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Lo Karajya June July 2011
Lo Karajya June July 2011
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32 g§nmXH$s` g§nH©$ … 022-22882888
e-mail : lokrajya2011@gmail.com "bmoH$amÁ` ‘Yrb boIm§Mo nwZ‘w©ÐU Ho$ë`mg Amhmbm AmZ§XM hmoB©b...
B©-bmoH$amÁ`gmR>r dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur - d[aîR> ghmæ`H$ g§MmbH$ (àH$meZo), ‘m{hVr d OZg§nH©$ ‘hmg§MmbZmb`, ~°aoH$ Z§. 19, ’«$s àog
Website : http://dgipr.maharashtra.gov.in OZ©b ‘mJ©, ‘w§~B© - 400021 `m nÎ`mda ‘ZrAm°S>©aZo nmR>dmdr qH$dm "boIm{YH$mar, ‘m{hVr d OZg§nH©$
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022-22021530, 22023006, 22023957. dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur é. 50/-
e-mail : lokrajyavitaran@gmail.com *`m A§H$mV ì`ŠV Ho$boë`m ‘Vm§er emgZ gh‘V AgobM Ago Zmhr
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 3
dmMZmMm AmZ§X...
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A§H$ KoD$Z Amnë`mg_moa `oV AmhmoV.
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nmhmd`mg [_imds Agmhr hoVy hmoVm.
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A[YH$mar ì`º$sH$Sy>Z [_imds åhUOo XwYmV gmIaM hmo`!
joÌo Am[U _mÝ`dam§Ms hs [ZdS> n[anyU© Zmhs `mMs Amåhmbm OmUsd Amho. AZoH$ JmoîQ>s A§H$mÀ`m
~mhoa am[hë`m `mMshs Amåhmbm H$ënZm Amho. IaoVa, dmMZ hs EH$ AWm§J g§H$ënZm AgyZ Ë`m
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Ë`m-Ë`m joÌm§Vrb VÁkm§Mo [M[H$ËgH$ boI Am[U Ë`mgmo~VÀ`m J«§Wm§À`m `mÚm ho `m A§H$mMo EH$
d¡[eîQ>ç R>abo Amho. Ë`m{edm` {Okmgy dmMH$mÀ`m Kar {H§$dm J«§Wmb`mV hdoVM Aem J«§Wm§À`m H$mhr
ñdV§Ím `mÚmhr Amåhr à{gÕ Ho$ë`m AmhoV."_amR>sVsb gm[hË`boUr' hs _hmamîQ´> Q>mBågZo 1985 gmbs
à[gÕ Ho$bobs `mXs Amåhs OesÀ`m Ves à[gÕ Ho$bs Amho. hs `mXs Jmo[d¨X VidbH$a, nw.b.
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[Z[_ÎmmZo àW_M bmoH$m§g_moa `oV Amho. `mÚm§À`m _m§S>Us_Ü`o EH$dmŠ`Vm Agmds `mgmR>s Amåhs à`ËZ
Ho$bo AmhoV; nU, Ë`m H$m_s H$mhs _`m©Xm nS>ë`m, ho H$~yb H$arV AmhmoV.
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_hmamîQ´>mbm àJ{VnWmda nwTo> KoD$Z OmB©b, `mV e§H$m Zmhs.
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H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ho$di nm`m^yV gw[dYm [Z_m©U H$aUo, EdT>oM emgZmMo H$m_ ZgVo. amÁ`mMs ~m¡[ÕH$
g‘¥Õr dmT>[dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo emgZ H$m` H$aV Amho, Ë`mMs EH$ PbH$ Ë`m ^mJmVyZ gmè`m§Zm nmhmd`mg
[_iUma Amho. emgZmÀ`m OmoS>sZoM [d[dY ñd`§gods g§ñWm, [dÚmnsRo>, ImOJs joÌmVsb ì`º$s, CÚmoJnVs,
boIH$-H$bmd§V EH$Ì Ambo Am[U dmMZ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m OmonmgZogmR>s Ë`m§Zs H$mhs CnH«$_ hmVs KoVbo Va
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H$m`©H«$_ n[ÌHo$da dmMZ g§ñH¥$VsMs OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mMm _wÔmhs KoVbm nm[hOo, ho _w»`_§Í`m§Mo à[VnmXZ `m
nmûd©^y_sda ~mobHo$ Amho.
Am_Mo gd©M A§H$ Amåhs [ZXm}f H$aÊ`mMm nwaonya à`ËZ H$aVmo. Varhs H$mhs C[Udm amhÿZ Joë`m AgVsb.
"Jwao Oes MaVm MaVm A[YH$ gH$g Mmam AgUmè`m Hw$aUmH$So> AmnmoAmn OmVmV Ë`mà_mUo dmMH$hs EH$Xm
dmMm`bm bmJbm H$s Vmo AmnmoAmn Mm§Jë`m nwñVH$mH$So> OmD$Z nmohmoMVmo' Ago ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> `m§Zs EHo$$
[R>H$mUs åhQ>bo Amho. gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$mbm EH$ [Xdm XmIdmdm, [Xì`mZo [Xdm COiV Omdm Am[U Ë`m
àH$memV gmam _hmamîQ´> COiyZ [ZKmdm, Aes Amem hm A§H$ H$mT>VmZm _Zmes ~miJbs Amho... dmMH$m§Zs
hm gmam IQ>mQ>mon JmoS> H$ê$Z ¿`mdm. "A[YH$ Vo gaVo Ý`yZ Vo nwaVo' _mZyZ `m [deofm§H$mMm Am{U EH§$XarVM
dmMZmMm AmZ§X ¿`mdm, hr [dZ§Vs.
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 5
dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMr OmonmgZm...
[Xgm_mOs H$mhs Var Vo [bhmdo & AmhoV. A[Ib ^maVs` _amR>s gm[hË` Va kmZmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm Amnë`mbm C^mamds
àg§Js AI§[S>V dm[MV Omdo && g§_obZmVsb nwñVH$ àXe©Zm§_Ysb nwñVH$ bmJob. `m gJù`mgmR>s _wimVM H$mhs _yb^yV
MZmMo _hÎd eãXmV gm§JUo \$maM [dH«$sÀ`m aH$_m H$moQ>tÀ`m KamV Joë`m AmhoV. ho Cnm` `moOÊ`mMs, [ZU©` KoÊ`mMs doi Ambs Amho.
dm H$R>sU Amho. g_W© am_Xmgm§Zs _mÌ
da CX²Y¥V Ho$boë`m íbmoH$mV Vo Zo_Š`m
EH$ gw[MÝhM Amho. _mÌ, _bm [M¨Vm Amho Vs `m
gJù`mV Zì`m [nT>sMm gh^mJ [H$Vs Amho `mMs.
emgZ ñVamda YmoaU åhUyZ embo` [ejUmV
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Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a OmJ[VH$ Am§VaOmbmgmaIs dmMZ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mMo EH$ Am[U nT>sH$ n§[S>V hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m Amho. Vgo Pmbo
_mÜ`_o, _m[hVs V§ÌkmZmVsb H«$m§Vs Am[U O~aXñV AmìhmZ AmnUm gdmªg_moa Amho. H$maU, Va AmnUmbm H$moUsM _m\$ H$aUma Zmhs. gwIs,
g§nH©$gmYZm§Ms gwb^Vm `m_wio _m[hVs [H§$dm kmZ `m gJù`m Zì`m _mÜ`_m§_YyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV g§nÞ, gwa[jV, gä`, gw[e[jV, gwg§ñH¥$V
[_i[dUo VwbZoZo gmono Pmbo Amho. `m g_mOmgmR>s dmMZg§ñH¥$VsMs
gdmªMm n[aUm_ dmMZ H$_s hmoÊ`mV hmoV OmonmgZm H$aUo hm _hÎdmMm AO|S>m
Amho. dmMZ hm EH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm ^mJ AmVm g_mOYw[aUm§Zs KoÊ`mMs doi
Amho. ao ~«°S>~ar `m [dMmad§VmZo åhQ>bo Ambs Amho. nmbH$m§Mshs `m~m~VMs
Amho H$s, You don’t have to burn ^y[_H$m _hÎdmMs R>aUma Amho. _wbm§Mo
books to destroy a culture, just _hmJSo> hÅ> ghO nwa[dUmè`m
get people to stop reading them. nmbH$m§Zs Ë`m§Zm wear the old coat
åhUyZM dmMZg§ñH¥$VsÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>s and buy a new book `m Am°{ñQ>Z
gdmªZs nwTo> `oUo hs ~m~ AmO A[Ve` \o$ëng `m§À`m dMZmMo _hÎd
[ZH$S>sMs Pmbs Amho. bhmZnUsM nQ>dyZ Úm`bm hdo.
_mÂ`m ì`{º$_Îdmda dmMZmMm, dmMZmMm g§~§Y AWm©VM ^mfoes
J«§Wm§Mm \$ma _moR>m à^md Amho. amOH$maU Amho. åhUyZM amÁ` gaH$maZo
hm Oar _mÂ`m CnOs[dHo$Mm ^mJ Agbm amÁ`^mfm _amR>sÀ`m OVZ Am[U
Var [ZË` Zdo dmMZ, kmZmO©Z hs _mPs g§dY©ZmgmR>s R>mog nmdbo CMbbs
Os[dH$m Amho. _s _wimV A[^`§Vm AmhoV. _amR>sgmR>s ñdV§Ì àemgH$s`
Amho. Ë`m_wio _mÂ`m kmZemIoes gVV [d^mJmMs [Z[_©Vs H$ê$Z _amR>s
AÚ`mdV amhÊ`mgmR>s dmMZmbm n`m©` amhV Zmhs. ^mfog§~§Ys gd© [d^mJ Am[U g§ñWm EH$mM
dmMZ ho Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmgmR>s [H¨$dm n¥ÏdsamO MìhmU, ‘w»`‘§Ìr N>ÌmImbs Amåhs AmUë`m AmhoV. _amR>s ^mfm
H$a_UwH$sgmR>s Agy Z`o, [H¨$dm Ë`mMm VodT>mM g„mJma g[_VsMs ñWmnZm H$ê$Z g_mOmVsb
_`m©[XV CÔoe Agy Z`o, `m _VmMm _s Amho. _m[hVsMo AmXmZàXmZ hmoV Amho. _m[hVsMm doJdoJù`m joÌmVsb _mÝ`dam§Zm Ë`mda ñWmZ
kmZàmás hm dmMZmMm _w»` CÔoe Agbm nm[hOo. OUwH$mhs _hmñ\$moQ> Pmbm Amho. H$moUVshs _m[hVs XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. J«§Wmb` Midi A[YH$
J«§Wm§Zm Jwê$ åhQ>bo OmVo, Vo `mM AWm©Zo. _mJm©aoQ> hds Amho? Mbm CKS>m B§Q>aZoQ>, Om JwJbda, ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mdahs emgZ ^a XoV Amho.
\y$ba åhUVmV H$s, Today a Reader, tomor- CVadm _m[hVs, Agm gJim _m_bm Amho. emgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ [OëhmñVamda J«§W àXe©Zo
row a Leader. H$moUË`mhs joÌmV Vwåhmbm JwJbUo, Ago EH$ ZdsZM [H«$`mnX _amR>sV V`ma ^a[dÊ`mMm [dMma Amåhs H$arV AmhmoV. amÁ`mMo
`eñds ìhm`Mo Agob, [eIa JmR>m`Mo Agob Va Pmbo Amho. àíZ Agm Amho H$s `m A\$mQ> _m[hVsMo gd©g_mdoeH$ gm§ñH¥$[VH$ YmoaUhs AbsH$So>M
Vwåhmbm gVV Ë`m joÌmVsb ZdZdo kmZ, ZdZds H$am`Mo H$m`? [VMs [dûdmgmh©Vm [H$Vs Am[U [VMo Omhsa Pmbo Amho. `m gJù`m_wio amÁ`mVsb
_m[hVs Am[U AÚ`mdV H$m¡eë`o AmË_gmV H$amds kmZmV ê$nm§Va H$go H$aUma? gm§ñH¥$[VH$ dmVmdaUmbm C^mar Am[U JVs `oB©b,
bmJVsb. Ë`mgmR>s dmMZmbm AÝ` n`m©` _bm Var H$maU, `m gJù`mMm g§~§Y Z¡[VH$ _yë`m§es `mMs _bm ImÌs Amho. bmoH$amÁ`Mm dmMZg§ñH¥$Vs
[XgV Zmhs. Amho. EH$ Zs{VdmZ, g_W© Am[U amîQ´> C^maUsV [deofm§H$ ho `mÑîQ>sZo EH$ _hÎdmMo nmD$b Amho. `m
dmMZmMs AmdS> H$_s hmoV Mmbbs Amho, Aes N>moQo>_moRo> `moJXmZ XoUmam O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$ g§J«mø Am[U AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m [deofm§H$mbm
Os gmd©[ÌH$ AmoaS> gJisH$So> hmoVo, Ë`mÀ`mes _s KS>dm`Mm Agob Va Ho$di "_m[hVsg§nÞ' AgyZ _mÂ`m _ZmnmgyZ ew^oÀN>m!
nyU©V: gh_V Zmhs. H$maU, _amR>sVsb àH$meZ MmbUma Zmhs, Va "kmZg§nÞ' ~Zmdo bmJob, kmZs (eãXm§H$Z : gVse bisV)
ì`dhma dmT>Vmo Amho, _amR>sV _moR>çm g§»`oZo ìhmdo bmJob. Am[U `mgmR>s AWm©VM dmMZmbm 9422413800
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d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m g§nmXH$mbm Vo jå` Amho, Ag§ nwñVH§$ hmVmVyZ Kmbdbs. Omon`ªV [dH«o$Ë`m§es
_mZyZ j_m H$amds. EH$ dJ© g_mOm_Ü`o Vw_Mm ì`{º$JV g§~§Y àñWm[nV hmoV Zmhs
Agm AgVmo H$s Vmo dmMV AgVmo, na§Vw H$m` Vmon`ªV Aes nwñVH§$ Vwåhmbm J_dmds
dmMmd§ `mMo [ZH$f Ë`m§À`mnmes ZgVmV. bmJVmV. J_mdboë`m nwñVH$m§n¡H$s EH$ hmoV§
Mm§Jb§ dmL>²_` Am[U AdJwUmË_H$ dmL>²_` OwÝ`m nwÊ`mg§~§Ys. 1856À`m Amgnmg à[gÕ
ho _moOÊ`mÀ`m _moOnÅçm Ë`mÀ`mH$So> Pmbob§. Á`m doiobm _mPm nJma 650 én`o
ZgVmV. Xwgam Omo dJ© Amho Vmo OmñV KmVH$ hmoVm, Ë`m dois Ë`m nwñVH$mMs [H¨$_V 500 é.
Amho Am[U Vmo Amho, Z dmMVm dmL>²_`sZ hmoVs. Ë`m doiobm Poam°ŠgMs gmo`gwÕm ZìhVs,
_V§ à[VnmXZ H$aUmè`m§Mm. _mÂ`m bhmZnUs _bm ì`{º$e: Ag§hs dmQ>V§ H$s AmOMm ~hwVm§e Ë`m doiobm nwñVH$ [dH«o$Ë`m§Z§ Vo nwñVH$ _mÂ`mH$So>
H$å`w[ZñQ> [dMmagaUsMs ì`º$s hs A[Ve` dmMH$dJ© hm n[hë`m dJm©V åhUOo dmMUmam, nU VsZ-Mma _[hZo Ro>dm`bm [Xb§. _mÂ`mda [dûdmg
~w{Õ_mZ g_Obs Om`Ms. AmnU ~w{Õ_mZ g_Ob§ H$m` dmMmd§, H$m` dmMy Z`o `mMo [Z{íMV Ago Ro>dbm. _s H$mhs H$mimZ§Va Vo nwñVH$ naV Ho$b§.
Omd§ åhUyZ gmå`dmXs [dMma ~mobyZ XmIdUmè`m§Ms [ZH$f ZgUmam Amho. Vmo ZìdX Q>¸$o Var Agmdm dV©_mZnÌm§V ZH$mo Vo Am[U ZH$mo [VVH§$ [bhyZ n¡go
g§»`m Voìhm H$_s ZìhVs. Oo Amnë`mbm H$iV Agm _mPm g_O Amho. _J `m Mma dJmªZm EH$Ì [_idbo Am[U Vo nwñVH$ [dH$V ¿`m`bm Jobmo. nU
Zmhs Ë`mÀ`m~Ôb S>moio [_Qy>Z Mm§Jb§ åhUm`M§, hs H$ê$ZgwÕm dmMH$ H$_s AmhoV Ag§ Ooìhm AmnU Vmon`ªV Vo Xwgè`m H$moUsVar [dH$V Zob§ hmoV§! Voìhm
H$bm Amnë`mbm ì`d{ñWV AdJV Pmbobs Amho. åhUVmo Voìhm Vmo dmMH$ H$moU? dmMZg§ñH¥$Vs _bm OwÝ`m nwñVH$m§À`m XwH$mZmVbm n[hbm YS>m
hm g_mOmMm KmV H$aUmam dJ© Amho. [Vgam Omo dJ© H$moUmMs? _s [Z{íMVnUo gm§JVmo H$s, OwÝ`m-Zì`m [_imbm H$s hmVmVb§ nwñVH$ H$Ys gmoSy> Z`o. EH$Xm
Amho Vmo dmMUmè`m§Mm Am[U Mm§Jb§ dmL>²_` H$moUV§ nwñVH$m§À`m XwH$mZmV Ago AZoH$ gm_mÝ` bmoH$ gmoS>b§ H$s Vo nwÝhm hmVmV `oV Zmhs
[Z dmB©Q> H$moUV§ ho ~amo~a OmUUmè`m§Mm Amho. [XgVmV, H$s Oo nXambm Ima bmdyZ nwñVH§$ [dH$V dmMZ Mmby amhmd§ AemM ZmoH$è`m gwX¡dmZ§ _bm
àmÜ`mnH$ _§S>is Ë`mV AgVsbM Ag§ Zmhs. nU KoVmV. Ë`m§Mm Hw$Ro>hs JmOmdmOm hmoV Zmhs. Vo H$m [_imë`m. g§nmXH$mMs ZmoH$ar, _s dmMZ H$ê$ Z`o
`m dJm©nmgyZ _s Mm¡Wm dJ©, Omo g_sjH$m§Mm Amho dmMV AgVmV Vohs Amnë`mbm H$iV Zmhs. na§Vw Agm à`ËZ H$aUmar. Var O_ob Vg§ _s [XdgmVbm
Vmo ~mOybm H$mT>bm Amho. g_sjH$m§Zm `m dJm©V _s Ë`m§Mo [d[eîQ> [df` AgVmV, Ë`m [df`m§Ms EImXm Vmg Var dmMV Jobmo. B. EM. H$ma `m§À`m
Ro>dy eH$bmo AgVmo. nU Vg§ _s H$aUma Zmhs. nwñVH§$ Vo [dH$V KoV AgVmV. H$ñQ>_ Am°[\$ga Oar "ìhm°Q> BO [hñQ´>s?'Z§ _mP§ OsdZ ~Xbb§ Ag§ _s
dmMUmam Am[U Mm§Jb§ H$m`, dmB©Q> H$m` ho Agbm Var Vmo Mm§Jbm dmMH$ Agy eH$Vmo. _J nyduM åhQ>b§. dmL>²_`m_YyZ B[VhmgmH$So> dibmo,
[Z{íMVnUo gm§JUmam hm Omo dJ© Amho, Vmo dJ© `m§Zm dmMH$ g_Om`M§ H$s Zmhs? H$m ~w{ÕdmXs diVmZm H$mhs nwñVH§$ Oê$a Aä`mgU§ _bm
boIH$, àH$meH$ Am[U dmMH$ `m§Zm gm§YUmam Xwdm joÌm§V Oo AmhoV VoM dmMH$ Am[U Ë`m§MsM g§»`m Amdí`H$ dmQ>b§. Ë`mV H$mob~«wH$M§ "X Am`[S>`m
hmoD$ eH$Vmo. nU Amnë`m AmOÀ`m àH$meH$m§Zm AmnU _moOV amhUma AmhmoV? Am°\$ [hñQ´>s' hmoV§. Á`m doiobm AmnU [df` [H¨$dm
hm dJ© AmdS>V Zmhs. g§nyU© O~m~XmarZ§ _s ho EH$m boIH$mÀ`m AmË_M[aÌmMs Om[hamV EH$m emIm ~XbVmo, Ë`m ~XbmÀ`m dois gm§Ym
~mobVmo Amho, H$s ~hwVm§e àH$meH$m§Zm hm dJ© àH$meH$mZ§ Aes [Xbs hmoVs H$s, "boIH$ hm OwidÊ`mgmR>s Amnë`mbm H$mhs A[YH$ nwñVH$m§M§
10 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
dmMZ Amdí`H$ ~ZV§. H$mhs g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> hmoU§ Ajae: OmJ§ Ho$b§. `m XmoÝhs g§H$ënZm _s dmMm`Ms AmhoV. BVa `wamons` ^mfm§Vbs nwñVH§$
Amdí`H$ AgV§. Oa ho Ho$b§ Zmhs Va nwT>À`m Amnë`mg_moa _m§S>Vmo. J«m_Ms ZmdmÀ`m BQ>m[b`Z B§J«OsV AmUÊ`mMm _moR>m CÚmoJ Amho. Ë`m_wio
Vw_À`m boIZmV [H¨$dm [dMmam§V C[Udm amhy VÎd[M¨VH$mZ§ EH$ [dMma _m§S>bm, Omo nwTo> H«$m§[VH$mar B§J«Os J«§Wm§À`m gmømZ§ OmJ[VH$ dmL>²_`mMs
eH$VmV. g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> hmoU§ ho gJù`mV _hÎdmM§ R>abm. Ë`mZ§ nma§n[aH$ nÕVsV B[Vhmg-boIZ AmoiI hmoD$ eH$Vo. [Zd¥ÎmsZ§VaM§ ho "ßb°[Z¨J"
AgV§ Ag§ _bm dmQ>V§. Va Vo n[hë`m§Xm _s Ho$b§. H$aUmè`m§Zm Ag§ åhQ>b§ H$s, Oo amîQ´>nwéf AmhoV Amho.
Ë`m_Ü`o EH$ nwñVH$ Oo _bm [_imb§, Á`mMm _s Ë`m§M§ ñVw[VnR>U H$aUma§ boIZ H$aU§ [H¨$dm [db S>çwamÝQ>À`m ‘Pleasures of Philosophy’
AmdOy©Z C„oI H$aVmo, Ë`mM§ Zmd "b[ZªJ Qw> gZmdù`m XoU§ hs Vw_À`m B[Vhmg boIZmMs øm nwñVH$mVbm EH$ g§X^© _s eodQ>s XoUma Amho. `m
[\$bm°g\$mBP.' àJV dmMZ Oa H$am`M§ Agob Va g§H$ënZm Amho. nU VimJmimVë`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m J«§WmVë`m EH$m àH$aUmV Ë`m§Zs AdZV, ^«îQ>
VÎd[M¨VZmH$So> Om`bm nm[hOo. "b[ZªJ Qw> H$mis g_mOmV H$m` ñWmZ hmoV§ `mMm H$moUs bmoH$emhsM§ dU©Z Ho$b§ Amho. Vo åhUVmV:
[\$bm°g\$mBP' Aes nwñVH§$ Amnë`mH$So> ZmhsV. B[VhmgmV C„oI H$aV Zmhs. CXmhaUmW©, [edmOs “Democracy without education means
Ë`m_wio hmoV§ H$m`, H$s EImX§ nwñVH$ dmMb§ Var _hmamO `m JS>mdê$Z Ë`m JS>mda MT>mB© H$aV hmoVo, hypocrisy without limitation. It means the
Amnë`mbm dmQ>V§, H$m` N>mZ nwñVH$ Amho. H$m` Voìhm _hmamîQ´>mVbm eoVH$ar H$m` noaV hmoVm, Hw$R>bs degradation of statesmanship into politics.
N>mZ Amho ho Amnë`mbm gm§JVm `oV Zmhs. Value [nH§$ KoV hmoVm, Ë`m dois H$m_Jma dJ© hmoVm H$s It means the expensive maintenance, in
Judgement åhUOo Mm§Jb§ Am[U dmB©Q> Zmhs, CËnmXZ§ H$moUVs hmoVs, Ë`m doiM§ ImÚOsdZ addition to the real ruling class, of a large
`mnbsH$So> Amnë`mbm gm§JVm `oV Zmhs. åhUyZM H$em àH$maM§ hmoV§,- Zì`m g§H$ënZobm Zmd [Xb§, parasitic class of politicians whose function
"b[ZªJ Qw> [\$bm°g\$mBP'gmaI§ nwñVH$ _amR>sV `oU§ Subultern history. J«m_MsÀ`mM g§H$ënZoVyZ nwT§> it is to serve the rulers and deceive the
Amdí`H$ Amho. [Z_m©U Pmbobs g§H$ënZm åhUOo ‘History from ruled.
Xwgè`m EH$m nwñVH$mZ§ _mÂ`m Am`wî`mbm doJi§ below’. X[bV dmL>²_` Ë`m AWm©Z§ - Literature The last stage of the matter is gangmen
diU [Xb§ Ë`m nwñVH$mM§ Zmd hmoV§ "n°[ag \°$eÝg.' from below. hs ‘History from below’ rule. Criminals flourish happily in our larg-
bo[IHo$M§ Zmd Amho, ìh°bar ñQ>sb. `m bo[IHo$Z§ g§H$ënZm B§J«Os_Ü`o éObs. `m ‘History from er cities because they are guaranteed the
nmMeo dfmªÀ`m H$nS>çm§À`m \«$mÝg_YyZ \«$mÝgMm below’ M§ AmH$f©U dmQy>Z _s OZ Am[U _hmOZ `m full protection of the law. If they belong to
nmMeo dfmªMm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[Vhmg [b[hbm Amho. XmoKm§g§~§Ys _m[hVs Jmoim H$aV am[hbmo. the organisation or have friends in it, they
_bm hs H$ënZmM \$ma _hÎdmMs dmQ>bs H$s, J«m_MsÀ`m nwT§> OmUmam EH$ [dMma \«o$¨M have every assurance that if they commit a
H$nS>çm§À`m \°$eÝg OgOem ~Xbë`m, Ë`m B[VhmgH$mam§Zs _m§S>bm. \$ZmªS> ~«m°So>b `m crime they will not be arrested; that if
~Xbm§À`m gmømZ§ gd© amîQ´>mMm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[Vhmg B[VhmgH$mamZ§ àË`oH$s 20 dfmªÀ`m H$mbI§S>mZ§Va arrested, they will not be convicted; that if
[b[hU§. Ë`mM doiobm AmUIr EH$ nwñVH$ _mÂ`m VsZ I§S> [b[hbo. Vmo Á`m VÎdàUmbsMm hmoVm, convicted, they will not be sent to jail; that
dmMZmV Amb§ Am[U Vo hmoV§ A°[bgZ ë`yar `m§M§ "X B[Vhmg-boIZ na§naobm \«o$¨M_Ü`o "A°Z[bg ñHy$b' if jailed, they will be pardoned; that if
b±½doO Am°\$ ŠbmoX²O.' "H$nS>çm§Ms ^mfm!' åhUOo åhUVmV. H$maU _mH©$ ãbm°I Am[U ë`y[g`Z \$m~« unpardoned, they will be permitted to
Amnë`mg_moa Os ì`º$s `oVo Vs ñdV: Vm|S> `m XmoKm§Zs Annales ZmdmM§ [Z`VH$m[bH$ gwê$ escape. If, in the practice of their profes-
CKS>Ê`mnydu ~a§M H$mhs gm§JyZ OmVo. Ë`mM§ doJi§ Ho$b§ Am[U Ë`mVyZ Amnbs "gdmªJsU B[Vhmgm'Ms sion, they should be killed, they will be
"gm`Ýg' ~Zb§ Amho AmVm gs[_`m°bm°Os - (History in Totality) g§H$ënZm am~dm`bm buried with grandeur and ceremony due to
à[VH$m§Ms ^mfm. hs nwñVH§$ dmMë`mZ§Va gwédmV Ho$bs hmoVs. \$ZmªS> ~«m°So>b hm Ë`m§Mm [eî`. a member of the rulling class and memori-
B[VhmgmMs Os H$ënZm _mÂ`m _ZmV hmoVs, Vs Va A°Z[bg ñHy$bM§ åhUU§ hmoV§ H$s gd© ~mOy§Zs al tablets will be erected in their honour.
~XbV ~XbV gm_m[OH$ B[VhmgmH$So> àW_ Am[U gdmªJm§Zs B[Vhmg nmhm`bm nm[hOo. gm_mÝ`m§nmgyZ This is the denoument of the municipal
Ë`mZ§Va gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmH$So> Jobs. gm§ñH¥$[VH$ A[^OZm§n`ªV Vmo B[Vhmg AmUbm nm[hOo. eoVH$ar democracy.”
[df`mdaMs nwñVH§$ _s Ooìhm emoYV Jobmo, Ë`m H$m` H$aV hmoVm, bmoH$m§À`m ImÊ`mÀ`m gd`s H$m` AmOÀ`m Amnë`m n[a{ñWVsM§ V§VmoV§V dU©Z
doiobm [H$Vs àH$maMs nwñVH§$ _bm gmnS>mdsV - hmoË`m, ñd`§nmH$mgmR>s ^m§S>s H$em àH$maMs dmnabs [db S>çwa°ÝQ>Z§ 1929 gmbsM H$ê$Z Ro>db§ Amho.
[hñQ´>s Am°\$ em°ßg, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ A°S>ìhQ>m©`[P¨J, OmV, Vo H$nSo> H$m` KmbV hmoVo, ho Oo gd© [df` _s B§J«OsV à[gÕ Pmbob§ dmL>²_` dmMy eH$bmo
[hñQ´>s Am°\$ noÝg, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ Q>mBP, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ nyduÀ`m B[VhmgH$mam§Zm Ë`mÁ` dmQ>V hmoVo. AmVm ZgVmo, Va Aem àË``H$mar dU©ZmMm AmñdmX _bm
Q>s, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ \$[Z©Ma, [hñQ´>s Am°\$ _°Zg©... Agm hiyhiy ho [df` B[VhmgH$mam§Zm AmdSy> bmJbo H$gm KoVm Ambm AgVm?
[ZË` Zdm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ XoUma§ XmbZ AmhoV. EH$m AWm©Z§ B[Vhmg hm g_mOemómV (16 Zmoìh|~a 96 amoOs "dmMZg§ñH¥$Vs' `m
_mÂ`mg_moa C^§ am[hb§. Ë`mVyZM "OZ-_Z' åhUyZ ê$nm§V[aV hmoD$ bmJbm, hohs [VVH$M Ia§. [df`mda _w§~B©À`m ^ynoe Jwám ^dZmV [Xboë`m
J«§WmMm OÝ_ Pmbm. Jobs OdiOdi n§Yam df} _s _s BW§ \$º$ B§J«Os nwñVH$m§MoM g§X^© [Xbo ì`mImZmVsb H$mhs ^mJ. "Aja[ZîR>m§Ms
`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmMs nwñVH§$ Jmoim H$aV `m~Ôb _m\$s _mJVmo. nU _bm EdT§>M gm§Jm`M§ _m§[X`mis' `m amohZ àH$meZmÀ`m nwñVH$mV _yi
am[hbmo, dmMV am[hbmo. Am[U ñWm[ZH$ B[Vhmg Vo Amho H$s, _s B§J«Os [eH$bmo `mM§ AmO _bm ~a§ ^mfU OgoÀ`m Vgo XoÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ [Okmgy§Zs Vo
gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[Vhmg Agm _mÂ`m dmMZmMm àdmg dmQ>V§. H$maU Ë`m_wioM _bm hm EdT>m _moR>m Adí` [_idyZ dmMmdo.)
Pmbm. AÚmnhs _s gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmdaM dmMZ I[OZm [Xgbm, O_dVm Ambm. AOyZ Ë`mVbs g§nH©$ : aroontikekar@gmail.com
H$aV Amho.B[VhmgmVë`m XmoZ g§H$ënZm§Zs _bm H$mhs nwñVH§$ dmMm`Ms AmhoV. H$mhs Zì`mZ§
‘o 2011 11
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H$m`©H$Ë`mª~amo~a Jßnm _maV nwTo> [ZKmbo. S´>m`ìhaZo g§Ü`mH$mis hmoVm. J«§W àXe©Z _m§Sy>Z Pmbo hmoVo. EH$ _mUgm§n`ªV `oD$Z nmoMVo. Ym[_©H$-AmÜ`m{Ë_H$
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nmo[bgm§H$So> Jobm, J`md`m H$ê$ bmJbm. nmobsg Ago R>abo. dmMZmb`mV gm[h{Ë`H$m§Mo ñdmJV [dg§JV dmQ>bm. Var Ë`mZo `oWsb _mZds OsdZmbm
H$mhs nQo>ZmV, Voìhm H$m`©H$V} CVabo, Ë`m§Zs nwTo> gÝ_mZmZo Pmbo. J«§Wnmbm§Zs J«§Wg§nXm XmIdbs. hs _moRo> A[YîR>mZ [Xbo Amho.
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eãX Xya A§Vamda Cä`m Agboë`m nmobsg [XZH$a Jm§Jb AdVabo Vo XmoZeo dfmªnydu. Ë`mAmYs Vo
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Imbs CVadyZ KoVbo. Ë`m§Mo Am[VÏ` Ho$bo. dg§V g~Zsg `m§Mo OwZo-1956 gmbMo EH$ nwñVH$ OZ_mÜ`_mMo ñdê$n Ambo Vo N>nmB© gwê$
nmo[bgm§Mm ZyaM nmbQ>bm. gwd} gdmªesM gai, H$mTy>Z XmIdbo. g~Zsg haIyZ Jobo. gdmªZmM Pmë`mZ§Va. `wamonmV Vo nmMeo dfmªnydu KS>bo-
gmYonUmZo, AmnwbH$sZo ~mobV Am[U Ë`m_wio AmZ§X Pmbm. gmaS>m åhUmbo, "g~Zsg' Ë`m Ooìhm O_©ZsV JQo>Z~J©Zo N>mnÊ`mMo `§Ì emoYyZ
bmoH$m§Ms _Zo [O¨H$V. _J Vo nmobsg [ZarjH$ gwd} nwñVH$mda ghs H$am. 2056 gmbs EImXm dmMH$ H$mT>bo Am[U Ë`mda n[hbm Z_wZm åhUyZ `wamonmVsb
`m§À`m~amo~a Jßnm _maV Am_À`m~amo~a ~gZo `oD$Z Vo nwñVH$ CKSo>b Voìhm åhUob,"e§^a ~m`~bÀ`m hOmamo àVs CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xë`m.
gmVmè`mbm [ZKmbo. dfm©nyduM§, boIH$mÀ`m ghsM§ nwñVH$ Amho!' gmaS>m Ë`mVyZ àm°Qo>ñQ§>Q> hm H«$m§[VH$maH$ Zdm Y_©n§W CX`mbm
`moJ Agm H$s, AmUIs dsg-n§Mdsg [_[ZQ>m§Zs `m§Mm S>m°Š`w_|Qo>eZMm hm goÝg O~aXñV Amho, nU Ambm Am[U "[aZogmÝg'bm MmbZm [_imbs. EH$
Q|>nmo nwÝhm AS>dbm Jobm, nU AmVm VoWo nmobsg Ë`m§À`m `m H$ënZoVsb eŠ`Vm OmUdyZ gdmªZmM àH$mao, _mZds OsdZmbm Zdm AW© [_imbm, Zdo
ZìhVo Va JmdH$ar añË`mda `oD$Z C^o hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm hfm}ëhmg dmQ>bm. diU bm^bo. Joë`m eVH$m-XmoZ eVH$m§V
gm[h{Ë`H$m§Zm nmhm`Mo hmoVo - nwñVHo$ ¿`m`Ms gm[hË`mMo gZmVZËd, [Ma§VZËd Amnë`m _Zs gm[hË`mMo ê$n _mhsV Amho Vo Ago. Ë`m_wio Va
hmoVs. Am_Mo H$m`©H$V} d JmdH$ar `m§Mm Vmo JbH$m
em§V hmoVmo` Vmon`ªV Am_Ms ~g _mJyZ `oD$Z VoWo
WS>H$bs. ~g_Ü`o X`m ndma, AéU gmYy, Hw$_ma
Ho$VH$a, AZ§V ^mdo, _w½Ym [MQ>Usg Ago gmao hmoVo.
gd©OU Imbs CVabo. nwñVH$m§Ms [dH«$s \$ma
ZìhVs, nU CËgmh, AJË`, H$m¡VwH$ \$ma hmoVo.
VemV EH$ IoSyV [~MH$V [~MH$V nwTo> Ambm.
Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV KS>çm KmVboë`m ZmoQ>m hmoË`m. Vmo
Ë`m nwTo> H$am`bm g§H$moMV hmoVm. Am_À`mn¡H$s
H$moUsVar Ë`mbm _Ü`o IoMbo. Ë`mbm H$m` hdo
Aes dma§dma [dMmaUm Ho$bs. Voìhm Ë`m§Zo ~wOV
~wOV gm§[JVbo, H$s Ë`mÀ`mOdi gmV én`o AmhoV
Am[U X`m ndmaMo "~bwV§' Ë`mbm hdo Amho. Ë`mMs
[H¨$_V ZD$ én`o Amho. X`mZo nwTo> hmoD$Z "~bwV§'Ms
àV ghs H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV Ro>dbs. Vmo YÝ`
Pmbm hmoVm. nU Ë`mÀ`mnojmhs Amåhm gdmªZm Ë`m
àg§JmZo ^ê$Z Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mMs nwñVH$m~ÔbMs
AmoT> Am[U g§H$moM, XmoÝhs JwU _ZmV R>gyZ Jobo
AmhoV. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo Ago CËH$Q> Xe©Z Ë`m
12 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
"Vbdmarnojm boIUs A[YH$ g_W©' Aem Z§VaMs n§Mdsg-Vsg df} YJYJVs, A[^Zd dmMH$ Midi Ago Ho$bo, na§Vw Ë`m g§koMm
Ame`mMs [dYmZo V`ma Pmbs. [H¨$dm Zonmo[b`ZMm g_mOOmJ¥VsMs hmoVs. Am_À`m hmVs Ë`mH$aVm AW© Amåhs _m§S>bm. 1988 - 89 gmbs. Ë`mdois
H$[WV [H$ñgm à[gÕ Amho. Vmo åhUVmo H$s eÌyMo hË`ma hmoVo Vo N>mnsb eãXm§Mo. Amåhs B§[S>`Z EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>sMo H$m`m©Ü`j
EH$ hOma g¡[ZH$ ~§XwH$m KoD$Z g_moa Ambo Var J«§Wmbs dmMH$ MidisMm OÝ_ Aem AñdñW EH$ZmW R>mHy$a `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo VsZ [Xdgm§Ms
Ë`m§Mm [Z:nmV H$ê$ eHo$Z, nU Vmo VsZ boIH$ - dmVmdaUmV Pmbm. OwZmQ>nUmMs H$m|S>s \$moS>m`bm dmMZ n[afX KoVbs. VoWo dmMZmMm OmhsaZm_m
g§nmXH$m§Zm KoD$Z Ambm Va _s Z¸$s Zm_mohaU _Zo ZdsZ AmYw[ZH$ KS>dUo JaOoMo hmoVo. g_mO àH$Q> Ho$bm. dmMH$mMs ì`mIm hmoVs CËgwH$-
hmoB©Z! Zdm KS>V hmoVm, OwÝ`m Mm¡H$Q>s ^oXm`À`m hmoË`m. [Okmgy _mUyg Á`mbm OJ OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo Amho.
boIZ-_wÐU-dmMZ ì`dhmamZo OJmVsb Jobs g_mOm§VJ©V `m gd© KS>m_moS>s KS>V hmoË`m, nU OJmVsb ~Xb g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm Amho. _mUgmVsb
nmMeo df} Ho$di nwZsV Zìho Va [dMmad¡^dmZo Ë`m§Zm _mÜ`_ ZìhVo. Vo _mÜ`_hs g_mOmZoM [Z_m©U [dYm`H$Vm d gO©H$Vm Omonmgm`Ms Amho.
g_¥Õ Pmbobs AmhoV. _mZds g§ñH¥$VsV EdT>m Ho$bo. "J«§Wmbs'Mm OÝ_ Agm CËñ\y$V© KSy>Z Ambm. Amåhs 1982 gmbÀ`m J«§Wàgma `mÌo_Ü`o
d¡Mm[aH$ dmagm J«sH$-amo_Z g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m Am[U Ë`m_wio g_mOmVyZ à[VgmX VgmM [_iV Jobm. Am_Ms ^y[_H$m Omhsa Ho$bs hmoVs, Vs "emoY Am[U
d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m H$mimVM [Z_m©U Pmbobm "J«§Wmbs' åhUOoM Amåhs gd© H$m`©H$V}, ho g_mOmZo g§dmX' Aes. _hmamîQ´>^a J«§WàXe©Z KoD$Z
[XgVmo. boIZ-_wÐU-dmMZ hs _mUgmbm [Z_m©U Ho$bobo d g_mOmÀ`m hmVmVbo gmYZ P§PmdmVs Xm¡am Ho$bm. Ë`mM Xm¡è`m¥rb XmoZ àg§J
bm^bobs Anyd© XoUJs Amho. Ë`m_wio kmZd§Vm§Ms AmhmoV AesM Amåhm gdmªMs ^y[_H$m hmoVs. Z§Va boIma§^s Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV.
[_amg g§nwîQ>mV Ambs Am[U gd©gm_mÝ` _mUyg Ë`m Midis_YyZ EH$ ñWm`s g§ñWm [Z_m©U Pmbs nwÝhm Mma dfmªZs J«§W_mohmoi ZmdmZo _hmamîQ´>^a
gj_ ~Zbm. Ë`m_wioM \«o$¨M amÁ`H«$m§Vs KS>bs, Amho. [VMs C[ÔîQo> VsM AmhoV. Zdo, VéU [nT>sMo nÞmg [R>H$mUs EH$mM dois àXe©Zo ^adbs.
