectedelementsfromtheone-linediagramorU/Graceway
systemtotheDumpster
Copy Copytheselectedelementsfromtheone-linediagramorU/Gra.ceway
systemtotheDumpster
Paste PasteelementsfromaDumpsterCelltotheone-linediagramoru/G
racewa system
y
Magnifytheone-linediagramorU/Gracewaysystem
ZoomOut Reducetheone-linediagramorU/Gracewaysystem
ZoomtoFitPage Re-sizetheone-linediagramtofitthewindow
Help PointtoaspecificareatolearnmoreaboutPowerStation
ModeToolbar
ETAPoffersasuiteoffullyintegratedsoftwaresolutionsincludingarcflash,load flow,
shortcircuit,transientstability,relaycoordination, cableampacity,optimal powerflow,
andmore.Itsmodularfunctionality canbecustomizedtofittheneedsofanycompany,
fromsmalltolargepowersystems.
EditMode
Editmodeenablesyoutobuildyourone-linediagram,changesystemconnections,edit
engineeringproperties,saveyourproject,andgenerateschedulereportsinCrystal Reportsformats.
TheEditToolbarsforbothACandDCelementswillbedisplayedtothe
rightofthescreenwhenthismodeisactive. Thismodeprovidesawidevarietyoftasks including:
Drag&DropElements
ConnectElements ChangeIDs
Cut,Copy,&PasteElements
MovefromDumpster
InsertOLEObjects
Cut,Copy&OLEObjects
MergePowerStationProject
Hide/ShowGroupsofProtectiveDevices
RotateElements SizeElements
ChangeSymbols EditProperties
RunScheduleReportManager
Instrumentation Elements
ACElements
EXPERlMENT-12
Flowoftriplenharmonics (zero-sequence harmonics) during 5different schemes
ofconnection fora3-phase transformer with presence oflarge non-linear load using ETAP
Harmonic No.%THD
91.63
THIRD
5th86.61
7th 69.87
9th44.76
11th 54.81
th
13 46.44
th
15 46.44
17th 33.05
th
19 24.70
23rd11.74
th
25 7.900
29th5.120
"/0THD178.97
CASE-l :
Transformer primary sideY-Grounded and
SecondaryUngrounded
VOLTAGESPECTRAONHT-SIDE
VOLTAGESPECTRAONHT-SIDE
EXPERIMENT-13
The power station short circuit analysis program analyzethe effect ofthree phase, line
toground, line to line. and lineto line toground faults onthe electrical distribution
networks. The programcalculates the total short circuit currents as
well asthe contributions ofindividual motors, generators,and utility ties inthe system.
Fault dutiesare incompliancewith the latest editions ofthe ANSI/IEEE standards and IEC
standards.
set them.
Short-Circuit Toolbar
This toolbar isactive when you are inShort-Circuit mode and the standard isset to ANSI
inthe Short-Circuit Study Case Editor.
• BUS-1S