Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Priam Gabriel D Salidaga
Priam Gabriel D Salidaga
Priam Gabriel D Salidaga
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
Statutory Construction
– t h e a r t o r p r o c e s s o f d i s c o v e r i n g a n d expounding the
m e a n i n g a n d i n t e n t i o n o f t h e a u t h o r s o f t h e l a w w i t h respect to its application to
a given case, where that intention is rendered doubtful, among others, by reason of the
fact that the given case is not explicitly provided for in the law.
Construction is the drawing of conclusions with respect to subjects thatare beyond the direct
expression of the text, while
interpretation is the process of discovering the true meaning of the language used.
Interpretation is limited to exploring the writt en text. Construction on the other hand
is the drawing of conclusions, respecting subjects that lie beyond the direct expressions of the
text.
•L e g i s l a t i v e p o w e r i s v e s t e d i n t h e C o n g r e s s o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s – t h e Senate
and the House of the Representatives
•E x e c u t i v e p o w e r i s v e s t e d i n t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f t h e
Philippines (Art. VII, Sec.1, Phil. Const.)
•J u d i c i a l p o w e r i s v e s t e d i n o n e S u p r e m e C o u r t a n d i n s u c h l o w e r courts as
may be established by law. (Art VIII, Sec. 1, Phil. Const.)
S i m p l y s t a t e d , t h e s i t u s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f w r i t t e n laws
belong to the judicial department.
Supreme Court is the one and only Constitutional Court and all other lower courts
are statutory courts and such lower courts have the power to construe and interpret
written laws.
D U T Y O F T H E C O U R T S T O C O N S T R U E A N D I N T E R P R E T THE LAW;
REQUISITES
I f t h e l a w i s c l e a r a n d u n e q u i v o c a l , t h e C o u r t h a s n o o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e but
to apply the law and not to interpret.
D I F F E R E N T K I N D S O F
C O N S T R U C T I O N A N D INTERPRETATION
Legal hermeneutics – i s t h e s y s t e m a t i c b o d y o f r u l e s w h i c h
a r e r e c o g n i z e d as applicable to the construction and interpretation of
legal writings.
1. C l o s e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n – a d o p t e d i f j u s t r e a s o n s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e character
and formation of the text induce as to take the words in then a r r o w e s t
m e a n i n g . T h i s i s g e n e r a l l y k n o w n a s
“ literal ”interpretation.
3 . E x t r a v a g a n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n – s u b s t i t u t e s a m e a n i n g e v i d e n t l y b e yo n d the
true one. It is therefore not genuine interpretation.
5 . L i m i t e d o r r e s t r i c t e d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n - i n f l u e n c e d b y o t h e r p r i n c i p l e s than
the strictly hermeneutic ones.
6.Predestined interpretation – takes place when the interpreter, laboring u n d e r a
s t r o n g b i a s o f m i n d , m a k e s t h e t e x t s u b s e r v i e n t t o h i s preconceived
views and desires.
CHAPTER II
STATUTES
LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES
The power to make laws is lodged in the legislative department of the
government. A statute starts with a bill.
Bill – is the draft of a proposed law from the time of its introduction in a l e g i s l a t i v e b o d y
through all the various stages in both houses. It is e n a c t e d i n t o l a w b y
a v o t e o f t h e l e g i s l a t i v e b o d y . A n “Act” i s t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t e r m f o r i t
a f t e r i t h a s b e e n a c t e d o n a n d p a s s e d b y t h e legislature. It then becomes a
statute, the written will of the legislature solemnly expressed according to the for m
necessary to constitute it as the law of the state.
2.No bill passed by either Hous e shall become law unless it has passed
three readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its finalf o r m h a v e b e e n
d i s t r i b u t e d t o e a c h m e m b e r t h r e e d a ys b e f o r e i t s passage.
3.Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law,
b e presented to the President. The executive approval and veto power of the President is the third
important constitutional requirement in themechanical passage of a bill.
PARTS OF STATUTE
a.Title
– the heading on the preliminary part, furnishing the name by w h i c h t h e a c t i s
i n d i v i d u a l l y k n o w n . I t i s u s u a l l y p r e f i x e d t o t h e statute in the brief summary of its
contents.
b.Preamble
– part of statute explaining the reasons for its enactmentand the objects sought to be
accomplished. Usually, it starts with“whereas”.
c.Enacting clause
– part of statute which declares its enactment and serves to identify it as an act of
legislation proceeding from the properlegislative authority. “Be enacted” is the usual
formula used to startthis clause.
d.Body
– t h e m a i n a n d o p e r a t i v e p a r t o f t h e s t a t u t e c o n t a i n i n g i t s substantive
and even procedural provisions. Provisos and exceptionsmay also be found.
e.R e p e a l i n g C l a u s e
- a n n o u n c e s t h e p r i o r s t a t u t e s o r s p e c i f i c provisions which
have been abrogated by reason of the enactment of the new law.
f.Saving Clause
– restriction in a repealing act, which is intended to save rights, pending proceedings,
penalties, etc. from the annihilation which would result from an unrestricted repeal.
g.Separability Clause
– p r o v i d e s t h a t i n t h e e v e n t t h a t o n e o r m o r e provisions or unconstitutional, the
remaining provisions shall still bein force.
h.Effectivity Clause
– announces the effective date of the law.