A_o[aHo$VyZ B§J«Om§Ms gÎmm ZîQ> Pmbs Am[U ñdV§Ì Q´>ñQ>s ~moS©> [dÚ_mZ "J«§Wmbs'Mm H$ma^ma nmhV EgQ>sÀ`m AmR> ~g Am[U aoëdoÀ`m XmoZ ~moJs `m§Zs
gmd©^m¡_ `wZm`Qo>S> ñQo>Q>g² [Z_m©U Pmbo. Oo\$agZ- Amho. _hmamîQ´> T>dibm Jobm. Ago N>moQo>_moRo> Ajae:
[b¨H$Z `m§Zs Omo dmagm [Z_m©U Ho$bm Ë`mbm VmoS> WmoSo> _mJo diyZ nwÝhm [ZdoXZ H$amd`mMo Va Ag§»` à`moJ n§Yam dfmªV Ho$bo. Ë`m àË`oH$
Zmhs. A_o[aHo$Ms eº$s XmoZ H$maUm§Zs C^s am[hbs gÎma-n§MmhÎmaMm H$mi AmR>dmdm bmJob. {ó`m, Am§XmobZmMo àVsH$ hmoVo "nwñVH$'. "dmMm ao dmMm
Ago gm§[JVbo OmVo.EH$Va Ë`m§Zs Ama§^H$mimVM H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar, X[bV Ago Cno[jV dJ© nwñVHo$ dmMm' Aem KmofUm XoV [dO` V|Sw>bH$a-
XmoZeo dfm©nydu Xoe^a J«§Wmb`m§Mo Omio [Z_m©U Ho$bo MT>mB©À`m n[dÍ`mV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ñdV:M A{ñVËd, ~m~mgmho~ nwa§Xao-Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a-[d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a
Am[U Xwgao åhUOo Joë`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mbm Xoe^a Ë`m§À`m Ý`mæ` h¸$m§Ms OmUsd Pmbs hmoVs. `m§À`mnmgyZ gmao gm[h{Ë`H$-H$bmd§V Vo
_hm_mJm©Mo Omio [dUbo. Ë`m_YyZ gm_m[OH$ Am[U ì`{º$JV nmVisda gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$ _hmamîQ´> ^amVë`m Jmdm-
`wamon-A_o[aHo$Vsb d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§VsnmgyZ ñ\w$aU hw§H$ma C_Q>V hmoVo. "J«§Wmbs'Zo Ë`m§À`m Jmdm§À`m añË`m añË`mdê$Z [Z[_Îmm-[Z[_ÎmmZo [\$aV
KoD$Z Om§^oH$a-\w$bo [Q>iH$-amZSo>-JmoIbo Vo ì`º$sH$aUmgmR>s ì`mgnsR> CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbo. hmoVo.dmMZmMo _hÎd _hmË_m \w$ë`m§nmgyZ gdmªZs
Am§~oS>H$a `m gdmªZs gìdmeo dfmªV Ë`mgmR>s nwñVHo$, éMs ho _m[gH$ Am[U VèhoVèhoMo H$[Wbobo Amho. ì`{º$_Îd KS>dUmao d g_¥Õ
(EH$mo[Ugmì`m-[dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m) ^maVmV, gm§ñH¥$[VH$ H$m`©H«$_ ho _mÜ`_ hmoVo. H$m`©H«$_m§Mo H$aUmao dmMZmgmaIo Xwgao gmYZ Zmhs. dmMZmZo
[deofV: _hmamîQ´>mV Oo OmJaU KS>dbo Ë`mMm ñdê$n AmOÀ`m "Bìh|Q>'gmaIo Ago, nU H$ënZmeº$s MoVdbs OmVo Am[U _mUyg [dMma-
AmYma _w[ÐV eãX hmM hmoVm. Ë`m_wio g_mOmbm AmOÀ`mgmaIo Ë`m§Mo ì`mnmar ñdê$n ZìhVo. àË`oH$ ^mdZoZo n[aßbwV hmoVmo. dmMZ hm ì`º$sZo ¿`m`Mm
àoaUm [_iV Jobs Am[U g§KQ>Z d Am§XmobZ C^o H$m`©H«$_mbm CÔoe Ago. Xa _[hÝ`mbm Zì`m AZw^d Amho Ago dmMZmMo \$m`Xo gm§JV, ObX
am[hbo Ë`mbmM _hmamîQ´>mVsb à~moYZH$mi Ago nwñVH$mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo MMm© hmoV. Ë`m_Ü`o VéU dmMZmÀ`m [Q´>Šg CbJSy>Z XmIdV dmMH$ Midi
åhUVmV. Aä`mgH$ [Z~§Y [bhyZ dmMZ H$aV. OsdZmMo Ago \$mo\$mdV Jobs. Ë`m EoZ H$mimV _hmamîQ´>mV ~Îmsg
Am_OZVon`ªV hm ~moY nmoMm`Mm Va _hÎdmMs EH$ A§J Zgob Á`mda "J«§Wmbs'Zo MMm©-n[ag§dmX [R>H$mUs MidisMs H|$Ðo hmoVs. Ë`m_YyZ dmMZ-
AS>MU hmoVs-Vs [ZajaVoMs. Xoembm ñdmV§Í` `moObm Zmhs Am[U _hmamîQ´>mV Aes EH$ H$m`©H«$_m§Mo AmXmZàXmZ hmoB©, JmdmoJmd
bm^ë`mZo Vs Xya Pmbs. [ejU gd©Ì ngabo. bm¡[H$H$àmá ì`º$s Zgob H$s Os "J«§Wmbs'À`m dmMH$[XZmMo H$m`©H«$_ hmoV, Vem boIZoÀNw>§À`m
Á`m§À`m KamKam§V hOmamo dfmªV [ejU [eabo ì`mgnsR>mda Ambs Zmhs. Amem ^mogbo `m§Ms ~¡R>H$m-MMm© hmoV. Ë`m_YyZ nwñVHo$ [Z_m©U hmoV
ZìhVo, VoWsb VéU [eHy$ bmJbo- H$m°boOm§n`ªV n[hbs àH$Q> _wbmIV "J«§Wmbs'Zo `moObs Am[U Jobs. Ywù`mMo _wHw$§X YmamesdH$a ho Am[H©$Qo>ŠQ>
nmoMbo. Aem nXdsYam§Ms n[hbs [nT>s 1960 À`m Hw$_ma J§Yd© `m§Ms g§JsV [df`H$ gàmË`[jH$ Am[U Ë`m§Mo XmoZ [_Ì `m§Zs [b[hbobs nÌê$n
Amgnmg Ambs. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va doJdoJù`m ì`m»`mZo àW_ `moOUmar "J«§Wmbs'M hmoVs. _s H$mX§~ar Aem MMmª_YyZ BVH$s gwYmabs Jobs H$s
Om[Udmhs OmJ¥V Pmë`m. g_mOmg_moa g_ñ`m, "J«§Wmbs', "J«§Wmbs' Ago dma§dma åhUV Amho, [Vbm amÁ` gaH$maMm dmL²>_`sZ nwañH$ma bm^bm!
AS>MUs, àíZ `m§~m~V [d[dY VèhmZs Ib gwé H$maU "J«§Wmbs'Mo ñdê$n J«m_g^ogmaIo hmoVo. g§dXoZesbVm, [Z[_©[Vj_Vm, OmUsdOmJ¥Vs,
Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m [ZdmaUmgmR>s VesM [d[dY J«m_g^o_Ü`o Ogo hOa amhUmar _mUgo [ZU©` ^mdZm[dîH$ma, [dMmaàjmo^ Aem _ZmÀ`m [d[dY
Cnm``moOZm. Ë`mV nwÝhm OmUsdOmJ¥VsMm ^mJ. H$aVmV d Vmo _mÝ` hmoVmo. "J«§Wmbs"V VgoM KSo>. AmKmS>çm§da dmMZmMm g§ñH$ma AgVmo. ~wÕs Am[U
Ë`m_YyZ [d[dY dmQ>m [Xgy bmJë`m. Ë`mVbo H$mhs JmdmoJmd KSo>. [dH|$[ÐV nÜXVsZo H$m`©H«$_ hmoV _Z `m§Mo _oVHy$Q> O_Vo Vo dmMZm_YyZ. Amåhs
_mJ© Am§XmobZm§Mo, MiditMo, g§Kfm©Mo hmoVo, Va Am[U Ë`m§Mo g§`moOH$, Aml`XmVm d bm^YmaH$ emim-H$m°boOm§_YyZ XmIbm XoV Agy, H$s "EH$
H$mhs [dYm`H$VoMo , g_Ýd`mMo, g§dmXmMo. Agm Vmo Ago gmao H$mhs dmMH$ AgV. "J«§Wmbs" hs dmMH$ KZXmQ> O§Jb hmoVo' Ago dmŠ` dŠË`mZo Cƒmabo Va
OmJ¥V AñdñWVoMm H$mi hmoVm. IamoIarM, 1960 Midi IarM, Ama§^mnmgyZM Amåhs [VMo dU©Z g_moaÀ`m e§^a lmoË`m§V e§^a VèhoMs O§Jbo V`ma
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 13
hmoVmV. Ë`m§Ms _Zo-~wÕs Ë`m [XeoZo Mmby bmJVmV. Ë`m~m~V `WmW© OmUsd hmoVs. EgEZS>sQ>sÀ`m Ambs. `m H$mimV OsdZ VodTo> ghOgmono
Vo dmŠ` N>mnë`m ñdê$nmV e§^a dmMH$m§Zs àË`oH$s nXì`wÎma _amR>s [d^mJmV _s ^mfU XoÊ`mg Jobmo g_OÊ`mgmaIo am[hbobo Zmhs. Jw§VmJw§V \$ma dmT>bs
Amnë`mesM dmMbo Va Vo Amnmnë`m H$ënZoÀ`m hmoVmo. àmÜ`mnH$m§gmR>s [a\«o$ea H$mog© hmoVm. _s dU©Z Amho. ì`m[_lVm, [Z[~S>Vm `m g§km g_sjoV
gm_«mÁ`mV Sw>~yZ OmVmV. H$moUs A[YH$ [dMma d Ho$bo _hmamîQ´>mMs gmV H$moQ>s OZVm nwñVHo$ KoD$Z H$iÊ`mOmo½`m Agë`m Var OsdZmV g_moa `oVmV
_m[hVs O_m H$ê$ bmJVmo, H$moUs amo_±[Q>H$ _yS>_Ü`o dmMy bmJbs Ago ñdßZ nmhmV Amåhs 75 gmbs hm Voìhm Ë`m§Mo AmH$bZ d ñnîQ>sH$aU _wíH$sb hmoD$Z
OmVmo, H$moUs ^`M[H$V hmoVmo, Va H$moUs dmZàñW CnH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm, na§Vw AmVm Am_À`m Ü`mZs Ambo OmVo. AemM Q>ßß`mda gm[hË` ì`dhma AS>bm
ñdsH$mê$Z Ü`mZmbm ~gVmo... Ajae: e§^a Vèhm. Amho, H$s nwñVH$mMo OZ_mÜ`_ åhUyZ ñdê$n Am[U Agmdm. OsdZ V§Ì[dkmZmZo J«mgbo Amho. _w[ÐV
àË`oH$mMs _Z~wÕs doJis. na§Vw, VoM O§Jb nwñVH$mMo A[^OmV ñdê$n `m§_Ü`o \$aH$ Ho$bm gm[hË`mnwT>À`m OZ_mÜ`_m§Zs _mUgm§À`m
[gZo_mV-Q>sìhsV nS>Úmda XmIdbo Va e§^a nm[hOo. Á`m H$mimV `m OZ_mÜ`_mMs JaO hmoVs, _Z~wÕsda nJS>m ~gdbm Amho. Ë`mMm EHy$U OZ
OUm§Mo EH$M O§Jb S>m`aoŠQ>a XmIdob Vo. åhUyZ Ë`m H$mis dmVmdaU Vgo hmoVo, Voìhm nwñVH$ hs _mZ[gH$Voda doJdoJim n[aUm_ KS>V Amho.
gd© _mÜ`_m§V _Z~wÕs KS>dÊ`mgmR>s, g§ñH$m[aV na__hÎdmMs dñVy _mZbs Jobs, nwñVH$mZo Vmo H$mi OsdZmbm JVs Va Aes Ambs Amho, H$s Vo gmao
H$aÊ`mgmR>s dmMZmMs loîR>Vm _mZVmV. "dmMZ' `m ^mabm Jobm. _moO_mn H$am`bm Cg§V Zmhs. OJUo hmM CÚmoJ
Img [df`mda 1896 gmbMo e§H$a dmdsH$a `m§Mo H$mi nmbQ>bm, nwñVH$ Amnë`m OmJoda Ambo hmoD$Z ~gbm Amho. Ë`mV gm[hË`-H$bogmR>s doi
nwñVH$ Amho. Ago AéU [Q>Ho$H$a gm§JVmV. Amho. AmOÀ`m H$mbmZwê$n Vo AZoH$ _mÜ`_m§_Ysb H$moRy>Z H$mT>m`Mm? Os _mUgo gm[hË` H$bm-
dmMZmMs _hVs VoìhmnmgyZ _amR>sV gm§[JVbs Jobs EH$ _mÜ`_ ~Zbo Amho. XwX£dmZo, Ë`mMo A[^OmV ì`hmamV Jw§Vbs AmhoV, Ë`m§À`mgmR>s VoM "_mH}$Q>'
Amho. Ë`m nwñVH$mVhs ~Zbo Amho. gaH$mam§Mm,
àmÜ`mnH$ d [ejH$ dJ© YZnVtMm nm[R¨>~m-nwañH$ma
dmMV Zgë`mMs VH«$ma Amho, na§Vw bmoH$ml` Amho H$m?
Amho. nwÊ`mV EH$mo[Ugmì`m "Bìh|Q>'- åhUyZ, H$a_UyH$
eVH$mÀ`m AIoaÀ`m åhUyZ bmoH$m§Zs JXu Ho$bs Var
XeH$mV J«§WmoÎmoOH$ g^m bmoH$m§Mo _Z Ë`mV Amho H$m? Va
[Z_m©U Pmbs. [VMm dgm Am_ OZm§_Ü`o AmoT> doJisM
dmMZ-doS> dmT>mdo AgmM H$gbs Var [XgVo. Vs H$emMs
Agë`mMo g^oMo AÜ`j `mMm emoY gÜ`m gd©
Mm\o$H$a `m§Zs Z_yX H$éZ nmVù`m§da Mmby Amho.
Ro>dbo Amho. dmMZ hs Am_OZm§À`m EH$m [d^mJmV
ghOgmons JmoîQ> Zmhs. nwñVH$mMs, N>mnsb
Ë`mgmR>s àW_ gmja- eãX_mÜ`_mMs H$mg Amho. Vmo
gw[e[jV Agmdo bmJVo. [d^mJ nwñVH$mV a_yZ OmV
Ë`mhyZ A[YH$ _hÎdmMo Amho, nU Ë`mbm Vgo dmMm`bm
åhUOo kmZmoËgwH$ Agmdo dmL²>_` [_iV Amho H$m?
bmJVo. H$moUË`mhs _amR>sV nwÝhm EH$Xm OsdZmMm
g_mOmV nmM-Xhm Q>¸$o gImob doY KoD$ nmhUmè`m
Ago bmoH$ Agy eH$VmV Am[U Vo dmMZdoS> OmJo ñdê$n Amnë`mH$So> hdo Vgo Joë`m XmoZ eVH$m§V H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m§Ms, H$[dVoMs dmZdm dmQ>Vo.
Ro>dVmV, dmMZg§ñH¥$VsMo g§JmonZ H$aVmV. [dH$[gV Pmbobo Zmhs. _w§~B© [dÚmnsR> 1850 dmMH$mbm M[aÌ-AmË_M[aÌmV H$mhs à_mUmV
^maVmV dmMZmMm g§ñH$ma AmUIs AdKS>, gmbs gwê$ Pmbo Vooìhm XmoZ dfmªVM VoWsb _amR>s [Xbmgm [_iV Amho. nU Ë`mhyZ Ë`mbm A[YH$
`mMo H$maU `oWo àXsK© ldUna§nam Amho Am[U Ë`mg ^mfm[d^mJ ~§X H$amdm bmJbm, H$maU _amR>sV AmH$f©U Amho Vo ^mfm§V[aV gm[hË`mMo. Vo XmbZ
Ym[_©H$, ^m[dH$ d AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ g§[MVmMm AmYma Aä`mgmgmR>s Mm§Jbo gm[hË` Zmhs! Ë`mZ§Va _amR>s AZoH$ àH$meH$m§À`m nwñVH$m§Zs ^ê$Z Mmbbo Amho.
Amho. `oWo Zm_OnmMo _mhmËå` Amho d Ë`m_YyZ ^mfobm, ^mfm ì`dhmambm [eñVsMo diU ømMm AW© _amR>s dmMH$ AmVm g§Hw$[MV _amR>s
^mdm[gÕs àmá hmoVo Agm g_O Amho. Ë`m_wio bmdÊ`mgmR>s `oWo [~«[Q>e gÎmm am~dÊ`mgmR>s OsdZXe©ZmV g_mYmZ nmdV Zmhs, Ë`mbm AmH$f©U
~m¡{ÕH$VoMs, VH$m©Ms OmonmgZm Am[U g_¥Õ Amboë`m H±$S>s, _moëgdW© dJ¡ao B§J«Os A[YH$mè`m§Zs Amho A[YH$ _moR>çm _mZdXe©ZmMo. åhUOo _amR>s
^mdOsdZmMs AmoT> hm Omo J«§Wì`dhmamMm _w»` hoVy à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`m_YyZ Joë`m e§^a-gìdmeo dfmªMm dmMH$mZo dmMZgmonmZmÀ`m nwT>sb nm`arda nmD$b
VmoM `oWsb dmMH$m§n`ªV nmoMdVmZm AS>MU `oVo. _amR>s dmL²>_` ì`dhma [gÕ Pmbm d à[gÕs Q>mH$bo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Z~wÕsÀ`m `m CËH«$m§VsV
Var 1970-1975 Z§VaMs n§Yam-dsg df} nmdbm. AmnQo>-Im§So>H$a-\$S>Ho$-AÌo-n|S>go- "J«§Wmbs'Zo EH$m Q>ßß`mda H$mhs H$m_[Jar ~Omdbs,
_hmamîQ´>mVbs [d[dY joÌm§Vbs CËgwH$Vm [dbjU JmS>Jsi-V|Sw>bH$a-^mD$ nmÜ`o-Hw$gw_mJ«O- BVHo$M !
[Q>nobm nmoMbs hmoVs. gd©ÌM Vo MiditMo [Xdg H$a§XsH$a-gwd} Aes _moR>s na§nam V`ma Pmbs. g§nH©$ : 9867118517
hmoVo Am[U Ves dmMH$ Midihs [Z_m©U Pmbs Ë`mnwT>sb Zmdo KoVbs ZmhsV. VodT>çm [Z:e§H$VoZo Vs B©-‘ob: thinkm2010 @gmail.com
hmoVs. "J«§Wmbs'_Ysb Amåhm H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm Z_yX H$aVm `oVsb H$s, ZmhsV? Aes e§H$m _ZmV
14 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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à^md dmJ[dVmZmhs _bm gmW©H$ dmQ>V§. `mM
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amhV§. Om°O© Amd}bM§ "A[Z_b \$m_©'.
Iyn dmMbob§ Amho, Agm Am^mg [Z_m©U H$aUmar Ë`m H$mimVsb gm_m[OH$, gm[h{Ë`H$ Am[U bmoH$emhtM Ho$dT§> [dXmaH$ Xe©Z Am°d}bZ§ KS>db§
_mUg§hs ^oQ>VmV. na§Vw A[Ve` [dZ`mZ§, gm§ñH¥$[VH$ dmñVd Iyng§ g_OyZ KoVm Amb§. Amho! Am¡namo[YH$VoZ§ [dMma _m§S>U§ Ho$dT§> AdKS>
Amnë`mda H$moUH$moUË`m J«§WmMm à^md nS>bm, kmZmÀ`m joÌmV Ah§H$ma ì`W© AgVmo. åhUyZ AgV§! àmUs g¥îQ>sMm ê$nH$mË_H$ Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
H$gm nS>bm ho Ooìhm H$mhs _mUg§ à[VnmXZ H$aVmV, Z_«nUmZ§M J«§WmÀ`m Hw$esV [eab§ nm[hOo ho _bm Ë`m§Zs _mUgm§À`m d¥Îms-àd¥ÎmsM§ Xe©Z H$g§ KS>db§
Voìhm Ë`m§À`mVsb J«§Wào_ Am[U AmH$bZ S°>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m J«§Wm§Zs [eH$db§. Agob `mMm [H$VsVar df} _s [dMma H$arV hmoVmo.
Amnë`mbm ^mamdyZ Q>mH$V§. Ë`m§Ms J«§WmH$So> "AZm[hboeZ Am°\$ H$mñQ>g²' `m ~m~mgmho~m§À`m Ë`mÀ`m ^mfoZ§ Am[U à[VnmXZm§Z§ _s PnmQy>Z Jobmo
nmhÊ`mMs ÑîQ>shs àVrV hmoVo. `m AZwf§JmZo J«§WmMm à^md _mÂ`m _Zmda H$m`_ Amho. hmoVmo.
[H$VsVar g§X^© kmV hmoVmV, hs EH$ àH$mao Anydm©B©M Om[Vì`dñWoM§ BVH§$ _yb^yV [M¨VZ ¹$[MVM ^JdVsMaU d_m© ho [h¨XsVb§ _moR§> Zmd. 1955
AgVo. gmbMs JmoîQ>. J«§Wmb`mV EH$ nwñVH$ AMmZH$
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Ambmo Amho. nU dmMZmMs AmdS> [Z_m©U Ho$bs AgVo d Vs gm_m[OH$ d amîQ´>s` ^mdZobm H$es dU©ì`dñWm Am[U g_mO-ì`dñWo~Ôb BVH§$
Vs JwéOZm§Zs. Ë`m§Zs nwñVH§$ ÚmdsV Am[U _maH$ R>aVo `mMs gwgyÌ _m§S>Us ~m~mgmho~m§§Zs dñVw[ZîR> ^mî` H$aUma§ nwñVH$ dmMyZ _s [dbjU
dmMë`mZ§Va, H$m` Amho Ë`m nwñVH$mV Ag§ Ho$bs Amho. "Om[V[dhsZ g_mOm'Ms H$ënZm ^mamdbmo. b[bV A§JmZ§ dU© Am[U
[dMmamd§ hm EH$ à^mdM hmoVm. _J, Os nwñVH§$ ^maVmVsb H$moUm g_mOemókmZo _m§S>bs Agob, g_mOì`dñWoMm hOmamo dfmªMm B[Vhmg boIH$m§Z§
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hmoD$Z. H¡$H$ àg§J dmMyZ AmnU gX²J[XV F¥$½doX' `m J«§WmZ§ _s PnmQy>Z Jobmo hmoVmo.
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_bm Hw$R§>M J[hdaë`mgmaI§ Pmb§ Zmhs. _s gam§Zm H$aUmam hm _mUyg! nU, [g¨Yy g§ñH¥$Vs Am[U
åhUmbmo hmoVmo H$s, ga Am_À`m Am`m§Ms Xw:I Va [g¨Ys [bns AWH$ n[al_mZ§ CbJSy>Z XmI[dUmam
Iyn AmhoV. í`m_À`m AmB©nojmhs OmñV AmhoV. hm _hmn§[S>V ^mfmemókhs hmoVm. Ë`m§Ms ^oQ>
hmo, hmo, åhUyZ gam§Zs _mÂ`m nmR>sda hmV Ro>dbm åhUOo kmZmMm CËgdM Ago. O_©Zs -\«$mÝg_YyZ
hmoVm, Vo AOyZ AmR>dV§. ^mfmemók Ë`m§À`m ^oQ>sbm `oV. [g¨Yy g§ñH¥$Vs
d` dmT>ë`mZ§Va Iè`m AWm©Z§ _mÂ`mda à^md Am[U doXm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m§Zs hm J«§W Oê$a
nS>bm Vmo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m nÌm§Mm. dmMbm nm[hOo. [g¨Yy g§ñH¥$Vs, gä`Vm, H$bm
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`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m, Omo[Vamd \w$bo `m§Mo J«§W, [dûcofU W¸$ H$aUma§ Amho. F¥$½doX hm Ho$di
AmJaH$am§Mo d¡Mm[aH$ boIZ; bmoH$[hVdmXs àmW©Zm§Mm J«§W Zmhs, Va Ë`mV `wÕmMm B[Vhmg H$gm
dmMÊ`mMs BÀN>m ~imdbs Am[U dmMV Jobmo. Ag§ _bm dmQ>V Zmhs. åhUyZM åhUmd§g§ dmQ>V§ Amho ømMo gmYma [ddoMZ Xoe_wIm§Zs Ho$b§ Amho.
J.Í`§. _mS>ImobH$am§Zs ømM H$mimV H$s, H$mhs nwñVH§$ Amnë`mes gVV g§dmX H$arV Ë`mZ§Va _s gmao doX `m Ñ[îQ>H$moZmVyZ dmMbo.
[MniyUH$am§Ms "[Z~§Y_mbm' [Xbs hmoVs Am[U AgVmV. [dMma H$am`bm àd¥Îm H$aVmV. Ë`mVb§ Xoe_wIm§gmaIm EH$ [dÛmZ _hmamîQ´>mV Agmdm
H$miOsnyd©H$ dmMm`bm gm§[JVbo hmoVo Am[U Z§Va ho Zmo~ob nm[aVmo[fH$ Z [_imbob nwñVH$. ^maVs` `mMm EH$ [dbjU AmXa _s H¡$H$ df} dmJdyZ
Ë`m§Zs AZoH$ àíZhs [dMmabo hmoVo. [MniyUH$am§Ms g_mOì`dñWoM§ XmhH$ dmñVd _m§S>VmZm Amho. Ë`m§À`m qgYy g§ñH¥$Vsdarb _amR>sVsb `m
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dmMbobo Agë`m_wio [dîUw-H¥$îU [MniyUH$am§Mo bhmZ, nU [dMmam§Zs _hmZ Agboë`m `m J«§WmMm _amR>rM§ ZmV§ Agob Va Vo [g¨Yy g§ñH¥$Vses H$g§
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 15
Amho, hohs Ë`m§Zs gmYma _m§S>b§ hmoV§. Aes nwñVH§$ H$[dVm Amho. Ago à^md KoD$Z _s d¡Mm[aH$ H$[dVm Amho. ñdmV§Í`mMs ^yH$ H$embm åhUVmV
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H$mhs AkmV Ag§hs AmH$iV Job§. g§emoYZ, _s A_o[aHo$Vsb [dXwfs, Sm°. E[bZm Po[bEQ> "å`wb°Q>mo' hmoVm. Ë`mMm ~mn ûdoV Am[U Ë`mMs AmB©
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16 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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YS>nS>, Ë`mVyZ ~wam[H$[_Zm§Zm hmoUmar gm§JVmV. H$moPs, [ZJ«mo _wb§ Am[U ^maVmVsb [bhyZ ûdoV g§ñH¥$VsMm ~waIm \$mSy>Z Q>mH$bm.
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B[Vhmg gm§JUmar nwñVH§$ àH$m[eV Pmbs AmhoV. Mmb[dbm Amho, ho Ë`mZ§ nm[hb§ hmoV§. [J«\$sWÀ`m
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Zmhs. _moR>çm hm°Qo>bmVyZ Ë`m§Zm àdoe ZìhVm. Aes na§Vw, [ZJ«m|M§/H$mù`m§M§ Xw:I Ë`m§M§ OsdZ H$g§ nwgyZ Q>mH$Vm `oUma Zmhs. Ho$edgwV åhUmbo hmoVo,
gmaIs H$m|S>s hmoV Agë`m_wio AZoH$m§Zs Amnbs XmhH$ Amho ømMm àË`j AZw^d ¿`m`Mm Am[U [dûdmMm [dñVma Ho$dT>m. Va Á`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m
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g_mOmVbm. hs EH$àH$mao [edsM Amho. "[X Ðì`m§Zs H$mi§ Ho$b§. ûdoVmMm H$mim Pmbm. H$mhs _hmZ H$bmd§Vm§À`m _hmZ H$bmH¥$VsM§ Xe©Z
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nmoibobm Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMs _mZ[gH$Vm Ë`mÀ`m OJmV Jobm. Jmoè`m _mUgmZ§ H$mù`m§À`m doXZm- Ho$bm. øm H$bmH¥$VtZs _s ^mamdyZ Jobmo. Ë`m§Mm
jwãYVoV namd[V©V hmoVo. AÝ`m`J«ñV _Z àjwãY ì`Wm AZw^dm`Mm hm AZw^d WamaH$ hmoVm. "Omdo à^md _mÂ`m _Zmda Amho. gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Xw:I H$g§
hmoU§ ñdm^m[dH$ AgV. [J«Aa Am[U H$m°ãO `m§Mo Ë`mÀ`m d§em Voìhm H$io' Añn¥em§Ms Añgb Xw:I§ AgV§, Vo _bm H$g§ àVrV Pmb§. ho _s AmnUmnwTo>
"ãbH$ a|O' (H$mim àjmo^) dmMVmZm Aem H¡$H$ OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s EImXm ñn¥í` boIH$ Agm gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
Xw:Im§À`m H$hmÊ`m ñney©Z OmV hmoË`m. AZw^d KoB©b? eŠ` Zmhs. _amR>sV Aes Xw:I (_amR>dmS>m gm[hË` n[afXoÀ`m "dmMZdoY' `m
"ãb°H$ a|O'_Ü`o ûdoV Am[U [ZJ«m|Mm g§Kf© Amho. H$ënZoZ§ _m§S>ë`mMs H¡$H$ CXmhaU§ XoVm `oVsb; nU, J«§WmVyZ gm^ma)
VéU H$mù`m _wbtMm ûdoVm§Zs Ho$bobm N>i, Añn¥í` hmoD$Z OmVs^oX H$gm AgVmo, Añn¥í`Vm g§nH©$ : 9422203373
~bmËH$ma, AÝ`m`, Xw^§JyZ Jobobs _mUg§ AOyZhs H$es AgVo, JmdH$sMs H$m_ H$es AgVmV,
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 17
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d¡ÚH$s` emómMs nwñVHo$ dmMmds Ago Agbo Var Ë`mMo ^mZ nÌH$mam§Zm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio nÌH$mam§Zs [b[hbo AmhoV. Amnë`m XoemV
Ano[jV AgVo. d{H$bm§Zs H$m`ÚmMs, Ë`m§À`m boIZmV bm[bË` dm H$ënH$Vm Ambs Var H$moUË`mhs nÌH$mamÀ`m - AJXs g§nmXH$mÀ`mhs-
KQ>Zm XwéñVsMs, Ý`m`mb`sZ [ZH$mbmg§~§YsMs emó-ewÕVm `oV Zmhs. Zì`m `wJmV ho dmQ>çmbm Aem Am¡Xm`m©Mo àg§J OdiOdi `oVM
[Z`VH$m[bHo$ dm J«§W dmMmdoV Ago A[^àoV AgVo. [dkmZ[df`H$ AkmZ MmbUma Zmhs! ZmhsV. Aem {ñWVsV H$m` H$am`Mo?
_°ZoO_|Q>Ms _§S>is [d[dY àH$maÀ`m _°ZoO_|Q> nÌH$ma gd© àH$maMs "d¡Mm[aH$ Am`wYo' dmnarV BVa AZoH$ [df`m§V [Okmgm Am[U ag Agob,
[WAarO², _°ZoO_|Q> [aìøyO, AW©[df`H$ AgVmo. AJ«boI [b[hVmZm Agob dm AJXs ~mV_s Va `m [df`m§Ms nwñVHo$ OJ^amVyZ _mJdyZ Vs
d¥ÎmnÌm§_YyZ à[gÕ hmoUmao _°ZoO_|Q> [df`H$ ñV§^ XoVmZm, Ë`mV H$Ys Eo[Vhm[gH$ g§X^© AgVmo, Va dmMUo hm EH$ n`m©` AgVmo. "ñdmÝV:gwIm`' dmMZ
Am[U OZ©ëg dmMV AgVmV. (Ë`m_wio _°ZoO_|Q> H$aUo hs EH$ àH$maMs M¡Z Amho, AmË_Jw§OZ Amho
[H$Vs gwYmaë`m dm gwYmaVmV hm _wÔm doJim!) Hw$_ma Ho$VH$a Am[U bmo^ d ñdmW© Amho. AmnU Oo dmMbo Amho,
d¡km[ZH$ _§S>is gm`§[Q>[\$H$ OZ©ëg, Ë`mVsb _yb^yV (gÑe!) Am[U CX²~moYH$,
AW©H$maUmVbs _§S>is Ë`m [df`mdaMs X¡[ZHo$, H$Ys gm§ñH¥$[VH$, H$Ys Ym[_©H$, Va H$Ys d¡km[ZH$. [M¨VZmË_H$ Am[U _Zmoa§OH$gwÕm [dMma
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ì`dgm`mg§~§YmV dmMV AgVmV. "gd©k' åhUyZ g§~moYVmV, Vo Ë`m_wioM Agmdo; hdm. na§Vw, Ë`mgmR>shs "An-Qw>-So>Q>' AgUo
nU, amOH$maÊ`m§Zs Am[U nÌH$mam§Zs H$m` nU, ~è`mMXm IwÔ nÌH$mambmhs Vmo ^«_ hmoD$ Amdí`H$ AgVo. OJ [dbjU PnmQ>çmZo ~XbVo
dmMmdo `mg§~§YmV Vgo [ZH$f AmT>iV ZmhsV. bmJVmo. Amho. Ë`m ~XbË`m dmVmdaUmMs XIb _w»`V:
amOH$maUmVbs _§S>is dV©_mZnÌ dmMVmV; nU, nÌH$ma _w»`V: "H$å`w[ZHo$Q>a' AgVmo- _J Vmo d¥ÎmnÌo, [Z`VH$m[bHo$ Am[U Q>sìhs Ý`yO M°Zëg KoV
VsgwÕm Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m, njmÀ`m, [bhsV Agmo dm ao[S>Amo-Xya[MÌdmUsda [ZdoXZ AgVmV. d¥ÎmnÌo-[Z`VH$m[bHo$ Am[U AmVm
à[VñnÜ`m©À`m, Xwgè`m JQ>mg§~§YsÀ`m ~mVå`m H$arV Agmo. Vmo gm§JV AgVmo, Vgm [eH$Vhs AWm©VM B§Q>aZoQ> `m§À`m dmMZm[edm` nÌH$mambm
"H$mTy>Z' KoÊ`mgmR>s. \$maM H$_s amOH$maUs _§S>is AgVmo. Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV _mUgmÀ`m OJÊ`mMo Vgo "An-Qw>-So>Q>' amhVmM `oUma Zmhs.
d¥ÎmnÌm§_Ysb [díbofUmË_H$ boI, _mo~mBb \$moÝg Amë`mnmgyZ 10 dfmªV
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amOH$maUmV BVHo$ ì`J« AgVmV H$s Ë`m§Zm doiÀ`m 10 AãO bmoH$m§n¡H$s gw_mao 6 AãO
dmMÊ`mV doi "dm`m' Kmb[dbobm AmdS>V bmoH$m§H$So> _mo~mBb \$moZ AgVsb. AWm©VM
Zmhs! AmVm Cabo nÌH$ma! Ë`m§Zs Z¸$s H$m` AmUIs H$mhs dfmªZs Ë`m _mo~mBb_Ü`oM
dmMmdo `m~Ôb H$moUË`mhs [Z{íMV Qo>[b{ìhOZ, H$m°åß`wQ>g©, Am°[\$g, dV©_mZnÌ,
"JmB©S>bmBÝg' ZmhsV, [ZH$f ZmhsV dm H$a_UwH$sMo H$m`©H«$_, gd© _m[bH$m, hOmamo
dmMH$m§H$Sy>Z Vem Z¸$s Anojm ZmhsV. [MÌnQ>, ~±[H¨$J, gd© àH$maMo AW©ì`dhma Ago
Aem {ñWVsV nÌH$mam§Zs Amnë`m ~aoM H$mhs Agob. _mo~mBb \$moZ_Ü`o
ì`dgm`mV àJë^Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>s H$m` amhÊ`mMs ì`dñWm H$aVm `oUma Zmhs Am[U
dmMmdo `m àíZmMo CÎma XoUo Vgo gmono Zmhs. _mo~mBb_YyZ H$ma dm [d_mZmMm àdmg H$aVm
nU, nÌH$mambm Ë`mÀ`m àXoemMm Am[U XoemMm Am[U [dMmam§Mo [j[VO àM§S> à_mUmda é§Xmdbo `oUma Zmhs ho Iao; nU, [ZdmgmÀ`m Am[U àdmg-
B[Vhmg ([ZXmZ T>mo~i ñdê$nmV) _mhsV Agm`bm Amho. gmh[OH$M nÌH$ma D$\©$ "H$å`w[ZHo$Q>a'Mo mÀ`m JaOmhs ~Xbboë`m AgVsb. AmOM da
hdm. Ë`mMà_mUo [d[dY amOH$s` ZoË`m§Ms M[aÌ- [dûdhs é§Xmdbo Amho. na§Vw, Á`m Eo[Vhm[gH$, C„o[Iboë`m ~è`mM gmo`s _mo~mBb \$moZ_Ü`o
AmË_M[a̧ Am[U gm[hË`, gm[hË`-g_sjm Am[U Vm{ÎdH$, gm§ñH¥$[VH$ "Am`wYm§'Mm AmYma nÌH$ma AmhoV. nwT>sb 25-30 dfmªV Ë`m gw_mao ghm AãO
gm[h{Ë`H$m§Ms M[aÌ-AmË_M[aÌohs! KoV AgVmo; Ë`m [df`m§Mm gImob dm g[dñVa (600 H$moQ>s) bmoH$m§Zm CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vsb.
[Xdg|[Xdg Amnbo OsdZ [dkmZ-V§ÌkmZmZo Aä`mg H$aUo Ë`mbm eŠ` hmoV Zmhs. Varhs EH$ JmoîQ> [gÕ PmbsM Amho- Vs åhUOo
doT>bo OmV Amho. na§Vw, XwX£dmZo `m XmoÝhs [df`m§V "dV©_mZm'À`m bmQ>m§da Amê$T> Pmboë`m bmoH$m§Ms EHy$U ~S>~S> 100 nQ>tZs dmT>bs Amho.
JVs Agbobo nÌH$ma \$mago ZgVmV. [edm` nÌH$mambm g_wÐmMs Imobs dm ì`más g_OÊ`mgmR>s _mo~mBbdê$Z, H$m°åß`wQ>a M°Q>²g_YyZ dm WoQ>.
nÌH$m[aVoV `oUmao VéU Oa J[UV, [dkmZ, Ë`m bmQ>m§dê$Z CVamdo bmJVo. `wamon-A_o[aHo$Vsb àË`j dm \$moZdarb g§dmX/Jßnm/^m§S>Uo
AmYw[ZH$ V§ÌkmZ `m [df`mV nma§JV AgVsb Va Vo d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _mbH$ Agm gImob Aä`mg H$aUmè`m AgmoV dm EgE_Eg/{Q>²dQ>a/M°Q> Agmo, _ob Agmo
nÌH$m[aVoV `m`À`m EodOs Ë`m [df`m§g§~§YsÀ`m dm H$ê$ B{ÀN>Umè`m nÌH$mambm [deof aOm dm dm àXsK© boI, ãbm°J AgmoV dm _{ëQ>_s[S>`m
ì`dgm`mVM (A[YH$ nJmamda) OmVsb. \o$bmo[en XoVmV. Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV à[gÕ Pmbobo H$m°Ý\$aÝgog- Ë`m gdmªMo _w»` _mÜ`_ AgVo ^mfm.
18 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
eãX. ~mobs. ñda`§Ì- [Z`§[ÌV ÜdZs (_wHo$-~[hao eãX ho g§dmXmMo, ^mdZm[dîH$mamMo, [dMmamMo _mZdd§eemók _mZVmV. (Ë`m§Zm "~mobs'
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[dñVmaUmao [j[VO `m§Mmhs Amho. [MZs Am[U hmoV OmB©b. _s[S>`mbm Va VmaodMs H$gaVM H$amds g§nH©$ : 9821524131
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20 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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ñQw>bm§À`m _Ymo_Y AmnQ>Ê`mgmaI§ hmoUma Amho. dmMy bmJbmV H$s _JM nwñVH$mMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. AgVmo. _bm B§VOma hwgoZ _mhsV hmoVo; na§Vw,
EH$ ñQw>b [gÕmÝVmM§ Amho. nwñVH$mMm à^md nS>Vmo nwñVH$mÀ`m OÝ_mgmR>s Ogm boIH$ Amdí`H$ nmíMmÎ`m§Zm Ë`m§M§ boIZ R>mD$H$ ZìhV§. B§VOma
åhUOo Zo_H§$ H$m` hmoV§? A_wH$ EH$ nwñVH$ AgVmo Vgm [H¨$~hwZm Oam OmñVsMm dmMH$hs hwgoZ ^maVs` CnI§S>mVsb gJù`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$,
dmMë`mda Amnë`mda à^md nS>Vmo åhUOo Amdí`H$ AgVmo. gm[h{Ë`H$ na§nam§Mm AH©$ AË`§V ghOVoZo ì`º$
Amnë`m ì`{º$_ÎdmV Am_ybmJ« n[adV©Z hmoV§ H$m? H$aVmV. dmñV[dH$, ZmË`mZ§ Vo "_°[OH$
Xwga§ Ag§ H$s _bm _hÎdmM§ dmQ>bob§ nwñVH$ BVa [aA°[bP_'Mo ImnanUOmo~m bmJVmV. Ag§M
Hw$Umbm [VVH§$M _hÎdmM§ dmQ>Ê`mMs gwVam_ H$mhsg§ _Ëgo øm boIH$m~Ôbhs åhUVm `oB©b.
eŠ`Vm Zmhs. øm JmoîQ>sMm [dMma AmnU Oam XmoKohs ñdV§Ì ~mÊ`mMo boIH$ Agbo Varhs. _mPs
doJù`m A§JmZ§ H$ê$. EH$Xm Aa[d¨X H¥$îUm _ëhmoÌm `m H$dsMs ^oQ> Pmbs.
_s _hmË_m Jm§YtM§ "gË`mMo à`moJ' dmMë`mda _s Ë`m§Zm åhUmbmo H$s, _s Vw_À`m H$[dVm AmdS>sZ§
_bm H$ib§ H$s Ë`m§À`mda a{ñH$ZÀ`m "AZ Qy> X dmMVmo. Ë`m Mm§Jë`m AmhoV; nU, Ë`mVbm XwX£dmMm
bmñQ' `m nwñVH$mMm Iyn Imobda à^md nS>bm ^mJ Agm H$s _s [ejH$ Amho Ë`m_wio Vw_À`m
hmoVm. n§Yam df} ZmZm IQ>nQ>s H$ê$Z _s a{ñH$ZM§ H$[dVm _bm [eH$dmì`m bmJVmV. AWm©V, Vo
nwñVH$ [_idyZ Vo dmMb§. Z_«nUmZ§ gm§JVmo _mPs IiIiyZ hgbo. _bm CÚm g_Om eoŠg[n`a
Kmoa [Zamem Pmbs. na§Vw, `m AZw^dmVyZ _bm EH$ ^oQ>bmM Va Ë`mbm Var _s `m[edm` Xwga§ H$m`
JmoîQ> bjmV Ambs Vs Aes H$s Vwåhmbm nwñVH$ gm§JUma? Ia§ gm§Jm`M§ Va _bm à^m[dV H$aUma§
H$m` gm§JV§ `mnojmhs Vwåhs Hw$R>bs _Z:{ñWVs KoD$Z àË`oH$ nwñVH$ _mÂ`mg_moa OsdZmVë`m AJ[UV
nwñVH$mH$S§> OmVm hsM ~m~ A[YH$ _m¡[bH$ AgVo. eŠ`Vm C^§ H$aV§.
åhUyZ _mPs Aes n¸$s ImÌs Amho H$s nwñVH§$ g¡Õm{ÝVH$ nmVisda ~hwVoH$Xm [\$ŠeZ H${ënV
dmMU§ hs EH$ gO©Zesb H¥$Vs Amho. a[MV/H$Ï` ho \°$ŠQ>-VÏ` `mÀ`m [damoYmV _m§S>b§
gJio Wmoa boIH$ Amnë`m boIZmV ^anya _. \w$ë`m§À`m boIZm~amo~aM S>m°. OmV§. VÏ` (\°$ŠQ>) [H¨$dm gË` [H¨$dm dmñVd
[aH$m_m AdH$me Ro>dVmV. Amnë`m H$ënZmeº$sZ§ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m "AZm`[hboeZ Am°\$ H$mñQ>' `m ([aA°[bQ>s) Zmd§ [H¨$dm Hw$R>bshs nm[a^m{fH$
dmMH$mZ§ hm AdH$me ^am`Mm AgVmo. Ë`m_wi§ nwñVH$mMm _mÂ`mda _moR>mM à^md nS>bm. nma§n[aH$ eãXmdbs dmnam. _bm h°åboQ> dmMë`mZ§Va EH$
XyaXe©Z [H¨$dm [MÌnQ> øm _mÜ`_m§Zm \$ma _`m©Xm nÕVsZ§ [dMma H$aUmao `m boIZmbm H$Xm[MV _wÔm gwMbm. AmnU "h°åboQ>' EH$ àH$maMs hoaH$Wm
AmhoV Ag§ _bm Zoh_sM OmUdV§. H$maU, _mÂ`m nwñVH$ Ag§ Zmd XoUma ZmhsV. `m [Z~§YmM§ ñdê$n åhUyZhs dmMy eH$Vmo. H$maU, Amnë`m ~mnmÀ`m
H$ënZmeº$sbm _moH$isH$ XoÊ`mAmYsM gd© JmoîQ>s _ybJm_s g§emoYZ H$aUmè`m [deof emoY[Z~§YmM§ _maoH$è`mMm emoY Va h°åboQ>bm ¿`m`Mm AgVmoM.
_mÂ`mg_moa _yV© ñdê$nmV [Xgy bmJVmV. _s Amho. na§Vw, Agbo _V^oX Xwæ`_ XOm©Mo Am[U _maoH$è`m§M§ VÏ` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>s h°åboQ> EH$m
Hw$PZoËgmìh Am[U bm°aoÝg Am[b{ìh`m `m XmoKm§Mm bwQw>nwQ>sMo R>aVmV. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m boIZmZ§ AWm©Zo ñda[MV àXsK© [\$ŠeZMmM Cn`moJ H$aVmo.
"h°åboQ>' nm[hbm Amho. nU, _s Vwåhmbm AmdOy©Z Amnë`m g_mOmH$S§> Zì`mZ§ ~KÊ`mMs j_Vm _bm H$Xm[MV H${ënV hoM VÏ`mn`ªV, gË`mn`ªV
gm§JVmo H$s _mPm h°åboQ> BVa H$moUmÀ`mhs h°åboQ> [_idyZ [Xbs. nwñVH$m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo `mMm EH$ nmohmoMÊ`mM§ ImÌsbm`H$ gmYZ Agmd§. _mZds
nojm [ZVm§V gw§Xa Amho. H$maU, ñnîQ> Amho. AW© Agm H$s, dmMZmnyduM§ Vw_M§ ì`{º$_Îd Am[U g§doXZm§Zm OmUdUma§ dñVwJV OJ gmoS>b§ Va AmnU
eoŠgns`aM§ ZmQ>H$ dmMVmZm _s _mÂ`m H$ënZoZ§ dmMZmZ§VaM§ Vw_M§ ì`{º$_Îd `mV _yb^yV V\$mdV Á`mbm VÏ`, gË` [H¨$dm dmñVd åhUVmo Vo H${ënV
_mPm "h°åboQ>' KmVbm Amho. Hw$R>bmhs boIH$ Wmoa, OmUdV AgVo. _s ñdV:bm \$ma ^m½`dmZ g_OVmo [H¨$dm n`m©`mZ§ [\$ŠeZM åhUV Zmhs H$m`?
