AM Teachings

Respiratory
 When performing CPR, you will risk Atelectasis due to the it being punctured of a dislocated
rib from the costochondral junction (the hyaline cartilage from the proximal rib attached to
the sternum.) (12/06/2019)
 Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It
may affect part or all of a lung. It is usually unilateral. It is a condition where the alveoli are
deflated down to little or no volume, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation, in which they
are filled with liquid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis (12/06/2019)

Cardiovascular
 Defibrillators are used to stop the heart from conducting electrical signals. Because of this,
this will allow for the heart to jumpstart from its chaotic rhythm (such as arrhythmia) by
stopping the heart completely, which then allows for the conductivity to begin again
especially the SA node. (12/06/2019)
 (Applies to all organ tissue, but specifically the heart): An ischemia means there is a limited
oxygen supply to the heart, thus can lead to injury of tissue (however, it can still be saved)
However, an infarction to a tissue such as a Myocardial Infarction, means that the tissue has
died and thus can lead to necrosis. The surrounding area of the infarction can still be saved
as it is a preliminary process leading to necrosis, however the affected area is permanently
damaged. (14/06/2019)

Renal
 Over hydration or excessive fluid loss can cause Hyponatremia (Low concentration of
sodium (hypoNAtremia) in the blood). Because of this, more extracellular fluid enters the
intracellular space which can cause the cells to swell, and can risk for it being lysed. This is
especially dangerous in acute hyponatremia as it can cause an increase in ICP. Chronic
hyponatremia which occurs in the gradual decrease of sodium concentration in the span of
over 48 hours has more moderate symptoms. Risk factors for hyper natremia include:
o Age. Older adults may have more contributing factors for hyponatremia, including
age-related changes, taking certain medications and a greater likelihood of
developing a chronic disease that alters the body's sodium balance.
o Certain drugs. Medications that increase your risk of hyponatremia include thiazide
diuretics as well as some antidepressants and pain medications. In addition, the
recreational drug Ecstasy has been linked to fatal cases of hyponatremia.
o Conditions that decrease your body's water excretion. Medical conditions that may
increase your risk of hyponatremia include kidney disease, syndrome of
inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) and heart failure, among others.
o Intensive physical activities. People who drink too much water while taking part in
marathons, ultramarathons, triathlons and other long-distance, high-intensity
activities are at an increased risk of hyponatremia.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyponatremia/symptoms-
causes/syc-20373711 (11/06/2019)
Maternal & Child
 The umbilical histology
looks like a face! The two
circular (sometimes three) structures are the umbilical arteries (they are more circular in
nature). The more squarish, less circular structure is the umbilical vein since veins tend to be
more distended. The allantois helps the embryo exchange gases (diffusion) and waste. The
allantois is more useful in animals that are within an egg as the fetus is separate from the
mother as opposed to humans who are directly connected to the mother. (14/06/2019)