KINDS OF STATUTES
1.General Law
– affects the community at large. That which affects all people of the state or all of a
particular class.
2.Special Law
– designed for a particular purpose, or limited in range or confined to a prescribed field
of action on operation
3.Local Law
– relates or operates over a particular locality instead of over the whole territory of the
state.
4.Public Law
– a general classification of law, consisting generally of c o n s t i t u t i o n a l ,
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , c r i m i n a l , a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w , concerned with the
organization of the state, the relations between the state and the people who compose it,
the responsibilities of publico f f i c e r s o f t h e s t a t e , t o e a c h o t h e r , a n d t o p r i v a t e
p e r s o n s , a n d t h e relations of state to one another. Public law may be general, local
orspecial law.
5.P r i v a t e L a w
– d e f i n e s , r e g u l a t e s , e n f o r c e s a n d a d m i n i s t e r s relationships
among individuals, associations and corporations.
6.Remedial Statute
– providing means or method whereby causes of action may be affectuated, wrongs
redressed and relief obtained.
7.Curative Statute
– a form of retrospective legislation which reachesback into the past to operate upon past
events, acts or transactions ino r d e r t o c o r r e c t e r r o r s a n d i r r e g u l a r i t i e s a n d t o
r e n d e r v a l i d a n d effective many attempted acts which would otherwise be ineffective forthe
purpose intended.
8.Penal Statute
– defines criminal offenses specify corresponding finesand punishments.
9.Prospective Law
– applicable only to cases which shall arise after its enactment.
10.Retrospective Law
– looks backward or contemplates the past; one which is made to affect acts or facts
occurring, or rights occurring,before it came into force.
11.Affirmative Statute
– directs the doing of an act, or declares what s h a l l b e d o n e i n c o n t r a s t
t o a n e g a t i v e s t a t u t e w h i c h i s o n e t h a t prohibits the things from being
done, or declares what shall not bedone.
12.Mandatory Statutes
– generic term describing statutes which requireand not merely permit a course of action.
ORDINANCE
Ordinance– an act passed by the local legislative body in the exercise of its law-making
authority.
R E A S O N W H Y A N O R D I N A N C E
S H O U L D N O T CONTRAVENE A STATUTE
CHAPTER III
BASIC GUIDELINES IN THE CONSTRUCTION ANDINTERPRETATION OF LAWS
LEGISLATIVE INTENT
The object of all interpretation and construction of
s t a t u t e s i s t o ascertain the meaning and intention of the legislature, to the end
thatthe same may be enforced.
L e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t i s d e t e r m i n e d p r i n c i p a l l y f r o m t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e statute.
VERBA LEGIS
If the language of the statute is plain and free from ambiguity,
ande x p r e s s a s i n gl e , d e f i n i t e , a n d s e n s i b l e m e a n i n g, t h a t
m e a n i n g i s conclusively presumed to be the meaning which the legislature
intendedto convey.
STATUTES AS A WHOLE
When the interpretation of a statute according to the exact and literalimport of its
words would lead to absurd or mischievous consequences,or would thwart or
contravene the manifest purpose of the legislature in its enactment, it should be
construed according to its spirit and reason, disregarding or modifying, so far as may be
necessary, the strict letter of the law.
•When the reason of the law ceases, the law itself ceases.
•Doctrine of necessary implications. What is implied in a statute is asmuch a part thereof as that
which is expressed.
CASUS OMISSUS
When a statute makes specific provisions in regard to
s e v e r a l enumerated cases or objects, but omits to make any provision for a caseor object
which is analogous to those enumerated, or which stands uponthe same reason, and is therefore
within the general scope of the statute,and it appears that such case or object was omitted
by inadvertence orbecause it was overlooked or unforeseen, it is calle d a“casus
omissus”. Such omissions or defects cannot be supplied by the courts.
The rule of “casus omissus pro omisso habendus est” can operate and apply only if and
when the omission has been clearly established.
STARE DECISIS
It is the doctrine that, when court has once laid down a principle, and a p p l y i t t o
a l l f u t u r e c a s e s , w h e r e f a c t s a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y t h e s a m e , regardless of
whether the parties and properties are the same.