H$Xm[MV Ë`m_wi§M Wmoa R>aVmo H$s Vmo n«Ë`oH$ H$s _bm \$ma Mm§Jbo [_Ì [_imbo Am[U \$ma Mm§Jbo VÏ`mn`ªV OmÊ`mMm gJù`mV geº$ n[dÌm
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 21
[\$ŠeZM Agmdm. H$m` [H¨$dm Zdè`mÀ`m _maoH$è`m~amo~a Zì`mZ§ H$aVmo. XmñVo`ìhñH$sMm "S´>s_ Am°\$ X [H$_a \o$bmo'
_mH©$P Amnë`m EH$m _wbmIVsV åhUmbm hmoVm g§gma WmQ>U§ H$m`, gJi§M [ZaW©H$ R>aV§. Aes EH$ N>moQ>ses JmoîQ>! Ë`mVbm Zm`H$ JmoîQ>sÀ`m
H$s, _mÂ`m boIZmM§ dU©Z Vwåhs H$g§hs H$am. Ë`mbm åhUyZ _bm H$m`_ Ag§ dmQ>V Amb§` H$s eodQ>s åhUVmo, bmB©\$ BO J«oQ>a X°Z Am°b [\$bmg\$s
_°[OH$ [aA°[bP_ åhUm H$s \°$ÝQ>gs. na§Vw, _s gm[hË`mM§ AmH$bZ ZsQ>nUo hmoÊ`mgmR>s Am°\$ bmB©\$ _mUyg ñdm^m[dH$nUoM OsdZ g_Omdo
Hw$R>ë`mhs boIH$mgmaIm qH$dm H$bmd§VmgmaIm [~Zgm[h{Ë`H$ nwñVH§$hs _moR>çm à_mUmV dmMU§ åhUyZ VÎdkmZ aMVmo; na§Vw, OsdZ `m
dmñVdmÀ`mM ([aA°[bQ>s )emoYmV AgVmo. dmñVd JaOoM§ Amho. _mPm EH$ [_Ì gm[hË`mÀ`m VÎdkmZmË_H$ aMZoVyZ g\$mB©XmanUmZ§ [ZgQ>V§.
dmñVd åhUVmV Vo eodQ>s Amho Var H$m`? Hw$R>b§hs ^mfm§Vamg§~§Ys åhUVmo H$s, gm[hË`H¥$VsM§ CÎm_ OJVm `oU§ OJÊ`mÀ`m VÎdkmZmnojm loîR> Amho.
Mm§Jb§, XO}Xma, Wmoa nwñVH$ Vwåhmbm dmñVdmÀ`m ^mfm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>s [~Zgm[h{Ë`H$ nwñVH§$ [d[dY AZw^dm§Zm gm_moa§ OmU§ _mZds eŠ`Vm§Zm
emoYmbm hmV^ma bmdV AgV§. åhUyZ _s Ag§ dmMbsM nm[hOoV. gm[hË`mÀ`m AmH$bZm~m~Vhs gm_mdyZ KoVm `oU§, Amnbm OJmH$So> nmhÊ`mMm
åhUÊ`mM§ YmS>g H$arZ H$s nwñVH$ dmMU§ Am[U hoM _V bmJy nS>V§. B[Vhmg, VÎdkmZ, [dkmZ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ A[YH$m[YH$ [ZH$mon, CXma Am[U Iwbm,
Ë`mÀ`m à^mdm~Ôb ~mobU§ hm ñdV:bm BË`mXs [d[dY emIm§Ms nwñVH§$ dmMU§ A[Ve` g_mdoeH$ AgU§ hmM Iè`m AWm©Zo Wmoa nwñVH$m§Mm
emoYÊ`mMmM EH$ gj_ à`ËZ AgVmo. _bm Ag§ à^md Agy eH$Vmo.
åhUm`M§` H$s, _s Jobs [H$Ë`oH$ df} nwñVH$ _s B§J«Os gm[hË` [eH$bmo Am[U [eH$db§.
dmMVmoM Amho. H$maU, _s H$moU Amho Am[U H$gm ho Ë`mV _mPmhs EH$ ñdmW© hmoVm. B§J«Osda nwaog§ à^wËd
OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm Xwgam Hw$R>bmhs _mJ© _bm [XgV Ë`m_wio _bm [_idVm Amb§. Ë`m_wio B§J«OsV
Zmhs. _bm dmQ>V§ nwñVH§$ dmMU§ hm AmË_emoYmMm CnbãY Agbob§ OJmVë`m BVa ^mfm§Vb§
gJù`mV gmonm Am[U OdiMm _mJ© Amho. AZw^d CÎm_moÎm_ Am[U XO}Xma gm[hË` _bm dmMVm Amb§.
[eH$dVmo; na§Vw, AZw^dmZ§ [_iUma§ [ejU gm_«mÁ`dmXmZo nN>mS>boë`m B§J«Os gm[hË`mÀ`m
gJù`mV _hmJS§> Amho. ImgJs [ejU g§ñWonojmhs _`m©Xmhs Ë`m_wi§ bjmV Amë`m. ~Q´>mªS> agob
_hmJ! _mPm AZw^d _mÂ`m OsdZmÀ`m BVH$mM [H¨$~hwZm Ë`mÀ`mnojmhs H$mhsgm Wmoa
n[a{ñWVs_wi§ AË`§V _`m©[XV AgVmo. Vmo ~hwe: Agbobm Ama. S>ãë`y. ~s. S>çy~m à[gÕsnmgyZ
d¡`{º$H$ ñdê$nmMmhs AgVmo. `mCbQ> Wmoa boIH$ d§[MV H$m am[hbm Vohs bjmV Amb§. A_o[aH$Z
_mÂ`mg_moa AZw^dm§Ms, OsdZmVë`m eŠ`Vm§Ms gm[hË` dmMë`mda H¥$îU-dUu`m§M§ Am[U OJmVsb
[H$VsVar XmbZ§ Iwbs H$aVmo. `m AWm©Zo EH$m d§[MVm§M§ EHy$UM gm[hË` dmMë`mda B[Vhmg
nwñVH$mÀ`m dmMZmMm à^md Ia§Va Amnë`mbm Zì`mZ§ g_OyZ KoÊ`mMs Amdí`H$Vm bjmV Ambs.
Xwgar Ag§»` nwñVH§$ dmMm`bm CÚwº$ H$aVmo. hm à^md H$mhs Xwb©[jÊ`mgmaIm ZmhsM. gm[hË`
`mgmR>s EH$ N>moQ§>g§ CXmhaU XoVmo- dmMU§ [H¨$dm EH§$Xa dmMZ hs _ybV: EH$ kmZmË_H$
eoŠg[n`aÀ`m "[aMS©> X WS©>' `m ZmQ>H$mVbm CnH$maH$ R>aV§. _bm à^m[dV H$aUmè`m EH$mM [H«$`m Amho Am[U hs [H«$`m A§VhsZ Amho.
EH$ àg§J Amho. Amnë`m ^mdmMm IyZ H$ê$Z nwñVH$mMm C„oI H$am, Agm AmJ«hM Ho$bm Va _s Vw_À`mda à^md nmS>Uma§ nwñVH$ Vwåhmbm ZdZdsZ
Hw$~S>m, Hw$ê$n [aMS©>, amOm Pmbobm Amho. àg§J _¥V "Aao[~`Z ZmB©Q>²g'Mm (EH$ hOma EH$ amÌs)Mm nwñVH§$ emoYm`bm ^mJ nmS>V§. dmñV[dH$, Hw$R>bmhs
amOmÀ`m ed`mÌoMm Amho. Zdm amOm [aMS©> WS©> `m C„oI H$arZ. øm H$Wm§Ms gwédmVM [dMma boIH$ dmMH$m§Zm à^m[dV H$aÊ`mgmR>s [bhsV
`mÌoV gm_sb Amho. [dYdm amUs A°ZnU Cn{ñWV H$aÊ`mgmaIs Amho. gw§Xa amOH$Ý`m ehmaOXMm ZgVmo. Amnë`m Am§V[aH$ JaOonmoQ>s Vmo Amnbm
Amho. Zo_Š`m `mM dois [aMS©> [dYdm A°Zbm gH$mis [eaÀNo>X hmoUma AgVmo. amÌ^a Vs amOmbm [dûdmH$So> ~KÊ`mMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ì`º$ H$aVmo.
b¾mMs _mJUs KmbVmo. ho dmMVmZm _bm Y¸$m Va JmoîQ> gm§JVo. [VM§ H$WZ BVH§$ H$m¡eë`nyU© AgV§ H$s A§[V_V: à^mdmnojm `m [dûd~moYmn`ªV nmohmoMVm
~gbmM; nU, WmoS>m [dMma Ho$ë`mda dmQ>b§ H$s amOmMs H$Wm EoH$Ê`mMs CËH§$R>m dmT>VM OmVo. nwTo> `oU§ hoM dmMZg§ñH¥$VsM§ Ia§ C[ÔîQ> åhUVm `oB©b.
Xwgao AZoH$ Mm§Jbo boIH$hs Agm àg§J XmIdy H$m` hmoUma ho gm§JVm gm§JVm nhmQ> hmoVo. amOmbm Va _mÂ`m Zm§XoS>_Yë`m EH$m [_ÌmOdi Iyn åhUOo
eH$Vsb. na§Vw, Ia§ AmíM`© Am[U Y¸$m ~gbm Vmo nwT>Ms JmoîQ> EoH$m`Ms AgVo; nU, H$Wm Va Xwgè`m EH$ H$nmQ>^a [ndù`m doîQ>ZmVsb (nmoZm}) nwñVH§$
øm JmoîQ>sZ§ H$s, `m ed`mÌoV [dYdm amUs [aMS©>Ms amÌsM gm§[JVbs OmUma AgVo. amOH$Ý`oMm hmoVs. _s Vshs dmMbs. AZoH$ hoaH$Wmhs dmMë`m.
_mJUs _mÝ` H$aVo. _bm dmQ>V§ Ag§ \$º$ [eaÀNo>X Q>iVmo. H$WZ Zoh_sM _¥Ë`yMm [damoY H$aV§ _s hs nwñVH§$ dmMbs ZgVs Va _bm S>s.EM.
eoŠg[n`aM [M[ÌV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. H$Xm[MV Am[U OsdZmMs, OJÊ`mMs ~mOy KoV§. `m AWm©Zo bm°aoÝg, hoÝar [_ba `m§Ms d¡[eîQ>ço H$ibs ZgVs.
Zdè`mÀ`m _¥Ë`ynojm [H¨$dm [dYdm åhUyZ Hw$R>b§hs boIZ OsdZmMs ~mOy KoV§. åhUyZ Hw$R>bmhs hoaH$Wm dmMë`m ZgË`m Va XmñVoìhñH$sM§ "H«$mB©_
OJÊ`mnojm gÎmoMm _moh A[YH$ ~bdÎma Agmdm. boIH$ OsdZmda ào_ H$am`bm àmoËgmhZ XoVmo Vmo A°ÊS> n[ae_|Q>' [H¨$dm J«°h°_ J«sZM§ "A JZ \$m°a
[H¨$dm Ag§hs åhUVm `oB©b H$s Am`wî`mV KS>boë`m Amnë`m gdmªZmM à^m[dV H$arV AgVmo. åhUyZ gob' ZsQ>nUmZo H$ibo ZgVo. dmMZmMm Cn`moJ
àg§Jm§Zs Am[U AZw^dm§Zs amUs A°Z Agë`m boIH$m§Ms b§~sMm¡S>s `mXs XoÊ`mMs H$mhsM JaO åhUyM naV naV dmMZmgmR>sM Am[U gdªH$f
[H$aH$moi [dMmam§À`m nma nbsH$So> [ZKyZ Jobobs Zmhs. _mÂ`m [nT>sVë`m BVa dmMH$m§à_mUo _s J°go, AmH$bZmgmR>sM hmoV AgVmo.
Agmds. B[Vhmg Amnbm X~X~m Agm H$mhs gmd©, H$m_y, H$mâ\$m ho boIH$ dmMbo. Ë`m§À`m (‘amR>dmS>m gm{hË` n[afXoÀ `"dmMZdoY'‘ŸYyZ
[Z_m©U H$aVmo H$s _mZds ^md^mdZm, [dMma Am[U boIZmZ§ Iyn à^m[dV Pmbmo. `m gdmªnojm _mÂ`mda gm^ma)
_yë`o A[VjwÐ R>aVmV. [dYdm Am[lV åhUyZ OJU§ XmñVmo`ìhñH$sMm à^md A[YH$ Amho ho _s _mÝ` g§nH©$ : 9637058132
22 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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gm§JUma Amho, Á`mV EH$m nwñVH$mZ§ H$mhs nwñVH§$ Amnë`m AmYs OÝ_bobs
_mÂ`m OsdZmVsb AmUs~mUsÀ`m àg§Js _bm AgVmV. Vs OÝ_^a Amnë`mbm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV.
[_Ìmà_mUo _XV Ho$bs. ~hwYm 1955Mm Vmo [S>g|~a Am[U `oUmè`m [nT>çm§Zmhs. _yaÀ`m OwÝ`m
_[hZm Agmdm. _s MoÞB©Vë`m _Ðmg B{ÝñQ>Q>çyQ> nwñVH$m§VyZ 1953_Ü`o [dH$V KoVbob§ dm°Q>gZ
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hmoVo. _mPm EH$ [df` H$ƒm hmoVm. Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$mi _mPm OsdbJ gIm Am[U ghH$mar ~Zb§ Om°O© AmoëeoìhñH$s `m§M§ "A§S>añQ±>[S¨>J X [OZmo_'
H$aÊ`mgmR>s _s _mJo Wm§~bmo hmoVmo. EH$ [Xdg _bm Amho. _s BVŠ`m doim Vo dmMb§` H$s, Ë`mMs nwZ: Am[U [_[H$Amo H$mHy$ `m§M§ "n°abb dëS©>' hr
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 31
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32 ‘o 2011
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Amnbm Y_© Amho Ag§ _mZUmè`m {ó`m§[df`s H$m`©H«$_mV àdoe ZìhVm. n§[S>Vm a_m~mBªZs g§nH©$ : 9922691650
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H$m`? Va... [Za§Va nVsMs Amkm nmiUo, Ë`mMo Amnë`m ^mfUmVyZ nwéfdJm©Ms gUgUsVnUo
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 33
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d¡Mm[aH$ ì`dñWobm CX²ÜdñV H$ê$ ~KUmam, X[bV
åhUOo ho OJ d OsdZ Zì`mZo _m§S>Umam, X[bV
gm[hË` hs g§km »`mVH$sV© Pmbobs Amho. gm[hË` `m g§kobm nyU©nUo CVaUmao, ZH$ma d åhUOo `m `wJmZo Á`mMo hmV àkmd§V, àb§`H$mar
^maVmVë`m Ad¡[XH$ - bmoH$m`V na§naoVyZ [dH$[gV [dÐmohmMs OmUsd ì`º$ H$aUmao gm[hË` Iè`m Ho$bobo AmhoV Am[U Á`m§À`mgmR>s eóo Am[U emóo
Pmboë`m Am[U `m na§naobm g_H$mbsZ amOH$s` AWm©Zo 1965Z§Va ~hambm Ambo. CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xbobs AmhoV, Aem X[bVm§À`m
[dMmaì`yhm§Mm Ame` àmá H$ê$Z XoUmam \w$bo- X[bV gm[hË` åhUOo d§[MVm§M§, emo[fVm§M§ gm[hË`[Z[_©Vsbm X[bV gm[hË` _mZmdo, Ago
Am§~oS>H$admXmMm CJ_ Am[U X[bV gm[hË`mMs gm[hË`. Omo d§[MV, emo[fV g_mO Om[VàYmZ ~m~yamd ~mJyb `m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho.
[Z[_©Vs ^maVmVbm gdmªV _moR>m Vbñneu Agm CVa§S>sÀ`m aMZoVbm gdmªV VimJmimVbm, amOm T>mbo `m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Omo Omo
d¡Mm[aH$ P§PmdmV hmoVm. `m P§PmdmVmZo _amR>s JmdHw$gm~mhoa amhUmam, nydm©l_sMm Añn¥í` _mZbm dM©ñddmXs àñWm[nV g_mOaMZo[déÕ Am[U
gm[hË`mMm AjM ~XbyZ Q>mH$ë`mZo Ë`mbm gd© Jobobm _hma g_mO, Omo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ gm§ñH¥$[VH$ ì`yhm[déÕ bT>Umam Ñ{îQ>H$moZ KoD$Z
ñVamVë`m dmMH$m§Mm _moR>m à[VgmX [_imbm. Am§~oS>H$am§Zs Ho$boë`m Y_mªVamÀ`m à[H«$`oVyZ gm[hË`[Z[_©Vs H$arb Am[U dmQ> MwH$boë`m
Ho$di _amR>s_Ü`oM Zìho, Va ^maVmVsb g_mOmbm dmQo>da AmUsb Vmo Vmo X[bV gm[h{Ë`H$
[Za[Zamù`m ^mfm§_YyZ XoIsb X[bV gm[hË`mMs àkm X`m ndma Agob Am[U Ë`m X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m _mJo X[bV
A^yVnyd© [Z[_©Vs hmoD$ bmJbs Amho. VgoM OmUsd AgVo. `m X[bV Om[Udobm ZdsZ
AZwdmXmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XoIsb X[bV gm[hË` gm_m[OH$ - gm§ñH¥$[VH$ Ý`yZJ§S>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>bm g_mOì`dñWm Ano[jV Amho Am[U hs ì`dñWm
B§J«Os, \«o§$M, O_©Z AmXs ^mfm§_YyZ OmJ[VH$ hmoVm, Vmo X[bV gm[hË` [Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV _yë`m[Y{îR>V Amho. OmVs, dJ©, dU© `m§Mm A§V `m
nQ>mda OmD$Z nmohmoMbo Amho. àñVwV boImV Joë`m AmKmS>sda am[hbm. H$mbm§VamZo AZoH$ d§[MV ì`dñWobm A[^àoV Amho.
nÞmg dfmªVë`m X[bV gm[hË`mMm n[aM`mË_H$ X[bV gm[hË` åhUOo ì`[º$ñdmV§Í`mMm
YmdVm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. OmhsaZm_m Amho. H«$m§[V[dÝ_wIVm Am[U
X[bV gm[hË`mMs g§H$ënZm Am[U [dÐmoh ho H«$m§[VgÝ_wIVm `m§À`m g§Kfm©VyZ [Z_m©U Pmbobo
EH$_oH$m§es AÝ`moÝ`nUo OmoS>bobo AmhoV. hm [dÐmoh X[bV gm[hË` ~§Y_wº$ _mUgmMm [dMma H$aVo, Ago
Amho [h¨Xy Y_m©Vsb An[adV©Zs` [df_VmdmXs S>m°. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo `m§Zs ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.
Om[Vì`dñWo[déÕMm. [df_ g_mOaMZo_wio àm. eaƒ§Ð _w[º$~moY `m§Zs X[bV Om[UdoMo
gm_m[OH$, gm§ñH¥$[VH$, Am[W©H$, amOH$s` gÎmm AMyH$ dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. Vo åhUVmV, X[bV OmUsd
Amnë`m Vmã`mV Ro>dUmè`m Am[U [Vbm [h¨Xy hs g_mOOm[UdoV AZwê$n n[adV©Z H$ê$ nmhUmar
Y_©J«§Wm§Mo A[YîR>mZ àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmè`m OmUsd Amho. åhUyZ Vs Oes [dÐmohmË_H$ VesM
àd¥Îmt[déÕMm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§ZsM _ybV: AmemdmXs d H«$m§[VH$mar OmUsd Amho.
gd©àW_ X[bVm§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mÀ`m [dd[jV gm_m[OH$ dmñVd, Ë`mMs gwñnîQ>
à[VH$mamg§X^m©V "[dÐmoh' `m eãXmMo Cn`moOZ H$maU_s_m§gm, Ë`m dmñVdmÀ`m n[adV©ZmMm
Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m gdªH$f bT>çm_Ysb 1927 gmbMm AmemdmXs Ñ{îQ>H$moZ d Ë`m~ÔbMs Vsd« AmñWm
_hmS>Mm MdXma Vù`mMm gË`mJ«h, 1930 gmbMm åhUOo X[bV OmUsd hmo`.
H$mimam_ _§[Xa àdoemMm gË`mJ«h, 1935 gmbs `mdê$Z Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s àñWm[nV
`odbm `oWo Ho$bobs Y_mªVamMs KmofUm, 1946 ì`dñWo[déÕ AmdmO CR>dUma§ BVH§$M Zìho, Va
gmbs _w§~B©À`m [gÕmW© _hm[dÚmb`mMs Am[U àË`jmVë`m ~XbmÀ`m à[H«$`oes O¡dnUo OmoS>bob§
1949 gmbs Am¡a§Jm~mXÀ`m [_[b¨X CXmhaUmW© _hmaoVa - ~m¡ÕoVa AZwgy[MV OmVs- AgU§ ho X[bV gm[hË`mM§ doJionU Amho.
_hm[dÚmb`mMs ñWmnZm, 1947 Vo 1950 `m O_mVs, ^Q>Š`m [d_wº$ O_mVs, Am[Xdmgs, [¼ñVs ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV BVŠ`m OmoaH$gnUo _amR>s
H$mimV ^maVs` amÁ`KQ>ZoMs [Z[_©Vs, "_yH$Zm`H$', _amR>s, _w{ñb_ _amR>s AmXs g_yhmVyZhs gm[hË`mÀ`m joÌmV ho àW_M KS>V hmoV§. X[bV
"~[hîH¥$V ^maV', "OZVm' `m§gma»`m d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZ d¡[eîQ>çnyU© boIZ hmoV Job§ Am[U X[bV gm[hË`mMm ^modVmbmes Agbobm g§X^© hm Xwhoar
X[bV g_yhmÀ`m OmUsdOmJ¥VsgmR>s Ho$bobo ì`mnH$ gm[hË`mÀ`m H$jm A[YH$m[YH$ é§XmdV Joë`m. ñdê$nmMm hmoVm. EH$sH$So> ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemZo
à`ËZ Am[U 14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1956 amoOs Pmbobo n[aUm_s, X[bV gm[hË`mM§ ñdê$n EH$[OZgs X[bVmoÞVsÀ`m Ho$boë`m KQ>ZmË_H$ ñd`§[ZYm©amMm
Y_mªVa `m KQ>Zm X[bV MidisVë`m nWXeu am[hb§ Zmhs. X[bVm§À`m àË`j OsdZmda Z Pmbobm n[aUm_ Va
KQ>Zm _mZmì`m bmJVsb. `m MidisVyZM Iè`m gwédmVsbm AmnU X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m H$mhs Xwgam g§X^© åhUOo Ë`m H$mimV OJ^amVM
AWm©Zo X[bV gm[hË` gm§ñH¥$[VH$ CR>mdmMo [dÐmohs ì`m»`m nmhy. n[adV©ZdmXs CR>mdmM§ Oo OmoaH$g dma§ dmhmV hmoV§
34 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Ë`mVyZ gJù`mM d§[MVm§Zm ho Ag_mZ dmñVd _hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo, N>ÌnVs emhy _hmamO, Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV [b[hë`m Joboë`m X[bV
AmnU ~Xby eH$Vmo `mVyZ Ambobs C^mar, hm noar`ma `m§À`m à~moYZna, g_VmdmXs na§naoes gm[hË`mV B[VhmgM _moR> çm à_mUmV J«[WV Pmbm.
hmoVm. X[bV gm[hË`mZo ì`dñWoMo àíZ OmoaH$gnUo OmoS>U§ hs à[H«$`m AmngyH$nUo KS>bs. AWm©V, doJdoJù`m OmV-O_mV g_yhmVyZ Am[U
bmdyZ Yabo, Ho$di gm[hË`mVyZM Zìho, Va _amR>s gm[hË`mVsb _Ü`_dJu`, ~«m÷Us àm_w»`mZo AmË_H$WZ `m gm[hË`àH$mamVyZ.
añË`mdagwÕm; Jm`amZ O[_ZsMm àíZ, Zm_m§Va JwiMQ>nUmZ§ ^aboë`m Varhs ñdV:bm à_wIàdmhs X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m n[hë`m Q>ßß`mda [Z_m©U
bT>m, X[bV n±Wa Midi, [aS>ëg, I¡abm§Os Ago _mZUmè`m gm[hË`mda Mm¡\o$a h„m MT>dV ~hwOZ Pmbobm AmË_m[dîH$ma, AmË_H$WZo Am[U
AZoH$. ì`dñWmn[adV©ZmÀ`m _yi à`moOZmes g_mOmM§ gm§ñH¥$[VH$ A[^ì`º$sgmR>s AmOda H$[dVoÀ`m ê$nmV àm_w»`mZo àH$Q>bo. X`m ndmam§Mo
A[Ve` A[^ÞnUo OmoS>bobo Agë`mZoM X[bV [Z[fÕ _mZb§ Jobob§ Ia§Iwa§ OsdZ `m gm[hË`mVyZ "~bwV§', à.B©. gmoZH$m§~io `m§Mo "AmR>dUtMo njs'
gm[hË`mZo àñWm[nV ì`dñWobm KÅ> H$aUmar àVrH§$, C^§ am[hb§. Ë`mVyZ _amR>s gm[hË`[díd hmXab§ Am[U bú_U _mZo `m§Mo "Cnam' `m AmË_H$WZm§Z§Va
à[V_m, [_WH§$, ^mfm - à_mU^mfoMm AmJ«h `m§Ms ZgV§ VaM Zdb. hm hmXam XoÊ`mV Am§~oS>H$ar AmË_H$WZm§Ms OUy bmQ>M Ambs. AWm©V, hs ^a
_moS>VmoS> Ho$bs. MidisVbo AZoH$ gm[h{Ë`H$ - [dMmad§V - Ho$di g§»`mË_H$ ZgyZ JwUmË_H$ hmoVs. EdTo>M
n`m©`s _yë`ì`dñWm, Zds àVsH§$ Am[U H$m`©H$V} AmKmS>sda hmoVo. AÊUm^mD$ gmRo>, Zìho, Va AmË_H$WZ `m g§H$ënZoMs XoIsb Zì`mZo
g§Ho$Vm§Zs KS>dbobs Zds ^mfm, [_Ï`H$Wm- ~§Yw_mYd, e§H$aamd IamV, ~m~yamd ~mJyb, X`m _m§S>Us H$aUmar hmoVs. AmË_H$WZ hs g§km ~XbyZ
nwamUH$Wm§Ms Zds _m§S>Us - EHy$UM ì`dñWoVb§ ndma, Zm_Xod T>gmi, dm_Z [Z¨~miH$a, amOm ñdH$WZ Ago Ë`mbm g§~moYbo Jobo. H$maU,
àñWm[nV H|$ÐVÎdmM§ g§nyU©nUo [d-MbZ H$ê$Z AmË_H$WZmgmR>s ì`º$sÀ`m ñdm`Îm A{ñVËdmMs
g_J« n[adV©Zmes ~m§Yrb AgU§ `mgmaIo _wÔo OmU d ì`[º$à[VîRo>Mo _yë` Agmdo bmJVo, Oo
X[bV Midi Am[U X[bV gm[hË` `m EH$mM ^maVs` g§ñH¥$Vs_Ü`o A^mdmZoM hmoVo. X[bV
ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AgUmè`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ K[Q>VmMo AmË_H$WZm§Zs Xwhoar H$m_[Jar Ho$bs. EH$m ~mOybm
[ZH$amMo AJ«H«$_ hmoVo. `m AZwf§JmZo g§nyU© _amR>s X[bV Zm`H$ a§JdyZ Ë`mbm d¡YVm àmâV H$ê$Z [Xbs
gm[hË`-ì`dhmamMs \o$aVnmgUs H$ê$Z Am[U Ë`mM~amo~a X[bVm§Mm EH$ Jm¡adembs
OsdZ_yë`m§Mm Am[U gm¢X`©_yë`m§Mm nwamoJm_s B[Vhmg C^m Ho$bm. Am[U `mVyZ àñWm[nVm§À`m
n[aÑîQ>sZo Ym§S>moim KoÊ`mV Ambm, dmL>²_`mÀ`m _ZmV Ë`m§À`m nyd©Om§Zs Ho$boë`m gm_m[OH$
B[VhmgmnwTo> àíZ[MÝh AYmoao[IV H$aÊ`mV Ambo KmoS>MwH$m§~Ôb níMmÎmmnmMs ^mdZm OmJdbs.
Am[U EHy$UM B[Vhmg-boIZmVbs àñWm[nV, AmUIs EH$ _hÎdmMs ~m~ åhUOo AmË_H$WZ
[hVg§~§Ys ì`yhaMZm CKS>s nmS>Ê`mV Ambs. [b[hÊ`mgmR>s \$ma _moRo> Z¡[VH$ Y¡`© bmJVo. H$maU,
àñWm[nV dM©ñddmXs nm§T>anoem _amR>s ^mfobm Am`wî`mVbo AZoH$ ZmOyH$ Vnesb Ë`mVyZ
[dê$n H$aV Zds gm[hË`^mfm [Z_m©U Ho$bs. gmd©O[ZH$ [dMma[dídmda AmUbo OmVmV. `mMm
g_VmdmXmbm, [ddoH$dmXmbm, [dkmZ[ZîRo>bm EH$ n[aUm_ Agm hmoVmo H$s, g_îQ>sÀ`m "ñd'da
AZwê$n Aes Zds àVrH§$, à[V_m, [_WH§$ [Z_m©U Agboë`m [Z`§ÌUm§Zm AmìhmZ [Xbo OmVo. [deofV:
H$arV, ^mfoMs nwZ_mªS>Us, g_sjoMo Zdo [ZH$f `m X[bV {ó`m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§Zs `m gd© ~m~s AË`§V
gJù`m§Mm AmJ«h X[bV gm[hË`mZo Yabm. S>m°. YmaXmanUo AYmoao[IV Ho$ë`m VgoM X[bV ~hwOZ
Jmonmi Jwê$ `m§Zs X[bV gm[hË`m~Ôb ì`º$ Ho$bobm ósdmXs n[aÑîQ>sMo _hÎdmMo n[a_mU [_idyZ [Xbo.
"g_mOemór`ÑîQ>çm [ddoMH$, amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm T>mbo, `ed§V _Zmoha, Ho$ed _olm_, AOw©Z S>m§Jio, AmË_H$WZm§~amo~aM H$[dVm, H$Wm, ZmQ>H$ `m
ñ\$moQ>H$ Am[U gm¢X`©emóÑîQ>>çm amoMH$' hm O.[d. ndma, Í`§~H$ gnH$mio, àëhmX M|XdUH$a, gm[hË`àH$mam§Mm XoIsb AË`§V VmH$XsZo dmna
A[^àm` gmW©M Amho. bú_U _mZo, [ham ~ZgmoSo>, AéU H$m§~io, [^.[e. X[bV gm[h{Ë`H$m§Zs Ho$bm. X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m
Am§~oS>H$ar à~moYZmÀ`m dmaemVyZ ì`º$s d qeXo, Hw$_wX nmdSo>, Á`moVs bm§Oodma, XÎmm ^JV, n[hë`m [nT>sÀ`m nm`m^yV H$m_mda nwTo> Amboë`m
g_yhmMm à[V[ZYs åhUyZ Agbobs ñdV§Ì AmoiI eaUHw$_ma [b¨~mio, nmW© nmoiHo$, ZOw~mB© JmdsV, [nT>sZo XoIsb X[bV gm[hË`mVsb [dÐmohmes Zmi
AYmoao[IV H$aVm `oU§ hs ~m~ OmUsdOmJ¥VsÀ`m _mYd H$m|S>[dbH$a, dm_Z hmodmi, A[_Vm^, VmoS>bs Zmhs. CbQ> Vmo AmOÀ`m
g§X^m©V IynM _mobmMs R>abs. Ë`mVyZM _J _mJo `moJsamO dmK_mao, gwYmH$a Jm`H$dmS>, `moJ|Ð OmJ[VH$sH$aUmÀ`m nmíd©^y_sda A[YH$m[YH$
diyZ ~KU§, nyd©Om§Mm - _mPm ^yVH$mi, B[Vhmg _olm_, ~o~s H$m§~io, em§Vm~mB© H$m§~io, AemoH$ àñVwV Pmbobm Amho
VnmgU§, _s H$moU Amho, Am_Ms AmoiI H$m`, `m ìhQ>H$a, ^s_goZ XoRo>, bú_U Jm`H$dmS>, àH$me na§Vw, AmO nÞmg dfmªZ§Va X[bV gm[hË` `m
ì`dñWoV Am_M§ ñWmZ H$m` ho àíZ H$isMo ~ZV OmYd, àH$me [Ì^wdZ, d¡OZmW H$igo, Qo>Šgmg g§koZ§ [b[hë`m OmUmè`m gm[hË`mMm gagH$Q>
Jobo Am[U `m emoYmVyZM H$[dVm Vg§M Iyn _moR> çm Jm`H$dmS>, ào_mZ§X JÁds, am_ZmW MìhmU, [H$emoa Ym§S>moim KoVbm Va ghOnUo OmUdV§, H$s Á`m
g§»`oZ§ AmË_H$WZ§ [b[hbs Jobs. Ë`mVyZ em§Vm~mB© H$mio `m§Zs X[bV gm[hË`mMm _mJ© àeñV A[^ì`º$sV hm _mUygnUmMm [VT>m nH$S>bm Amho,
JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m KoÅ>mog_ OJmM§ A[Ve` Ho$bm. `m§Zs Oo Oo [b[hb§, Á`m nÕVsMm Ame` Ë`mVbo A§V[d©amoY nH$S>bobo AmhoV, H$mhshs
àË``H$mar [MÌU C^§ am[hb§. [df_VmdmXs d¡[XH$ _m§S>bm Vmo JmdHw$gm~mhoaM§ [MÌ WoQ> a§JdUmam, Ë`mÁ` _mZbob§ Zmhs, fS>²{dH$mam§Mm ViR>md
na§nam ZmH$maU§, Zìho _wimVyZM XodY_© ZmH$maV [_Ï`H$Wm§Mm nwZ[d©Mma H$aUmam, àmYmÝ`mZo KoÊ`mMs [h¨_V XmIdbobs Amho, _s Am[U
Amnbm AZw~§Y ~wÕ, Mmdm©H$, H$~sa, ~gdoída, B[VhmgH|$Ðs hmoVm. Ë`mMm à^md BVH$m am[hbm H$s g_îQ>sMm gJim A§Vami nH$S>bm Amho Ë`mM
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 35
gm[hË`H¥$Vs nmW~«o[H¨$J R>aboë`m AmhoV. Ë`mV _s gm[hË`mMs AmOMs EH$gwar, A[Vgwb^, AmdmOs dmH$moSo>, ^wO§J _olm_ Am[U AéU H$mio `m§gma»`m
åhUVo Vgm gJim H$„moi - B[VhmgmMm, Am[U ì`mnH$Ëd hadboë`m ZmË`mMs Xw[Z`m gmoS>Vo g_W© H$dtZs OmJ[VH$sH$aUmgH$Q> gJù`m
B[Vhmgm~mhoa Ro>db§ OmÊ`mMm, Añn¥í`VoÀ`m Amho Am[U da C„oI Ho$boë`m g_J« n[adV©ZmÀ`m CbWmnmbWsM§ A[Ve` Zo_H§$ [MÌU H$ê$Z X[bV
XwIè`m [OìhmamMm Am[U Z§Va H«$_e: ì`[º$ËdmH$So> H$mhsem AmXe©dV Xw[Z`oV nmD$b Q>mH$Vo Amho. gm[hË`mbm g_H$mbsZ g§X^©Mm¡H$Q> àmßV H$ê$Z
hmoUmè`m dmQ>MmbsMm, _amR>sVë`m X[bV gm[hË`mM§ [Xbs. `m[edm` bmoH$ZmW `ed§V, dmhê$ gmoZdUo,
Ë`mVë`m ImMIi½`mMm, Oa H$mhs ^[dVì` Agob Va D$[_©bm ndma, Jm¡V_snwÌ H$m§~io, Hw$_ma A[Zb,
OmoS>sbm OmVdmñVd, Vo `mM [XeoZ§ Amho, Aes _h|Ð ^dao, à^y amOJS>H$a, Os.Ho$. EoZmnwao, g§O`
dJ©dmñVd, [b¨J^oXOÝ` _mPs R>m_ YmaUm ndma, A[dZme Jm`H$dmS>, g§Vmof nÙmH$a ndma,
[df_Vm, ^m§S>dbemhs, Amho. ZmhsVa _J AmnUhs Yå_nmb aËZmH$a AmXr H$ds-boIH$ AmOM§
Zd^m§S>dbdmX `m[déÕMs nwÝhm EH$Xm Ë`mM Jw§VmJw§VsM§, EH$aofs` Zgbob§ dmñVd [Za[Zamù`m
bT>mB© Ago gd© g§X^© g_¥Õ AS>JisMm ^mJ ~ZyZ gm[hË`àH$mam§_YyZ nH$Sy> nmhVmhoV. gm[hË`mÀ`m
AmhoVM. åhUOo gwQ§> gwQ§> Ag§ OmD$ Aes ^sVs _bm dmQ>Vo. nwT>À`m [Xem Aem YmS>gs, à`moJesb boIZmVyZM
H$mhs Zmhs. ewÕ ñd`§[gÕ X[bV gm[hË`mÀ`m Xw[Z`oV _moH$ù`m hmoD$ eH$VmV, Ag§ _s _mZVo. gmR>s-
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H$mhsM XoU§ KoU§ Zmhs Agm n[dÌm Zmhs. Ë`mVyZ X[bV gm[hË`mMs dmQ> A[YH$m[YH$ Aé§X Am[U Amnbm J«§Wg§J«h ls_§V H$amdm.)
CXmhaUmW©, I¡abm§Os \$º$ _mP§; O¡Vmnya, bdmgm, hmoV OmUma Amho. X[bV {ó`m§À`m boIZmZo g§nH©$ : 9869 480 141
ósÀ`m b¢[JH$VoM§ amOH$maU, _amR>s emim§Mm àíZ OJ^aÀ`m ósdmXs [dMmames hmV[_idUs H$aV B©-‘ob : pradnyadpawar@gmail.com
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36 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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nmaIyZ ~KÊ`mMshs JaO ^mgVo. hs JaO nwñVHo$ `oD $ eH$Vmo.
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 37
Hw$Us H$aVmZm [XgV Zmhs ømMs H$miOs dmQ>Vo. [XdgmJ[UH$ ~XbUmè`m H$mimV boIH$m§Ms øm Zmhs, ho dmñVd AmnU AmVm ñdsH$mabo nm[hOo.
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[edm`, nmR>çnwñVH$m§~mhoaMo H$mhshs dmMy Z Amnbs ZgVo, í`m_À`m AmB©Ms [H¨$dm \$mñQ>a \o$UoMs Q>mH$Vsb.
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ZmhsV. åhUOo XwîH$mimV Voamdm _[hZm H$m`_MmM. åhUyZ hm [df` gmoSy>Zhs XoVm `oV Zmhs. AmOÀ`m Ho$bo Amho, Vo XhmM dfmªV _mÂ`m S>moù`m§XoIV
n[aUm_s, _wbo AZoH$Xm dmMZmnmgyZ H$m`_Ms Xya H$mimÀ`m nmdbm§Ms Mmhyb KoV, gVV doJdoJio H$mb~mø hmoUma Amho, VoìhmMs
OmVmV, Am[U `m d`mV gwQ>bobs dmMZmMs gd` à`moJ H$aV Zds [Z[_©Vs H$aV amhÊ`mbm n`m©` Zmhs, _wbo Ë`mH$So> Tw>§Hy$Zhs nmhUma ZmhsV, ho _s AmJmD$M
nwÝhm bmJUo _hmH$R>sU AgVo. ho n¸o$ Ü`mZmV Ro>dbo nm[hOo. AmVmÀ`m OJmV _mÝ` H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo Amho. Vs doi nwTo> T>H$bm`Ms
øm _Yë`m d`mÀ`m _wbm§gmR>s [b[hUo A[O~mV "AOam_a', H$mimÀ`m gJù`m MmdQ>nUmbm nwê$Z Agob, Va nwT>ë`m hmH$m gmdYnUo EoH$V gVV
gmono ZgVo, ho _mÌ Iao. [deofV: AmÎmmÀ`m Ajae: Caob Ago- H$Xm[MV _hm^maV dJiVm-H$mhshs Zì`mMm emoY KoV H$m_ H$aV amhÊ`mbm n`m©` Zmhs.
38 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
OwZo OmD$ Úm _aUmbmJwZs...
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Amho. ^m¡[VH$ d Am[W©H$ àJVs [H$Vshs
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Agë`m_wio "OwZo OmD$ Úm _aUmbmJwZs" `m
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 39
J«m_sU OsdZmM§ à[V[~¨~
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J«m_sU dmñVdmMm nwaogm àË`` XoD$ eH$V J«m_sU gm[hË`mMo {dûcofU H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo.
Zgë`m_wio VgoM [VMm EHy$U AmdmH$m ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a, e§H$a nmQ>sb, X._m.
H$mX§~arEdT>m Zgë`m_wio "[namOs nmQ>sb' hs [_amgXma hs J«m_sU gm[hË`mMs n[hbs [nT>s. `m
_amR>sVbs n[hbs J«m_sU H$mX§~ar Amho, Ago åhQ>bo [nT>sVbo ~hwVm§e J«m_sU boIH$ g_mOmÀ`m daÀ`m
OmVo. _amR>sVbs n[hbs J«m_sU H$mX§~ar H$moUVs hm ñVamVbo AmhoV. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV [ejUmMs
[dMma WmoS>m doi ~mOybm Ro>dbm Var EH$ _mÌ Iao Amob [PanV [PanV OgOes ImbÀ`m ñVamH$So>
H$s, _amR>sVë`m n[hë`m ZmJar H$mX§~arZ§Va [H$Vs OmD$ bmJbs VgVgo Ë`m Ë`m ñVamVbo boIH$ _amR>s
Var C[eam _amR>sVë`m n[hë`m J«m_sU H$mX§~arMm J«m_sU gm[hË`mMs [Z[_©Vs H$ê$ bmJbo. hs J«m_sU
OÝ_ Pmbobm Amho. Ago hmoÊ`mMo H$maU AWm©VM gm[hË`mMs Xwgar [nT>s. Xwgè`m [nT>sVbo ~hwVm§e
ñnîQ> Amho. Ë`m H$mimVbm dmMH$ nyU©V: ZmJa boIH$ àË`j eoVs ì`dgm`mda Adb§~yZ
hmoVm. J«m_OsdZmMm AZw^d JmR>ses AgUmam AgUmè`m eoVH$è`m§À`m KamVbo. AmZ§X `mXd,
boIH$ Ë`m H$mimV OÝ_mbm `oUohs eŠ` ZìhVo. EH$ Zm.Ymo§. _hmZmoa, am.a§. ~moamSo>, M§ÐHw$_ma ZbJo,
_mÌ Iao H$s H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a, YZwYm©ar (am.[d. X.Vm. ^mogbo hs Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhs R>iH$ Zmd§.
[Q>Ho$H$a), a.dm. [XKo, J.b. R>moH$i AmXs J«m_sU n[hë`m [nT>sVë`m _amR>s J«m_sU gm[hpË`H$m§À`m
boIH$m§Zs _amR>sVsb Amnë`m Z§VaÀ`m [nT>sVsb gm[hË`mV JmdmVbm _mUyg Ambm, KamVbm _mUyg
J«m_sU boIH$m§gmR>s nm`dmQ> nmS>ë`mMo _mobmMo Ambm; nU [edmamVbm, àË`j eoVs H$aUmam
Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$m_ Ho$bo. eoVH$ar ¹$[MVM Ambm. Xwgè`m [nT>sVë`m J«m_sU
1940À`m Amgnmg _amR>s boIH$m§Mm B§J«Os gm[h{Ë`H$m§À`m gm[hË`mV JmdmVbm, KamVbm,
dmL²>_`mes g§nH©$ dmT>bm. [edm` J«m_OsdZmMm ZmVsJmoVs OnUmam, OmonmgUmam _mUyg Va AmbmM
àË`j AZw^d Agbobo Zd[e[jV J«m_sU VéU am. a§. ~moamSo> nU Ë`m[edm` [edmamVbm, eoVsV H$m~mS>H$îQ>
[ejUmÀ`m, ZmoH$arÀ`m, ì`dgm`mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo H$aUmam _mUyg Ambm. Ë`m§À`m gwI-Xw:Im§Mm _amR>s
ehamV `oD$ bmJbo. ehamV ñWm[`H$ hmoD$ bmJbo. MohaonÅsMs, a§Jê$nmMs, gd`s-bH$~tMs, dmMH$m§Zm n[aM` KS>bm.
Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s gO©ZmMs j_Vm Agbobo VéU J«m_sU doe^wfm§Ms, MmbsarVsMs, OsdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$anyd© H$mimV OmZnX JsV§
gm[hË` [Z[_©Vs H$ê$ bmJbo. B§J«Os dmL²>_`mÀ`m nÕVsMs EdT>s hw~ohw~ dU©Z§ H$m H$aVmV `mM§ H$maU [b{hbs Iar; nU, `m OmZnX JsVm§Zm H$[dVm
g§nH$m©_wio Ho$di ZmJarM Zìho, Va J«m_sU AmnUmg `oWo [XgV§. EH$ _mÌ Iao H$s ì`§H$Qo>e åhUU§ AdKS> Amho. J«m_sU gm[hË`mÀ`m n[hë`m
boIH$m§À`m dmL²>_`sZ Om[Udm [dH${gV hmoD$ _mS>JyiH$am§Zs _amR>s J«m_sU _mUgm§Ms H$ê$Z [nT>sV J«m_sU H$[dVm boIZ Pmë`mM§ A^mdmZ§M
bmJë`m. `m J«m_sU d ZmJar boIH$m§n¡H$s ì`§H$Qo>e [Xbobs AmoiI BVH$s n[anyU© hmoVs, BVH$s n¸$s [XgV§. _mÌ, Xwgè`m [nT>sV AmZ§X `mXd `m§Zs H$mhs
_mS>JyiH$a, J§JmYa JmS>Jsi, nw.^m. ^mdo, Aa[d¨X hmoVs H$s Ë`m§À`m Z§VaÀ`m J«m_sU boIH$m§Zm J«m_sU à_mUmV d Zm.Ym|. _hmZmoa `m§Zs nwaoem à_mUmV
JmoIbo ho à_wI boIH$ hmoV. _mUgm[df`s [b{hVmZm MmMnS>md§ bmJb§ Zmhs. IarIwar J«m_sU, dmñVdmM§ ^mZ Agbobs _amR>s
1940À`m AJmoXa _amR>s gm[hË` åhUOo e§H$a nmQ>sb d X._m. [_amgXma ho ì`§H$Qo>e J«m_sU H$[dVm [b[hbs. AmO [b[hë`m OmV
H$mX§~ar ho g_sH$aU ê$T> Pmbobo hmoVo. 1940Z§Va _mS>JyiH$am§À`m [nT>sVbo XmoZ _hÎdmMo J«m_sU Agboë`m H$[dVm§Ms _wi§ AmnUmg Zm.Ym§o.
_amR>sV [Z`VH$m{bHo$ N>mnbs OmD$ bmJbs. boIH$. e§H$a nmQ>sb `m§Zs _w»`V: J§^sa àH¥$VsÀ`m _hmZmoam§À`m H$[dVm§_Ü`o AmT>iVmV.
Ë`m_wio H$mX§~ar ~amo~aM H$Wm, H$[dVm AmXs H$Wm [b{hë`m. X._m. [_amgXma `m§Mm gmam ^a 1960À`m gw_mamg J«m_OsdZmV {ñWË`§Va§ gwê$
ñdê$nmMo boIZhs OÝ_mbm `oD$ bmJbo. ì`§H$Qo>e [dZmoXs H$Wm boIZmda. e§H$a nmQ>sb ho J«m_sU Pmbs. gwédmVsÀ`m H$mimV `m {ñWË`§Vambm JVs
_mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m boIZmMm [deof Agm H$s, _mUgm§À`m _Zmbm [^S>bo. Ë`m§À`m _ZmMs ñn§XZo ZìhVs; nU, hiyhiy hs JVs dmT>V Jobs.
Amnë`m AJmoXa [b{hë`m Joboë`m J«m_sU Ë`m§Zs Zo_Ho$nUmZo [Q>nbs. A[^ì`º$sÀ`m ~m~VsV XiUdiUmMs gmYZ§ dmT>bs. Jmd VoWo Eg.Q>s.
gm[hË`mVbm _mUyg MwH$sMm Amho, A[Va§OsV Amho, Ë`m§Zs OmUsdnyd©H$ H$mhs à`moJ Ho$bo. Jobs. IoS>çm§Mm ehames g§nH©$ dmT>bm. ~bwVoXmar
40 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
_moS>sV [ZKmbs. JmdJmS>m hs g§H$ënZm T>mgiV
Jobs. [d{hardaMs _moQ> Jobs. B§[OZ Ambo. Zm§Ja ‘mPr AmdS>Vs nwñVHo$
Jobm. Zm§JamMs OmJm Q°>ŠQ>aZo KoVbs. JmdmoJmds ~[hUm~mBªMs JmUs - ~[hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar - VUH$Q >- amOZ Jdg - gmHo$V àH$meZ,
emim [ZKmë`m. VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds _hm[dÚmb`o gw[MÌm àH$meZ, _§w~B© Am¡a§Jm~mX
[ZKmbs. IoS>çmnmS>çmVbo gw[e{jV VéU AmB© Amho eoVmV - a.dm. [XKo - boIZ dmMZ YyinoaUs - eofamd _mo{hVo - Xoe_wI H§$nZs,
ZmoH$arÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo, ì`dgm`mÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo ^m§S>ma, nwUo nwUo
ehamV Ambo. ehar Pmbo. J«m_OsdZmV Pmbobm ~ZJadmS>s - ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a Q>mhmo - B§Ð[OV ^mboamd - à[V^mg àH$meZ,
~Xb J«m_sU gm[h{Ë`H$m§Zs Amnë`m gm[hË`mVyZ YJ - CÕd O. eoiHo$ - nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, na^Us
Zo_Ho$nUmZ§ [Q>nbm. _w§~B© amZIiJs - ^s_amd dmKMm¡ao - gmHo$V
`mM H$mimV J«m_sU gm[hË`mMs Midi gwê$ JmoVmdim - AmZ§X `mXd - _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B© àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX
Pmbs. hs Midi Ho$di Qy>_ åhUyZ gwê$ Pmbs amZmVë`m H$[dVm - Zm.Ym|. _hmZmoa - AO~ ~mamo_mg - gXmZ§X Xoe_wI - H$m±{Q>Z|Q>b
ZìhVs Va n[a{ñWVsMm EH$ An[ahm`© ^mJ åhUyZ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya àH$meZ, nwUo
gwê$ Pmbobs hmoVs. J«m_sU ^mJmVë`m Zd amVdm - M§ÐHw$_ma ZbJo - AO~ àH$meZ, A¡go Hw$U~s ^ynmi - ^maV H$mio - Xoe_wI
[e[jVm§_Ü`o PnmQ>çmZo dmT> hmoV Mmbbs hmoVs. H$moëhmnya H§$nZs, nwUo
Zd[e[jVm§À`m `m dmT>s~amo~aM ZdboIH$m§À`m ~mb_wR>sVbo [Xdg - X.Vm. ^mogbo - gmHo$V nmS>m - AemoH$ H$m¡[VH$ H$mois - eãXmb`
g§»`oVhs dmT> hmoV Mmbbs hmoVs. Zd[e[jVm§À`m àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX àH$meZ, lsam_nya
dmT>s_wio ZmoH$arÀ`m g§YsV KQ> hmoV Mmbbs hmoVs. Om§^H$S>ìh - ^mñH$a M§XZ[ed - à[V^mg BS>m[nS>m Q>imo - Amgmam_ bmo_Qo> - Xoe_wI
Ë`m_wio VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds XoIsb ZmoH$ar [_i[dUo àH$meZ, na^Us H§$nZs, nwUo
d dmñVì` H$aUo ^mJ nS>V hmoVo. n`m©`mZo Zì`mZo [dfd¥jmÀ`m _wù`m - dmgwXod _wëmmQ>o - ñdê$n am¢Xim - H¥$îUmV ImoV - nm°ß`wba àH$meZ,
[b[hUmè`m J«m_sU boIH$m§Zm VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX _w§~B©
dmñVì` H$aÊ`m[edm` Ë`m§À`mg_moa AÝ` n`m©` PmS>mPS>Vs - [dûdmg nmQ>sb - amOh§g MmaIUs - [dO` Omdio - OZeº$s dmMH$
ZìhVm. n[hë`m d Xwgè`m [nT>sVë`m ~hwVm§e àH$meZ, nwUo Midi, Am¡a§Jm~mX
J«m_sU boIH$m§Mo dmñVì` _moR>çm ehamV H$m Amho
d Ë`m H$mimVë`m AWdm Ë`m§À`mZ§VaÀ`m gm[hË`[Z[_©Vs H$arV Amho. `m gm[hpË`H$m§_Ü`o
H$mimVë`m Zì`mZo [b[hUmè`m J«m_sU boIH$m§Mo àm_w»`mZo Amgmam_ bmo_Qo>, H¥$îUaV ImoV, AemoH$
dmñVì` VmbwŠ`mÀ`m Jmds H$m Amho ho `mdê$Z H$m¡VsH$ H$mois, [dO` Omdio, AO` H$m§S>a,
ñnîQ> hmoB©b. Odinmg gJis à[g{Õ_mÜ`_§ àH$me [H$ZJmdH$a, EH$ZmW nmQ>sb, g§Vmof ndma,
_moRçm ehamV AmhoV. hs _mÜ`_§ n[hë`m d Xwgè`m bú_U _hm{S>H$, Ho$ed Xoe_wI, ~mbmOs B§Jio,
[nT>sbm [OVH$s Odi hmoVs [VVH$s Z§VaÀ`m H$ënZm XwYmi AmXs gm[hpË`H$m§Mm g_mdoe
[nT>sVë`m boIH$m§Zm ZìhVs. dmL²>_`sZ Amho.eoVsMs [deofV: H$moaS>dmhy eoVsMs dmT>Vs
dmVmdaUmMmhs A^md hmoVm. `m boIH$m§Zm hs XwadñWm, `m XwadñWo_wio [Zame, hVme
à[g{Õ_mÜ`_§ doR>sg YarV hmoVs. Aem n[apñWVsV Pmbobm eoVH$ar, J«m_sU amOH$maU, ZmoH$è`mVb§
H$m` [bhm`bm hd§ Am[U H$g§ [bhm`bm hd§ `mM§ dmT>V§ AW©H$maU, `m AW©H$maUm_wio gw[e{jV
^mZ AmOÀ`m boIH$m§Zm `m`bm hd§ hmoV§. `mM ~oH$ma J«m_sU VéUm§À`m dmT>Ë`m g§»`o_wio [Z_m©U
[ZH$S>sVyZ J«m_sU gm[hË`mMs Midi gwê$ Pmbs. Pmbobo àíZ, ho Am[U `mgmaIo AÝ` [df` ho
`m MidisZ§ ho AmË_^mZ XoUmè`m J«m_sU gm[hË` gm[h{Ë`H$ g_W©nUo eãXm§[H$V H$arV AmhoV.
Midi Mmb[dUmè`m Xwgè`m [nT>sÀ`m da [ZX}e J«m_sU gm[hpË`H$m§À`m àdmhmZ§ Ho$di _amR>s
Ho$boë`m boIH$m§à_mUoM Xwgè`m d [Vgè`m gm[hË`mMm àdmh g_¥Õ Ho$bm Ago Zmhs, Va _amR>s
[nT>sÀ`m gs_odaÀ`m ^mñH$a M§XZ[ed, dmgwXod J«m_sU _mUgmM§ ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrb OJU§
_wbmQo,> S>m°. ZmJZmW H$moVmn„o AmXs boIH$m§Mmhs AYmoao{IV Ho$b§.
g_mdoe hmoVm. J«m_sU gm[hË`mÀ`m [Vgè`m g§nH©$ : 9422203373
[nT>sVë`m boIH$m§_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo [dûdmg nmQ>sb,
gXmZ§X Xoe_wI, ~m~mamd _wgHo$, amOZ Jdg,
eofamd _mo[hVo, ^r_amd dmKMm¡ao, B§Ð[OV ^mboamd Ag§ `mda Am_M§ åhUU§ Agob. [dH$mgmÀ`m
AmXs boIH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. J«m_sU gm[hË` ZmdmImbs ^H$mg hmoV Mmbbobs IoS>s,
g_ñ`mJ«ñV eoVH$è`m§M§ OJU§ `m [nT>sVë`m A‘o[aHo$Mm {dH$mg Pmbm XmoZ JmoîQ>t‘wio :
MidisZ§ Amåhmbm Zm AmË_^mZ [Xb§ Zm
gm[hpË`H$m§Zs eãXm§{H$V Ho$b§. EH$ åhUOo añË`m§Mo Omio Am{U Xwgao åhUOo
AmË_~i [Xb§ Zm [Xem [Xbs Ag§ `m [nT>sVë`m
J«m_sU gm[h{Ë`H$m§Ms MdWs [nT>s gÜ`m J«m_sU J«§Wmb`m§Mo Omio...
Hw$Ê`m boIH$mM§ åhUU§ Agob Va "eŠ` Amho'
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 41
H$moem§Mm Ym§S>moim !
_ amR>sV ZmZm[dY [df`m§Zm dm[hbobo H$moe
AmhoV. Joë`m eVH$mV AZoH$ H$îQ>m§Zm
Vm|S> XoV S>m°. Ho$VH$am§Zs _amR>s
n§[S>Vm§Zs Ho$bm Agmdm. VWm[n, n§Yamì`m eVH$mV
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à_wI J«§Wm§Vsb H$R>sU eãXm§Mm H$moe [b[hbm Ë`mg
Ho$bm. [deof åhUOo _amR>s eãX _moS>s [bnsV XoD$Z
Ë`mMo AW© B§J«OsV [Xbo hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va 1824_Ü`o
H$Z©b Ho$ZoS>s ømZo _amR>s-B§J«Os d B§J«Os-_amR>s
kmZH$moemMo Vodsg I§S> [Z_m©U Ho$bo; Va _hmamîQ´> "Q>sn' Ago Zmd [Xbo. amOdmS>çm§À`m nmhÊ`mV Agm bhmZ H$moe à[gÕ Ho$bm. øm H$moemMo AmYma
amÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va [dûdH$moemMo I§S> H«$_e: kmZoûdarH$moe hmoVm. Vmo VsZeo-gìdmVsZeo dfmªMm J«§W åhUOo A_aH$moemMo ^mfm§Va, gaH$mar
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Ho$bo. lsam_ nm§Sw>a§J H$m_V øm§Zs "_amR>s [dûd H$moem§Mm hdmbm [Xbobm Amho. amOdmSo> åhUVmV _`m©[XV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ømbm H$moe åhUVm `oUo
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J«§WmV AZoH$ ñWim§Mo C„oI `oVmV. Ë`m Ë`m g§nm[XV H$ê$Z "_w§~B© [ejm_§S>is'À`m
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Ho$di g§ñH¥$VMm AmYma Z KoVm n[e©`Z, J«sH$, _wgb_mZm§À`m AmH«$_Um_wio _amR>s _§S>itMm ^aUm Agë`m_wio hm H$moe emóm§Mm H$moe
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gw^m[fVH$moem'V g§ñH¥$V ûcmoH$m§~amo~a ñda[MV H$moembm AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>ë`m AmhoV.
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darb gd© H$moem§Mm g§ñH¥$Ves Hw$Ro> Zm Hw$Ro> g§~§Y eãXH$moe Odi Odi EH$mM dois V`ma hmoV hmoVo.
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_amR>sV [d[dY H$moem§Ms na§nam hiyhiy ê$T> hmoV XmoZ dfmªZ§Va åhUOo 1831_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbm.
Amho. _méVs [MV_n„s øm§Mm "n[jH$moe', e._. `mnydu à[gÕ Pmboë`m [dëgZMm g§ñH¥$V-B§J«Os
^mboamd øm§Mm ^maVs` "g[aVmH$moe' ho XmoZ H$moe H$moe, H°$aoMm H$moe, JUoe _ZmohaÀ`m dmŠàMma d
C„oIZs` AmhoV. n[jH$moemV nú`mMo aoIm[MÌ, åhUs BË`mXr J«§Wm§Mm AmYma KoVbm Amho. Ë`mIoarO
Ë`mMs AÝ` ^mfm§Vsb Zmdo Am[U emós` _m[hVs gaH$mar hwHy$_mZo IoS>çmnmS>çm§VyZ _amR>s eãX
[Xë`m_wio Ag§»` n[j[_Ìm§Zm EH$ _moR>m _mJ©Xe©H$ O_[dÊ`mV Ambo. øm Amd¥ÎmsV Mmisg hOma eãX
bm^bm Amho. ømnydu S>m°. gbs_ Abs øm§Zs Va 1857À`m Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmsV gmR> hOma eãX
B§J«OsV [d[dY nwñVHo$ [b[hbs hmoVs. ^mboamd hmoVo.
_yiMo B§[OZrAa. Ë`m§Zs AWH$ n[al_mZo ^maVmVsb aKwZmW ^mñH$a JmoS>~mobo øm§Zs 1863_Ü`o
XmoZ hOma ZÚm§Ms _m[hVs "g[aVmH$moem'À`m VsZ ls[ed N>ÌnVtZs ñdamÁ`mMs ñWmnZm H$aVmZm "h§gH$moe' aMbm. [ddoH$[g¨Yw, kmZoûdar, EH$ZmWs
I§S>m§V EH$Ì [Xbs Amho. gm_m[OH$ "kmZH$moe' d _amR>s ewÕsH$aUmgmR>s "amOì`dhmaH$moe' [Z_m©U ^mJdV BË`mXr doXmÝVna J«§W dmMÊ`mg Cn`moJ
"AW©emóH$moe' ho S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eZ øm àH$meZ H$aÊ`mMs Amkm àemgH$ aKwZmW Zmam`U hU_§Vo ìhmdm åhUyZ h§gH$moe Cn`wº$ hmoVm. nU, _amR>s
g§ñWoZo à[gÕ Ho$bo AmhoV. øm§Zm [Xbs. Ë`m§Zs Yw§[S>amO ì`mg øm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo ^mfoVsb àM[bV [H¨$dm An^«îQ> eãX [Xbobo
_amR>sV [d[dY [df`m§daMo H$moe CnbãY Agbo hm H$moe [gÕ Ho$bm. hs KQ>Zm B.g. 1678Ms ZìhVo.
Var dmZJsXmIb H$mhtMm da C„oI Ho$bm Amho. øm Agmds. ~mbH¥$îU _ëhma ~sS>H$a øm§Zs _amR>s H«$[_H$
boImÀ`m _`m©XoV Ë`m§À`m~Ôb g[dñVa [b[hUo ls[edà^y§Zs N>mnImZm gwê$ Ho$ë`mMo dmMZmV ghm nwñVH$m§Vsb eãXm§Mm g§J«h AgUmam
eŠ` Zmhs. Ë`m_wio eãXH$moe d ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe hmoVo. nU Ë`mbm XwOmoam XoUmam nwamdm hmVmes Zmhs. "aËZH$moe' 1869_Ü`o N>mnyZ à[gÕ Ho$bm.
øm§À`mnwaVm nam_e© KoVbm Amho. B§J«Os Am_XmZsV H°$ao ZmdmÀ`m [_eZè`mZo "h§gH$moe' d "aËZH$moe' ho XmoÝhs H$moe _`m©[XV
AJXs n[hbm H$moe `mXdH$mimV g§ñH¥$VÀ`m 1810_Ü`o _amR>s eãXm§Ms `mXs à[gÕ Ho$bs. hmM hmoVo.
YVuda ZmWn§Ws`, _hmZw^mds d ho_mÐs g§àXm`s H°$aoMm H$moe hmo`. Vmo lsam_nya `oWo N>mnyZ à[gÕ _oOa H±$S>sZo B§J«Os-_amR>s H$moe 1847_Ü`o
42 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
à[gÕ Ho$bm. Ë`mbm _w§~B© gaH$ma d _moëgdW© Ho$bm. ømMs ì`más "eãXaËZmH$am'nojm _moR>s gmVds Amd¥Îms (nwZ_w©ÐU) à[gÕ Pmbs. n[hë`m
øm§Mo gmhmæ` hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>s H±$S>sZo Om°ÝgZMm Amho. nU, _moëgdW©À`m H$moemVsb gd© eãX Amd¥VsV Agbobo Xmof Hw$Ro>hs XwéñV Ho$bobo
B§J«Os H$moe CVadyZ KoVbm Am{U _moëgdW©À`m KoVbobo ZmhsV. A[e[jV bmoH$m§À`m Vm|S>Mo eãX ZmhsV. CXmhaUmW©, S>m°baMs ì`m»`m Ë`mÀ`m
_amR>s-B§J«Os eãXH$moemMm AmYma KoV Amnbm KoVbo AmhoV; nU, Vohs _`m©[XV AmhoV. ~Iar A_o[aHo$Vsb gmoÝ`mMo ZmUo Aes Ho$bs Amho.
B§J«Os-_amR>s eãXH$moe aMbm. Eo[Vhm[gH$ H$mJXnÌm§Vsb, emós`, Y§XodmMH$ dmñV[dH$, 1968_Ü`o S>m°baMo ZmUo,
"_amR>s ^mfoMm ZdsZ H$moe' [H¨$dm amOdmSo> eãXm§Mm A^md Amho. AemàH$mao øm H$moemV A{ñVËdmVM ZìhVo Am[U gmoÝ`mÀ`m S>m°ba
Á`mbm gwdh H$moe åhUVmV Vmo aKwZmW ^mñH$a ~è`mM ÌwQ>s AmhoV. EH$mo[Ugmì`m eVH$mV nmS>bm OmV hmoVm.
JmoS>~mobo øm§Zs 1870_Ü`o aMbm. _w§~B© amOdmSo> øm§Zs [demb _amR>s H$moemMs H$ënZm "n[jUs'Ms ì`m»`mXoIsb AMyH$ Zmhs. nydu
gaH$maÀ`m ImË`mÀ`m hwHy$_mdê$Z hm N>mnbm [bhyZ Ro>dbs hmoVs. Ë`m§À`m H$ënZoZwgma gd© à[gÕ Pmboë`m AZoH$ H$moem§Vsb eãXmW© OgoÀ`m
Amho. øm H$moemgmR>s emñÍ`m§À`m H$moemMm AmYma ~mobtMm g_mdoe Agbobm H$moe, ZmZm[dY Vgo CMbbo AgyZ Ë`m§À`mda g§nmXH$mMm qH$dm
KoVbm Amho. nU "... \$ma AdKS> Oo emós` AdVaUm§gh V`ma ìhm`bm nm[hOo hmoVm. ~è`mM _w[ÐVemoYH$mMm hmV [\$abobm Zmhs.
g§ñH¥$V eãX d ... gmYmaU eãX dJiyZ hm H$moe A§es Ë`m§À`m Anojm nyU© H$aUmam H$moe `ed§V `.Z. Ho$iH$a øm§Mm "Eo[Vhm[gH$ eãXH$moe'
Ho$bm Agë`m_wio Ë`mMs ì`más [dÚmÏ`mªnwaVs am_H¥$îU XmVo d [M¨Vm_U JUoe H$d} `m§Zs _hmamîQ´> 1962_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbm. Ë`mM H$moemMs Xwgar
_`m©[XV Pmbs Amho. H$moe _§S>i ñWmnyZ AmR> I§S>mV 1932 Vo 1950 Amd¥Îms AbsH$So> S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eÝgZo à[gÕ
[dîUw am_M§Ð ~mnQ> d ~miH¥$îU [dîUw n§[S>V `m H$mbmdYsV à[gÕ Ho$bm. hmM H$moe "_hmamîQ´> Ho$bs. Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmsV Zì`m eãXm§Ms ^a
øm XmoKm§Zs 1891_Ü`o à[gÕ Ho$bobm "ewÕ _amR>s H$moe' [H¨$dm XmVo-H$d} H$moe åhUyZ à[gÕ Amho. KmVbobs Agbs Var nwadUs eãX AH$ma[dëho
H$moe' [Z_m©U H$aVmZm _moëgdW©, JmoS>~mobo d Ho$di J«m§[WH$ _amR>s eãXm§Ms Zìho, Va Jmo_§VH$s` [Xbobo ZmhsV. AJmoXa Agbobo eãXhs nwadUsV
h§gH$moemMo gmhmæ` KoVbo. VWm[n, hm H$moeXoIsb d H$moH$Us eãXm§Ms XIb Ë`m§Zs KoVbs Amho. OgoÀ`m Vgo _wÐUXmofm§gh [Xbobo AmhoV. gdmªV
darb H$moemà_mUo embmon`moJs dmQ>Vmo. _amR>sVsb dmŠàMma d åhUtMm øm H$moemV _moR>s CUsd åhUOo g§X^©J«§Wm§Ms `mXs [Xbobs
bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$m§Mo ñZohs _mYdamd Zm_Omoes g_mdoe Ho$bm Agbm Var dmŠàMma - åhUtMo Zmhs. Ë`m_wio eãXm§À`m ñnîQ>sH$aUmW© [Xbobs
øm§Zs _moR>çm _amR>s - _amR>s eãXH$moemMs aMZm gImob [ddoMZ H$aUmam {ÛI§S>mË_H$ H$moe Ë`m§Zs AdVaUo H$moUË`m nÌmVyZ AJa ~IarVyZ KoVbr
H$aÊ`mg Ama§^ Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>s Ë`m§Zs AmhoV Vo H$iV Zmhs.
_moëgdW©À`m _amR>s - B§J«Os eãXH$moemMo ^mfm§Va _amR>s - B§J«Os Û¡^m[fH$ H$moe ~m~m nX²_ZOs
H$ê$Z KoVbo. Ë`mV h§gH$moe, eoVH$s _m[gH$, øm§Zs A compendium of marathi & English
[Z~§Y_mbm, [eën[dÚm, ZmZm[dY Y§Xo, H$bm, Dictionary øm ZmdmZo 1863_Ü`o à[gÕ Ho$bm.
Cn^mfm, H$mì`J«§WmVsb AdVaUo øm§Ms ^a _moëgdW© d _oOa H±$S>s øm H$moemÀ`m AmYmao
KmVbs. nU, Ë`m§À`m AH$mbs [ZYZm_wio hm AmnU H$moe [Z_m©U Ho$bm, Ago nX²_ZOs `m§Zs
Anwam d Aà[gÕ am[hbm. nwTo> XmVo-H$d} `m§Zm àñVmdZoV àm§ObnUo Z_yX Ho$bo. _amR>s-B§J«Os-
"_hmamîQ´> eãXH$moe' aMVmZm øm H$moemMm Cn`moJ _amR>s Agm [Û^m[fH$ H$moe _YwgyXZ ls[Zdmg
Pmbm. ga_moH$X_ `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`mMm n[hbm I§S>
AmZ§X øm ~mb_m[gH$mMo g§nmXH$ dmgwXod The New Standard Dictionary øm ZmdmZo
Jmo[d¨X AmnQo> øm§Zs "_amR>s eãXaËZmH$a' à[gÕ Pmbm.
1922_Ü`o à[gÕ Ho$bm. `mgmR>s Ë`m§Zs EZ.~s. amZSo> øm§Ms The Twentieth
1908nmgyZ Ama§^ Ho$bm. nmoÏ`m, OwZs H$mJXnÌo Century English-Marathi Dictionary e§^a
MmiVmZm Ë`m§Zm Ë`mV AnnmR> d MwH$sMo AW© dfmªnydu à[gÕ Pmbs, Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobo g[dñVa
AmT>ibo. [dÛmZm§es MMm© H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zs eãXm§Mm [ddoMZ AmOhs CÎm_ _mZmdo bmJVo. Ë`m
AW© [Z{íMV Ho$bm. nydu à[gÕ Pmbobo _moëgdW© ImbmoImb gmohmoZs øm§À`m {S>ŠeZarbm _mZ Úmdm
H±$S>s H$moe, h§gH$moe øm§Mm AmYma KoVbm. bmJob.
g§VdmL²>_`mVsb _amR>sÀ`m EHy$U EH$ eãX KoVbo _amR>s-B§J«Os eãXH$moemV _m.H$m. Xoenm§So>
ZmhsV. eãXm§Mo AW© g[dñVa ZmhsV. ~mobs^mfm "_hmamîQ´> dmŠg§§àXm` H$moe' øm ZmdmZo à[gÕ øm§Mm eãXH$moe Amho. nU, Vmo Xw_ui Agë`m_wio
[H$_mZ n§Mdsg EH$ Agë`m Var "eãXaËZmH$am'V Ho$bm. nmhÊ`mV Ambm Zmhs. àmMsZ _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm
gdmªMm àmH¥$V AgmM C„oI Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wio "_hmamîQ´> eãX H$moe'À`m ñdmV§Í`H$mimV Xwgar Aä`mg H$aVmZm Cn`wº$ R>aUmam H$moe åhUOo A
EH$ embmon`moJs H$moe Aes g§^mdZm H$amds d [Vgar Amd¥Îms à[gÕ Pmbs Agbs Var øm Dictionary of old Marathi hm hmo`.
bmJob. Jmonmi ~m~mOs Omoes øm§Zs g§nm[Xboë`m XmoÝhs Amd¥Îms Ho$di nwZ_w©ÐU AmhoV. Ë`mV g§VdmL²>_`mMo JmTo> Aä`mgH$ e§.Jmo. Vwinwio d
"dO«H$moem'Ms Cn`wº$Vmhs embmon`moJs H$moe àH$meH$mZo H$moUVshs ^a Q>mH$bs Zmhs [H¨$dm A_o[aH$Z g§emoYH$ _°Z \o$ëS>hm°g øm XmoKm§Zs
AesM Amho. XwéñË`m Ho$boë`m ZmhsV. [_iyZ _amR>s-B§J«Os H$moe [b[hbm Amho. AZoH$
[dÚmYa dm_Z [^So> øm§Ms _amR>s ^mfoMm à.Z. Omoes øm§Mm "AmXe© _amR>s H$moe' [R>H$mUs ñnîQ>sH$aUmW© EH$mhyZ A[YH$ AdVaUo
gañdVsH$moe, [MÌemimZo 1930_Ü`o à[gÕ 1968_Ü`o àW_ à[gÕ Pmbm. AbsH$So> Ë`m§Ms [Xbs AmhoV. AMyH$VoMm d [Z:g§[X½YnUmMm
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 43
_mZX§S> åhUOo hm H$moe hmo`. Ad¿`m XeH$mVM hm CXy©, \$maes BË`mXs ^maVs` ^mfm§~amo~a \«o$¨M, B_maVsMr ^y[_H$m [H¨$dm nm`m Amho Ago g_Omdo.
Xw_ui ìhmdm ømVM ømMs bmoH$[à`Vm Amho. nmoVw©JsO dJ¡ao `wamo[n`Z ^mfm§Mm AmYma KoVbm Ë`m B_maVsMm ~oV `oWo gm§JdV Zmhs, d [VMm
eãXH$moemBVH$mM _hÎdmMm åhUOo Amho. Aem àH$maMm [dñV¥V _amR>s eãXH$moe ZH$mem H$mTy>Z XmI[dÊ`mMs JaOhs [XgV Zmhs.'
ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe hmo`. "_amR>s ì`wËn[ÎmH$moe' hm EH$_od ([H¨$~hwZm H$moUË`mhs ^maVs` ^mfoVsb H$moe) _amR>sV g_mZmWu eãXmH$moe ~aoM à[gÕ Pmbo.
H$moe CnbãY Amho. Vmo H¥$.nm§. Hw$bH$Uu øm§Zs AÚm[n [b[hbm Om`Mm Amho. AbsH$So> åhUOo 1995_Ü`o X.Zm. _hmOZ øm§À`m
[b[hbm hmoVm. nwadUsgh [Vgar Amd¥Îms eãXH$moem§~amo~a g_mZmWu d [déÕmWu A[^Zd g_mZmWu Am[U [déÕmWu _amR>s eãXH$moe
1993_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbs. _mÌ, _yi H$moe à[Vê$n eãXm§À`m H$moem§Mm [dMma Ho$bm nm[hOo. Aem Am[U `.Zm. dmbmdbH$a øm§À`m "g_mZmWu' Am[U
_wÐUmZo d nwadUs g§JUH$mZo Ho$bs Amho. [edm` àH$maMm n[hbm H$moe åhUOo A_aH$moe. Vmo "[déÕmWu eãXH$moe' à[gÕ Pmbo. Va _mo.[d.
ewÕboIZmV Iyn \$aH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio EH$mM A_a[g¨hmZo g§ñH¥$V_Ü`o ghmì`m eVH$mV [b[hbm. ^mQ>dSo>H$a øm§Mm "_amR>s n`m©`s eãXm§'Mm H$moe
H$moemV XmoZ àH$maMo _wÐU d ewÕboIZ ZOaog Vmo nsQ>a _mH©$ amoOo (Roget) ømÀ`m nmhÊ`mV Am[U [d.e§. R>H$ma øm§À`m A[^Zd _amR>s-
IQ>H$Vo. Ambm. Ë`mbm Vmo \$magm ng§V nS>bm Zmhs. VarnU _amR>s-B§J«Os n`m©` eãXH$moe ho XmoZ EH$mM dfu
B§J«OsV eoŠg[nAaÀ`m dmL>²_`mda AmYmabobo Ë`mnmgyZ àoaUm KoD$Z 1852_Ü`o Thesauras of åhUOo 2000_Ü`o à[gÕ Pmbo.
H$moe AmhoV. Vem àH$maMm AmÌo `m§À`m "JmdJmS>m' English Words and phrases à[gÕ Ho$bm. hm _wimV ho H$moe _w»`V: g_mZmWu [H¨$dm n`m©`
øm g_mOemós` J«§Wmda AmYmabobm "JmdJmS>mMm H$moe ~m~m nX²_ZOs øm§À`m AdbmoH$ZmV Ambm eãXH$moe AmhoV. Ë`mVhs ~hwVoH$ eãX [ZdSyZ
1. XmVo, `ed§V am_H¥$îU d H$d} [M§Vm_Us JUoe 9.The students New Sanskrit Dictionary: [S>g|~a 1995
"_hmamîQ´> eãXH$moe' _hmamîQ´> H$moe _§S>i, nwUo, Sanskrit into English, Marathi & Gujrati, 15. OmYd am.J. d XogmB©, d.X. 5 Vo 10 ds
[d^mJ Devathali, G.V. et all 11th reprint K.B. ls[dÚm embo` _amR>s eãXH$moe, ls[dÚm
n[hbm d gmVdm øm§À`m àñVmdZm Dhawale, Mumbai, April 2004 àH$meZ nwUo, Am°JñQ> 1995
2. _amRo>, X.A. amOH$moe, J«§Wmbs, 12 \o$~«wdmar 10. hU_§Vo, ls. em. g§»`m g§Ho$VH$moe, 16. gm_§V gÎdesbm, eãXmZ§X ([Ì^m[fH$
1986 V¥Vs`md¥Îms, àgmX àH$meZ, nwUo, 1980 H$moe), S>m`_§S> n{ãbHo$eÝg
3. ghò~wÕo, A[dZme, OwÝ`m _amR>s H$mì`mVsb 11. Dowson, John ,`A classical 17. ^mQ>dSo>H$a, _mo.[d., amOh§g ì`mdhm[aH$
Xw~m}Y eãXm§Mm d¡[eîQ>çnyU© H$moe, _hmamîQ´> Dictionary of Hindu mythology and _amR>s eãXmW© H$moe, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo.
Q>mBåg, 6 E[àb 1991 18. _hmamîQ´> gaH$maMs àH$meZo
4. Yule, Henry and Burnell, A.C Hobson-
Jobson, 1986 reprint published by Rupa _hÎdmMo H$moe 19. _amR>s H$ÞS> eãXH$moe
20. Vm_si _amR>s eãXH$moe
& co. New Delhi, 2002 21. CXw©-_amR>s-[h¨Xs eãXH$moe, lsnmX Omoes,
5. ^mQ>dSo>H$a, _mo.[d. _amR>s n`m©`s eãXm§Mm Religion, Geography, (n[hbs Amd¥Vs : _hmamîQ´> gaH$ma, Xwgar Amd¥Vs:
H$moe, gmYZm àH$meZ, nwUo, 25 _mM© 2000, History and Literature, third reprint [ZVsZ àH$meZ )
àñVmdZm Rupa & co., 1987 22. nR>mU, `y. _. \$meu-_amR>s ì`wËnÎms H$moe
6. H$èhmS>H$a, Ho$.gs. ~m~m nX²_ZOs : H$mb d 12.A{¾hmoÌs, X. h. "A[^Zd _amR>s-_amR>s 23. nQ>dY©Z, _mYd (_mYd Oy[b`Z) \$meu-
H$V¥©Ëd, _hmamîQ´> amÁ` gm[hË` Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs eãXH$moe, ìhsZg àH$meZ, nwUo, Am°ŠQ>mo~a _amR>s eãXH$moe
_§S>i, _w§~B©, 1979 n[a[eîQ> "eãXaËZmdbs' 1983 24. e.Am. namS>H$a, d¡km[ZH$ nm[a^m[fH$ g§km
7. dmKo, gwaoe nm§Sw>a§J, g§H$ënZmH$moe : I§S> 13.AmnQo>, dm.Jmo. [dñVm[aV eãXaËZmH$a, daXm (dZñnVsemó-ì`m»`mg§J«h) gm[hË` Am[U
n[hbm, J«§Wmbs, _w§~B© 25 Am°JñQ> 2010 ~wŠg, 1993 g§ñH¥$[V _§S>i, _hmamîQ´> amÁ`, _w§~B© 1977.
8. fQ>²emómVsb Xw~m}Y eãXmWmªMm g§»`mdmMH$ 14. ~ZhÅ>s, ls.Zm. d Y_m©[YH$mar ^mD$, gwJ_
eãX, AZ_mob àH$meZ, E[àb 2001 _amR>s eãXH$moe, gw[dMma àH$meZ _§S>i, nwUo,
eãXH$moe' hm Aem àH$maMm n[hbm H$moe Amho. Am[U Ë`mnmgyZ ñ\y$Vu KoD$Z Ë`m§Zs "eãXaËZmdbs' Ë`m§Zm n`m©`s eãX gwM[dbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio øm
B§J«OsV [~«[Q>em§Ms Am°Šg\$S©> [S>ŠeZar Va ZmdmMm [M_wH$bm H$moe aMbm. "_amR>s [dÚmWu d H$moem§Mm Cn`moJ A[Ve` _`m©[XV Amho. "[Wgm°ag'
A_o[aHo$V doãñQ>a [S>ŠeZar AmXe© _mZbs OmVo. boIH$ øm§À`m Cn`moJmgmR>s' aMboë`m øm øm H$ënZoÀ`m Odinmghs ho n`m©`s eãXH$moe `oD$
H$Z©b hoÝar `yb d E.gs. ~Z}b øm XmoKm B§J«Om§Zs H$moemVsb n[hë`m ^mJmV 358 _yi eãX d AW© eH$V ZmhsV.
hm°ãgZ Om°ãgZ ZmdmMm H$moe 1886_Ü`o à[gÕ [H¨$dm [dñVma àXe©H$ 4853 eãX AmhoV. Xwgè`m amoOoÀ`m [Wgm°agMs [Vgar Amd¥Îms 1978_Ü`o
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44 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 45
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AmMm`© AÌ|Ms AmR>dU hmoUo An[ahm`© Amho. nm.dm. H$m_[Jar bjUs`M. amOH$maU, Y_©H$maUmH$So> EH$ J«§WmgmR>sMs g§X^©gyMsM 12 n¥îR>m§Ms Amho. Ë`mdê$Z
JmS>Jsi `m§Ms nÌH$m[aVm doJù`m àH$maMs. Amnë`m VÎdk H$gm ~KVmo, Ë`mMm àË`` _o.nw.À`m boIH$mZo [H$Vs _ohZV KoVbs Amho Vo ñnîQ> hmoVo.
boIZmVyZ-J«§WmVyZ Ë`m§Zs bmoH$m§Zm _mŠg©dmX gm[hË`m_YyZ `oVmo. gXmZ§X _moao `m§Mo "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z' à[gÕ Amho.
g_OmdyZ gm§{JVbm. Zaha Hw$é§XH$a `m§Mo boIZhs _amR>sV [h¨Xs_Ysb H$mhs CÎm_ nwñVHo$ AZwdm[XV "bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m' `m [ÛI§S>mË_H$ J«§WmV Ë`m§Zs
~w[Õ[ZîR>, VH©$gwg§JV Am[U naIS>. àË`oH$ àíZmMo Pmbs AmhoV. lsnmX Ho$iH$a d B§Xw_Vs Ho$iH$a `m _hmamîQ´>mV EH$mo[Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©nmgyZ
Vo Ago [S>goŠeZ H$aV H$s Á`mMo Zmd Vo. "[edamÌ' Jm§YsdmÚm§Zs am__Zmoha bmo[h`m `m§À`m J«§Wm§Mm "XmoZ [dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©n`ªV Omo B[Vhmg KS>bm,
46 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Ë`mMo H$mhs kmV-AkmV H§$Jmoao COoS>mV AmUbo "C§Q>mdaMm àdmg' amoMH$ Amho. J[a~sV [Xdg "hoS>h§Q>a'_YyZ dmMZs`arË`m noe Ho$bs Amho.
AmhoV. bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m hm g§Kf© _w»`V: H$mT>Umè`m _hmamîQ´>s` _mUgmZohs [ZíM`mZo Am[U am°~Q©> Eb hob~«m°ZaMo "X dëS©>bs [\$Q°>gm°\$g©' ho
_hmamîQ´>s` ~«m÷Um§_Ysb A§VJ©V g§Kf© hmoVm. [MH$mQ>sZo H$m_ Ho$ë`mg CËnmXH$ ì`dgm`mV Vmo nwñVH$ Amho. Ë`mMm "AW©emómMo [eënH$ma' hm
[Q>iH$m§À`m H$mhs ~«m÷U AZw`m`m§Zs `m `eñds hmoVmo ho Ë`m AmË_H$Wodê$Z H$iVo. AZwdmX àm. ~mi JmS>Jsi `m§Zs Ho$bm Amho. A°S>_
n[adV©Zmbm H$gyZ [damoY Ho$bm, ho Iao Amho. na§Vw, "JwOamVs ì`mnmar \$gdo Am[U _hmamîQ´>mVsb {ñ_W, _mëWg, Ho$Ýg Am[U H$mb© _mŠg©Mo
Vmo [damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>sV Jm§YtMo ZoV¥Ëd _hmamîQ´>mV àm_m[UH$' hm g_Ohs AË`§V MwH$sMm Amho. [dMma[dûd Ë`mV gmH$mabo Amho.
àñWm[nV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©hs _hmamîQ´>mVsb ~«m÷U 1948bm H$mH$mgmho~m§À`m ì`dgm`mbm Ooìhm `ed§V n§[S>Vamd ho Zmd _amR>s dmMH$m§Zm \$mago
dJm©ZoM Ho$bo, Ago gyú_ {dûcofU Ë`m§Zs `m J«§WmV Am[W©H$ AmnÎms ghZ H$amds bmJbs, Voìhm _mb kmV Zmhs. "Jm§Ys`Z A°àmoM Qw> BH$m°Zm°[_H$
Ho$bo Amho. hm J«§W [bhyZ _moao `m§Zs _hmamîQ´>mda CÎm_ AgyZhs Ë`m§À`m ~hwVoH$ _hmamîQ´>s` So>ìhën_|Q>' hm J«§W Ë`m§Zs B§J«OsV [b[hbm Amho.
CnH$maM Ho$bo AmhoV. [dVaH$m§Zs Ë`m§À`m _mbmMo [dVaU gmoSy>Z [Xbo. Ë`m§Zs ^maVmVsb J«m_sU Am¡Úmo[JH$sH$aUmMo boIZ
_amR>sOZm§Zm AW©H$maUmMs \$maes éMs Zmhs, "Á`mV H$_mB© Zmhs Vo H$m H$am`Mo' Ago gm§JyZ! Ho$bo Amho. Amnë`m gm_m[OH$ d amOH$s`
Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. AmË_àm¡T>s gm§JÊ`mgmR>s Zìho, CbQ> gwaVÀ`m JwOamVs [dVaH$m§Zs "Vw_À`mH$So> g_ñ`m§Mo _yi ~oamoOJmarV Amho; Vs Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>s
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_amR>s Am[W©H$ nÌH$m[aVoMm àdmh gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo _mb nmR>[dV amhm. nwadR>m ~§X Ho$bm Va [JèhmB©H$ nm[hOo `m Om[UdoVyZ Vo [b[hbo Amho. J«m_sU
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 47
boIg§J«h à[gÕ Pmbo AgyZ, Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§À`m CX²Jmabo H$s, àoaUm dJ¡oao eãXm§Ms YmñVs dmQ>Vo boIg§J«hm§_Ü`o Y_©, amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU `m§Ms
àkoMs H$ënZm `oVo. [d._. Xm§So>H$am§Zs _w»`V: _bm, gai _amR>sV [dMmamd§ H$s ~wdm H$m [b[hVm _s_m§gm Amho. emósOtZs H$mT>bobm "Y_©H$moe'hs
B§J«OsVM boIZ Ho$bo nU Ë`m§Mo H$mhs boIZ Vwåhs? AWm©V, _bm gÜ`m Vwåhs H$m [bhrV Zmhs? Aä`mgH$m§Zm kmV Amho.
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J«§WmMo g§nmXZ AéU [Q>Ho$H$a `m§Zs Ho$bo AgyZ, _ZmÀ`m VJmÚmZo [b[hVmo, ~mH$s H$emZhs Zmhs. Ë`m§Ms M[aÌo O~aXñV AmhoV.
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_m¡[IH$ B[VhmgM Amho. _mÂ`m _Zmbm gmjs Ro>dyZ [b[hVmo. Ë`m_wio Vw_M§ "Ý`m. amZSo> `m§Mo M[aÌ', "1857 Ms [enmB©JXu',
dmbM§X [hamM§X, e§VZwamd [H$bm}ñH$a, _Zhs _bm gmjsbm [_iV§. Agm Vmo M_ËH$ma KS>V "AmXe© ^maVgodH$', "bmoH$_mÝ`' AmXs J«§W Ë`m§Zs
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Pmbo Amho H$s Ë`mMm doJdoJù`m H$moZm§VyZ doY dmMbo nm[hOo Vo [bhsV gwQ>VmV d Oo IaoIwao [dÛmZ J§.~m. gaXma, ^m.b. ^moio, Jmonmi Jwê$ à^¥qVMo
¿`m`bm hdm, hs J§wVmJ§wV bmoH$m§Zm g_OmdyZ Úm`bm AgVmV Vo dmMVM ~gVmV. H$mi Va _moR>m amOH$s` boIZ dmMH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMbobo Amho.