Stare Decisis. Follow past precedents and do not disturb what has beens e t t l e d . M a t t e r s
a l r e a d y d e c i d e d o n t h e m e r i t s c a n n o t b e r e l i t i g a t e d again and again.
“Stare decisis et non quieta movere” (follow past precedents and do notdisturb what
has been settled.
CHAPTER IV
When the law does not distinguish, courts should not distinguish. Therule, founded
on logic, is a corollary of the principle that general words and phrases of a statute should
ordinarily be accorded their natural andgeneral significance.
The courts should administer the law not as they think it ought to be butas they find it and
without regard to consequences.
Except:
•When there is manifest of injustice
•When there is no reason for exception.
T h e w o r d “shall” e m p h a s i z e s m a n d a t o r y c h a r a c t e r a n d
m e a n s imperative, operating to impose a duty which may be enforced.
COMPUTATION OF TIME
Proviso is a clause or part of a clause in the statute, the office of whichis either to
except something from the enacting clause, or to qualify or r e s t r a i n i t s
generality, or to exclude some possible ground
o f misinterpretation of its extent.
CHAPTER V
PRESUMPTIONS IN AID OF CONSTRUCTION ANDINTERPRETATION
PRESUMPTIONS
Laws are presumed constitutional. To justify nullification of law, there must be a clear
and unequivocal breach of the constitution.
The theory is that, as the joint act of the legislative and
executiveauthorities, a law is supposed to have been carefully
s t u d i e d a n d determined to be constitutional before it was finally enacted.
All laws are presumed valid and consti tutional until or unless otherwiseruled by the
Court.
P h i l i p p i n e s a s d e m o c r a t i c a n d r e p u b l i c a n s t a t e a d o p t s t h e g e n e r a l l y accepted
principles of international law as part of the law of the land andadheres to the policy of
peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations. (Art. II, Sec. 2,
Phil. Constitution).
CHAPTER VI
INTRINSIC AIDS IN CONSTRUCTION ANDINTERPRETATION
INTRINSIC AIDS
The term “intrinsic” means internal or within. Intrinsic aids, therefore, are those aids
within the statute.
Intrinsic aids are resorted to only if there is ambiguity. In resorting tointrinsic aids,
one must go back to the parts of the statute: the title, thepreamble, context or body,
chapter and section headings, punctuation, and interpretation.
CHAPTER VII
EXTRINSIC AIDS IN CONSTRUCTION ANDINTERPRETATION
EXTRINSIC AIDS
These are existing aids from outside sources, meaning outside of the fourc o r n e r s o f t h e
s t a t u t e . I f t h e r e i s a n y d o u b t a s t o t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e statute, the interpreter must
first find that out within the statute.
Extrinsic aids therefore are resorted to after exhausting all the available intrinsic aids
and still there remain some ambiguity in the statute.
Extrinsic aids resorted to by the courts are history of the enactment of t h e s t a t u t e ;
opinions and rulings of officials of the government calledupon to execute
or implement administrative laws;
c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s construction by executive officers; actual proceedings of the
legislativebody; individual statements by members of congress; and the author
of the law.
Other sources of extrinsic aids can be the reports and recommendationso f l e g i s l a t i v e
c o m m i t t e e s ; p u b l i c p o l i c y ; j u d i c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n ; a n d construction by the
bar.
CHAPTER VI
INTRINSIC AIDS IN CONSTRUCTION ANDINTERPRETATION
INTRINSIC AIDS
The very term “intrinsic” means internal or within.
Intrinsic aids, therefore, are those aids within the statute.
If the language of the statute is clear and unequivocal, there is no need to resort to
intrinsic aids.
In resorting to intrinsic aids, one must go back to the parts of
t h e statute.
CHAPTER VII
EXTRINSIC AIDS IN CONSTRUCTION ANDINTERPRETATION
EXTRINSIC AIDS
Extrinsic aids are existing aids from outside sources, meaning outside from the four
corners of the statute.
Extrinsic aids are resorted to after exhausting all the available intrinsic aids and still
there remain some ambiguity in the statute.
Extrinsic aids resorted to by the courts are:
CHAPTER VIII
STRICT AND LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION ANDINTERPRETATION OF STATUTES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
If a statute should be strictly construed, nothing should be
included within the scope that does not come clearly within the meaning
o f t h e language used.
But the rule of strict construction is not applicable where the meaning of the statute is certain and
unambiguous , for under these circumstances,there is no need for construction.
On the other hand, there are many statutes which will be
l i b e r a l l y construed. The meaning of the statute may be extended to matters whichcome
within the spirit or reason of the law or within the evils which the law seeks to
suppress or correct.