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Ioa `m§Zs AW©emó d AW©[gÕmÝVm§da H$mhs nwñVHo$ d¡Mm[aH$ joÌmV R>gm Agboë`m§n¡H$s Á`m§Mm gwhmg niesH$a, gwhmg Hw$bH$Uu) hs AmUIs
[b[hbs AmhoV. na§Vw, Zì`m Am[W©H$ OJVmda C„oI H$amdmM bmJob, Vo åhUOo VH©$VsW© H$mhs C„oIZs` nwñVHo$. gwhmg niesH$am§Zs
[b[hÊ`mgmaIo CX§S> Amho. amOH$maUmdahs VoM VoM bú_Uemós Omoes. _amR>s [dûdH$moe I§S>- amOH$maU, g_mOH$maUmda B§J«Os-_amR>sV [dnwb d
bmoH$ Ë`mM Ë`mM YVuMo [b[hVmV. \«o$e ZOaoVyZ eãXH$moe, bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$ boIg§J«h, amOdmSo> H$gXma boIZ Ho$bo Amho.
H$moUs [b[hbo, Va Vo bmoH$m§Zm hdo Amho. boIg§J«h Ë`m§Zs g§nm[XV Ho$boM, na§Vw lsXmg~moY, g§nH©$ : 9820479688
"Vw_À`m [b[hÊ`m_mJo àoaUm H$m`?' Ago EH$m [dMmaOmJ¥Vs, d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm [dH$mg hs B©-‘ob : hemvdesai@rediff.com
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48 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 49
(H§$gmVsb H$Wm gdm©[YH$ AmdS>Vs) hadbobs _mVs)
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(VbmdmVbo Mm§XUo) 22. gXmZ§X aoJo : [ZdS>H$ H$Wm - gXmZ§X
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8.ê$n_hmb - aU[OV XogmB© (ê$n_hmb) 17. _madm - Amem ~Jo (_madm) 29. doMH$ _Yw _§Joe H$[U©H$ - _Yw _§Joe
9.D$Z - e§H$a nmQ>sb (D$Z) 18. AdH$me - gm[Z`m (AdH$me) H$[U©H$ (_moa)
10._mÂ`m ~mnmMs n|S> - X._m. [_amgXma 19. Amho ho Ag§ Amho - Jm¡ar Xoenm§So> 30. dZdmg - àH$me Zmam`U g§V (MH«$)
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OmUdë`mZ§Va `oUmar [d\$bVmhs AZw^dVo; Vs AmYma Amho. ho ZmH$mê$Z Am`wî` OJUmar ós _s
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Ë`m eº$s[Zes Vs gd© Anojm^§J, nam^d, Xwamdo, eH$Vo; nU, Ago da nmhV AgVmZm Imbshs
[d`moJ `m§Zm Vm|S> XoVo. ^yVH$mimes OmoS>bobs nmhVo. Vgo Imbs nmhVmZm [Vbm Amnbs _wio
AgyZhs [VMs ÑîQ>s ^[dî`mH$So> AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vs [XgVmV. Ë`m _wim§V éObobs g§ñH¥$Vs [XgVo. hs
~ÕVoVhs _wº$s emoYy eH$Vo - [ZXmZ Ë`m _wº$sMs g§ñH¥$Vs AZoH$ KQ>H$m§V Amho Am[U Vo KQ>H$
ñdßZo nmhVo. åhUyZM Vs AmemdmXs amhyZ, _mÂ`m H$Wm§V AJXs ñdm^m[dH$nUo `oVmV.
gH$mamË_H$ [ZU©` KoVo. CX²ÜdñV Z hmoVm éOUo- d¡`{º$H$ OsdZ OJUmar _s d H$Wm [b[hUmar _s
ñdV:V, BVam§V Am[U EH§$XarZo Am`wî`mV éOUo `m§À`mV gwg§dmXmMo ZmVo Amho. Ë`m_wio Vs
hm [VMm [ZYm©a AgVmo. Am`wî` OgOgo nwTo> ñdm^m[dH$Vm A[YH$M [dZm`mg `oVo. `mMm AW©
gaH$Vo VgVgm hm [ZYm©a A[YH$ e{º$embs hmoV H$Wm [b[hVmZm _s _mÂ`mnbsH$So> Jobo Zmhs Agm
OmVmo - Am[U `m eº$sMs [Vbm ñnîQ> OmUsd Zìho. _bm Ago dmQ>Vo, H$s _mÂ`mV ^maVs` ósMs
AgVo. hs ós n[anyU© AgVo Ago Zmhs. [VMohs H$Wm Amho. [VMo ^md[dûd, [VMs g§ñH¥$Vs Am[U
nmD$b H$YsVar MwH$Vo. Ë`m_wio [Vbm AnamYs [VMsM gmYs, gmons, Oam AKinKi Aes
dmQ>Vo; Ë`m AnamYm§Mm H$~wbsO~md Úmdm Agohs _yH$nUo gmogVo, Va H$Ys Ë`m[déÕ ~§S> H$aVo... ^mfm, ho _mÂ`m H$WoMo A[Zdm`© KQ>H$ AmhoV.
dmQ>Vo. Am[U Vmo XoÊ`mMs D$_u [VÀ`mVsb Aes Ag§»` ós ê$no, Am[U Ë`m§Mo Ag§»` åhUyZM _mPs OmUsd _s ós Amho `m CJ_mnmgyZ
eº$s_wioM _moH$is hmoVo. H$Ys Vs EImÚm AZw^d _mÂ`m H$Wm§V AmhoV. Am[U Varhs _bm Amåhs {ó`m AmhmoV `m A§Vmn`ªV nmoMVo.
gm_m[OH$ ^modè`mV AS>H$Vo; H$Ys EImÚm ós nyU©nUo gmnS>bobs Amho Ago AOyZhs dmQ>V (AÝd`mW© `m _m¡O àH$meZ J¥hmV\}$ à[gÕ
_mZ{gH$ noMàg§JmV. Ë`mVyZ [Vbm Zoh_sM dmQ> Zmhs. Ë`m_wio [VMm emoY _s AOyZ KoVoM Amho. Pmboë`m H$Wmg§J«hmÀ`m àñVmdZoMm H$mhs ^mJ.)
[XgVo Ago Zmhs. Vs ¹$[MV \$gVohs. H$Ys j_m EH$ _mÌ [Z{íMVnUo OmUdbo Amho : hs ós
nyU©V: ^maVs` Amho. Vs _Ü`_dJu`, ~«m÷Us, g§nH©$ :022-26592827
H$aVo Va H$Ys _ËgamZo noQ>Vo; H$Ys d§MZoMo Xw:I
nm§T>anoes Hw$Q§>w~mV dmdaVo. Ka ho [VÀ`m
50 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
H$dr Am{U H${dVm
Ho$ edgwVm§Ms "H$ds' åhUyZ [Z{íMV Am[U
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Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§Ms eãXm§da Agbobs hwHy$_V Ho$edgwV
d ~mbH$ds `m§À`mhyZ [^Þ VèhoMs Amho. ~mbH$ds
ho [ZgJm©Mo H$ds åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobo. H$maU,
em[ham§À`m ^y[_H$m§hyZ [Zamis Amho. hs ^y[_H$m Ë`m§À`m H$[dVoV [ZgJm©Ms àgÞ_Ywa Am[U
Ë`m§À`m gd©M H$[dVm§_YyZ ì`º$ hmoVo. [IÞCXmg Aes XmoÝhs ê$no, Am[dîH¥$V Pmbs
Ho$edgwVm§À`m H$[dVoMo ào_H$[dVm, gm_m[OH$ AmhoV. Jmo[d¨XmJ«O ho "ào_mMo emhsa' R>abo.
H$[dVm, JyT>Jw§OZna H$[dVm, [ZgJ©[df`H$ H$[dVm ào_^mdZoÀ`m [d[dY N>Q>m Ë`m§À`m H$[dVoVyZ
Ago [d^mOZ Ho$bo, Var Ë`m§À`m H$[dVm§_mJMs [XgVmV; [H¨$~hwZm, Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§À`m ~hwg§»`
^y[_H$m EH$g§Y Amho. Ë`m_wioM [ZgJ©Ñí` H$[dVm§VyZ ào_^mdZoMmM Am[dîH$ma Pmbobm Amho.
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hmoVo. Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~s`m§Mm [dMma H$aVmZm WmoS>s Amho, [d\$b àsVsMsM A[YH$ Amho.
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Ho$edgwVm§À`m H$[dVoVsb d¡Mm[aH$ Ame` Ogm doJisM g¥îQ>s aMbs Amho. Ë`mVyZM Ë`m§À`m
_hÎdmMm Amho VgoM Ë`m§Zs nÚ~§Ym§V Ho$bobo "H$WmË_' H$[dVm§Mm CX` Pmbm Amho.
à`moJhs _hÎdmMo AmhoV. B§J«Os gm°ZoQ>dê$Z Ë`m§Zs ^mñH$a am_M§Ð Vm§~o ho AmZ§XdmXs H$ds hmoV.
_amR>s MVwX©enXs AWdm gwZsV AmUbo. ^maVs` Xe©Z Am[U ^maVs` gm[hË`emó `m§À`m
Ho$edgwVm§À`m [dMmaàdU [n¨S>mÀ`m A[^ì`º$ses g§ñH$mamVyZ Ë`m§Ms H$[dVm KS>bs. [dewÕ gm¢X`©dmX
hm ~§Y OwiUmam hmoVm. Ho$edgwVm§Zs A[^ì`º$sÀ`m Am[U AT>i Am{ñVŠ`dmX hs Vm§~o `m§À`m
Amdí`H$VoZwgma AjaJUd¥Îmm§Zm Zdm AmH$ma [Xbm H$[dVoMs R>iH$ d¡[eîQ>ço AmhoV. eãXm§Ms [ZdS>
Am[U _mÌmd¥Îmm§Zmhs H$[dVoV, Amdí`H$ Ë`m Am[U aMZm, Ë`m§Vsb ZmX_mYw`©, J¥hñWml_mÀ`m
Am§XmobZmgmR>s didbo. Mm¡H$Q>sVyZ àU`mMs aå` [MÌUo, B©ûdamdarb lÕm,
Ame`-A[^ì`º$sMo [ZamionU, Zì`m àmá Pmbo Amho. dUmªMs, eãXm§Ms, AY©-MaUm§Ms ^modVsÀ`m [ZgJm©VyZ Am{ñVŠ`mMm àË``,
_yë`g§H$ënZm§Mm Am[dîH$ma, H$[dVo[df`sMs Zds Amd¥Îms Am[U g_m§VaVm ho ~mbH$dtÀ`m H$[dVoMo Jm§YtÀ`m Midis[df`H$ AmXa, [d^yVsnyOZ,
^y[_H$m, H$[dVoVsb à`moJesbVm `m JmoîQ>t_wio; EH$ d¡[eîQ>ç Amho. "AmZ§Xs AmZ§X JSo>, BH$So> OÝ_, [ddmh Am[U _¥Ë`y `m _mZds OsdZmVsb
Ho$edgwV ho `wJàdV©H$ H$ds R>abo. Ho$edgwVm§À`m [VH$So> Mmo[h¨H$So>' - `mV dUmªMs Amd¥Îms [XgVo; AQ>i KQ>Zm§[df`sMo ^mZ Vm§~o `m§À`m H$[dVoVyZ
H$[dVonmgyZM nwTo> _mÌmd¥Îmm§Mm ñdsH$ma H$aUmar, àH$Q> Pmbo. Ho$edgwVm§À`m [dMma-H$[dVohyZ Vm§~o
na_mWm©es g§~§Y ZgUmar, bm¡[H$H$ [df`m§Zm
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dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$ `m§À`m Jo` H$[dVobm A[YH$ bmoH$[à`Vm bm^bs.
1920 gmbs bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$m§Mo [ZYZ Pmbo.
nÚ~§Ym§_Ü`o doJdoJio à`moJ H$aUmar, àXsK© 1920n`ªVÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV XÎm, Ho$edgwV,
ZgUmar, ñ\w$Q> H$[dVm àMmamV Ambs. "Z^m§V ^abm, [Xem§V [\$abm, OJm§V Cabm' `mV [Q>iH$, [dZm`H$, _mYdmZwO, Jmo[d¨XmJ«O,
AmË_m[dîH$mamË_H$ ^mdH$[dVoMm OÝ_ Pmbm, g_m§VaVm Amho. Aes AZoH$ CXmhaUo ~mbH$dtÀ`m ~mbH$ds, a|XmiH$a `m H$dtMs Os[dV`mÌm g§nbs
Zìho, CÎmamoÎma ^mdH$[dVm hsM H$[dVm `m H$[dVoV AmT>iVmV. [H¨$~hwZm ~mbH$dtÀ`m hmoVs. M§ÐeoIa, ~s. Vm§~o, Jmo[d¨X, ~[hUm~mB©
gm[hË`àH$mamÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZs Ambs. H$[dVoMo Vo nmoV Amho. Ho$edgwVm§À`m H$[dVoVyZ Mm¡Yar, gmdaH$a, O.Ho$. CnmÜ`o, Xw.Am. [Vdmar,
~mbH$dtÀ`m H$[dVm dmMVmZm gd©àW_ bjmV AJXs [Zamim Agm KmQ> ~mbH$dtZs KS>dbm Amho. AmZ§Xamd Qo>H$mSo>, _mYd ho H$ds h`mV hmoVo; Am[U
`oUmar JmoîQ> åhUOo, Ë`m§Zs gmÜ`m gmoß`m Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§dahs Ho$edgwVm§Mm à^md Agbm H$mì`g_mYZoV _¾ hmoVo. 1920À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a_Ü`o
_mÌmd¥Îmm§Mm Am[U Jo` Aem MmbtMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Var Ë`m§Mm [n¨S>hs Ho$edgwVm§hyZ [Zamim Amho. H$ds AZ§VVZ` Am[U H$ds AkmVdmgs `m§Zs
Amho; dUmªÀ`m Am[U eãXm§À`m nwZéº$sMm Ë`m§Zs Ho$edgwVàd[V©V g§àXm`mVM Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§Mmhs "_hmamîQ´> emaXm_§[Xa' `m g§ñWoMs ñWmnZm Ho$bs.
dmna Ho$bm Amho; ~hwVm§e H$[dVm§_Ü`o _¥Xy dUmªMo g_mdoe hmoVmo; H$maU, Ho$edgwVm§à_mUo `m g§ñWoes `ed§V, X.b. JmoIbo, [Jare, ls.~m.
Cn`moOZ Amho; ~mbH$dtÀ`m [d[eîQ> AmË_[dîH$ma, gwVsVaMZm, [ZgJ©[df`H$- amZSo>, _mYdamd nQ>dY©Z, e§.H$m. JJ} ([XdmH$a),
g§doXZesbVoMm àË`` `oVmo; Cn_m-ê$nH$- ào_[df`H$ H$mì`boIZ, JyT>J§wOZ, _mÌmd¥Îmm§Mm _mS>ImobH$a BË`mXtMm g§~§Y hmoVm. àmJ[VH$
CËàojmgÑe à[V_m Am[U dUmªVyZ, eãXm§VyZ dmna Jmo[d¨XmJ«Om§Zshs Ho$bm Amho. na§Vw, H$ënH$Vm bmoH$m§Mm EH$ doJim JQ> V`ma Pmbm Am[U Ë`mVyZ
OmUdUmam ZmX, `_Ho$, MaUm§Vsb Am§XmobZo, b` Am[U ^mdZmoËH$Q>Vm `m§À`m ~m~VsV Jmo[d¨XmJ«O ho a[d[H$aU _§S>imMs ñWmnZm Pmbs. Jm§Ys,
`m§_wio; ~mbH$dtÀ`m H$[dVobm AZÝ` Ago ê$n Ho$edgwVm§hyZ nyU©V: [^Þ AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo Am§~oS>H$a Am[U gmdaH$a Ago VsZ bmoH$moÎma ZoVo,
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 51
`m H$mimVë`m amOH$s`-gm_m[OH$ MiditMo _hÎdmMo H$ds eaƒ§Ð _w{º$~moY ho hmoV. Ë`mZ§Va 1984n`ªV Ë`m§Mo "\w$bmoam', "[h_goH$',
gyÌYma hmoVo. XoemV ^maë`mgmaIo dmVmdaU V`ma Zds H$[dVm åhUOo CamV YJYJ H$aUmam Zdm "Xmobm', "J§YaoIm', "nwîH$im', "Xwgam njs',
Pmbo hmoVo. _mÌ, `m dmVmdaUmMo nS>gmX a[d[H$aU gy`©, Aes _w{º$~moYm§Ms H$ënZm Amho. _mÌ, hm gy`© "ñdmZ§X~moY', "[à`mi', "AZsh' ho g§J«h à[gÕ
_§S>imÀ`m H$[dVoVyZ C_Q>bobo [XgV ZmhsV. ehar, "H«w$Õ àM§S> Zdm _mVªS>' AgyZ Ë`mMm "_hmàIa Pmbo. aoJo `m§À`m H$[dVoMm _Ü`dVu [df`
_Ü`_dJu`, gw[e[jVm§À`m ì`{º$dmXmMmM JS>X àH$me' H$dsÀ`m CamV H$m|S>bm Amho. _T}>H$am§À`m gO©Zeº$s Am[U ós ho Ë`m gO©Zeº$sMoM ê$n
R>gm _§S>imÀ`m H$[dVoda C_Q>bobm Amho. gm_y[hH$ H$[dVoMs ^mfm Am[U _w{º$~moYm§À`m H$[dVoMs ^mfm Amho. aoJo `m§Ms eãXH$im a§J, J§Y, ZmX `m
gm_m[OH$-amOH$s` g§Kfm©À`m EodOs ì`º$s [déÕ `mV nwîH$iM A§Va Amho. XmoKohs g_H$mbsZ g§doXZm§Zm ê$n XoUmar Amho. A[Zb, Zm.K. Xoenm§So>
g_mO, `mVë`m Û§ÛmV VËH$mbsZ g§doXZesb H$ds dmñVdmV C^o amhyZ, EHy$U _mZds OsdZm[df`sÀ`m `m§À`mà_mUo aoJo hohs EH$ à`moJesb H$ds AmhoV.
AS>H$bo hmoVo. H$[dVm `m gm[hË` àH$mam[df`s "EH$ AZw^dm§Ms A[^ì`º$s H$aVmV; nU, Ë`m§À`m `m H$dtZs Ho$edgwV, ~mbH$ds `m§À`mH$Sy>Z _m[ÌH$
H$bmàH$ma' hs H$ënZm hiyhiy ê$T> hmoV Agë`mMo, ^y[_H$m doJù`m AmhoV, Ñ{îQ>H$moZ doJio AmhoV. N§>Xm§Mm ñdsH$ma Ho$bm Am[U Ë`mÀ`m [d[dY
`m H$mimV [XgyZ `oVo. Ë`mVyZM I§S>H$mì`, JµOb, _T}>H$a Am[U _w{º$~moY `m XmoKm§À`mhs H$[dVoV [d^«_m§Mm emoY KoVbm. gO©Zeº$s hm Ë`m§À`m
é~mB©, gwZsV, OmZnXJsV Aem doJdoJù`m ^m§S>dbemhsVsb A§V[d©amoYm§Mo ^oXH$ [MÌU Amho. H$[dVoMm [df` AmhoM, Ë`m§Mo H$[dVm [b[hUo ho
aMZmàH$mam§Zm MmbZm [_imbs. "gm_m[OH$' gO©ZmMm emoY KoUohs AgVo. aoJo `m§À`m H$[dVoV
ñdê$nmMo I§S>H$mì` hs a[d[H$aU _§S>imMs [Z[_©Vs ^mfoMs OwZs [H¨$dm Zds AZdQ> ê$no `oVmV. eãXm§À`m
Amho. "gwYmaH$', "[dahVa§J', "ZHw$bmb§H$ma' ~m~VsV H$mhsEH$ A§VÑ©îQ>s aoJo `m§Zm bm^bobs
(_mYd Oy[b`Z), "A^mJs H$_b', "Am§~amB©' [XgVo.
([Jare), "O`_§Jbm', "~§Xsemim' (`ed§V) 1949 gmbsM [d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a `m§Mm "ñdoXJ§Jm'
BË`mXs I§S>H$mì`o [b[hbs Jobs. hm g§J«h Am[U `.X. ^mdo `m§Mm "AmÐm©' hm g§J«h
1939 Vo 1947 hm H$mbI§S> OJmÀ`m Am[U àH$m[eV Pmbm. Ë`mM dfu "dí`m åhUo' hm dg§V
^maVmÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo H$R>sU Agm H$mi hmoVm. 1 gßQ|>~a hOaZsg `m§Mm g§J«h à[gÕ Pmbm. `.X. ^mdo Am[U
1939 Vo 2 gßQ|>~a 1945 `m H$mimV Mmbboë`m dg§V hOaZsg ho, _T}>H$am§À`m OsdZÑîQ>ses
Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmV A§XmOo Mma Vo gmSo>Mma H$moQ>s OdisH$ gmYUmao, Va H$a§XsH$a ho _w{º$~moYm§À`m -
_mUgo _¥Ë`y nmdbs, bmImo _mUgo ~oKa Am[U Ago ñWyb_mZmZo åhUVm `oB©b. H$maU, `m
OÝ_mMs Om`~§Xs Pmbs, AãOmdYs én`m§À`m Zm_mdisVbo H$ds Hw$Um EH$-XmoKm H$dtÀ`m
_mb_Îmm§Mm MwamS>m Pmbm, [hamo[e_m Am[U à^mdmImbs hmoVo, Ago åhUVm `oV Zmhs; _mÌ, Vo
ZmJmgmH$s `m eham§da Q>mH$boë`m AUw~m°å~Zo, g_H$mbsZ dmñVdmMm AW© bmdÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VsV
Am{ÊdH$ Aóm§Ms g§hmaj_Vm XmIdyZ [Xbs, EH$_oH$m§Mo ghH$mar hmoVo. `.X. ^mdo ho _T}>H$a,
A_o[aH$m Am[U a[e`m `m [dûdgÎmm CX`mg _w{º$~moY, H$a§XsH$a `m§À`m n§{º$V ~gy eH$bo
Amë`m. `mM H$mimV ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m AgVo; na§Vw, Ë`m§Mm [n¨S> a[d[H$aU _§S>iH$mbsZ
bT>çmMm ^mJ, åhUyZ em§VVm_` Am[U [h¨gH$ Aes amo_±[Q>[gP_Zo KS>dbm hmoVm, Ë`mVyZ Vo ~mhoa nSy>
XmoÝhs àH$maMs Am§XmobZo Pmbs. 1942_Ybo "{¹$Q> _T}>H$am§À`m H$[dVoV _Zwî`mMs AJ[VH$Vm Am[U eH$bo ZmhsV. _T}>H$a Am[U H$a§XsH$a `m§À`mVbo
B§[S>`m' Am§XmobZ, 1943_Ybm ~§Jmb_Ybm Aghm`Vm ì`º$ hmoVo, Va _w{º$~moYm§À`m H$[dVoV `m ZmVo à`moJesbVm Am[U [M¨VZesbVm `mV Amho;
_mZd[Z[_©V ^`§H$a XwîH$mi, 1946nmgyZ gwê$ AJ[VH$ Am[U Aghm` _mUgm§Vsb bwá-gwá VgoM Ë`m§À`m g_îQ>sÀ`m AmH$bZmÀ`m g§X^m©V
Pmboë`m gm§àXm[`H$ X§Jbs Am[U [^ÞY_u`m§Mo gy`m©Mm emoY Amho. _w{º$~moYm§eshs Amho. _T}>H$am§À`m "H$mhs
hË`mH$m§S> `m R>iH$ JmoîQ>s hmoË`m. _T}>H$am§À`m "H$mhs `m H$[dVoVsb Ame`hs ZdmM hmoVm Am[U H$[dVm'Vsb gm_m[OH$ OmUsd gmå`dmXmH$So>
H$[dVm'_Yë`m H$[dVm `m H$mimV [b[hë`m Joë`m. A[^ì`{º$Ms arVshs ZdsM hmoVs. _w{º$~moYm§Zs PwH$Umar Amho, Ago H$a§XsH$am§Mo _V Amho. Vs
H$dsZo H$m` H$am`Mo AgVo? _T}>H$am§Zs ñdV:M Amnë`m A[^ì`º$sgmR>s àdmhs Agm _wº$N§>X H$a§XsH$a `m§À`m H$[dVoVyZhs ì`º$ Pmbobs Amho.
à[VàíZ [dMmabm : "ào_mM| bìhmi|, gm¢X`© Zìhmi| dmnabobm Amho. [dMma Am[U ^mdZm, Om[Udm H$a§XsH$am§À`m à`moJesbVoZo _wº$gwZsVo, Vmb[MÌo,
emoYy?' Am[U CÎma [Xbo : "-Amgnmg, _wS>Úm§Ms Am[U Zo[Udm `m§À`mZwgma hm _wº$N§>X diVmo, gyºo$, [dê$[nH$m Ago aMZm~§Y KS>dbo. nwéfmoÎm_
amg; `§Ìm§VyZ AmJ; Jmoù`m§Mo namJ.' gm§Ho$[VH$ dmH$Vmo, J[V_mZ hmoVmo AWdm AdéÕ hmoVmo. [edam_ aoJo `m§À`mà_mUo H$a§XsH$ahs H$[dVoÀ`m
H$mì` Am[U àË`j dmñVdmMsM XmhH$ OmUsd, _T}>H$am§Zs nmXmHw$bH$ N§>XmMm gO©Zesb dmna [b[IV AWdm _w[ÐV ê$nmH$So> ~KVmV. aoJo Am[U
`mVbm AmË`§{VH$ [damoY _T}>H$a ì`º$ H$aVmV : H$ê$Z, nm[hOo Ves _moS>VmoS> H$ê$Z Amnë`m H$a§XsH$a `m§À`m H$[dVobm Agbobo AmUIs EH$
dmñVdmÀ`m `m Om[UdoZo _T}>H$am§Zm a[d[H$aU Om[Udm-Zo[Udm§Ms A[^ì`º$s Ho$bs, Va n[aUm_ åhUOo, [MÌH$bm Am[U g§JsV `m§À`m
_§S>imVsb H$ds, _§S>iH$mbsZ H$ds Am[U _w{º$~moYm§Zs A[Zb, dm.Zm. Xoenm§So> `m§Zs àd[V©V A[^ì`º$sÀ`m nÕVs H$[dVoV _wadÊ`mMm à`ËZ.
g_d`ñH$ H$ds, `m§À`mnmgyZ doJio Ho$bo. "Eoem Ho$boë`m _wº$ N§>Xmbm [dMmam§À`m-^mdZm§À`m ^maVs` bKw[MÌm§_Ü`o amJ_mbm[MÌo AmhoV, Vgm
Q>mny§V Mm¡\o$, Zmht _mhoa-gmga, H¡$M| JmoÌ dm àda, AmdoJm§Ms OmoS> [Xbs. H$a§XsH$am§Zs H$[dVoV Ho$bobm à`moJ åhUOo
AZm[_H$m' ho Ë`m§Mo åhUUo, H$[dVo[df`sXoIsb nwéfmoÎm_ [edam_ aoJo `m§Mm "gmYZm Am[U BVa Vmb[MÌo, dg§V ~mnQ>, _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a `m
VodTo>M g_n©H$ Ago Amho. _T}>H$am§BVHo$M Xwgao H$[dVm' hm g§J«h 1931_Ü`o àH$m[eV Pmbm. H$a§XsH$a g_H$mbsZ H$dtZs H$[dVm bmoH$m[^_wI
52 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Ho$bs. nmS>JmdH$am§À`m amOH$s` Cnhm[gH$m§Ms Ambm. H$mobQ>H$am§Ms eãXm§Ms [ZdS> Am[U _m§S>Us H$dtda _mŠg©dmXmMo ñnîQ> g§ñH$ma AmhoV ho Iao
XIb KoVbs nm[hOo, VesM Ë`m§À`m ^mdg§nÞ [dbjU Amho. ^mfoMs ghoVwH$ _moS>VmoS>, OwÝ`m Agbo, Var ~ìh§e X[bV H$[dVoZo Am§~oS>H$a-
JsVm§Mshs. gXmZ§X aoJo `m§Ms dmL>²_`sZ-gm§ñH¥$[VH$ JmÊ`m§Mm d åhUtMm Cn`moJ, eãXmMm n[a[MV [dMmamVyZ àoaUm KoVbobs Agë`mZo [Vbm
g§X^© Agbobs H$[dVm _hÎdmMs Amho. AWm©VyZ [Zamù`m AWm©Zo Ho$bobm Cn`moJ, J«m§[WH$ Am§~oS>H$admXs H$[dVm, Ago åhUUo g_n©H$ hmoB©b.
1960À`m XeH$mVsb EH$ _hÎdmMo H$ds åhUyZ ^mfoEodOs ~mob^mfoMm dmna hs H$mobQ>H$am§À`m Y_©, ê$T>s, amOH$maU-g_mOH$maU, gm[hË`mMs
Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mm C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo. Vsd« H$mì`^mfoMs d¡[eîQ>ço AmhoV. H$mobQ>H$am§À`m na§nam ZmH$maUmè`m `m MidisZo Amnë`m CJ«
g_mOgÝ_wIVm ho gwd} `m§À`m H$[dVoMo d¡[eîQ>ç H$[dVoVbo [dûd Xw:ñdßZmgmaIo AgyZ, Ë`mMo [MÌU g_mO^mZmMm Ádb§V Am[dîH$ma Ho$bm Vmo
AgyZ, _hmZJamVsb gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m ~mobsMm Vo A[VdmñVddmXs e¡bsV H$aVmV. [VWë`m n[hë`m§Xm H$[dVoVyZM. X[bV H$[dVoV ehar Am[U
Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobm dmna bjUs` Amho. [~{ëS¨>Jm Pwbm`bm bmJVmV, nm`JVsMo H$m§~io J«m_sU dmñVdmMo àIa [MÌ C_Q>bo Amho. J«m_sU
Omo_mÀ`m ~m~VsV Ho$edgwVm§es Am[U PS>n KmbVo, dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m aÔsV nmZmonmZs gmn ^mJmVsb Añn¥í`Vm, Kmoa Xm[aÐç, AË`mMma,
VÎdkmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V _w{º$~moYm§es ZmVo Agboë`m AgVmV, Imnam§Zm \o$\$ao ^aVo, BWbs M¸$s gJio AkmZ, A§YlÕm `m§Zs nmoiboë`m _mUgm§Mo [MÌU
`m H$[dVoZo, g_mOmVsb emo[fV dJm©À`m ^mdZm§Ms \$ñV H$ê$Z Q>mH$Vo. Ë`m§À`m EH$m eãXmÀ`m eoOmar Am[U _w§~B©gma»`m _hmZJamVsb ~H$mb
Am[U [dMmam§Ms H$UIa eãXm§V A[^ì`º$s Ho$bs. Xwgam eãX Ro>dÊ`mVyZ A[VdmñVd nmVis bm^Vo. PmonS>nÅ>çm§VyZ OJUmè`m, H$m_mR>snwè`mgma»`m
gwd} `m§Ms H$[dVm _Ü`_dJu` H$mì`^mfohyZ Am[U dñVsV amhUmè`m, [JaÊ`m-H$maImÝ`m§V [nMUmè`m
Ame`mhyZ doJis Amho; VgoM gwd} `m§À`m _mUgm§Mo [MÌU Ago XmoÝhs OJmMo ^oXH$ Ñí`,
H$[dVoVbo OJhs _Ü`_dJu` H$[dVoÀ`m X[bV H$[dVoV C_Q>bo Amho. `m H$[dVoV AmH«$moe
MmH$moar~mhoaMo Amho. H$m_Jma, Zmb~§X, Zm`[H$Us, Amho VgmM [dÐmohhs Amho. ~m~yamd ~mJyb, Ho$ed
doí`m, nmoñQ>a [MH$Q>dUmar _wbo, nmoQ©>a, esJdmbm _olm_, Zm_Xod T>gmi, àH$me OmYd, dm_Z
Aes g_mOmÀ`m [ZåZ ñVamdaMs _mUgo Am[U [Z¨~miH$a, \$._w§. qeXo, X`m ndma, `ed§V _Zmoha,
Ë`m§À`m ^mfm `m H$[dVoV AmT>iVmV. àëhmX M|XdUH$a, Í`§~H$ gnH$mio, AOw©Z S>m§Jio,
dmaH$ar g§Vm§Ms H$[dVm Am[U EH$mo[Ugmì`m- O.[d. ndma, ^s_goZ XoRo>, [ham ~ZgmoSo>, Á`moVs
[dgmì`m eVH$mVsb OmJ[VH$ _hÎdmÀ`m H$dtMs bm§Oodma Aem AZoH$ H$dtZs, CËH$Q> gm_m[OH$
H$[dVm AmË_gmV H$ê$Z, [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo ^mZ Agbobs H$[dVm [b[hbs. ^mdZm Am[U
`m§Zs ñdV:Ms H$[dVm KS>dbs Amho. [MÌo `m§À`m [dMma `m§À`m A[^ì`º$sdaM bj H|$[ÐV Ho$bobo
H$[dVoMm n¡g Am[U AmdmH$m ~amM [dñV¥V Amho Agë`mZo à`moJesbVobm dmd ZìhVm; na§Vw, Á`m
Am[U Ë`m§Ms H$mì`[Z[_©Vshs [dnwb Amho. H$[dVoMs OJÊ`mMo [MÌU H$[dVoV An[ahm`© Pmbobo Amho
[d[dY ê$no, aMZoMo àH$ma Ë`mV AmT>iVmV. [MÌo Ë`m OJÊ`mMs ^mfmhs ñdm^m[dH$M `m H$[dVobm
`m§Ms ~ìh§es H$[dVm _wº$N§>XmV Agbs Var, Ë`mV bm^bs. Ë`m ^mfoZo Am[U H$[dVoVsb [dMmamZo
N§>X-VÎd _wabobo Amho. Ë`m§Ms eãXm§Ms [ZdS>, CXm. [dQ>Š`m Q>mnnS>gmXm§À`m nVmH$m, H$moar [damQ> _amR>s H$[dVobm EH$ Zdo n[a_mU [_imbo `mV e§H$m
AmoitMs _m§S>Us, eãXm§Mm ZmX, Amoit_Ybm Vmb, nmdVs, dmiboë`m [O^m§Mm bwim ÐmoU, A[ZéÕ Zmhs; [H¨$~hwZm, X[bV H$[dVoZo, X[bV gm[hË`mZo
EH$m AmoisZ§VaÀ`m Xwgè`m AmoisZo [Z_m©U hmoUmao Ob_` ~moQo>, [~~Qo> g§JsV, ~odmaes V¥ás, Q>mnm§Mo EH§$XarV dmL>²_`ì`dhmamH$So>, Ë`m_mJÀ`m
Am§XmobZ, à[V_m, [MÌmË_H$Vm, gm§ñH¥$[VH$ H$WZH$m¡eë`, BË`mXs. ~mob^mfoMm AH¥$[Ì_ gm_m[OH$-amOH$s` ì`dhmamH$So> nmhÊ`mMs
dmL>²_`sZ g§X^© `m§Zs, Ë`m§À`m H$[dVoMm ê$n~§Y Cn`moJ Am[U ~møV: H$moUVshs Jw§VmJw§V Zgbobs gd©ñds Zds ÑîQ>s [Xbs.
KS>bm Amho ho OmUdVo. "eº$sMs àmW©Zm', "IoH$So', "dm_m§Js' `m§gmaIs H$[dVm AZoH$ Ho$Mo, J«og, H$mOo, am_mUs, nmoVXma, gmQ>_
"I§S>mo~m', "_hm_§Ìmoƒma' `m§gma»`m XsK© AW©ñVam§Zm gm_mdyZ KoVbobs AgVo. BË`mXs H$dt~amo~a Ë`m H$mimV àM[bV H$[dVoÀ`m
H$[dVm§Vhs b` Am[U JVs hs VÎdo, Ë`m§À`m `m H$mimV àm_w»`mZo A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ dmŠàMmamMm ñdsH$ma Ho$bobs Ho$ed _olm_ `m§Ms
aMZoÀ`m A§Jmonm§es H$es [^Zbobs AmhoV, ho [b[hUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m H$dt_Ü`o _Zmoha AmoH$, H$[dVm 1960-65 `m H$mimV ~Xbbs d [VZo
bjmV `oVo. Ë`m§Ms "eº$sMs àmW©Zm' hs H$[dVm ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>, dg§V XÎmmÌo` JwO©a, gVse gm_m[OH$ [dÐmohmÀ`m ^mfoMm Adb§~ Ho$bm.
g§n¥º$ Ame`, ^mdZoMs Vsd«Vm, A[^ì`º$sMm H$migoH$a, M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb, Vwbgs na~ `m§Mm `ed§V _Zmoham§Ms H$[dVm àm`: _wº$N§>XmVbs
N§>XgÑe ~§Y, b`, J[V_mZVm Am[U à[V_m `m§À`m g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mM H$mimVsb AÝ` C„oIZs` [dÐmohmMm [dMma _m§S>Umar H$[dVm Amho. Ë`m§À`m
EH$mË_ g§KQ>Zm_wio `m eVH$mVsb EH$ loîR> H$[dVm H$ds [dbmg gma§J, JwéZmW Ywar Am[U dg§V H$[dVoÀ`m A[^ì`º$sÀ`m nÕVsMm _w{º$~moYm§À`m
R>aVo. Am~mOs S>hmHo$ ho AmhoV. H$mì`m[^ì`º$ses g§~§Y OmoS>Vm `oB©b.
[MÌo `m§À`mà_mUo _amR>s d B§J«Os `m XmoZ Ame` Am[U A[^ì`º$s `m ~m~VsV nm§T>anoes dº¥$ËdàYmZ, AmoOñds Am[U d¡Mm[aH$ Jm^m
^mfm§_Ü`o H$[dVm [b[hUmao AéU H$mobQ>H$a Ë`m§À`m _Ü`_dJu` H$[dVohyZ [Zamis Aes H$[dVm `m Agbobs H$[dVm Ë`m§Zs [b[hbs. dm_Z
B§J«OsVsb "OoOwar' `m XsK©H$[dVoZo [deof à[gÕsg H$mimV [b[hbs OmD$ bmJbs. Vs åhUOo X[bV [Z¨~miH$am§À`m H$[dVoV J«m_sU dmñVdmMo [MÌU
Ambo. [d[dY [Z`V-A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ àH$m[eV AWdm Am§~oS>H$admXs H$[dVm. ~m~yamd ~mJyb, Amho.
Pmboë`m Ë`m§À`m H$[dVm§Mm g§J«h 1977_Ü`o Zm_Xod T>gmi, àH$me OmYd `m§À`mgma»`m H$mhs X`m ndmam§Ms H$[dVm g§`V [dÐmoh ì`º$ H$aUmar
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 53
1. Xoenm§So> Zm.K., IyUJmR>s, _m¡O
2. nmS>JmdH$a _§Joe, gbm_, _m¡O
H$mhr _hÎdmMo H${dVmg§J«h 28. g§[hVm ([d¨Xm H$a§XsH$am§Ms [ZdS>H$
H$[dVm) (g§nmXH$ : _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a)
3. A[Zb XenXs, _m¡O H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
4. bmodboH$a ^mbM§Ð, MmoabH$mR>, _Ü` àXoe _amR>s gm[hË` g§K àH$meZ, 29. Hw$gw_mJ«O, ag`mÌm (g§nmXH$ : ~moaH$a-d¡Ú) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
^monmi, Xwgar Amd¥Îms, 1994 30. _olm_ ^wO§J, A^wO _mS>, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
5. ~moaH$a ~m.^., [MÌdsUm, _m¡O, [Vgar Amd¥Îms, 1984 31. AñdñW eVH$mMs H$[dVm ([ZdS>H$ dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$)(g§nmXH$
6. H$mobQ>H$a AéU, [^OH$s dhs, àmg àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2003 A[^[OV Xoenm§So>)
7. J«og, M§Ð_mYdsMo àXoe, nm°ß`wba, 1977 bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
8. _hmZmoa Zm.Ym|., nú`m§Mo bj Wdo, nm°ß`wba, 1990 32. [ZÐmhsZ amÌsÀ`m H$R>moa H$mVimda ([ZdS>H$ aOsZ néioH$a)(g§nmXH$ :
9. AmaVs à^y, ZjÌm§Mo XoUo, _m¡O, 1975 ZsaOm)bmoH$dmL>²_`
10. _Zmoha AmoH$À`m E|es H$[dVm, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 1996 J¥h
11. gma§J [dbmg, H$[dVm 1969-1984, _m¡O, 1986 33. H$mio AéU, Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
12. nmQ>sb M§ÐH$m§V, ~m`H$m Am[U BVa H$[dVm, nm°ß`wba, 1993 34. ndma àkm X`m, Amanma b`sV àmUm§[VH$, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
13. ^Q> gwaoe, P§PmdmV, gm[hË` àgma H|$Ð, ZmJnya, 1994 35. ~m§XoH$a àdsU XeaW, IoiI§S>mo~mÀ`m ZmdmZ§, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h
14. JwO©a dg§V XÎmmÌo`, AaÊ`, dmMm àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1973 36. B§[Xam g§V, _¥Ê_`s (g§nmXH$ : a_oe V|Sw>bH$a)
15. na~ Vwbgs, Hw$~S>m Zm[g©gg, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 2002 37. _T}>H$a ~mi gsVmam_, _T}>H$am§Ms H$[dVm, _m¡O
16. _Zmoha `ed§V, CËWmZJw§\$m, à~moYZ 38. Ho$edgwVm§Ms g_J« H$[dVm
17. Xoenm§So> _._., A§V[aj [\$abmo, nU... (g§nmXH$ : X.[^./_.[d. Ym|S>) 39. H$mio _§Joe Zmam`Uamd, V¥Vs` nwéfmMo AmJ_Z, A[^YmZ§Va
nÙJ§Ym, nwUo 40. T>gmi Zm_Xod, [Zdm©Um AJmoXaMs nsS>m, Am`©Z
18. Ho$Mo _YwH$a, [X¨S>s Jobs nwTo>, H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b 41. nmQ>sb AZwamYm, dmiyÀ`m nmÌmV _m§S>bobm Ioi, Vwbm àH$meZ,
19. Zo_mSo> ^mbM§Ð, XoIUs, nm°ß`wba Am¡a§Jm~mX
20. H$migoH$a gVse, [db§[~V, bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h 42. eoI _[bH$m A_a, _hmZJa, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a à~mo[YZs
21. [MÌo [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_, EHy$U H$[dVm 1, 2, 3 nm°ß`wba 43. dmK gbsb, [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§H$bZ : O`§V JmS>Jsi) _Zsfm
22. gwd} Zmam`U, _mPo [dÚmnsR>, nm°ß`wba 44. _hmOZ H$[dVm, VËnwéf, Vwbm, Am¡a§Jm~mX
23. Jmo[d¨XmJ«O, [n¨ninmZ (g§nmXH$ : Hw$gw_mJ«O) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b 45. Hw$bH$Uu-H$dRo>H$a, Zmam`U, ho _mÂ`m JdVmÀ`m nmË`m, _m¡O
24. ~mbH$ds, \w$bamUs (~mbH$dtMs [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm), (g§nmXH$ : 46. gmoi§H$s dO}e, VVnn, A[^YmZ§Va
Hw$gw_mJ«O) H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b 47. [eboXma à\w$„, OJÊ`mÀ`m ngmè`mV, nm°ß`wba
25. _w{º$~moYm§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : `ed§V _Zmoha) gm[hË` AH$mX_s 48. Ywar JwéZmW, bmbH$modim H$mimoI, _m¡O
26. [ZdS>H$ gXmZ§X aoJo (g§nmXH$ : dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$) gm[hË` AH$mX_s 49. eVH$mVsb Am[Xdmgs H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : [dZm`H$ Vw_am_) h[ad§e, M§Ðnya
27. nw.[e. aoJo `m§Ms [ZdS>H$ H$[dVm (g§nmXH$ : àH$me Xoenm§So>) gm[hË` 50. [d.Xm. gmdaH$am§Ms ñ\w$Q> H$[dVm
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Aem àH$maMo EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ ^mZ Amboë`m {ó`m§Zs AdñWoVsb Am[W©H$, amOH$s`, gm_m[OH$ ~Xbm§Mm g§nH©$ :9890362703
[b[hboë`m H$[dVobm, gmYmaUnUo, "ósdmXs g§X^© Amho. lsYa [Vido, ho_§V [XdQo>, _§Joe B©-‘ob : vasantdahake@gmail.com
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54 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 55
Odi Odi g_H$mbsZ Ago ZmW_mYd gd© ^mfm§À`m ^maVs` H$mX§~arMo Ý`yZ Amho. åhUyZ 1. h.Zm. AmnQo> : nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo, Cf:H$mb
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H$mX§~è`m _mÌ AOyZhs OwÝ`m dmMZmb`m§VyZ Ë`m§Zs [b[hboë`m B§J«Os H$mX§~è`m_Ü`oM \$º$ 4. ls. ì`§. Ho$VH$a : ~«÷H$Ý`m (1930)
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boImeodQ>s [Xbs Amho Vs Ë`m gd© H$mX§~è`m _hmZ, _mS>ImobH$a `m à[gÕ [Ì_yVvH$So> `oÊ`mnydu VËdk (1959)
A[^OmV dJ¡ao AmhoV åhUyZ Zìho, Va Ë`mn¡H$s "am[JUs'H$ma dm_Z _ëhma Omoes Am[U 7. Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$ : Xm¡bV (1929)
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H$joV `oVmo. gmjaVm hiyhiy dmTy> bmJbs hmoVs; Ádb§V gm_m[OH$ àíZm§es KÅ hmoVm. nwT>À`m 12. X.a. H$dRo>H$a : aoe_mÀ`m JmR>s (1942)
nU, AOyZhs Vs ~ìh§es ~«m÷U OmVsVM AmT>iV H$mimV hm Jm^m hadbm. JOmZZ Í`§~H$ 13. [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a : aUm§JU (1940)
14. a.dm. [XKo : nmUH$im (1939)
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EÁ`wHo$eZMs Xmao CKS>bs Agbs Var ~hwg§»` H$mX§~è`m§_Ü`o amOH$maUmMs nmûd©^y_s AmUÊ`mMm 16. ls.Zm. n|S>go : Jma§~sMm ~mny (1952), aWMH«$
~hwOZm§Zm - Ë`mV eoVH$arhs Ambo - [ejUmMs à`ËZ hmoVm; nU, Vmo \w$Q>H$i d AàñVwV R>abm. (1962)
M¡Z nadS>Umar ZìhVs. ~«m÷U d j[Ì` _amR>m [dîUw gImam_ Im§So>H$a (1898-1976) 17. eaƒ§Ð _wº$s~moY : [jàm (1954)
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19. CÕd eoiHo$ : YJ (1960)
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Zmhs. amOH$s` d Am[W©H$ joÌm§nojmhs g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m hmoVs. XmoKo "H$bogmR>s H$bm H$s OsdZmgmR>s H$bm' 23. ^mD$ nmÜ`o : dmgyZmH$m (1965)
24. O`d§V Xids : MH«$ (1963)
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1950n`ªVÀ`m H$mX§~è`m§_Ü`o g§nyU© _amR>s [eH$[dbo. Zmam`U gsVmam_ \$S>Ho$ (1894- 32. [XdmH$a H$m§~is : nai (1968)
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34. à^mH$a n|T>maH$a : ama§JT>m§J
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40. H$_boe dmbmdbH$a : ~mH$s eyÝ`
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44. gXmZ§X Xoe_wI : ~mamo_mg
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48.^maV H$mio : Eogo Hw$U~s ^ynmi
BVam§Mo AZw^d[dûd, dmñVd d g§doXZmnQ> nmaIm. hmoVm.
49. ~~Z [^¨So> : gË`mJ«h
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50. BgmXmg ^S>Ho$ : ~m{áñ_m Vo Y_mªVa
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51. adtÐ emo^Uo : nm§T>a
56 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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Xamam Ë`m§Zs [Z_m©U Ho$bm Amho. Am[U EdTo> [ZdS>UwH$m§Mm Yw_mHy$i [dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmImbs dmMë`mg _amR>s H$mX§~arMm [dH$mg, [MÌ d
gm§JyZhs EH$ JmoîQ> [ZImbgnUo _mÝ` Ho$bs nm[hOo _yR>^am§À`m hmVs Ambobo n¡go `m gd© JmoîQ>t_wio IoS>s Mm[aÍ` VgoM [VMo XwX£ds Ý`yZ g_OÊ`mg _XV
H$s da gm§[JVboë`m _`m©Xo_Ü`o H$m AgoZm nU ^U§J d ~H$mb ~ZV Mmbbs AmhoV. JmdJw§S>, hmoB©b.
^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> `m§Zs _amR>s H$mX§~ar nwîH$i nwTo> JmdnwT>mar, ñWm[ZH$ YZdmZ, ~So> eoVH$ar, nmo[bg g§nH©$ : 9869429892
Zobs. Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg, Ë`m§À`m ^mfoMm H$gXmanUm, d gaH$mar A[YH$mar, daMo gÎmmYmar `m§À`m B©-‘ob : sadhu.arun@gmail.com
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 57
dmL>²_`sZ [Z`VH$m[bHo$ : YmoŠ`mÀ`m diUmda
b Ky A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms gwédmV _amR>s
gm[hË` [dûdmV "gË`H$Wo'Mm EH$N>Ìs
A§_b gwê$ AgVmZmM Pmbs. eãX
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nma§n[aH$ bKy [Z`VH$m[bH$m§Mmhs Amho. 1955 Vo amOH$s` ì`dñWobm [damoY åhUyZ hs bKy [Z`V-
1960 `m gwédmVsÀ`m ghm dfmªVsb eãX, [Xem, A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ C^s amhyZ EH$ Midi g_moa Ambs
(1955), [Xem (1955), Zdo boIZ (1958), Ves Midihs Amnë`mH$So> _amR>sV ÑpîQ>jonmV `oV
ê$nJ§Ym (1959), ê$n (1961), a§J (1961) Zmhs. `mVsb ~hwVm§e bKy A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ Mma
AWd© (1961), Agmo (1962), AmVm (1964) hm¡es bmoH$ EH$Ì `oD$Z Oo-Oo [b[hbo Amho Vo-Vo
^mê$S> (1964), ho_m (1964), Ajao (1967), H$go~go N>mnyZ \w$H$Q> dmQ>Ê`mV g_mYmZ _mZUmar
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(1969), eãX (1969) g.Z.[d.[d. (1969), AmH$f©U dmQy>Z ì`dñWoV [eaÊ`mMm em°Q©>H$Q>
lseãX (1969), A~H$S>B© (1969, 72) hs åhUyZhs bKy A[Z`VH$m[bHo$ H$mT>bobs [XgVmV.
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58 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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5. `m bKy A[Z`VH$m[bH$m§À`m aoQ>çm_wio Am[U `m H$mbI§S>mV gwê$ Pmbobo "AZwîQy>^' (1977) Pmbobo "eãXdoY' (1986) Am[U "A[^Ym'
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 59
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dm[f©H$ dJ©Us : é. 500, XmoZ df} é. 1000/- VsZ df}
bm^bs Amho Vs A§VZm©Xda ào_ H$aUmè`m `mM~amo~a nwñVH$ n[aM` Am{U g_rjmË_H$
: é. 1500
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g§nH©$ : gmYZm gmám[hH$, 926, gXm[ed noR>, ~°.
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JmS>Jsi añVm, nwUo-411030.
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gm¡. dfm© H$mio `m§À`m _XVsZo ^mZy H$mio A[Ve` MmoI§XinUo nwñVH$m§Mr {ZdS> Am{U IaoXr H$aVm
é. 1500/-
n[al_ KoD$Z ho _m[gH$ MmbdV AmhoV. `oVo. AZoH$ Á`oð Am{U loð gm{h{Ë`H$ AmdO©yZ
g§nH©$ : `w[ZH$ [\$Mg©, 8 A[_V H$m°åßboŠg, 474,
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gXm[ed noR>, [Q>iH$ añVm, nwUo-411030.
EH$ bjUs` A§H$ R>abm Amho. _amR>sVbs Aem XO}Xma gm{h{Ë`H$m§Mo boIZ Am{U dg§V
\$moZ : 020-24470896
gdm}Îm_ nwñVHo$, ^mfm ^[JZs, [dZmoX Aem gadQo> `m§Mo _wIn¥ð Agbobm "b{bV'Mm {Xdmir
_w§~B© g§nH©$ : 105, lsàgÞ, H$~wVaImÝ`mOdi, ^dmZs
AZoH$ [df`m§Zm g_[n©V Ago ho [deofm§H$ A§H$ a{gH$m§Mo bj doYyZ KoVmo `mV Zdb Zmhr.
e§H$a amoS>, _w§~B©-400028.
A§VZm©XMo AmH$f©U R>abo AmhoV. dmMH$m§Mm _amR>sV _m[gH$m§Ms H$_s Amho ho Va
\$moZ - 022-24411398
gh^mJ Am[U g§dmX hohs A§VZm©XMo EH$ d¡[eîQ>ç gË`M Amho. nU, Aem n[a{ñWVsV gmYZm,
Amho. AZoH$ Á`oîR> boIH$ Am[U a[gH$ dmMH$ b{bV AZw^d Am[U A§VZm©X gma»`m§Mo à`ËZ OmñVM
`m§Mm EH$ [ZamimM A§VZm©X n[adma `m[Z[_ÎmmZo àH$meZ : _m{gH$ _mobmMo R>aVmV. Oéar Amho Vs ZdZì`m
[Z_m©U Pmbobm [XgVmo. ^mZy H$mio `m§Zs Amnbm dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur : én`o 220, Mma dfmªMr gdbVrMr [dnUZV§ÌmZo Aem Mm§Jë`m _m[gH$m§Mo
A§VZm©X AmoiIbm Am[U _amR>sV EH$ CÎm_ dJ©Ur é. 800/- dJ©UsXma dmT>dm`Ms. Ë`mgmR>s AmnU gd©M
_m[gH$ [Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Mo A[^Z§XZ g§nH©$ : 308, {\${ZŠg, 457, Eg.ìhr.nr. amoS>, _amR>s ào_tZs ^¸$_nUo `m _m[gH$m§À`m nmR>ses
H$am`bm hdo. {JaJmd, _w§~B©-400004. C^o am[hbo nm[hOo. Amnbs H¥${VesbVmM `m
_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZmÀ`m Ho$edamd H$moR>mdio `m \$moZ : 23826225 nUË`m VodV Ro>dob.
OmUH$ma d gm{hË`ào_r àH$meH$mZo gwê$ Ho$bobo g§nH©$ : 9822003411
"b{bV' ho _m{gH$ _w»`V: gm{hË` {dœ, Ë`m
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 61
Zdo [ejU, Zì`m [Xem, Zdo J«§W
Am `wî`mÀ`m gwédmVsbm _wbo n[agamVsb
^mfm ghOJË`m AmË_gmV H$aVmV. Vs
Ë`m§Ms AmnUhyZ AmË_gmV Ho$bobs
nwñVH$s Am{U X¡Z§[XZ JaOm§Ms XIb Z KoUmao AgoM
H$maHw$Zs [ejU [_iV Agë`mMs Q>sH$m _hmË_m
\w$bo `m§Zs Ho$bs Amho. OmoVsamdm§Zs ho AmoiIbo hmoVo
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zs h§Q>a Am`moJmnwTo> [ejUmÀ`m
gmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>s [ejUmÀ`m _yb^yV h¸$mMs
1882 gmbs _mJUs Ho$bs hmoVs. hm H$mi Ho$ìhmM
n[hbs ^mfm AgVo. `m n[hë`m ^mfobm Z¡g[J©H$ H$s gm_m[OH$-Ym[_©H$ Mm¡H$Q> A^§J Ro>dyZ hiyhiy _mJo nS>bm. [~«[Q>em§Ms gÎmm OmD$Z ^maVs`m§Ms gÎmm
j_VoMo A[YîR>mZ Agë`m_wio Am[U _mZds _|Xy_Ü`o H«$_e: ~Xb H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU H$Yshs `eñds hmoUma 1947 gmbs `m XoemV Ambs. Ë`mbmhs 63 df}
[Vbm Y«wdñWmZ [_imbobo Agë`m_wio, hs ^mfm ho Zmhs, Va g§nyU© ì`dñWoÀ`m d [Vbm AmYma^yV hmoD$Z Joë`mZ§Va 1 E[àb 2010nmgyZ ~mbH$mÀ`m
Ë`m§Mo Am`wî`^amgmR>s Cn`moJmV `oUmao gm_Ï`© _mo\$V d gº$sÀ`m [ejUmMm H$m`Xm A§_bmV
AgVo. [dMma H$aUo, H$ënZm H$aUo, g_ñ`m [ZdmaU Ambm. hm H$m`Xm [ejUg§~§[YV àË`oH$mZo AmdOy©Z
H$aUo Am[U Am¡nMm[aH$ [ejU KoUo `m gmè`mM dmMbm nm[hOo. `m H$m`ÚmZo, XoemV, [ejUmÀ`m
JmoîQ>tMo à^mds gmYZ åhUOo hs _yi, Z¡g[J©H$ gmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmo~VM [ejUnÕVsVsb
n[agamVsb ^mfm AWdm _mV¥^mfm hoM AgVo. hs nR>S>s~ÕVm _moSy>Z H$mTy>Z, Ë`mV n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMo
n[aga^mfm hoM [ejUmMo _mÜ`_ Agmdo Ago gyVmodmM Ho$bo Amho. XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m XñVmdoOm§Ms
OJ^amMo [ejU emók AmJ«hnyd©H$ gm§JVmV. nmûd©^y_s `mg Amho. EH$ Amho, `e nmb `m§À`m
_hmamîQ´>mV _amR>s _wbm§À`m [ejUmMo Z¡g[J©H$ AÜ`jVoImbsb g[_VsZo V`ma Ho$bobm
_mÜ`_ _amR>s ^mfm hoM Amho. Ë`m_wio Os _wbo _amR>s "AmoÂ`m[dZm [ejU' hm 1993 gmbs à[gÕ
emim§_YyZ _amR>s _mÜ`_m§VyZ [eH$VmhoV, Ë`m§Zm Pmbobm Ahdmb. `m AhdmbmZo àmW[_H$À`m
n[hë`m ^mfoÀ`m gm_Ï`m©Mm bm^ Ë`m§À`m [ejUmV ñVamda _mV¥^mfm hoM [ejUmMo _mÜ`_ Agbo
AmngyH$M [_iUma Amho. hm _amR>s ^mfoMm nm[hOo ho AYmoao[IV H$aVmZmM EHy$U [ejUmV
e¡j[UH$ bm^ Xwb©jyZ Os _wbo B§J«Os _mÜ`_m§Vsb H$mbmZwê$n n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>s Zo_Š`m gyMZmhs
[ejUmH$So> diVmV Ë`m§À`m~m~VsV _mÌ [M¨Vm Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
H$amds Aes n[a{ñWVs Amho. B§J«Os emim Iyn Xwgam _hÎdmMm XñVmdoO Amho Vmo, 2005 gmbs
~§[XñV AmhoV, Va _amR>s emim VwbZoZo Iyn bdMsH$ H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m AIË`m[aV àH$m[eV Pmbobm ZdsZ
AmhoV. Ë`m_wio _amR>s emim§Zm AmVm ñdV:V ~Xb "[ejUH«$_mMm AmamIS>m.' `mM AmamIS>çmMm
KS>dV CÚmÀ`m OsdZmbm gm_moao OmÊ`mMo AmìhmZ àË`jmV Adb§~ H|$Ð d amÁ` nmVù`m§da gÜ`m
¿`md`mg haH$V Zmhs. àm. a_oe nmZgo H$aÊ`mV `oV Agë`m_wio, Ë`mVsb Zì`m aMZmdmXs
[~«[Q>eH$mbsZ [ejU [ejUàUmbsMm Ame` [Z nÕVs gd© g§~§[YVm§Zs
_amR>s ^mfoVyZ [ejU, `mbm XsK©H$mbmMs na§nam hmoUmè`m _yë`ì`dñWoÀ`m [damoYmVM ñnîQ> ^y[_H$m Aä`mgÊ`mMs JaO Amho. [ejU, emioÀ`m Mma
Amho. [~«[Q>enyd© H$mimV IoS>çm-nmS>çm§VyZ ¿`mds bmJob; Am[U Ves Vs ¿`m`Ms Va emo[fV [^¨Vs~mhoa, H«$[_H$ nwñVH$m§À`m Mm¡H$Q>sÀ`m ~mhoa,
n§VmoOtÀ`m emim gd©Xya ngaboë`m hmoË`m, d§[MVm§MsM g§K[Q>V VmH$X C^s H$amds bmJob... [ejH$m§À`m [eH$[dÊ`mÀ`m nbsH$So> Am[U
Aëng§»`oZo H$m hmoB©Zm na§Vw [d[dY OmVs-Y_mªMo {ó`m§À`m d ewÐmXs-A[VewÐm§À`m [ejUmMs dJmª_Ysb ~§[XñV nÕVtÀ`m ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ
[dÚmWu `m _amR>s emim§_YyZ OmV hmoVo. `mMo nwamdo gwédmV H$ê$ZM [VMs C^maUs H$aVm `oB©b. Ë`m§Zs `m AmamIS>çmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. [ejU
Ya_ nmb `m§Zs Amnë`m "X ã`w[Q>\w$b Q´>s' `m J«§WmV emgZmbm Va Ë`mgmR>s AmdmhZ Ho$bo hmoVoM nU H¥$[Vesb H$aÊ`mMm Omo à`ËZ `oWo Ho$bm Amho
[Xbo AmhoV. [~«[Q>e - Aìdb B§J«OsÀ`m [VWoM Z Wm§~Vm Ë`m§Zs ñdV:M _wbtgmR>s d _hma- Ë`m_mJo aMZmdmXs [ejUmMo n¸o$ emó Am[U
gwédmVsÀ`m H$mimV hm gmd©[ÌH$ [ejUmMm "gw§Xa _m§Jm§gmR>s emim H$mTy>Z `m H$m`m©Mm ew^ma§^hs Ho$bm [ejU[dMmam§Vsb g§emo[YV ~Xbm§Mm [Z Ë`m_mJsb
d¥j' PSy> bmJë`mMm [ZîH$f©hs Ya_ nmb `m§Zs hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m AmYs H$moUË`mM ^maVs` ì`º$sZo hs g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Aä`mgm§Mm B[Vhmg Amho. hm B[Vhmg
H$mT>bm Amho. `m H$mimV, EH$sH$So> [_eZè`m§À`m YS>mS>s XmI[dbs ZìhVs. na§naoZo {ó`m§Zm d AÝ` H$gH$gm KS>V Jobm Am[U Ë`mVyZ Zì`mZo nwTo>
_amR>s B§J«Os emim VJ Yê$ bmJë`m Va XwgarH$So>, H$[ZîR> OmVtZm [ejUd§[MV Ro>dyZ Oo Oo ZmH$mabo Vo Ambobs [Z OJ^a gmd©[ÌH$arË`m ñdsH$mabs OmV
[ejUmMm Ame`M _`m©[XV H$aUmao, [~«[Q>em§Mo gmao Ë`m§Zm naV [_idyZ XoÊ`mMm EH$_od _mJ© åhUOo Agbobs aMZmdmXs {ejUàUmbs H$m` Amho [Z
embo` [ejU gaH$mar gmhmæ`mZo dmTy> bmJbo. Ë`m§Zm [e[jV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Ms OmUsdOmJ¥Vs H$aUo, Ë`mMo ì`mdhm[aH$ n[a_mU H$m` AmhoV, ho àm. a_oe
_hmË_m \w$bo AmnU H$m` J_mdbo Amho `mMo ^mZ Am[U Vo nmZgo `m§À`m "aMZmdmXs [ejU' `m AbsH$S>À`m
`m [~«[Q>em§À`m H$ma[H$XuV g§»`oZo [Z JwUm§Zs [_i[dÊ`mMs AmH$m§jm Ë`m§À`m _ZmV OmJdUo hmM (2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2010) J«§WmV àW_V:M _amR>sV
_`m©[XV Pmboë`m [ejUmbm No>X XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ, Amho Aes OmoVsamdm§Ms ImÌs hmoVs. Aem eãXm§V _m§S>bo Jobo Amho.
Amnë`m H¥$VtVyZ, Cº$tVyZ Am[U boIZm§VyZ ^mñH$a ^moio `m§Zs _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Ms [ejU[df`H$ Zdo kmZ emó
H$aÊ`mMm n[hbm à^mds à`ËZ hmoVm Vmo _hmË_m \w$bo ^y[_H$m Am[U _hVs _m§S>bs Amho. AbsH$So> [ejUmV Amboë`m `m Zd[dMmam§Mm
`m§Mm. VËH$mbsZ gaH$maào[aV emim§VyZ Ho$di Zdo [ejU, Zds [Xem nm`m Á`m± [n`mOo `m _mZgemókmÀ`m à`moJm§VyZ [Z
62 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Ë`mdarb [dûcofH$ [dMmam§VyZ KmVbm Jobm Amho. nmhÊ`mgmaIm Amho. _|XyMs aMZm d H$m`} g_OmdyZ "_{ëQ>nb B§Q>[bOÝgog' (1993) Am[U
`m g§X^m©V AmdOy©Z dmMÊ`mgmaIo nwñVH$ åhUOo, XoUmao AZoH$ J«§W B§J«Os ^mfoV Ambo AmhoV d "B§Q>[bOÝg [a\«o$åS>' (1999) ho hmo`.
ñdV: [n`mOoZoM Amnë`m gmè`m g§emoYZm§Mo gma AmUIshs à[gÕ hmoV AmhoV. CXmhaUmXmIb AmH$bZ[df`H$ emó
gm§[JVbobo, "X gm`H$m°bm°Os Am°ìh X MmB©ëS>' ho EH$-XmoZ J«§W gm§JVm `oVsb. EH$, _mH©$ øw[~Z hm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§Zs _m§S>bobm ~hw[dY
hmo`. [n`mOoMo _mZgemós` VÎdkmZ gmononUmZo `m§Mm "hmD$ X ~«oZ dŠg©' hm qH$dm "_°[n¨J X _mBªS>' ~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm [dMma Am[U Ë`mMm AmOÀ`m åhUOo
g_OmdyZ ¿`m`Mo Agob Va "[n`moOoO [WAar hm [aQ>m H$mQ©>a `m§Mm J«§W. _amR>sV, àm. a_oe nmZgo àM[bV [ejUmes VgoM doJù`m, Zì`m
Am°ìh H$m°{¾[Q>ìh [S>ìhbn_|Q>' ho ~°ar Oo. dmS>gdW© d ghH$mar `m§Zs [b[hbobm "H$Vm©-H$a[dVm' hm [ejUmes Agbobm g§~§Y CbJS>Umao Am[U
`m§Mo nwñVH$ dmMUo BîQ>. `mVyZ ho Zdo kmZemó J«§Whs AemM [df`mda Amho. CÚmÀ`m [ejUm[df`s H$mhs gm§JUmao Ago AZoH$
Amnë`mbm CbJSo>b. ~hw[dY ~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm [dMma boI ñdV: JmS©>Za `m§Zs [b[hbobo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s
[n`mOoMmM g_H$mbsZ nU OJmbm [ZdS>H$ boIm§Mm EH$ Aà[V_ g§J«h "X [S>ìhbn_|Q>
C[eam kmV Pmbobm a[e`Z ^mfmd¡km[ZH$- A±S> EÁ`wHo$eZ Am°ìh X _mBªS>' `m ZmdmZo 2006
_mZgemók boìh dm`JmoQ>ñH$s `mMs "Wm°Q> A±S> gmbs àH$m[eV Pmbm Amho.
b±½doO' Am[U "_mBªS> BZ gmogm`Q>s' hs XmoÝhs 1956 gmbsM [ejUmbm nm`m^yV Ago Zdo
nwñVHo$, _mUgmÀ`m ñdV:À`m [eH$Ê`mes Agbobm [ejUmemó CX`mbm Ambo Amho. `mbm
g_mO-g§ñH¥$Vs g§~§Y g¡ÕmpÝVH$ nmVisda [deX "AmH$bZ[df`H$ emó' (H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg) Ago
H$aVmV. AË`mYw[ZH$ [ejUemómMm nm`m hm åhUVmV. da dU©Z Ho$boë`m [d[dY
àm_w»`mZo [n`mOo Am[U dm`JmoQ>ñH$s `m§À`m [dMmaàdmhm§_wio d Ë`m_mJsb eara[dkmZ,
[dMmam§À`m EH$[ÌV à^mdm§VyZ KS>bobm Amho. _mZgemó, ^mfmemó, _mZdd§eemó Am[U _w»`
_|Xyg§emoYZ d [ejU åhUOo _ÁOmemó d H¥$[Ì_ ~w[Õ_ÎmoMo emó
Joë`m AmR> dfmª_Ü`o [ejUemó nma ~XbyZ `m§_Ysb g§emoYZm§_wio ho emó doJmZo [dH$[gV hmoV
Jobo Amho. Ë`mVhs Joë`m Vsg dfmªV _|Xy[df`H$ Mmbbo Amho. [ejUì`dhmamV AgUmè`m gdmªZm
g§emoYZ \$ma doJmZo nwTo> Ambo Amho; `m_wioM ho emó A[Zdm`© [df` åhUyZ [eH$mdo bmJUma
[dgmì`m eVH$mMo AIoaMo XeH$ (1991- Amho. Ë`mgmR>s AWm©VM Amnë`mH$S>sb S>s.ES>.,
2000) ho OmJ[VH$ ñVamda "_|Xy g§emoYZmMo ~s.ES>., E_.ES>.Mo Aä`mgH«$_ ~XbÊ`mMs
XeH$' åhUyZ Jm¡a[dbo Jobo Amho. `m g§emoYZm§VyZ [ZVm§V JaO [Z_m©U Pmbs Amho. Zo_Š`m `m
_mZds _|Xy AgVmo H$gm Am[U Vmo H$m`© H$gm H$aVmo, [df`mMm B[Vhmg d ñdê$n gm§JUmam nm`m^yV J«§W
[eH$Vmo H$gm `m JmoîQ>s CbJSy> bmJë`m AmhoV. åhUyZ _s, hm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§À`m "X _mBªS>g² Ý`y
Amnbm _|Xy Am[U Amnbo [ejU Agm g§~§Y [ejU [dMmam§V _yb^yV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ gm`Ýg' (1995) `m J«§WmMm C„oI H$arZ.
Zì`mZo OmoSy>Z, _|Xy AmYm[aV [ejUmMs Zds AmUUmè`m§V AbsH$S>À`m H$mimVsb _mZgemók AmVm ho AmH$bZ[df`H$ ([ejU) emó doJmZo
g§H$ënZm [ejUì`dhmamV Ambs Amho. AmYw[ZH$ hm°dS©> JmS©>Za `m§Mo Zmd àm_w»`mZo KoVbo OmVo. [dH$[gV hmoV Amho. gmh[OH$M `m [df`mda
[ejUmVsb hm AJXs ZdsZ Agm àdmh Amho; JmS©>Za `m§Zs 1983 gmbs àH$m[eV Ho$boë`m Zì`mZo AZoH$ J«§W [b[hbo OmV AmhoV d g§nm[XV
Am[U Vmo AmVm A[YH$ Cn`wº$ dmQ>V Agë`m_wio Amnë`m "\«o$åg Am°ìh _mBªS>' `m J«§WmÛmao, Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, H°$amo[bZ gmo~ob `m§Mo
gd©_mÝ`hs hmoV Mmbbm Amho. hm g§~§Y àW_V: ~w[Õ_Îmo[df`sÀ`m nma§n[aH$ [dMmambm H$bmQ>Us "X H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýgog-A°Z B§Q>a[S>g{ßbZar
bmdyZ XmI[dÊ`mMm à`ËZ boñbs hmQ©> `m§Zs XoUmam "~hw[dY ~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm [gÕmÝV' _m§S>bm A°àmoM' (2001), Zsb {ñQ>qb½O d BVa `m§Mo
Amnë`m "øw_Z ~«oZ A±S> øw_Z b[ZªJ' (1983) Am[U Ë`mZo [ejU [dûdmV _moR>s Ii~i CS>dyZ "H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg-A°Z B§Q´>moS>ŠíZ' (1995),
`m J«§WmÛmao Ho$bm Amho. hsM _|Xy g§emoYZmMs [Xem [Xbs. ~w[Õ_Îmm hs H$m`_ñdê$ns, AmZwd§[eH$ AWdm _m`Ho$b nm°gZa `m§Zs g§nm[XV Ho$bobo
nwTo> KoD$Z [OAm°\«$s d [aZoQ> Ho$Z `m n[V-nËZtZs AWdm H$_s-OmñV AgUmar EH$b j_Vm ZgyZ "\$mD§$So>eZ Am°ìh H$m°{¾[Q>ìh gm`Ýg' (1989) ho
"_o[H¨$J H$ZoŠeÝg: [Q>qMJ A±S> X øw_Z ~«oZ' CbQ>, AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m ~w[Õ_Îmm§Mm nQ>M àË`oH$ H$mhs Z_wÝ`mMo J«§W. Aä`mgH«$_ aMZmH$mam§Zs `m
(1994) hm J«§W [gÕ Ho$bm. `m§MoM "_mBªS> ì`º$sbm CnOV àmá Pmbobm AgVmo; VgoM Am[U Aem J«§Wm§Mm AmYma ¿`m`bm haH$V Zmhs.
[eâQ>g²' (1997) Am[U "12 ~«oZ/_mBªS> b[ZªJ àË`oH$mMm hm nQ> doJdoJim AgVmo, Hw$Umbm EImXs ~mb[ejU
[à{Ýgnb BZ A°ŠímZ' (2009) ho _|Xy AmYm[aV ~w[Õ_Îmm Vsd«VoZo Va Xwgar EImXs Aënm§emZo àmá [ejU ì`dhmamÀ`m àË`j CVa§S>sV gdmªV
[ejUmMs VÎdo d àË`j ì`dhma `m§Ms gm§JS> Pmbobs AgVo, Agm [dMma nwTo> AmUbm. Joë`m ImbÀ`m ñVamda Agbobm Am[U åhUyZ [H¨$~hwZm
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 63
`m d`mgmR>s AgUmar IoidmS>s, gmSo>VsZ Vo AmZ§XdmS>çm hì`mV!' `m ZmdmZo 1998_Ü`o à[gÕ AmZ§X_` dmVmdaUmV Am[U VmUa[hV Ago hmoVo.
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hmoUmao AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejU. ^maVmV Am[U AWm©VM nwñVHo$ _amR>sV CnbãY AmhoV. EH$ Amho Vo ls. eof _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmV Amho. Vo gd©M ~mbH$m§Zm
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hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. na§Vw, Ë`mMo g§nyU© emó AdJV (1986) ho nwñVH$ d Xwgao Amho àm. a_oe nmZgo nwT>sb [nT>çm A[YH$ gj_ H$aUmao Ago YmoaU Rê$
H$ê$Z, {e{jH$m§Zs VÁkVm àmá H$ê$Z, ~mbH$m§À`m `m§Mo "~mb[ejU ñdê$n d [Xem' (2005). eHo$b.
embo`nyd© [ejUmMm KmQ> KmbUmè`m ~mbemim ~mb[ejUmMo Zdo emó 3. [ejU[df`H$ AW©emómVsb
A^mdmZoM AmT>iVmV, Am[U ho [MÌ ËdaoZo ~mb[ejUmMo emóhs AmVm ~XbVo Amho. g§emoYZm§VyZ ~mb[ejUmMs EH$ à^mds Aes ~mOy
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à`moJm§VyZ _m§S>boë`m Am[U g_mO-JaOoVyZ [Z_m©U AZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. na§Vw, _bm àH$fm©Zo _hÎdmMo
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~mbdmS>s-A§JUdmS>s [e[jHo$Zo Am[U Ë`m§À`m `mVyZM ~mb[ejUmMo Zdo emó AmVm ê$n KoD$
g§ñWmMmbH$m§Zs hm ~mb[ejUmMm B[Vhmg, ho bmJbo Amho. `mg§X^m©V H$mhs J«§Wm§Mm, `m Zì`m
nm`m^yV emó g_OmdyZ KoD$Z A§JrH$maë`m[edm` [XeoZo nU diÊ`mgmR>s Amnë`mbm Cn`moJ hmoD$
emim Mmbdy Z`oV. `m H$m`m©V Agboë`m§Zs Iyn [Z eHo$b. EH$ åhUOo, "Qy>ëg Am°ìh X _mBªS>' hm
[d[dY VèhoMo ~mb[ejU[df`H$ dmL>²_` [Z_m©U ~mb[ejUm[df`sMm dm`JmoQ>{ñH$`Z Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
Ho$bo Amho. _amR>s [ejUào_tgmR>s VsZ J«§Wm§Ms gm§JUmam, 1996Mm J«§W, EboZm ~moÐmodm d So>~moam
[e\$mag H$aVm `oB©b. EH$ Amho "[ejUVÁk [bAm±J `m bo[IH$mÛ`m§Mm Amho. Vmo EH$ Zds [Xem
Vmam~mB© _moS>H$' ho nÙOm \$mQ>H$ `m§Zs [b[hbobo XoVmo. gwPmZ H$modm[bH$ `m A_o[aHo$Vsb EH$
Vmam~mBªMo M[aÌ; XmoZ, "H$mog~mS>À`m Qo>H$S>sdê$Z' ho [ejUVÁk [dXwfs. Ë`m§Zs ~mb[ejUmMo EH$
AZwVmB© dmK `m§Mo M[aÌ (1980) Am[U VsZ, ~mb[ejUmMo _hÎd Zì`mZo _m§S>bo OmV Amho. à[V_mZ Zì`mZo ~m§Ybo Amho. Ë`mbm "B§[Q>J«oQo>S>
[g¨YwVmB© A§[~Ho$ `m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ "dQ>d¥jm§À`m 1. _|Xy[df`H$ AbsH$S>À`m g§emoYZmVyZ [W_°[Q>H$ BÝñQ´>ŠeZ (ITI) _m°So>b' Ago [VZo Zmd
gmdbsV' (2005). Ago bjmV Ambo Amho H$s _|Xy hm _mUgmMm [Xbo Amho. `mM ZmdmZo [VZo, Amnbo à[V_mZ
_hmamîQ´>mV emós` ~mb[ejUmÀ`m [eH$Ê`mMm Ad`d Amho. OÝ_ë`mnmgyZ _|XyÀ`m g[dñVanUo _m§S>Umam J«§W V`ma Ho$bm Amho
gmd©[ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>s "_hmamîQ´> ~mb[ejU Z¡g[J©H$ j_Vm§À`m AmYmao d Ë`m§À`m [dH$mgmÀ`m (1994). AmVm, ~hw[dY ~w[Õ_Îmm§À`m A§JmZohs
n[afXo'À`m ñWmnZoZo (1994) nwZíM Zì`mZo nm`è`m§Zs, ~mbH$ Amnbo [ejU AmnU H$arV ~mb[ejUmVsb ì`dhmamMs Zds _m§S>Us Ho$bs OmV
Am§XmobZ C^o am[hbo Amho. `m g§ñWoÀ`m OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m~m~VsV _|Xy[dH$mg hsM Amho. H$modm[bH$mÀ`m à[V_mZmV _|Xy g§emoYZmMm
~mb[ejUmgmR>s AZoH$ nw{ñVH$m àH$m[eV Pmë`m _hÎdmMs KQ>Zm AgVo. Agohs bjmV Ambo Amho H$s AmYma KoVbobm AmhoM; nU ñdV§ÌnUogwÕm, _|Xy
AmhoV. `m n[afXoÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio 1995 gmbs, gmYmaUnUo AmR> dfmªn`ªVMo d` ho _|Xy KS>UsMo d` AmYm[aV [ejUmÀ`m [dMmam§da AmYm[aV Aes
_hmamîQ´> "amÁ`ñVar` ~mb[ejU g[_Vs' JR>sV AgVo. Ë`m_wio _|Xy KS>Usbm nyaH$ AgUmao Am[U ~mb[ejUmMs Zì`mZo _m§S>Us hmoV Amho.
Ho$bs. `m g[_VsMm, ~mb[ejU emómMs OmU _|Xy KS>Usbm KmVH$ ZgUmao Ago ~mb[ejUmMo _hmamîQ´>mVsb "J«m__§Jb g§ñWm' `m [XeoZo H$m`©aV
XoUmam Am[U ì`dhma gm§JUmam Aà[V_ Ahdmb ñdê$n Zì`mZo R>a[dbo OmV Amho. Amho.
emgZmbm 1996 gmbs gmXa Pmbm. `m AhdmbmMo 2. AbsH$So> àË`j à`moJm§VyZ Agohs [XgyZ _hmamîQ´>mVsb _amR>s emim§nwTo> Amnë`mV ~Xb
ImOJs _wÐU, "emim§Mo H$m|S>dmSo> ZH$moV, Ambo Amho H$s Á`m§Mo ~mb[ejU emós` nÕVtZs, KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm àñVmd _s Ro>dsV Amho. Ë`mgmR>s
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ì`mH$aU d ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ J«§W Ago am[hbobo Zmhs. åhUVm `oB©b. Eo[Vhm[gH$, dU©ZmË_H$,
Ë`mMs ì`más IynM [dñVmabobs d ì`m[_l S>m°. àH$me na~ g_mOgmnoj, Cn`mo[OV Aem [d[dY A§Jm§Zs
~Zbobs Amho. Á`m dmMH$m§Zm _amR>s ì`mH$aUmVsb g_ñ`m§À`m Ho$bobm ^mfmä`mg e¡j[UH$ à`moOZmVyZ àH$m[eV
_amR>s ì`mH$aUmbm gw_mao e§^a dfmªMs na§nam AZwamoYmZo Pmboë`m boIZmV ag Amho Ë`m§Zs "_amR>s hmoV Amho. Aem àH$maÀ`m J«§WdmMZmZo Amnbs
Amho. ì`mH$aU hm ^mfoMm EH$H$m[bH$ Aä`mg ì`mH$aUmda [Z~§Y' (H¥$îUemós [MniyUH$a), ^mfm[df`H$ g_O Va dmT>VoM [edm`
Agë`m_wio [d[eîQ> ^mfoÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMo nwZb}IZ "ì`mH$aU[df`H$ boI' (am.[^. Jw§OsH$a), ^mfmOm[Udmhs [dñVmam`bm _XV hmoVo.
d nwZ[d©Mma hs [ZË`mMs d ñdm^m[dH$ ~m~ R>aVo. [ZdS>H$ J«§WgyMs- _amR>sVsb ì`mH$aUoVa
Ë`mMo à[V[~¨~ _amR>s ì`mH$aUmÀ`m eVH$^amÀ`m ^m[fH$ dmL>²_`mV Os R>iH$ [df`gyÌo AmT>iVmV
dmQ>MmbsV C_Q>bobo [XgVo. _amR>sÀ`m Vs Aes-
ì`mH$aUna§nao[df`s H$mhs R>iH$ JmoîQ>s bjmV 1._amR>s ^mfoMs {ñW[VJVs, _amR>snwT>sb
`oVmV Ë`m Aem: AmìhmZo d _amR>sMs Midi; 2. ^mfoMm g¡Õm{ÝVH$
_amR>s ì`mH$aUmda g§ñH¥$V d B§J«Os ì`mH$aUm§Mm Aä`mg; 3. _amR>s ^mfoMm CX` d [dH$mg; 4.
à^md am[hbobm Amho. ^mfm[ejUm~amo~a ^mfoMo à_mU _amR>sMm d _amR>sÀ`m ~mobtMm Aä`mg; 5.
à_mUsH$aU H$aUo hohs Ama§^sÀ`m H$mimVsb ^mfmewÕs Am[U _amR>s ewÕboIZ[dMma; 6.
ì`mH$aUboIZmMo à`moOZ [XgVo; Am[U [Vgar _amR>sMm bKwjoÌ[d[eîQ> dmna-àemg[ZH$,
_hÎdmMs JmoîQ> åhUOo øm na§naoV ñdV§Ì Ý`m`mb`sZ B.; 7. ^mfmÜ``Z d ^mfmÜ`mnZ; 8.
ì`mH$aUJ«§W AmT>iVmV Ë`mà_mUo ^mfmì`dhma[df`H$ [ZarjUo-ñ\w$Q> boIZ, ñV§^
ì`mH$aU[M[H$Ëgm d àM[bV ì`mH$aUmMs g_sjm boIZ; 9. ^mfm§Va; 10. ^mfm Am[U _m[hVs-
H$aUmar nwñVHo$hs AmT>iVmV. V§ÌkmZ.
Á`m§Zm _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMs hs na§nam _amR>sV gm[hË`g_sjo~amo~a ^m[fH$
g_OyZ ¿`m`Ms Amho Ë`m§Zs "_hmamîQ´> ^mfoMo dmL>²_`mVhs _hÎdnyU© ^a Q>mH$Umao Am[U _amR>sbm
ì`mH$aU' (XmXmo~m nm§Sw> a§J VI©S>H$a), "emós` "_amR>sMo A§Va§JXe©Z' (Jmo[d¨X H¥$îU _moS>H$), AmYw[ZH$ ^mfmd¡km[ZH$ g§H$ënZmMm n[aM` H$ê$Z
_amR>s ì`mH$aU'(_moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo) AmXs _amR>s "_amR>sÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMm nwZ[d©Mma' (Aa[d¨X XoUmao n[hbo Zmd g_moa `oVo Vo S>m°. AemoH$ Ho$iH$a
ì`mH$aUJ«§W Va dmMmdoVM nU AmYw[ZH$ H$mimV _§Jê$iH$a), "_amR>s ì`mH$aU : dmX Am[U àdmX' `m§Mo. Ë`m§Zs [b[hbobs "d¡Iar' Am[U "_Ü`_m' hs
_amR>s ì`mH$aU[dMmamV bjUs` ^a KmbUmao H¥$îU (H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a) hs nwñVHo$ Adí` nwñVHo$ Ë`m§À`m ^mfm[df`H$ boIm§Ms g§H$bZo
ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a øm§Zs _amR>s dmMmds. AbsH$S>À`m H$mimV e¡j[UH$ C[ÔîQo> d Agbs Var ^mfo[df`s __©ÑîQ>s XoUmar AmhoV.
ì`mH$aUaMZoMs d na§naoMs [M[H$ËgH$ d gmjons [dÚmWu-dJ© ZOaog_moa Ro>dyZ _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm ^mfm[dkmZmMo Aä`mgH$M Zìho, Va gd©gm_mÝ`
_m§S>Us H$aUmam Omo "_amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm B[Vhmg' n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmar d H$mhs à_mUmV [M[H$Ëgm dmMH$m§Zshs Vs AmdOy©Z dmMmds Aes AmhoV.