Liberal interpretation or construction of the law or rules,
however,a p p l i e s o n l y i n p r o p e r c a s e s a n d u n d e r
justifi abl e causes an d circumstances. While it is true that
l i t i g a t i o n i s n o t a g a m e o f technicalities, it is equally true that every
case must be prosecuted ina c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r e s c r i b e d p r o c e d u r e t o
i n s u r e a n o r d e r l y a n d speedy administration of justice.
PENAL STATUTES
Penal laws are to be construed strictly against the state and in favor of t h e
a c c u s e d . H e n c e , i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a p e n a l s t a t u t e , t h e tendency
is to subject it to careful scrutiny and to construe it with such strictness as to safeguard
the right of the accused.
TAX LAWS
Taxation is a destructive power which interferes with the personal and p r o p e r t y
r i g h t s o f t h e p e o p l e a n d t a k e s f r o m t h e m a p o r t i o n o f t h e i r property for the
support of the government.
A c c o r d i n g l y, i n c a s e o f d o u b t , t a x s t a t u t e s m u s t b e c o n s t r u e d
s t r i c t l y against the government and liberally in favor of the taxpayer, for
taxes,b e i n g b u r d e n s , a r e n o t t o b e p r e s u m e d b e y o n d w h a t t h e
a p p l i c a b l e statute expressly and clearly declares.
Any claim for exemption from a tax statute is strictly construed against the taxpayer
and liberally in favor of the state.
NATURALIZATION LAW
Naturalization laws should be rigidly enforced and strictly construed in favor of the
government and against the applicant.
INSURANCE LAW
Contracts of Insurance are to be construed liberally in favor of
t h e insured and strictly against the insurer. Thus, ambiguity in the words of an insurance
contract should be interpreted in favor of its beneficiary.
The sympathy of the law on social security is towards its beneficiaries and the law by
its own terms, requires a construction of utmost liberalityin their favor.
RETIREMENT LAWS
Retirement laws are liberally interpreted in favor of the retiree because the intention is
to provide for the retiree’s sustenance and comfort, whenhe is no longer capable of earning his
livelihood.
ELECTION RULES
Statute providing for election contests are to be liberally construed to theend that the will of
the people in the choice of public officer may not be defeated by mere technical
objections.
RULES OF COURT
Rule of court shall be liberally construed in order to promote
t h e i r objective of securing a just, speedy and inexpensive disposition of every action
and proceeding.
CHAPTER IX
PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE STATUTES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Prospective statute – i s a s t a t u t e w h i c h o p e r a t e s u p o n a c t s
a n d transactions which have not occurred when the statute takes effect, thatis, which regulates
the future.
Retrospective or retroactive law – is one which takes away or impairs v e s t e d r i g h t s
acquired under existing laws, or creates new obligations a n d i m p o s e s
n e w d u t i e s , o r a t t a c h e s n e w d i s a b i l i t i e s i n r e s p e c t o f transaction already
past.
A sound canon of statutory construction is that statutes
o p e r a t e prospectively only and never retrospectively, unless the legislative intentt o t h e
c o n t r a r y i s m a d e m a n i f e s t e i t h e r b y t h e e x p r e s s t e r m s o f t h e statute or
by necessary implication.
The Civil Code of the Philippines follows the above rule thus: Laws shall have no
retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided.
Retroactive legislation is looked upon with disfavor, as a general rule andproperly so because of
its tendency to be unjust and oppressive.
PENAL STATUTES
Penal statutes as a rule are applied prospectively. Felonies
a n d misdemeanors are punished under the laws in force at the time of
theircommission. (Art. 366, RPC).
However, as an exception, it can be given retroactive effect
i f i t i s favorable to the accused who is not a habitual criminal. (Art. 22, RPC).
CURATIVE STATUTES
They are those which undertake to cure errors and irregularities
andadministrative proceedings, and which are designed to give effect
t o contracts and other transactions between private parties which otherwise would fail of
producing their intended consequences by reason of some statutory disability or failure
to comply with some technical requirement.
They are therefore retroactive in their character.
CHAPTER X
CONFLICTING STATUTES
EFFECT SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE ENTIRE STATUTE
It may happen that in a statute, conflicting clauses and provisions mayarise. If such
situation may occur, the statute must be construed as a whole.
CHAPTER XI
CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION OF THECONSTITUTION
A constitution is a system of fundamental law for the governance andadministration of a nation.
It is supreme, imperious, absolute, andunalterable except by the authority from which it
emanates.
Under the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, if a law or contractviolates any norm of the
constitution, that law or contract whetherpromulgated by the legislative, or by the executive
branch or entered intoby private persons for private purposes is null and void and without
anyforce or effect.
STARE DECISIS
The rule of precedents.
Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitutionshall form part of the legal
system of the Philippines.
CONCLUSION
The fundamental principle of constituitonal construction is to give effectto the intent of the
framers of the organic law and of the people adoptingit.