[b[hbm Amho Vmo Adí` dmMmdm. H$aUmar nwñVHo$hs [b[hbs Jobs AmhoV - [b[hbs Zm.Jmo. H$mbobH$a `m§Ms "^mfm Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs',
_amR>s ì`mH$aUaMZoMm Iam àma§^ [dë`_ OmV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, "_amR>sMo ì`mH$aU' "^mfm: B[Vhmg Am[U ^yJmob', "Üd[Z[dMma' hs
Ho$arÀ`m A GRAMMAR OF THE MAHARAT- (bsbm Jmo[dbH$a), "_amR>s ì`mH$aU [ddoH$' nwñVHo$ AmO n[a^mfoÀ`m d g§H$ënZm§À`m nmVisda
TA LANGUAGE (1805) øm ì`mH$aUmZo Pmbm (_m.Zm. AmMm`©) VgoM _mo.am. dmi§~o øm§Zs OwZs dmQ>V Agbs Var EHo$H$mis _amR>sV ^m[fH$
66 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
1 _hmamîQ´> ^mfoMo ì`mH$aU - XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§J VI©S>H$a 14 _Ü`_m - AemoH$ Ho$iH$a
2 _amR>s ì`mH$aUmda [Z~§Y - H¥$îUemós [MniyUH$a 15 _amR>s Xs[nH$m - [d.[^. H$mobVo
3 am_M§Ð [^H$mOs Jw§OsH$a `m§Mo g§H$[bV boI - am.[^. Jw§OsH$a 16 _amR>s ^mfm : dmT> Am[U [~KmS> - ls.Ho$. jsagmJa
4 emós` _amR>s ì`mH$aU - _moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo 17 _amR>s ^mfoMm B[Vhmg - J§.Zm. OmoJioH$a
5 AmYw[ZH$ _amR>sMo CƒVa ì`mH$aU - _hmXod nm§Sw>a§J g~Zsg 18 _amR>s ^mfoMo _yi - [dûdZmW I¡ao
6 nm[UZs` ì`mH$aU Am[U ^mfm-VÎdkmZ - dm_Zemós ^mJdV 19 d¥Õr - [XZoe _mhwbH$a
7 _amR>sÀ`m ì`mH$aUmMm nwZ[d©Mma - Aa[d¨X _§Jê$iH$a 20 XIZs ^mfm - ls.a§. Hw$bH$Uu
8 _amR>s ì`mH$aU : dmX Am[U àdmX - H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a 21 _amR>sMo [ejU - dg§V XmdVa
9 _amR>s ì`mH$aUmMm B[Vhmg - H¥$îU ls[Zdmg AOw©ZdmS>H$a 22 ewÕboIZ-[ddoH$ - X.Z. JmoIbo
10 `wamo[n`Zm§Mm _amR>sMm Aä`mg d godm - ls._. [n¨Jo 23 AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ : [gÕmÝV d Cn`moOZ - [_[b¨X _mbeo
11 ^mfm Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs - Zm.Jmo. H$mbobH$a 24 PmS>s ~mobs - ^mfm Am[U Aä`mg - h[aíM§Ð ~moaH$a
12 ^mfm[dMma Am[U _amR>s ^mfm - J§.~. J«m_monmÜ`o 25 ~ob^mfm - gw_Z ~obdbH$a
13 d¡Iar - AemoH$ Ho$iH$a
dmL>²_`mMs nmoH$is ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMo Eo[Vhm[gH$ ^mfoMo ñdê$n' (gwhm[gZs bÔÖ) hs nwñVHo$ dmMVm AmìhmZm§Mm MidisÀ`m A§JmZo nU dñVw[ZîR>nUo
H$m_ Ë`m§Zs Ho$bo Amho. `oVsb. "àemg[ZH$ _amR>s ^mfoMm [dH$mg' (JsVm doY KoVbobm [XgVmo. dV©_mZ _amR>s ^mfonwT>sb
AbsH$S>À`m H$mimV [dÚmnsR>s` JaOoVyZ ^mJdV), "Ý`m`mb`sZ ì`dhma Am[U _amR>s AmìhmZo Am[U Ë`mg§X^m©V H$am`Ms Cnm``moOZm
AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZmMm Zì`m n[a^mfogh n[aM` ^mfm' (`ed§Vamd MìhmU à[VîR>mZ-J«§Wmbs) hs g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s nwT>sb nw{ñVH$m dmMm`bm hì`mV
H$ê$Z XoUmar AZoH$ nwñVHo$ _amR>sV CnbãY Pmbs nwñVHo$ [d[eîQ> ì`dhmajoÌmVsb _amR>sÀ`m dmnam- - "_amR>sMm OmhsaZm_m', "`w[ZH$moS> d g§JUH$mda
AmhoV. Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhs nwñVHo$ g§nm[XV AmhoV. CXm. da àH$me Q>mH$VmV. AmOH$mb ^mfm§Vambm Iyn _amR>sMm dmna', "bT>m _amR>s emim§Mm',
_mbeo-BZm_Xma-gmo_U [H¨$dm H$mio-gmo_U `m§Zs _hÎd [Xbo OmVo. ^mfm§VamÀ`m Vm{ÎdH$ MM}bm "_amR>sÀ`m Cƒ [ejUmMs Xem Am[U [Xem',
g§nm[XV Ho$bobs AZwH«$_o "^mfm[dkmZ- dU©ZmË_H$ dm[hbobs AZoH$ nwñVHo$ _amR>sV AmhoV. CXm. "Ý`m`mÀ`m àVsjoV _amR>s'. àemgZmVsb _amR>s
d Eo[Vhm[gH$, "AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ' hs nwñVHo$. "^mfm§Va_s_m§gm' (g§nm. H$mio-gmo_U), "^mfm§Va ^mfoMm dmna, gaH$mar _amR>s `m§da AZoH$Xm Q>sH$m
"AmYw[ZH$ ^mfm[dkmZ- [gÕmÝV d Cn`moOZ' emó H$s H$bm' (_§.[d. \$mQ>H$, aOZs R>H$ma). hmoV Agbs Var nm[a^m[fH$ _amR>s, àemg[ZH$
(S>m°.[_[b¨X _mbeo) øm nwñVH$mVyZ ^mfmä`mgmÀ`m Á`m§Zm _amR>sÀ`m àmXo[eH$ ~mobt_Ü`o ag Amho boIZ Am[U Img A_amR>s ^mfH$m§gmR>s _amR>s `m
AmYw[ZH$ g§H$ënZm d emImonemIm `m§Mm Mm§Jbm Ë`m§À`mgmR>s _amR>sÀ`m [d[dY ~mobtMo Aä`mg [df`m§V amÁ` emgZmÀ`m ^mfm g§MmbZmb`mZo d
n[aM` hmoVmo. _amR>s ^mfoMs CËnÎms, [VMm [dH$mg nwñVH$ê$nmV CnbãY AmhoV. "dèhmS>s bmoH$^mfm amÁ` _amR>s [dH$mg g§ñWoZo Oo nm`m^yV ñdê$nmMo
`m§[df`s _amR>sV ~arM nwñVHo$ AmhoV. CXm. - ^mfmemós` Aä`mg' (à[V_m B§Jmobo), "PmS>s H$m`© Ho$bo Amho Vo àe§gZs` Amho. àemg[ZH$
"_amR>s ^mfm CX²J_ Am[U [dH$mg'- H¥$.nm§. ~mobs - ^mfm Am[U Aä`mg' (h[aíM§Ð ~moaH$a) boIZ, amO^mfm n[aM` øm nwñVH$m§~amo~a [d[dY
Hw$bH$Uu, "`mXdH$mbsZ _amR>s ^mfm'- e§.Jmo. hs H$mhs CXmhaUo. gw_Z ~obdbH$a (~ob^mfm), n[a^mfmH$moem§À`m, [deofV : "nXZm_ H$moe' d
Vwinwio, "^mfm[dMma Am[U _amR>s ^mfm' - J§.~. A[dZme [~[Zdmbo (^mfm-Amnbs gdmªMsM, "emgZ ì`dhma H$moe' `m§À`m àñVmdZm dmMë`m
J«m_monmÜ`o, "_amR>s ^mfoMo _yi' - [dûdZmW I¡ao, ^mfmH$maU) `m§Zs ^mfmì`dhmamMm _m[_©H$ doY AgVm àemg[ZH$ _amR>sÀ`m OS>UKS>UsgmR>s amÁ`
"_amR>s ^mfoMm B[Vhmg' - J§.Zm. OmoJioH$a. KoUmao ñ\w$Q> boIZ, ñV§^ boIZ Ho$bo Vo emgZmZo Ho$boë`m à`ËZm§Ms H$ënZm `oVo. gm[hË`
^mfmewÕs d ewÕboIZ ho [df` _amR>sV gVV nwñVH$ê$nmVhs CnbãY Amho. _amR>s ^mfoMs _hm_§S>imZo V`ma Ho$boë`m ewÕboIZmbm emgZ
MM}V am[hbobo AmhoV. ^mfmewÕsÀ`m g§X^m©V ñdm. {ñW[VJVs, [VÀ`mnwT>sb AmìhmZo hm _amR>s [ZU©` nm[aV H$ê$Z _mÝ`Vm [Xë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm àgma
gmdaH$a (_amR>s ^mfoMo ewÕsH$aU) d _mYdamd ^mfmào_tMm, Aä`mgH$m§Mm gVV [M¨VoMm d ìhmdm Am[U ì`dhmamV boIZmMo àm_mÊ` Onbo
nQ>dY©Z (^mfmewÕr-[ddoH$) hs Zmdo gdmªÀ`m [M¨VZmMm [df` am[hbobm Amho. [Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ Omdo åhUyZ Zm__mÌ XamV ewÕboIZmÀ`m nw{ñVH$m
n[aM`mMs AmhoV. _amR>sÀ`m ewÕboIZmbm gw_mao øm [df`mda àM§S> boIZ PmboM; nU, Ë`mn¡H$s CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV àW_ emgZmZoM nwT>mH$ma
e§^a dfmªMm B[Vhmg Amho. øm [df`mda H$mhs nwñVH$ê$nmVhs Amnë`mbm dmMm`bm [_iVo. KoVbm. OmVm OmVm, "^mfm Am[U OsdZ'
nwñVH$ê$nmV [OVH$s MMm© CnbãY Amho Ë`mÀ`m "_amR>s Xs[nH$m' ([d.[^. H$mobVo), "_amR>s ^mfm : _amR>s Aä`mg n[afX, nwUo øm ^mfmì`dhmambm
[H$VsVar nQ>sZo Vs g^m-g§_obZm§VyZ d dmT> Am[U [~KmS' (ls.Ho$. jsagmJa), "_amR>sMo dm[hboë`m Ì¡_m[gH$mMm C„oI H$am`bm hdm.
[Z`VH$m[bH$m§VyZ Pmbobs Amho. øm[df`mMs ^[dVì`' (g§nm. A[dZme AmdbJmdH$a, AmOda à[gÕ Pmboë`m AZoH$ A§H$m§VyZ øm
_m[hVs H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>s - "_amR>sMo ewÕboIZ' _¥Um[bZs ehm), "_§WZ' (_hmamîQ´> emgZ) hs [Z`VH$m[bH$mZo _amR>sVsb ^mfm[dMmamMo
(dg§V XmdVa), "ewÕboIZ-[ddoH$' (X.Z. H$mhs R>iH$ CXmhaUo. ^aUnmofU Ho$bobo Amho. J«m§[WH$ boIZmBVHo$M
JmoIbo) hs nwñVHo$ Adí` dmMm`bm hdsV. AJXs AbsH$So>, _amR>s ^mfoÀ`m g§dY©Zmbm Ë`mMohs _hÎd Amho. _amR>s Aä`mg n[afX, nwUo.
à_mU^mfm åhUyZ _amR>sMs OS>UKS>U H$es Pmbs dm[hboë`m "_amR>s Aä`mg H|$Ð' øm ñd`§gods g§nH©$ : 9892816240
ho g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>s "`wamo[n`Zm§Mm _amR>sMm g§ñWoZo àH$m[eV Ho$boë`m H$mhs nw{ñVH$m§VyZ _amR>s B©-‘ob : parabprakash8@gmail.com
Aä`mg d godm' (ls._. [n¨Jo), "_amR>sÀ`m à_mU ^mfonwT>sb {ñW[VJVsMm d {VÀ`mnwT>sb
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 67
Aja-H$ënd¥jmMm ~ha
àm¡ T> [ejU [H¨$dm àm¡T> gmjaVm hm [df`
gd©gmYmaU gw[e[jV _mUgm§À`m
AmdS>sMm [H¨$dm [Oìhmù`mMm \$magm
2. [ejU Am`moJmMm Ahdmb 1964-66
[ejUVÁk S>m°. S>s.Eg. H$moR>mar `m§À`m
AÜ`jVoImbs Zo_boë`m Am`moJmMm hm Ahdmb
[ejUmMo VÎdkmZ `m [df`mMm àmÜ`mnH$
Agboë`m nmdbmo \«o$AarMo ho nwñVH$ åhUOo
[ejUjoÌmVsb d¡Mm[aH$ _dminUmda Q>mH$bobs
H$Yshs ZìhVm. [ZajaVo_wio `oUmè`m AS>MUs ^maVs` [ejU joÌmgmR>s nm`m^yV _mZbm OmVmo. EH$ H«$m§[VH$maH$ [R>UJsM Amho.
AWdm hmoUmar Hw$M§~Um `m§Mm Ë`m§Zm ñdV:bm `m AhdmbmZo [ejUjoÌmÀ`m [d[dY A§Jm§Mm "emo[fVm§Mo [ejUemó' ho EH$ Ago gmYZ Amho
H$YsM gm_Zm H$amdm bmJbm Zmhs. Ë`m_wio àm¡T> gdªH$f nam_e© KoVbm Amho. àm¡T> [ejU `m H$s Á`m_wio emo[fV Am[U emofH$ ho XmoKohs
gmjaVoMs Amg [H¨$dm AmM ~hwg§»` gw[e[jVm§Zm [df`mgmR>s 18 nmZo XoÊ`mV Ambs AmhoV. (422 A_mZdsH$aUmMoM Am[dîH$ma AmhoV, `mMm
OmUdbsM Zmhs. Ë`m H$maUmZo `m [df`mg§~§Ym§V Vo 439) `m_Ü`o àm¡T>[ejUmMs g§H$ënZm, ñdê$n [ZUm©`H$ gmjmËH$ma emo[fVm§Zm hmoVmo. hs
H$mhs dmL²>_`[Z[_©Vs hmoUo AeŠ`àm` hmooVo ho CKS> d JaO `m§Ms _m¡[bH$ _s_m§gm H$aÊ`mV Ambs [ejUnÕVs Aes Amho H$s Os emo[fVm§À`m
Amho. Amho. Z_wÝ`mgmR>s EH$ N>moQ>m CVmam Imbs XoV _mUygnUmMo nwZéÁOsdZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m AWH$
^maVm_Ü`o [Zaja àm¡T>m§À`m [ejUmMs àW_ Amho:- bT>çmMm A[d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~ZVo. hs [ejUnÕVs
XIb KoVbs Jobs Vs [~«[Q>e gaH$maZo Zo_boë`m "AmYw[ZH$ OsdZmMs {ñWVs [Zajam§Zm [ZH¥$îQ> emofU d Ë`mMs H$maUo `m ~m~tda emo[fV ì`º$tZm
1882-83 À`m h§Q>a Am`moJmZo. [Zaja àm¡T>m§gmR>s OsdZ OJUo ^mJ nmS>Vo. C[MV Am[W©H$ [_iH$VsMo [M¨VZ H$am`bm bmdVo. `m [M¨VZmVyZM Ë`m§À`m
h§Q>a Am`moJmZo amÌemim§Ms [e\$mag Ho$bs. `m _mJ© Ë`mbm \$mago CnbãY ZgVmV. A[e[jV _wº$sÀ`m g§Kfm©V Ë`m§Mm Amdí`H$ Vmo gh^mJ
[e\$maesZwgma H$mhs à_mUmV amÌemim gwê$ _mUyg hm IamoIa ñdV§Ì ZmJ[aH$ Zmhs. gmd©[ÌH$ KSy>Z `oB©b. hm g§Kf© gVV Zds Zds ê$no YmaU
Pmë`m. Ë`m§Mo H$m`© 10 dfmªn`ªV ~è`mn¡H$s Mmby ñdê$nmVsb [ZajaVm Am[W©H$ d gm_m[OH$ àJVs H$arV amhsb.'
am[hbo. nU, Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ AS>MUt_wio "_wº$s [_idÊ`mÀ`m H$m_[JargmR>s Cn`moJmV
amÌemim§Ms bmoH$[à`Vm g§nwîQ>mV Ambs. AmUm`Ms AMyH$ H«$m§[VH$mar nÕV åhUOo g§dmX.
^maVmVsb àm¡T> gmjaVoMo Am§XmobZ Iè`m S>m°. _wabsYa JmoSo> AmnU Amnë`m _wº$sgmR>s bT>bo nm[hOo, Agm
AWm©Zo _hmË_m Jm§YtZs gwê$ Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`bT>çmV R>m_ [dûdmg emo[fVm§À`m _ZmV H«$m§{VH$mar
gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoMm à^mds gh^mJ ZoV¥Ëdm_wio Zìho, Va Ë`m§À`mV Pmboë`m
[_i[dÊ`mgmR>s gmjaVoMs AË`§V JaO Amho, ho AmË_OmJ¥Vs_wio [Z_m©U hmoVmo. g§dmXm[dZm
Ë`m§Zs AmoiIbo Am[U Ë`m§À`m àoaUZo [dMmam§Ms XodKod Zmhs d [dMmam§À`m
ñdmV§Í`bTçmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZM gmjaVoMo dJ© XodKods[edm` Iao [ejU eŠ`M Zmhs.'
gwê$ Pmbo. _hmË_mOtZs gmjaVoÀ`m Midis~m~V Va Ago hmoVo nmdbmo H«o$AarMo àIa [dMma. `m
~aoMgo ñ\w$Q>boIZ Ho$bo. na§Vw, àm¡T> gmjaVoMo [dMmam§Zs [ejUjoÌmV EH$ Zdm bT>mD$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
VÎdkmZ dm ñdê$n [deX H$aUmao J«§WboIZ Ho$bo éOdbm.
Zmhs. 4. Cultural Action For Freedom-Paulo
"àm¡T> [ejU dmL²>_`' `m [df`mMm [dMma Freire
H$aVmZm Ë`mMo VsZ ^mJ H$amdoV Ago dmQ>Vo: ho nwñVH$ [ejUemómÀ`m d [deofV: àm¡T>
1. àm¡T>gmjaVoMo VÎdkmZ d ñdê$n [deX [ejUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo àM§S> Amho. [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm
H$aUmao dmL²>_`. gmjaVm XoÊ`mMm EH$ AmJimdoJim \§$S>m Ë`mZo
2. [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm gmjaVm [eH$dÊ`mgmR>s gmXa Ho$bm. "_yH$g§ñH¥$Vs' hs Zds g§H$ënZm _m§Sy>Z
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3. gmjaVoMo AÜ``Z nyU© H$ê$Z Zdgmja ñdsH$mabo Amho, ho Ë`mZo XmIdyZ [Xbo. `mVyZ Ë`m§Zm
Pmboë`m àm¡T>m§gmR>s V`ma Ho$bobo dmMZ gm[hË`. ~mhoa H$mT>Uo åhUOo _yH$ g§ñH¥$Vs VmoS>Uo. `m
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Pmbobo gm[hË` [dnwb Am[U [d[dYVmnyU© Amho. Va ñdV:À`m XwadñWoVyZ _wº$s [_i[dÊ`mgmR>s
`m VsZhs ^mJm§Mm EH$-EH$ H$ê$Z AmT>mdm KoD$ ^mfoMo hË`ma dmnaÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` hmo`.
`m. amoIVo, Am[W©H$ CËnmXZj_VoMs, bmoH$g§»`m nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`m VoOñds [dMmagaUs~m~V
àm¡T>gmjaVoMo VÎdkmZ d ñdê$n [Z`§ÌUmMs, amîQ´>s` EH$mË_VoMs, gwajoMs d [bhmdo VodTo> WmoSo>M Amho. [Okmg§yZs hs XmoÝhs
[deX H$aUmao gm[hË` ñdÀN>VoMs hmZs H$aVo.' nwñVHo$ _wimV dmMm`bm hdsV.
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68 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
Am§VaamîQ´>s` »`mVsMo [ejUVÁk Agboë`m J«m_[ejU dmMZnmR> ho àma§[^H$ nwñVH$ 1962 nmR>m§Mm eodQ> àíZmW©H$ dmŠ`mZo Ho$bm Amho. hoVy hm
ls. Oo.ns. ZmB©H$ `m§Zs `m nwñVH$mV AZm¡nMm[aH$ gmbs àH$m[eV Pmbo. H$s nmR> g§nVmZm Ë`m§À`m [dMmaà[H«$`obm MmbZm
[ejUmMs g§H$ënZm [deX Ho$bs Amho. Am¡nMm[aH$ e¡j[UH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMo åhUOo AJXs [_imds.
AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejUmVsb \$aH$ ñnîQ> Ho$bm Amho. gwédmVsnmgyZ Ho$ìhmhs àm¡T> gmjaVoÀ`m àma§[^H$ 6. nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`mM [ejUàUmbsda
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g§gmYZo bjmV KoVm AZm¡nMm[aH$ [ejUmÀ`m _wimja nÕVsMm Adb§~ Ho$bobm Zmhs. àm¡T>m§gmR>s kmZXsn àdo[eH$m ^mJ 1 d 2 hs nwñVHo$ V`ma
H$doV gdmªZm gm_mdyZ KoUo AeŠ` Amho. Ë`m_wio gwg§JV Aem eãXnÕVsMmM dmna Ho$bm Amho. Ho$bs. Ë`m§Mm bú`JQ> ehar [Zaja hm hmoVm.
emio~mhoa Agboë`m _wbm§gmR>s AZm¡nMm[aH$ 5) 1978 gmb ho ^maVmÀ`m àm¡T>[ejUmÀ`m _mÌ, _w§~B© eha g_mO [ejU g[_VsZo EH$
[ejUmMs gw[dYm VgoM [Zaja àm¡T>m§gmR>s àm¡T> B[VhmgmV _¡bmMm XJS> R>amdo Ago Amho. H$maU, nmD$b gdmªÀ`mhs nwTo> Q>mH$bo. kmZXsn àdo[eH$m
gmjaVoMs gmo` CnbãY H$am`bm hds. `m dfu amîQ´>s` àm¡T>[ejU H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Pmbm. ^mJ 1_Ysb 60 nmR> _w§~B© XyaXe©Zdê$Z
VgoM [ejUmÀ`m n[aKmV `oD$ Z eH$Umè`m nyU©V: Xoeì`mns nmVisda gwê$ Ho$bobm Amnë`m ZmQçê$nmZo gmXa Ho$bo. `m XyaXe©Z H$m`©H«$_mMo Zmd
_wbm§Zm [ejUmÀ`m àdmhmV AmUUo AË`§V XoemVsb hm n[hbmM àm¡T> [ejU H$m`©H«$_. Xwgao hmoVo "kmZXsn'. hm H$m`©H«$_ BVH$m bmoH$[à` Pmbm
_hÎdmMo Amho. åhUOo Ho$di gmjaVm ho H$m`©H«$_mMo C[ÔîQ> Z H$s Vmo XyaXe©ZMm EH$ H$m`©H«$_ åhUyZ nwTo> AZoH$
(II) [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm gmjaVm [eH$dÊ`mgmR>s Ro>dVm gmjaVoÀ`m ~amo~arZo OmUsd OmJ¥Vs d df} Mmby am[hbm.
V`ma Ho$bobo dmL²>_`. H$m`m©Ë_H$Vm ho XmoZ KQ>H$ OmoS>Ê`mV Ambo. AmYs Zdgmja Pmboë`m àm¡T>m§gmR>s
1. `m àH$mamV n[hbo CnbãY Agbobo C„oI Ho$boë`m nmdbmo \«o$AarÀ`m [dMmam§MmM hm V`ma Ho$bobo dmMZgm[hË`
àma§[^H$ nwñVH$ åhUOo H¥$.J. ghò~wÕo `m à^md hmoVm. ZdgmjaVm åhUOo àm¡T>gmjaVoÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mVyZ
àmW[_H$ [ejH$m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobo 1935 gmbMo "OmUsd OmJ¥Vs'_Ü`o [Zaja àm¡T>m§Zs Amnë`m Zì`mZo boIZ-dmMZmMo H$m¡eë` àmá Ho$bobs
"àm¡T>gmja' ho nwñVH$. `m_Ü`o n[a[MV dñVy§Ms OsdZg_ñ`m§Ms _m[hVs H$ê$Z ¿`mds, Ë`mda gd© ì`º$s. Zì`mZo àmá Ho$bobo ho H$m¡eë` _O~yV d
[MÌo XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo Zm_Xe©H$ eãX nwTo> [Xbo AmhoV. A§Jm§Zs MMm© H$amds Am[U g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>s [Q>H$mD$ ~ZdÊ`mgmR>s Zdgmjam§Zm ^anya dmMZ
Mma eãXm§Mm EH$, `màH$mao nmM JQ> V`ma H$ê$Z ì`{º$JV AWdm gm§[KH$ nmVisda ñdV: à`ËZ gm[hË` XoÊ`mMs JaO AgVo. AÝ`Wm WmoSçmM
Ë`m_Ü`o "A' Vo "k'n`ªV Ajam§Ms _m[hVs H$ê$Z H$aÊ`mg [gÕ ìhmdo hs Anojm hmoVs. Va H$mimV Vo nwÝhm [Zaja ~ZVmV Agm AZw^d Amho.
[Xbs Amho. `mZ§Va eãXm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z dmŠ`ohs "H$m`m©Ë_H$Vm' åhUOo d¡`{º$H$ OsdZmV [H¨$dm _mÌ, Zdgmjam§gmR>s dmMZ gm[hË`
~Zdbs AmhoV. AmnU H$aV Agboë`m ì`dgm`mV Amdí`H$ OmUsdnyd©H$ doJio V`ma H$amdo bmJVo. Zdgmja ho
2. `mZ§Va 1939 gmbs nwT>sb nwñVHo$ à[gÕ H$m¡eë`o àmá H$ê$Z gj_Vm XmI[dUo Aem VèhoZo AZoH$ dfmªnmgyZ OsdZ OJV Agbobo,
Pmbs. A) bmoH$[ejU_mbm nwñVH$ n[hbo-dm.am. àm¡T>gmjaVm åhUOo OsdZ n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ åhUyZ OsdZì`dhma H$aUmao nyU© ì`{º$_Îd AgVmV.
Hw$bH$Uu; ~) àm¡T> gmjaVm àgma_mbm-XodHw$io d J[a~m§À`m OsdZmMo A[d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zbo. Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo AZw^d, g_OwVs, Amem-AmH$m§jm
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^mJdV. `m VsZhs nwñVH$m§V Ajao [eH$dÊ`mgmR>s [eH$dUmè`m gm[hË`mMo ê$nhs Am_ybmJ« ~XbUo AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
eãX nÕVsMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho. An[ahm`© hmoVo. nmR>m§Mo [df` g_ñ`m§es [ZJ{S>V Zdgmja àm¡T>m§Zm H$Wm A[YH$ AmdS>VmV ho
3. 1942 gmbs _§Ìs d XodHw$io `m ~Zbo. CXm. H$m_, H$_mB©, g\$mB©, PmonS>nÅ>s, Ü`mZmV KoD$Z AJXs 1940À`m XeH$mVhs Ho$ed
boIH$Û`tZs [b[hbobs g_mO [ejU àgma_mbm ~m`H$m§Mo nyaH$ CÚmoJ, Xmê$Mm Ìmg, ~oH$mar B. [^H$mOs T>dio, OJVmn H$maio, [Ma§Osd, AZmW
^mJ 1 d 2 hs àma§[^H$ nwñVHo$ AË`§V d¡[eîQçnyU© `m àma§[^H$ gm[hË`mMm [MÌH$mahs AmVm Ho$di [dÚmWuJ¥h Aem _mV~a àH$meH$m§Zs H$Wm§À`m
AmhoV. n[hë`m ^mJmV _wimjao d d¥Õs AgyZ, hm gOmdQ>H$ma ZìhVm, Va Vmo àoaH$ [MÌm§Mm [MÌH$ma nwñVH$m§Ms CÎm_ [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs.
Aä`mgH«$_ gmYmaU Mma _[hÝ`m§Mm Amho. Xwgè`m hmoVm. àoaH$ [MÌ åhUOo Ago [MÌ H$s Oo Zdgmja gm[hË` [e[~a : _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo
^mJmV Vm|S>s [hemo~, ~oarO, dOm~mH$s, a§OH$ [Zajam§À`m OsdZmes g§~§[YV Agob d Vo 1955-56 gmbmV ^moa `oWo KoVboë`m [e[~amMm
JmUs, _VXmZ, Amamo½` B.Mm g_mdoe Amho. nm[hë`mda Ë`m§Zm ~mobmdogo dmQo>b. CXm. nS>Š`m AmdOy©Z C„oI H$am`bm hdm. `m [e[~amV Zm_d§V
n[hë`m ^mJmVsb n[hë`m YS>çmVsb, PmonS>sV \$mQ>Š`mVwQ>Š`m bwJS>çmV Mwbsnmes àmÜ`mnH$, boIH$ gh^mJs Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zs
JO|Ð_mojmÀ`m _Zmoha H$WoMo H$WZ H$arV H$arV ^mH$è`m ^mOVm ^mOVm CÚmÀ`m [M¨VoV JT>bobs Zdgmja àm¡T>m§À`m eãXg§nÎmsMo gd}jU H$ê$Z
H$_i, _i, _mi, _mim, H$i, H$mi, H$mim Ago ~mB©, Xmê$À`m ZeoV ~m`H$m nmoam§Zm ~S>dUmam [H¨$dm H$mhs AmS>mIo ~gdbo d Ë`mZwgma nwñVH$m§Ms
eãX [eH$dÊ`mMs A\$bmVyZ H$ënZm `mV Amho. JQ>mamV bmoiUmam _mUyg, PmonS>sMs S>mJSw>Os [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs. `m [e[~amÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo àW_M
~mH$sMs dU©_mbmhs AesM JmoîQ>s-JmÊ`mVyZ gmXa H$aUmam _mUyg B. Zdgmja gm[hË` [Z[_©Vsbm H$mhs emós`
Ho$bs Amho. àm¡T>[ejUmgmR>s hs XmoÝhs nwñVHo$ Iyn B§[S>`Z B{ÝñQ>QçyQ> Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZ, nwUo `m§À`m g§emoYZmMs OmoS> XoÊ`mV Ambs. g§emoYZmÀ`m
bmoH$[à` R>abs. Ë`m§À`m dsgnojmhs OmñV amÁ` gmYZ H|$ÐmZo V`ma Ho$bobo àma§[^H$ nwñVH$ AmYmao Zdgmjam§À`m Hw$dVsZwgma Ë`m§À`m VsZ
Amd¥Î`m [ZKmë`m. d¡[eîQçnyU© Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o Jar~ OZVoÀ`m g_ñ`m loUs H${ënÊ`mV Amë`m. n[hbs loUs, Xwgar loUs
4) 1961_Ü`o _hmamîQ´>mV A^yVnyd© Aes _m§S>ë`m AmhoVM. [edm` ho àíZ gmoS>[dÊ`mgmR>s d [Vgar loUs Am[U _OoMm ^mJ åhUOo AmVm 50
J«m_[ejU _mohs_ gwê$ Pmbs. `m _mo[h_ogmR>s AmnU H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vmo, `mMmhs [dMma àm¡T>m§À`m df} CbQ>ë`mZ§Vahs amîQ´>s` gmjaVm [_eZZo
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 69
"g_mO [ejU_mbm' hs nwUo `oWo Agboë`m gmoß`m ^mfoVsb boIZ [_idÊ`mgmR>s.
ls.H¥$.^m.~m~a `m§Zs 1950 gmbÀ`m Xg-`mbm g_mO [ejU _mbm boIZ ghmæ` H$aÊ`mg ~arM _§S>is V`ma hmoVs.
gwé Ho$bs. _mboMo n[hbo àH$meZ hmoVo ls.~m~a (Zdgmja gm[hË`mÀ`m H§$R>mVsb aËZ_mbm) nU Ë`m§Zm gmono [b[hUo O_V Zgo.'
`m§ZsM [b[hbobo "Xgam-[Xdmis' ho nwñVH$ Xwa§Js "Ago åhUVmV H$s EdT>`m gmVË`mZo d
[MÌmÀ`m gw§Xa _wIn¥îR>mZo ZQ>bobo d J«oQ> àm`_a Úmdm, Ë`mV ^a KmVbs Omds Agm ~moY Ë`m§Zm [Z`[_VnUmZo g_mO [ejU _mboIoarO g_mO
ãb°H$ Q>mB©n_Ü`o _OHy$a gmH$maUmao H«$mD$Z gmjam§Zm Úm`Mm hmoVm. `m ÑîQ>sZo Zdgmja IoSy>V [ejU joÌmV AÝ`Ì Xwgar VmoS> gmnS>V Zmhs! hs
gmB©O_Ybo ho 32 nmZs nwñVH$ 20 Am°ŠQ>mo~a AJa H$m_Jmam§À`m [H¨$dm [dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mhs Cn`moJs JmoîQ> H$Xm[MV Iar Agobhs nU Vgo Agob Va
1950 bm àH$m[eV Pmbo. g_mO [ejU _mbm nS>mds åhUyZ Ë`m§Zs _mbm gwé Ho$bs. n[hbo nwñVH$ Ho$dTo> ^m½` åhUmdo Am_Mo! '
gwé H$aVm§Zm ls.~m~a `m§À`m _ZmV gmYs H$ënZm 20 VmaIobm à[gÜX Pmbo. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m àË`oH$ 1950 Vo 1996 Aes 46 df} g_mO [ejU
Aes hmoVs H$s g_mOmVë`m gd©gmYmaU bmoH$m§Zm _[hÝ`mMo nwñVH$ 20 VmaIobmM àH$m[eV _mbm AI§S> Mmbbs. ZddmMH$m§À`m OsdZmV
dmMZmMs JmoS>s bmJmds. J«§Wm§es Ë`m§Ms _¡Ìs ìhmds H$aÊ`mMm Zo_ H$Q>mjmZo nmiÊ`mV `oV Ago. [VZo ^anya dmMZmZ§X nwadbm. EHy$U 550 nwñVHo$
d Ë`m`moJo Ë`m§Mm ~m¡{ÜXH$ [dH$mg hmoD$Z kmZmMs ls.~m~a `m§À`m gw[dÚ Am[U Zm_d§V bo[IH$m _mbo_m\©$V àH$m[eV Pmbs. Odi Odi 175
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IoS>monmS>s bmoH$ gmja hmoVmV Vo ZmdmnwaVo. nwÝhm S>m°.gamo[OZs~mBªZs [b[hbobo AZw^d d Amho.
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H$mhs [eH$bmo hmoVmo. hohs Ë`m§Zm AmR>dV Zmhs. "_mboMs dm[f©H$ dJ©Us Ë`mdois gmSo>VsZ én`o ZddmMH$m§gmR>s YJYJV Ro>dboë`m kmZmÀ`m
AmnU Oo kmZ àmá Ho$bo Vo [dgê$Z OmÊ`mgmR>s hmoVs. bmoH$m§Mm à[VgmX Mm§Jbm hmoVm. Amåhmbm A{¾hmoÌmbm "bmoH$amÁ`' À`m _mÜ`_mYyZ eVe:
Zìho Va Ë`mMo MsO ìhmdo, Ë`mbm gVV COmim Iar IQ>nQ> H$amds bmJbs, Vs Amåhmbm nm[hOo àUm_!
AemM VsZ loUtMm A§V^m©d Ho$bm Amho. hmoVs à[ejU d gm[hË` [Z[_©Vs. _hmamîQ´>mV B§[S>`Z ^[JZsZo Amnë`m boIZmVyZ n[adV©ZmMs Zm|X [H$Vs
[Z`VH$m[bHo$ : àm¡T>[ejU joÌmV B{ÝñQ>QçyQ> Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZ, nwUo d _hmamîQ´> amÁ` JmoS> nÕVsZo KoVbs Vo gm§JyZ Wm§~Vmo..
[Z`VH$m[bH$m§Ms hOoar bjUs` Amho. àm¡T> [ejU g§ñWm, Am¡a§Jm~mX Aem XmoZ [R>H$mUs ""éUPwUË`m nmIam, ZH$mo Wm§~yg ao Xmar,
1. Adult Education and Development- amÁ` gmYZ H|$Ðo AmhoV. `m XmoÝhs amÁ` gmYZ ^mD$am`mes ~mobm`m Amho Qo>[b\$moZ Kar''
Publisher: DVV Inter-national Ronald H|$Ðm§Zs eoH$S>mo boIH$ [e[~ao KoD$Z àM§S> Zdgmja g§X^© gm[hË`gyMs
Schwartz, Germany. gm[hË` [Z[_©Vs Ho$bs Amho. 1. h§Q>a Am`moJ [ejU Ahdmb-1882-83
2.Indian Adult Education Journal-Indian Zm_d§V boIH$ Zdgmja dmL²>_` [b[hÊ`mgmR>s 2. [ejU Am`moJmMm Ahdmb-1964-66
Adult Education Association, New Dellhi. \$mago CËgwH$ dm CËgmhs [XgV ZmhsV Ë`m_wio 3. Pedagogy of the Oppressed-Paulo
3.g§dm[XZs-amÁ` gmYZ H|$Ð, B§{S>`Z B{ÝñQ>QçyQ> boIH$ [e[~ao KoD$ZM àm_w»`mZo gm[hË`[Z[_©Vs Friere-1970 Publisher: New York: Seabury
Am°\$ EÁ`w., nwUo. H$amds bmJVo. gXa gm[hË`mMo JwUmË_H$ _yë` Va (Also available From Prnguin Education)
4.bmoH$[ejU/nwT>Mo nmD$b-amÁ` àm¡T> [ejU AmhoM; nU, g§»`mË_H$ _yë`hs ZOaoAmS> 4. Cultural Action for Freedom-Paulo
g§ñWm, Am¡a§Jm~mX. H$aÊ`mOmoJo Zmhs. g§nyU© gmjaVm A[^`mZmMo \$[bV Friere-1970 Publisher:Same as Pedagogy
5.gmjaVmXsn-_w§~B© eha g_mO [ejU g[_Vs, åhUyZ bmIm|À`m g§»`oV Zdgmja [Z_m©U Pmbo of the Oppressed
_w§~B©. AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>s àM§S> à_mUmV Zdgmja dmMZ 5. Some Perspectives & Non-Formal
Zdgmja gm[hË`mMs [Z[_©Vs gm[hË`mMs JaO Amho. bmIm|À`m g§»`oVsb `m Education- J.P. Naik-1977
1. 1960À`m XeH$m_Ü`o ^maV gaH$maZo ZddmMH$m§Ms dmMZV¥îUm e_dÊ`mgmR>s bmIm|À`m Publisher : Allied Publishers Private Ltd.
Xoe^amV Zdgmja gm[hË` ñnYm© gwê$ Ho$bs. gd© g§»`oV nwñVHo$ [Z_m©U ìhmds bmJVsb. XmoÝhs amÁ` Bombay.
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74 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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Amho. _amR>s dmMH$m§Zm n[hë`mnmgyZ am[hb§ Amho. XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmOmanUmÀ`m
Amnë`mbm EImXm [d[eîQ> g_mO dm g§ñH¥$Vs _amR>s Am[U ~§Jmbs bmoH$m§Zm Zoh_sM nañ- H$mimV `mM gmZo JwéOtZs [b[hV§ Ho$b§ hmoV§.
n[aM`mMs Agob Va Ë`m~Ôb dmMU§ A[YH$ nam§[df`s AmnbonUm dmQ>V Ambm Amho. AmYw[ZH$ _hmamîQ´>mVsb [dXwfs åhUyZ AmoiI Agboë`m
AmdSy> eH$V§. åhUyZM ^maVs` ^mfm§_YyZ WoQ> [dMmam§Mm Am[U _yë`VÎdm§Mm ñdsH$ma XmoÝhs XwJm©~mBªZs _amR>sV CÎm_ AZwdmX Ho$bo AmhoV.
_amR>sV [H¨$dm BVa ^mfm§_YyZ AZwdmX hmoV amhU§ ho [R>H$mUs BVam§nojm bdH$a Pmbm. [ejU Am[U AË`§V g§doXZesb _ZmZo Am[U Hw$VyhbmZo
_hÎdmM§ Amho. AZwdmXmVyZ naŠ`m ^mfoVsb gm_m[OH$ gwYmaUm `m§Ms Midi XmoÝhsH$So> C^s OsdZmH$So> nmhV Ë`m OJë`m Am[U OsdZmVb§
gm[hË`, g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vs Amnë`mn`ªV nmoMy eH$Vo. am[hbs. Ago g_mZ YmJo Agë`m_wioM, gm¢X`© MmIV Ë`m§Zs V¥á _ZmZo `m OJmMm [Zamon
Ë`m~Ôb OmUyZ KoÊ`mMs BÀN>m AgU§ hohs BWo gm[hË`mVhs ~§Jmbs nwñVH$m§Zs _amR>sV bmoH$[à`Vm KoVbm. XwJm©~mBªZs Ho$boë`m AZwdmXm§n¡H$s VsZ
_hÎdmM§ R>aV§. AZoH$Xm AZwdm[XV nwñVH§$ _yi [_idbs. ^mJ©dam_ [dÇ>b daoaH$a åhUOoM _m_m AË`§V _hÎdmMs nwñVH§$ åhUOo, "OmVH$H$Wm',
^mfo~amo~aM AZwdmX Pmboë`m ^mfoVhs BVH$s daoaH$a ho ~§Jmbs gm[hË` _amR>sV AmUUmao AmÚ "dm°ëS>ZH$mR>s [dMma-[dhma' Am[U "~mUmMs
Mm§Jbs éiVmV H$s Vmo boIH$ Ë`mM ^mfoMm ~ZyZ AZwdmXH$. Ë`m§Zs ~§JmbÀ`m gm[hË`g§ñH¥$VsMs H$mX§~ar.' ~m¡Õ dmL>²_`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm
OmVmo. [d.g. Im§So>H$a `m§À`m H$mX§~è`m§Mo AZwdmX AmoiI _amR>s dmMH$mbm H$ê$Z [Xbs. ~§[H$_M§Ð, dmMboë`m OmVH$H$Wm nmbs ^mfoVyZ _amR>sV
Vm_si Am[U JwOamVs XmoÝhs ^mfm§_Ü`o IynM à^mVHw$_ma _wImonmÜ`m` Aemhs boIH$m§Ms nwñVH§$ AmUÊ`mMs àoaUm Ë`m§Zm Pmbs. _yi
CÎm_àH$mao éObo. BVHo$ H$s Im§So>H$a ho Amnë`mM Ë`m§Zs _amR>sV AmUbs Agbs Var Ë`m§Zs "OmVH$Å>H$WmdÊUZm' `m nmbs ^mfoVsb J«§WmÀ`m
^mfoV [b[hUmao boIH$ AmhoV, Ag§ `m XmoÝhs adsÝÐZmW Am[U eaX~m~y§M§ ~a§M gm[hË` _amR>sV B§J«Os AZwdmXmVsb ÌwQ>s bjmV Amë`mZo Ë`m§Zs
^mfm§_Ysb dmMH$m§Zm dmQ>m`bm bmJb§ hmoV§. AmUb§. Ë`m§Zs Á`m PnmQ>çmZo ho H$m_ Ho$b§ Vo ~KyZ AË`§V [OÔsZo hm àH$ën hmVs KoVbm Am[U VS>sg
Joë`m AZoH$ dfmª_Ü`o _amR>sV BVa ^mfm§_YyZ [dñ_` dmQ>Vmo. Ë`m§Zs nÞmg-gmR> Var ~§Jmbs Zobm. EHy$U 547n¡H$s 544 H$Wm§Mm AZwdmX Ë`m§Zs
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 75
Ad¿`m AS>sM dfmª_Ü`o nyU© Ho$bm ho [deof. VsZ H$mhsg§ dmXmV gmnS>b§. _mÌ, Ë`m§Zs _amR>sV am_m`UmMm _amR>s AZwdmX H$aVmZm ao½`m§Zs
OmVH$H$Wm hadë`m_wio Ë`m AZwdm[XV hmoD$ AmUbobs Vs \y$bamUs, VsZ n¡em§Mm V_mem, amOm g_n©H$nUo g§ñH¥$VàMwa ^mfm `moObs Amho. naXoes
eH$ë`m ZmhsV. H$Wm§_Ysb nÚ ^mJmMm AZwdmX Amo`[Xnm¡g, gw§Xa _s hmoUma, A§_bXma, EH$ Pw§O H$mì`mMm Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobm [dnwb AZwdmX ho Ë`m§M§ EH$
g_d¥ÎmmV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zs `m H$Wm§Mm _yi nmoV OnV ho dmè`mes Aes ê$nm§V[aV ZmQ>H§$ AZwdmX-ê$nm§Va _hÎdmM§ `moJXmZ Amho.
AZwdmX Ho$bo Am[U ~m¡Õ Y_m©es g§~§[YV g§km d joÌmVbm _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm R>abs. ~§Jmbs ^mfm ZmQ>H$H$ma [dO` V|Sw>bH$am§Zshs AZwdmXmÀ`m
n[a^mfm BË`mXt~Ôb ~marH$gmarH$ Vnesbhs `m [eHy$Z Ë`m§Zs ~§JmbsVyZhs H$mhs AZwdmX Ho$bo. joÌmV _wem[\$ar Ho$bs hmoVs. n¡H$s [Jare H$Zm©S>m§M§
AZwdmXmV Ë`m§Zs [Xbm. Aä`mgH$m§Zm _moR§>M gm°\$ŠbsOÀ`m "B[S>ngg'Mm AZwdmXhs Ë`m§Zs "VwKbH$' Am[U _mohZ amHo$e `m§M§ "AmYo AYyao'
_mJ©Xe©Z `m_wio [_imb§. hoÝar So>{ìhS> Wmoamo `m ~§JmbsVsb e§^y [_Ìm§Zs Ho$boë`m AZwdmXmdê$ZM `m ZmQ>H$m§Mm [deof C„oI Amdí`H$ Amho.
[ZgJm©es VÝ_` ~Zboë`m A_o[aHo$Vsb _amR>sV Ho$bm hmoVm. adsÝÐZmWm§À`m "No>bo~obm'Mm V|Sw>bH$am§Zs BVahs H$mhs ZmQ>H§$, H$Wm, H$mX§~è`m
VÎddoÎ`mÀ`m [M¨VZna boIZmMm AZwdmX XwJm©~mBªZs Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobm "nmoad`' hm AZwdmXhs [ZVmÝV gw§Xa B.Mo AZwdmX Ho$bo. "VwKbH$'bm Agbobm
Ho$bm Vmo Wmoamoes Ë`m§Ms ñdV:Ms OsdZÑîQ>s [_iV Amho. adsÝÐZmWm§À`m bhmZnUmVsb AmR>dUt_Ü`o Eo[Vhm[gH$ ~mO Am[U "AmYo AYyao'Vbm amoOÀ`m
hmoVs åhUyZ. WmoamoÀ`m M[aÌmMmhs AZwdmX Ë`m§Zs Agbobs àgÞVm Am[U [ZamJgVm nwb§À`m ì`dhmamVbm _mhm¡b XmoÝhsH$So> V|Sw> bH$am§Ms boIUs
Ho$bm, Va WmoamoZo [b[hboë`m [M¨VZna AZw^dm§Mm AZwdmXmV Zo_Ho$nUmZo CVabs. Ý`m` XoD$Z Jobs. em§Vm eoiHo$ `m§Zshs [d[dY
g_mdoe AgUma§ "dm°ëS>Z' ho nwñVH$ XwJm©~mBªZs H$WmboIZmV Am[U H$[dVm§À`m joÌmV _mÜ`_m§_YyZ [bImU H$aÊ`mMm AZw^d KoVbm
"dm°ëS>ZH$mR>s [dMma-[dhma' `m ZmdmZo _amR>sV Amnbs Aes N>mn Q>mH$Umao gXmZ§X aoJo ñdV: EH$ Am[U doJdoJù`m gm[hË`àH$mam§Mo AZwdmX Ho$bo.
AmUb§. CËH¥$îQ> Aem H$mì`_` b[bV "Am§Yis' hm hobZ Ho$baÀ`m M[aÌmMm Va
boIZmMm Vmo Z_wZm Amho. [Vga§ _hÎdmM§ "Mm¡KsOUs' hm bwBPm _o AbH$m°Q>À`m
nwñVH$ åhUOo ~mU^Å> `m g§ñH¥$V H$dsZo "[b[Q>b [d_oZ' d "JwS> dmBìO' `m
[b[hbobs "H$mX§~ar' ZmdmMs H$mX§~ar. H$mX§~arÛ`mMm AZwdmX AmOhs dmMbm
[H¨$~hwZm ~mUmÀ`m `m àXsK© JÚ aMZodê$ZM OmVmo. H$m[bXmgmÀ`m _oKXyVmMm Ë`m§Zs
AmYw[ZH$ gm[hË`mVsb H$mX§~ar `m Ho$bobm AZwdmXhs gw§Xa Amho. n{íM_m
gm[hË`àH$mamM§ Zm_H$aU Pmb§ Amho. [MÌnQ>H$Wm§Mm AZwdmX Agbob§ Ë`m§M§
H$mX§~arMm AZwdmX hm EH$ _hmàH$ënM "n{íM_a§J' ho nwñVH$hs AmdOy©Z
hmoVm. gmVì`m eVH$mVsb hs aMZm åhUOo dmMÊ`mgmaI§ Amho.
Omù`mÀ`m ê$nmVbm M§ÐM Amho. A[Ve` [dÚmYa nw§S>{bH$ `m§Zshs H$mhs
Jw§VmJw§VsM§ H$WmZH$, n„oXma Am[U nwñVH§$ AZwdm[XV Ho$bs. Ë`mn¡H$s Mmëg©
g_mgàMwa eãXaMZmM Zìho, Va dmŠ`aMZm [S>H$ÝgÀ`m "A Qo>b Am°\$ Qy> [gQ>sO'Mm
Am[U bm[bË`nyU© ^mfme¡bs hs `m aMZoMs AZwdmX [deof C„oIZs` Amho. \«o$¨M
d¡[eîQç OnyZ hm AZwdmX XwJm©~mBªZs Ho$bm amÁ`H«$m§VsMs nmûd©^y_s bm^bobs hs
Amho. nw§S>[aH$, M§ÐmnsS>, d¡e§nm`Z, _hmH$mX§~ar Ë`m§Zs g§nyU© ñdê$nmV
_hmûdoVm Am[U H$mX§~ar `m nÌm§Ms OÝ_OÝ_m§§VarMs [gÕhñV AZwdmXH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zs H$[dVm, H$Wm, AZwdm[XV Ho$bs. b[bV nwñVH$m§~amo~aM
hs AX²^wV H$hmUs Amho. hm AZwdmX Am[U H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$ Ago AZoH$ AZwdmX Ho$bo. nw§S>[bH$m§Zs H$mhs g_mOemós` J«§Whs _amR>sV
"ag_`s' hs Ë`mMs àñVmdZm ho XwJm©~mBªZs Ho$bob§ ñQ>mBZ~oH$, _m`H$moìhñH$s, dm°ëQ> {ìhQ>_Z, nmãbmo AmUbo. Amnë`m H$[dVm§Zs _amR>s dmMH$m§Zm EH$
EH$ _hmZ H$m_ Amho. ZoéXm Aem AZoH$m§Ms nwñVH§$ Ë`m§Zs AZwdm[XV ^wai KmVboë`m _§Jmo nmS>JmdH$am§Zs ~aoM
_amR>sVbo kmZnsR>[dOoVo H$ds [d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a Ho$bs. nwTo> Zm°d}[O`Z ^mfm [eHy$Z Ë`m§Zs BãgoZÀ`m AZwdmXhs Ho$bo AmhoV. AmnU \$º$ H$[dVmM
`m§Zs A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo H$mì`emó, amOm [b`a, "~«mÝX'Mm AZwdmX WoQ> Zm°d}[O`Z_YyZ Ho$bm. [b[hUma Aes à[VkmM Ë`m§Zs EH$m Q>ßß`mda Ho$bs
A_¥VmZw^dmMo Adm©MsZsH$aU, JQo>H¥$V \$mD$ñQ> Ago "B[S>ngg'M§ "O`Ho$Vw' ho ê$nm§Va Ho$b§ hmoV§. _mÌ, hmoVs. _mÌ, AZwdmXm~m~V Ag§ H$moUV§hs ~§YZ
AZwdmX Ho$bo. n¡H$s eoŠg[nAaÀ`m "[H¨$J gmar Zmd§ d BVa JmoîQ>s ^maVs` nohamdmV Ë`m§Zs KmbyZ KoVb§ Zmhs. AWm©VM H$mì`mZwdmXhs
[b`aa'Mm "amOm [b`aa' hm AZwdmX H$aVmZm AmUë`m_wio J«sH$ nwamUH$WoVsb g§X^© hadyZ Ë`m§Zs _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$bo AmhoV.
Ë`m§Zs Ho$bobo b`~Õ aMZm§Mo à`moJ Ë`m§À`m OmVmV ho bjmV Amë`mda Ë`m§Zs Z§VaÀ`m Amd¥ÎmsV eoŠg[nAaÀ`m ZmQ>H$m§nmgyZ g§JsV[df`H$
à[V^oMs gmj XoUmao AmhoV. AZwdmX åhUOo `mo½` Vmo ~Xb Ho$bm Am[U nmÌm§Ms _yi Zmd§hs nwñVH$mn`ªV Am[U JwOamVs H$[dVm§nmgyZ _sam,
nwZ[Z©[_©Vs H$es AgVo `mMm àË`` H$a§XsH$am§À`m H$m`_ Ro>dbs. Om°O© Am°d}bÀ`m "A°[Z_b \$m_©'Mm H$~sa, gyaXmgmgma»`m g§VH$dtnmgyZ ~m`~bÀ`m
"amOm [b`aa'_Ü`o `oVmo. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ "~§S>' hm AZwdmXhs Ë`m§Zs ê$nm§Va H$ê$ZM Ho$bm. Zì`m H$amamn`ªV ~hw[dY H¥$Vs Ë`m§Zs AZwdm[XV
AdH$memV AT>i Ag§ ñWmZ [_idUmè`m nw.b. Ë`mV _mÌ _yi Iw_mar hadbobs Zmhs. Ho$ë`m.
Xoenm§So> `m§À`m AZwdmXm§Zshs bjUs` ^a _amR>s àmUsOsdZmÀ`m ê$nH$mV Am°d}bZo CS>dbobs `m Am[U BVahs AZoH$ _amR>sVë`m _moR>_moR>çm
gm[hË`mV Q>mH$bs. AaZoñQ> ho[_¨½doÀ`m "AmoëS> _°Z amOH$s` gÎmoMs Q>a ^maVs` n[adoemVsb boIH$-H$dtZs AZwdmXmÀ`m joÌmV _wem[\$ar Ho$bs
A±S> X gs' `m H$mX§~arM§ Ë`m§Zs Ho$bob§ "EH$m AZwdmXmVhs "ghs' dmQ>Vo. MH«$dVu Amho. `mì`m[V[aº$ Ho$di AZwdmX H$aUmaohs ~aoM
H$mo[i`mZoo' ho ^mfm§Va nwñVH$mÀ`m esf©H$mnmgyZM amOJmonmbmMmatÀ`m B§J«OsVsb AZwdm[XV OU AmhoV. _yi ^maVs` ^mfm§_YyZ [H¨$dm B§J«Os-
76 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
[hÝXsdê$Z _amR>sV AZwdmX H$aUmè`m§Ms g§»`mhs g§ñH¥$VsM§ AZmoI§ Xe©Z KS>dUmar Amho. db`m§[H$V ì`º$s Am[U gd©gm_mÝ` _mUyg
Iyn _moR>s Amho. AmOda _amR>sV Amboë`m [ZdS>H$ B©ûdam~m~VÀ`m _mUgmÀ`m YmaUm, b¢[JH$Vm Aem gmè`m§ZmM H$doV KoUma§ boIZ Amho. _amR>sV
nwñVH$m§Mm n[aM` dmMH$m§Zm Z¸$sM AmZ§X XoUmam AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMm doY KoUmar hs aMZm Amho. H$mX§~arMm AZwdmX a§OZm nmR>H$ `m§Zs Ho$bm AgyZ
R>amdm. dfm© AS>mbOm `m JwOamVsVsb _yH$m{å~H$m åhUOoM _yH$ÁOs `m d¥ÕoÀ`m Vmo AË`§V g§doXZesb, agdÎmmnyU© Am[U b`Xma
H$mX§~arH$ma. Ë`m§À`m "AUgma' `m Hw$îR>amo½`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$ma§Vm§Zs `m gmè`m JmoîQ>tda àH$me e¡bsV CVabm Amho. ndZ d_m© `m§Zs [b[hbob§
OsdZmdarb H$mX§~arMm AZwdmX A§OZs ZadUo `m§Zs Q>mH$bm Amho. H$ma§Vm§à_mUo S>m°. Eg.Eb. ^¡aßnm ^maVmVsb _Ü`_dJm©À`m {ñWVsMm doY KoUma§ "X
\$ma Mm§Jbm Ho$bm Amho. Zm[`H$m ê$nm [hbm `m§Ms AZoH$ nwñVH§$ _amR>sV Ambs. Ë`mn¡H$s "nd©' J«oQ> B§[S>`Z [_S>b Šbmg' ho nwñVH$ A[Ve` naIS>
Hw$îR>amoJ hmoVmM [VM§ Am`wî` H$g§ ~XbyZ OmV§ hs _hm^maVmÀ`m nmûd©^y_sdaMs H$mX§~ar [deof Ag§ boIZ Amho. "Amnbm Wmoa _Ü`_dJ©' hm
Am[U [Vbm añË`mda `md§ bmJV§. Ë`mZ§VaMs [VMs bjUs` Amho. _hm^maVmMm EH$ Zdm AÝd`mW© Ë`mMm AZwdmX [dlm_ Jwáo `m§Zs Ho$bm Amho.
dmQ>Mmb H$mX§~arV eãXm§[H$V Pmbs Amho, Va CbJS>Uma§ ho boIZ dmMH$m§Zm EH$ Zds ÑîQ>s XoV§. _Ü`_dJm©Mm Iam Moham emoYVmZm Ë`mÀ`m
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MM}V am[hbs, Vs Ë`mVsb H«$m§[VH$mar Aem [dÐmohs `WmW© [MÌU H$aUma§ ho nwñVH$ ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmMm
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dmQ>Umar Agbs Var, _amR>sVhs [VMm Pmbobm Cfm _amR>sVë`m `m AZwdmX[dûdmMs g\$a Aes
nwamo[hV `m§Zs Ho$bobm bjUs` AZwdmX bmoH$[à` [Za§Va Mmby Amho. `m dmQo>da Omo a_bm Ë`mbm
R>abm hmoVm. Ysê$~oZ nQo>b `m§Ms gm[hË` AH$mX_s Zoh_sM H$mhs Zm H$mhs Zd§ [_iV amhsb. AbsH$So>
nwañH$maàmá "AmJ§VwH$' hs H$mX§~ar. `mV g§Ý`mgs B§J«OsMm dmda d dmna Iyn dmT>bm Agbm Var
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PJS>md§ bmJb§ Am[U Ë`mVM [VMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. `m AZwdmXmÀ`m joÌmV _ZmnmgyZ _wem[\$ar Ho$bm Amho.
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KoVbobm `m H$mimVbm AZw^d `mM§ _Zmok d MmbZmM [_imbs Amho, Ag§ `m gmè`m§ZsM Zm|XdyZ
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 77
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78 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 79
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80 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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82 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
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Am°ñQ´>o[b`Z _§S>img ^anya Z\$m hmoVmo; nU, "BQ>²g Zm°Q> A~mCQ> X ~mB©H$ : _m` OZu ~°H$ Qy>
H$gmoQ>sdsam§À`m hmVs Ro>dbo OmVmV MUo-\w$Q>mUo! bmB©\$' `m Amnë`m ñ\w$VuXm`H$ AmË_M[aÌmV
`m[déÕ Ë`m§Zr H$gmoQ>sdsam§Zm g§K[Q>V Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ Am[U Ë`mÀ`m[df`s [b[hë`m Joboë`m nwñVH$mV
Ho$ar n°H$a `m§Ms gH©$g OÝ_mg Ambs. [H«$Ho$Q>Ms "Qy>a X \«$mÝg'gmaIs IS>Va e`©V gmVXm
Xw[Z`m T>diyZ [ZKmbs. OJ^aÀ`m H$gmoQ>sdsam§M§ [O¨H$Umè`m `m [dûd[dH«$_dsamMs hs H$hmUs gwaoI
_mZYZ dmT>db§ Job§. "M°nobs' ho B`Z M°nbM§ _m§S>bobs Amho. CÎmoOH§$ (S>moqnJ) KoÊ`mMo Amamon
JmObob§ nwñVH$. Ë`mMm ghH$mar d Am°\$-{ñnZa Ë`mÀ`mda Pmbo. nU, Ë`mVyZ Vmo [ZXm}f gwQ>bm`.
A°ebs _°boQ> `mM§ "M°nobs ñnsŠg AmD$Q' ho OUw Am_©ñQ´>m±JMo doJionU Ago H$s H°$Ýgabm Amim
OmoS>-nwñVH$! Kmby nmhmUmè`m "bmÝg Am_©ñQ´>m±J \$mC§So>eZ'_Ü`o
M¸$ ~«°S>_Zgma»`m Agm_ses n§Jm KoVbm Ë`mZo 2008n`ªV n§Mdsg H$moQ>s S>m°bg© (1150
M°nobsZ§! X[jU Am°ñQ´>o [b`Z g§KmVsb H$gboë`m H$moQ>s én`o) O_m Ho$bo. H°$Ýga~m~VÀ`m
IoimSy>§gmR>s ^[dî` [Zdm©h [ZYsMm (àm°pìhS§>Q> g§emoYZmgmR>s Qo>Šgg amÁ` gaH$maZo `oË`m 10
\§$S>) Ë`mMm àñVmd, ~«°S>_ZZs \o$Q>miyZ bmdbm. dfmªV {VZeo H$moQ>s S>m°bg© (Mm¡Xm hOma H$moQ>s
hs JmoîQ> 1971Ms. _J 72ì`m `eñds B§p½be én`o) VaVyX H$amds, `mgmR>s Ë`mZo Qo>Šgg
Xm¡è`mZ§Vahs, H$gmoQ>sdsam§À`m _mZYZmV H$moUVrhs [gZoQ>_Ü`o gmè`m§Zm hobmdUmao ^mfU Ho$bo. Vgm
dmT> ~«°S>_ZZs Zm_§Oya Ho$bs. nU, _§S>imZo _moR>çm R>amd _§Oya ìhmdm, ho `e gm`H$bnQyMo,
CXma ~wÕsZo IoimSy>§Mo _mZYZ XmoZeodê$Z Mmaeo H«$sS>mjoÌmMo!
S>m°bg© Ho$bo. `mda M°nbMm [heo~ Agm : ~mam A°WbsQ> Ooñgs AmodoÝg d _wîQ>s`moÕm H°$es`g
H$gmoQ>sdsam§Mo [_iyZ _mZYZ 4,800 S>m°bg©. nU, Šbo D$\©$ _h_XAbs hs Va H$mù`m dm Am[\«$H$Z-
[VH$sQ> [dH«$sVyZ _§S>imMm J„m AS>sM bmI [_`m§XmX ("H$qQ>J EO') `m§Ms AmË_M[a̧ A[YH$ A_o[aH$Z g_mOmÀ`m A{ñ_VoMs d CR>mdmMs
S>m°bg©! _Z_moH$ù`m e¡bsVbs. JwUs nU ì`pŠVdmXs MmbVs ~mobVs àVrHo$ : AmodoÝgÀ`m nyd©Om§Zm
1971_Ü`o A°eog J_mdÊ`mMs bjUo [XgV IoimSy> Am[U VèhodmB©H$ àemgH$ `m§Mm [d[MÌ Am[\«$Ho$VyZ A_o[aHo$À`m ~moQ>sV ~gdbo Jobo d
AgVmZm, Am°ñQ´>o [b`Z _§S>imZo [~b bm°arMs [_bm\$ Pmbm` nm[H$ñVmZs [H«$Ho$Q>_Ü`o. Vmo Ë`m§Zs Jwbm_ åhUyZ [dH$bo Jobo. Ë`mZ§Va 100 dfmªZs,
H$U©YmanXmdê$Z CMb~m§JS>s Ho$bs d M°nbÀ`m N>mZ [M{ÌV Ho$bm`. 1936À`m ~buZ-Am°[b¨[nH$_Ü`o, [hQ>baMm
S>moŠ`mda Vmo H$mQo>ar _wHw$Q> MT>dbm. gbm_sMm [dO` hOmao, gæ`X _wíVmH$ Abs ,_ÝgyaAbs Am`©Z-à^wËdmMm [dH¥$V [gÕmÝV, OoñgsZo ImoQ>m
\$b§XmO d Jmob§XmO ~Xbbo. M°nb AñdñW nQ>m¡Xs, A[OV dmSo>H$a, àgÞm, g§Xsn nmQ>sb, ads R>adbm. e§^a d XmoZeo _sQ>g©, [abo d bm§~ CS>s
hmoVm. Aem dois [bZ _mŠg© `m ghH$mè`mMm g„m emós, Qo>~b Qo>[ZgnQy> M§ÐeoIa, gm`H$bnQy `mVsb Ë`mMs Mma gwdU© nXHo$, `m hmoË`m
Ë`mZo _mZbm. [aMs ~oZm°Mm AmXe© S>moù`m§nwTo> Ro>d. H$_bmH$a P|So>, ~°S>[_¨Q>ZnQy Z§Xw ZmQo>H$a d àH$me [hQ>baÀ`m ls_wImV bJmdboë`m Mma MnamH$s!
à[VnjmÀ`m Zmdmda [~Z~mX XmoZeo Ymdm Agë`m nXyH$moU AmXs _mÝ`dam§Zs dmMZmb`mV EHo$H$ "Ooñgs' `m AmË_M[aÌmV Ë`mM§ dU©Z Ë`mZ§ N>mZ
Varhs ~oZm° JS>~Sy>Z OmV Zmhs. JbsV joÌajUmg Mm§Jë`m AmË_M[aÌmMs ^a Q>mH$bs Amho. Ho$b§`. nU, Vo H$aVmZm, bm§~ CS>sV Amnbs MyH$
C^m AgVmo, Vmo em§VnUo hmVm§Ms KS>s KmbyZ! _J Am°[b§[nH$_Ü`o AmR> gwdUmªgh 11 nXHo$ ^maVs` XwéñV H$aUmè`m bwP bm±J `m Jmoè`m O_©Z
_Ü`oM Vmo Jmob§XmO ~XbVmo, joÌì`yh ~XbVmo. ImË`mV O_m H$aUmam hm°H$s, hmM Amnbm amîQ´>s` à[VñnYm©À`m [Z^©`VoMo [H$ñgohs Ë`mZo
84 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
H¥$VkVmnyd©H$ Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV. a[e`Z g§KamÁ` (`yEgEgAma) nwîH$iXm OmVm OmVm EH$ H$hmUs H«$sS>mjoÌmÀ`m _hVsMs.
H°$es`g Šbo hmhs Ooñgsà_mUo Am°[b¨[nH$- A_o[aHo$g _mJo gmaV Ago. Joë`m Am°qb[nH$_Ü`o Am`ìhar H$moñQ> `m Am[\«$H$s XoemVsb aº$a§OsV
A[O¨Š`dsa. nU, OJÁOoË`mÀ`m H$mVS>sMm a§J Jmoam MsZZo A_o[aHo$nojm ~arM OmñVs gwdU©nXH§$ [_idyZ `mXds, H$mhs H$mi Var Wmondbs EH$m
Zgob, Va Ë`mÀ`m _m`Xoes, A_o[aHo$V Ë`mbm H$mhs XmIdbs. ~m°{Šg¨J_Ü`o Š`w~mMs XmXm[Jar XsK©H$mi \w$Q>~m°bnQyZo. [XXsEa ÐmoJ~mZo d Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mar
hm°Qo>bmVhs Jmoè`m§gmo~V, Mmb`s`. n„oXma Ymd e`©VsV A[\«$H$s dM©ñd \w$Q>~m°bnQy§Zs. "Q>mB_' gmám[hH$mZo OJmVsb 100
Ë`m§À`m n§JVsV ~gy [Xbo OmV Zmhs. _J, A~m[YV Amho. O_©Zs, OnmZ, X. H$mo[a`m, ñnoZ, à^mdembs ì`[º$_ÎdmV ñWmZ [Xb§ hmoV§,
Am°[b¨[nH$ gwdUm©Mo _mob Vo H$m`? Aem d¡VmJmVyZ h§Joar, \«$mÝg, ~«mPsb, AO]Q>sZm hohs Amnbs M_H$ \w$Q>~m°bnQy ÐmoJ~mbm!
Ë`mZo Vo nXH$ ZXsV [^aH$mdyZ XmIdVmV. nU, Ë`m§À`m XoemVsb boIZmn`ªV ^maVmV H«$sS>m-g§ñH¥$Vs nmio_wio Yê$ bmJob,
[Xbo. {ìhEVZm__Ü`o bîH$ar godm H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma nmoMÊ`mMm à`ËZhs ^maVmV hmoV Zmhs. OJmes gmao Ë`mM à_mUmV H«$sS>m-boIZ, Ë`mM§ dmMZ d Ë`mMs
[Xbm Am[U Bñbm_ Y_© ñdsH$mabm. ho gma§ Ë`mÀ`m ì`dhma B§J«Os EHo$ B§J«OsVyZ H$aUo, Amåhs Ho$ìhm MMm© dmT>V OmB©b. bmI_mobmMs hs bmI-bmI
d Ë`mÀ`m[df`sÀ`m H¡$H$ nwñVH$m§VyZ dmMb§ nm[hOo. ~XbUma? VyV© Var OJmes Amnbm g§~§Y Á`m EH$m nwñVHo$, hm H«$sS>mjoÌmMm _moR>mM Ro>dm!
ho gma§ dmMZs` Ia§M. Ë`mMm AmZ§X ^mfo_m\©$V hmoVmo, Ë`m B§J«OsVsb [ZdS>H$ hOma g§nH©$ : 022 - 24327388
bwQ>ë`mdahs EH$ AnyU©Vm OmUdVo. Am°[b¨[nH$_Ü`o nwñVH$m§Mo ê$nm§Va _amR>sV ìhm`bm hd§.
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 85
_hmamîQ´> : H$mb Am[U AmO
_ hmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[VhmgmMo T>mo~i_mZmZo
àmMsZ (àmMsZ d CÎma àmMsZ),
_Ü``wJsZ (~hm_Zs d _wKb-_amR>m),
àm. [d.nm§. Xm§So>H$a (_hmamîQ´>), àm. X.~m.
[S>H$giH$a (_hmamîQ´>mMm àmMsZ B[Vhmg), àm.
eooUmobsH$a d BVa (_hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$Vs) Am[U S>m°.
AmYw[ZH$ (1800 Vo 1857 d 1857 Vo 1947) nw.J. ghò~wÕo (_hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$Vs) `m§Mm g_mdoe
Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. AbrH$So> nwamVÎd emómZo hmoVmo. `m [dÛmZm§Zs _hmamîQ´> B[Vhmg d g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m
B[Vhmg d g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m XmbZmV B[Vhmg nyd©H$mb [Za[Zamù`m n¡byda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
(Pre-history) d àmJ¡[Vhm[gH$ H$mb (Proto- Ho$di ghò~wÕo `m§Zs B.g. ny. 235 Vo B.g. 1947
history) (Aí_`wJ) Aes XmoZ ZdsZ XmbZo [Z_m©U åhUOo gmYmaUV: _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m ~mdsg eVH$m§À`m
Ho$bs AmhoV. `mZ§VaMm H$mi hm Vm_«nmfmU Eo[Vhm[gH$ d gm§ñH¥$[VH$ dmQ>MmbsMm AmT>mdm
g§ñH¥$VsMm ([g¨Yy-gañdVs d hS>ßnm-g§ñH¥$VsMm KoVbm Amho. `m[edm` AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zs
H$mi) VWm[n, hs CËI[ZV ñWim§À`m ~imda _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[VhmgmÀ`m d g§ñH¥$VsÀ`m
AmYmabobs Agë`mZo AÚmn gm_mÝ` dmMH$mn`ªV doJdoJù`m H$mimda, n¡byda VWm d¡km[ZH$ d
nmohmoMbs ZmhsV. [edm` Ë`mdarb ~hwVm§e boIZ d¡Mm[aH$ dmQ>Mmbsda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ
Am[U àH$meZ B§J«Os ^mfoV Pmë`mZo Vo Ho$bm Amho. VWm[n, `mdarb ~hwVm§e [bImU B§J«Os
gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m AmdmŠ`m~mhoaMo Amho. ^mfoV Agë`mZo Vo OZ-gm_mÝ`m§n`ªV åhUmdo Vgo
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m B[Vhmg boIZmMo AmOda AZoH$ nmPabo Zmhs. Ago Agbo Var AÚmnhs `m
à`ËZ Pmbo. AJXs B§J«Os Am_XmZsnmgyZ Aem VWm[n ñdV:À`m amOH$maUmg nmofH$ Aes ~¡R>H$ joÌmVsb ~aMgo H$m`© ~mH$s Amho. AmÎmmn`ªV
àH$maMo à`ËZ Pmë`mMo AmT>iVmV. VWm[n, V`ma H$ê$Z KoVbs Am[U Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Vo Pmboë`m [bImUmVyZ _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m Jm¡adembs
Ë`m§À`m [bImUmV Eo[Vhm[gH$ [M[H$ËgoEodOs "_m`~mn gaH$ma' `m gÝ_mZmn`ªV nmohmoMbo. Ë`m§Zs B[VhmgmMo Am[U gd© g_mdoeH$ g§ñH¥$VsMo H$mhs
^m[fH$ Ab§H$aU Am[U a§OZdmXmda A[V[aº$ ^a ^maVs`m§Zm àmMsZ B[VhmgmV nÕVesanUo Jw§VdyZ n¡by àH$memV Ambo AmhoV.
[Xë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo. ^maVs` g_mO [deofV: Ro>dbo. Ë`m ì`yhaMZoVyZ gmoÝ`mÀ`m YwamMs H$ënZm `m n¡by§Mm [dMma H$aVm Ago ñnîQ>nUo OmUdVo
_hmamîQ´>s` g_mO hm CËgd[à` g_mO Agë`mZo àg¥V Pmbs. K¥VHw$ë`m, _YwHw$ë`m H$aÊ`mgmR>s H$s ^maVmMm Eo[Vhm[gH$ àdmh Am[U _hmamîQ´>mMm
Ë`m§Zs B[VhmgmVsb a§OZdmXmg, [_WH$mg CMbyZ Eo[Vhm[gH$ àdmh ho C^`Vm g_m§Va dmhV Agbo
Yabo ho XyaXe©ZÀ`m Eo[Vhm[gH$ _m[bH$m§Zm Var, Ooìhm Ooìhm ^maVs` B[Vhmg VWm g§ñH¥$VsMm
[_iUmè`m àM§S> à[VgmXmdê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo. Ë`mMmM S>m°. am. ls. _moad§MsH$a àdmh jsU Pmbm Voìhm _hmamîQ´>mZo Vmo geº$ H$ê$Z
EH$ n[aUm_ åhUyZ Vmo H$mX§~arÀ`m Ñ[îQ>H$moZmVyZ Zì`m Omo_mZo àdm[hV Ho$ë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo. ^maVmMm
B[VhmgmH$So> nmhy bmJbm. H$mX§~ar Eo[Vhm[gH$ VwnmÀ`m VWm _YmÀ`m ZÚm dmhy bmJë`m. Am`mªMo T>mo~i (sober) B[Vhmg _m¡`mªÀ`m gÎmmJ«hUmnmgyZ
dmñVdmÀ`m [H$Vs Odi Amho hm dmXmMm _wÔm a§J-ê$n B§J«O _mUgmgmaIo dmQy> bmJbo. Am`©- gwê$ hmoVmo Vgm _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg gmVdmhZm§À`m
AmnU H$mhs H$mi ZOaoAmS> Ho$bm Var Ë`m_wio AZm`© dmX Eo[Vhm[gH$ gË` åhUyZ KwgS>Ê`mV AmJ_ZmnmgyZ gwê$ hmoVmo. _m¡`mªZs J«sH$m§Mo AmH«$_U
Ho$di YsamoXmÎm Zm`H$mÀ`m OsdZmdarb ^mdñneu Ambm. Ë`m_wio àË`oH$ ^maVs` ñdV:bm Am`© _moSy>Z H$mTy>Z CÎma ^maV EH$N>Ìs A§_bmImbs
àg§J åhUOoM B[Vhmg, Aes bmoH$YmaUm hmoÊ`mg g_OyZ AZm`m©À`m emoYmV [ZKmbm. \$moS>m Am[U AmUbm. g_«mQ> AemoH$mZo ~m¡Õ Y_m©g amOml`
H$iV ZH$iV _XV Pmbs Amho. Am[U VmoM Am_Mm PmoS>m VÎdmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z ñdV:Ms nmois ^mOyZ XoD$Z Ë`mMm OJ^a àgma Ho$bm. _mÌ, AemoH$mZ§Va
B[Vhmg Amho Ago Zì`m [nT>sbm dmQy> bmJbo Amho. KoVbs. Ë`m§Zm hds Ves [ejUnÕVs, [df`, _m¡`© gm_«mÁ`mMs nS>PS> gwê$ Pmbs Am[U H$mhs
_wimV amOm `m g§H$ënZoMm CX` "`: a§O`[V g H$m`Xo, Ý`m`g§ñWm, nmobsg `§ÌUm AmXr C^maÊ`mV XeH$m§VM Ë`mMm A§V Pmbm.
amOm:' `m_YyZ Pmbm Agë`mZo MmUmj B§J«O ^maVs`m§ZsM _XV Ho$bs Am[U ^maVs` _hmamîQ´>mV `mM H$mimV gmVdmhZm§Zs Amnbo
amÁ`H$Ë`mªZs `m a§OZdmXmMm nwaonya \$m`Xm H$ê$Z hm¡VmËå`m§À`m ~imda XmoZ OmJ[VH$ `wÕo hs gm_«mÁ` [Z_m©U H$ê$Z gmam X[jU ^maV d CÎmaoVsb
KoVë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo. CXm. gmam ^maV XwîH$mimÀ`m [O¨H$bs. hs Jm¡ad½bmZs BVH$s O~aXñV hmoVs H$s Z_©Xon`ªVMm ^yàXoe Amnë`m gm_«mÁ`mV g_m[dîQ>
ImB©V hmoanibm OmV AgVmZm 1877_Ü`o [X„sV AmVm Hw$Ro> ^maVs` Ë`m_YyZ ~mhoa `oÊ`mÀ`m Ho$bm.
gd© g§ñWm[ZH$m§Mm _oimdm ^adyZ [~«Q>ZÀ`m amUsbm V`marbm bmJbm Amho. _hmamîQ´>s` g_mOhs `mbm Am§VaamîQ´>s` ì`mnma joÌmV [deofV: dómoÚmoJmV
"H¡$ga-E-[hÝX' hm gÝ_mZ àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. AndmX ZìhVm. AOyZhs `oWsb g_mO _Ü``wJmÀ`m EH$m[YH$ma àñWm[nV H$ê$Z ì`mnmadmXmMm
`m g_ma§^mg ^maVmVsb V_m_ g§ñWm[ZH$ ì`{º$e: nbsH$So> AmnUmg H$mhs B[Vhmg Amho ho _mÝ` Am[dîH$ma Ho$bm. gmè`m J«sH$ d amo_Z ~mOmanoR>m
hOa hmoVo. `mdê$Z a§OZdmX [H$Vs Imobda éObm H$aÊ`mg \$magm CËgwH$ Zmhs. H$m~sO H$ê$Z _hmamîQ´>mV àM§S> g§nÎms IoMyZ
Amho ho OmUdVo. hoM amOH$s` njmVsb AmÎmmn`ªV _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg d g§ñH¥$Vsda AmUbs. Ë`m§Zshs ~m¡Õ Y_m©g Aml` XoD$Z ì`mnma
KamUoemhsMo _yi hmo`. boIZ H$aÊ`mMm AZoH$ doim à`ËZ Pmbm. Ë`m_Ü`o d H¥$fs joÌmV H«$m§Vs KS>dyZ AmUbs. Ë`m§Zs eH$,
B§J«Om§Zs B[Vhmg boIZmgmR>s EH$ [dn`©ñV e§.Xm. n|S>go, (_hmamîQ´>mMm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[Vhmg), jÌn `m naH$s` eÌy§Mo [ZXm©bZ Ho$bo. H$bm d
86 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
1. _hmamîQ´>mMo àmJ¡[Vhm[gH$ n`m©daU, _hmamîQ´> (g§nm.)
B[Vhmg Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs-e§.Z.amOJwé d BVa _hÎdmMo J«§W 66._hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg _Ü``wJsZ H$mbI§S> ^mJ
2. _hmamîQ´>mVsb CËIZZo, _hmamîQ´> EH$ nwamVËds` 1-2- Jmo.Í`§.Hw$bH$Uu (g§nm.)
g_mbmoMZ, _hmamîQ´> Am[U Jmodm. Vm_«nQ> Am[U Jm§dJmS>m-[Ì.Zm.AmÌo amYm-_mYd [dH$mgM§ny, B[Vhmg d Eo[Vhm[gH$,
[ebmboIm§Ms gyMs - em§.^m.Xod 33.`mXdH$mbsZ _hmamîQ´>-_w.J.nmZgo noedo XáaI§S>, [ddmhg§ñWoMm 67.B[Vhmg-
3. gmVdmhZ Z¥n[V Am[U n{íM_s jÌn `m§Mm 34._amR>s bmoH$m§Ms g§ñH¥$Vs , _hmamîQ´> EH$ [d.H$m.amOdmSo> (g§nm.)
B[Vhmg d H$moard boI, dmH$mH$Q> Z¥n[V d Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg-BamdVs H$d} 68.[dO`ZJa ñ_maH$ J«§W-H$a_aH$a(d BVa)
H$mi [ebmha Z¥n[V d Ë`m§Mm H$mi - 35._mZgmo„mg-[edeoIa [_l (AZw.) 69._amR>çm§Mm B[Vhmg I§S> 1 Vo 3-
dm.[d.[_ames 36._wgb_mZ nyduMm _hmamîQ´> ^mJ 1-2, A.am.Hw$bH$Uu,J.h.Iao (g§nm.)
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[gÕJ«§W hmoV. `oWo [edH$mbmÀ`m B[VhmgmÀ`m eodQ>s _amR>s dmMH$m§À`m ZOaog EH$ JmoîQ> AmUy
[gÕJ«§WmMs gyMs XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Amho. bhmZ_moRo> Ago [H$Vs J«§W Pmbo, `mMmhs H$gyZ B{ÀN>Vmo. Vs åhUOo hs gyMs H$mhs A§[V_ Zìho.
hs gyMs \$º$ _amR>sV à[gÕ Pmboë`m J«§Wm§Ms emoY ¿`m`bm hdm. _mÂ`m A§XmOmZwgma Aem Ë`mV H$mhs _hÎdmÀ`m J«§Wm§Mm Zm_[ZX}e amhyZhs
Amho. B§J«Os, nmoVw©JsO, \«o§$M, \$maes BË`mXs J«§Wm§Ms g§»`m ghO 500n`ªV Omds. AWm©V, `mV Jobm Agob. Zìho, Ves A[YH$ eŠ`Vm Amho. `m
naH$s` ^mfm§Vsb J«§Wm§Mm `mV g_mdoe Ho$bobm B[Vhmgmbm dm[hbobs Ì¡_m[gHo$ d N>moQ>çm_moR>çm _`m©Xo[Zes dmMH$m§Zs `m gyMsMo AdbmoH$Z H$amdo,
Zmhs. H$maU Vgm Vmo A[^àoV Zmhs. Iao åhUOo nw{ñVH$m§Mmhs g_mdoe H$amdm bmJob. hs [dZ§Vs.
[edH$mbmda AmVmn`ªV gd© àH$maMo [_iyZ àñVwVÀ`m gyMsV _mbmoOsamOo ^mogbo (gyMr nwT>rb nmZmda)
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 89
_mbmoOsamOo, ehmOsamOo 34. [edamOmgs AmR>dmdo 64. _hmamUs Vmam~mB© - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
d amO_mVm [OOm~mB© - emgH$s` _Ü`dVu _wÐUmb`. 65. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ
1. _mbmoOsamOo Am[U ehmOs _hmamO `m§Ms 32. _amR>çm§Mm B[Vhmg : I§S> 1 d 2 - g§nm. - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
[d[M[H$ËgH$ M[aÌo - dm.gs. ~|Ðo àm. J.h. Iao d S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu 66. goZmnVs g§VmOs KmoanSo>
2. _amR>s [a`mgV : I§S> 1 : ehmOsamOo ^mogbo - (_hmamîQ´> [dÚmnsR> J«§W[Z[_©Vs _§S>i) - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma.
Jmo.g. gaXogmB© 33. N>ÌnVs [edmOs - gæ`X A_sZ. 67. N>ÌnVs amOmam_ d Vmam~mB©
3. ls ehmOsamOo ^mogbo - lsYa VobH$a 34. [edH$ë`mU amOm - ~mi gm_§V. - S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo.
4. ehmOsamOo ^mogbo - S>m°. Eg.E. ~mhoH$a 35. ls amOm [edN>ÌnVs : I§S> 1 Vo 3 68. KmoS>Xm¡S> g§VmOsMs - à^mH$a ^mdo.
5. amO_mVm [OOm~mB© - _m.gm§. H$Þ_dma - JOmZZ ^mñH$a _oh|Xio. 69. A{ÛVs` goZmZs g§VmOs KmoanSo>
6. amîQ´>_mVm [OOmD$ - S>m°. Eg.E. ~mhoH$a 36. N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO-S>m°. à.Z. Xoenm§So>. - ~mimgmho~ _mZo.
7. [OOmD$gmho~ - _XZ nmQ>sb 37. doY _hm_mZdmMm - S>m°. ls[Zdmg gm_§V. 70. aUPw§Pma goZmnVs g§VmOs KmoanSo>
8. [dídd§Ú [OOmD$ - àm. CÕd H$moino 38. [edemhsMm emoY - àm. dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a. - _hoe V|SwbH$a.
N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO 39. [edmOs H$moU hmoVm? - H$m°. Jmo[d¨X nmZgao. ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~
9. _amR>çm§Ms ~Ia : _yi J«§W (History of the 40. j[Ì`Hw$bmdV§§g N>ÌnVr [edmOs _hmamO - 71. Am¡a§JOo~mMm B[Vhmg : (A Short History of
Maharashtra - Ooåg J«±Q> àm. am.Am. H$X_. Aurangzib) ga OXwZmW gaH$ma : AZw. S>m°. ^.J. Hw$§Qo>
S>\$ : AZw. H°$. So>[dS> Ho$nZ. 41. [edN>ÌnVs - EH$ _mJmodm - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd 72. [Z`VsÀ`m [di»`mV Am¡a§JOo~ - n§. goVw_mYdamd
10. _amR>s gÎmoMm CX` : _yi J«§W- (Rise of the ndma. nJS>s.
Maratha Power) Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZSo> 42. [edM[aÌmnmgyZ Amåhs H$m` [eH$mdo? - S>m°. 73. Am¡a§JOo~ : eŠ`Vm Am[U emoH$m§[VH$m - adtÐ
AZw.- àm. Z.a. \$mQ>H$. O`[g¨Jamd ndma. JmoS>~mobo.
11. _amR>s [a`mgV I§S> 1 : eH$H$Vm© [edmOs - 43. _amRo>emhsMo A§Va§J - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma. JS>H$moQ> - [H$„o
Jmo.g. gaXogmB©. 44. eH$H$V} ls amOm [edN>ÌnVs 74. _hmamîQ´>mMs YmamVsW} - n§. _hmXodemós Omoes.
12. Aìdb _amR>emhsMo A§V:ñdê$n : B.g. - am.Zm. MìhmU. 75. XwJ©^«_U JmWm - Jmo.[Z. Xm§So>H$a.
1644 - 1707 - Jmo.g. gaXogmB© 45. [edN>ÌnVs : g_O - Ang_O 76. [H$„o - Jmo.[Z. Xm§So>H$a.
13. j[Ì`Hw$bmdV§g N>Ìn[V [edmOs _hmamO `m§Mo - AmZ§X KmoanSo>. 77. ObXwJmªÀ`m ghdmgmV - à.Ho$. KmUoH$a.
M[aÌ - H¥$.A. Ho$iygH$a. 46. à[V - B[Vhmg, ([ed- B[VhmgmMo 78. gmX gømÐsMs, ^Q>H§$Vs [H$ëë`m§Ms - à.
14. ls [edmOs _hmamO - dm.H¥$. ^mdo gË`ñdê$n) - M§ÐeoIa [eIao. Ho$. KmUoH$a.
15. [edmOs d [edH$mb (_yi J«§W- Shivaji 47. [edmOs N>ÌnVs - í`m_H$m§V OmYd. 79. S>m|Ja`mÌm - AmZ§X nmi§Xo.
and His Times), - ga OXwZmW gaH$ma N>ÌnVs g§^mOs, N>ÌnVs amOmam_ d _hmamUs 80. XwJ© - gVse AH$mobH$moQ>.
: AZw. [d.g. dmH$gH$a. Vmam~mB© 81. JS>H$moQ> - ^JdmZ [Mbo.
16. XJb~mO [edmOs - Ho$ed gsVmam_ R>mH$ao. 48. (_amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ : B.g. 82. doY ObXwJmªMm - ^JdmZ [Mbo.
17. _amR>m ñdamÁ`g§ñWmnH$ ls [edmOs _hmamO 1681- 1707) 83. JS>[H$„o _hmamîQ´>mMo - à_moX _m§So>.
- [M§.[d. d¡Ú. 49. Y_©dsa N>ÌnVr g§^mOs_hmamO `m§Mo g§[já 84. _amR>çm§Ms YmamVsW} - àdrU ^mogbo.
18. [edmOs [Z~§Ymdbs - 1 d 2 M[aÌ - ^mD$gmho~ ndma. 84. gm§JmVs gømÐsMm - `§J [P¨Jmamo Q´>o[H¨$J Šb~.
g§nm.- Z.[M¨. Ho$iH$a d X.[d. AmnQo>, 50. N>ÌnVr g§^mOs _hmamO - dm.gs. ~|Ðo. 85. _hmamîQ´>mVsb Cno[jV XwJmªMm B[Vhmg
([edM[aÌ H$m`m©b`, nwUo) 51. [ednwÌ g§^mOs - S>m°. H$_b JmoIbo. - I§S> 1 d 2 - S>m°. Os.~s. ehm.
19. [edM[aÌ [Z~§Ymdbs - g§nm.- Z.[M¨. Ho$iH$a 52. N>ÌnVs g§^mOs ñ_maH$ J«§W 86. [edN>ÌnVtÀ`m g_mYsMm emoY d ~moY
d X.[d. AmnQo>, ([edM[aÌ H$m`m©b`, nwUo) - S>m°. O`[g¨Jamd ndma. - B§Ð[OV gmd§V.
20. _hmZ ~§S>Imoa (_yi J«§W-the Grand Rebel) 53. Ádb‚dbZVoOg g§^mOsamOm [edH$mbsZ g_mO, amOZsVs, àemgZZsVs d aUZsVs
- So>[Zg [H$ÝHo$S> : AZw. àm. ^Jd§Vamd Xoe_wI. - S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo. 87. _hmamîQ´>mMm gm_m[OH$ B[Vhmg : [edH$mbsZ
21. [MÌ_` [edmOs : `.Z. Ho$iH$a. 54. goZmnVs h§~saamd _mo[hVo - S>m°. gXm[ed [edXo. _hmamîQ´> - dm.H¥$. ^mdo.
22. ls N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO : I§S> 1 d I§S> 2 55. hwVmË_m N>ÌnVs g§^mOs amOo - S>m°. Eg.E. 88. [edmOsMs amOZsVs - ^mñH$a dm_Z ^Q>.
- dm.gs. ~|Ðo. ~mhoH$a. 89. Adm©MsZ _hmamîQ´>o[VhmgH$mbmVsb amÁ`H$ma^mamMm
23. N>ÌnVs [edmOs _hmamO 56. A{ÛVs` N>ÌnVs ls g§^mOs _hmamO : I§S> 1 Vo 3 Aä`mg - B.g. 1600 - 1680- e§.Zm. Omoes.
- nwUo [dÚmnsR> - [X.[d. H$mio. - A°S>. AZ§V [d. XmadQ>H$a. 90. N>ÌnVtMm amOH$moe, (amÁ`ì`dhmaH$moe)
24. àVmnJS>Mo `wÕ - H°$. J.dm. _moS>H$. 57. hwVmË_m g§^mOs - e§H$aamd gmd§V. - g§nm. A.X. _amRo>.
25. ls [edN>ÌnVs - Í`§.e§. eoOdbH$a. 58. ñdamÁ`ajH$ N>ÌnVs g§^mOs - AmZ§X 91. _amR>m A§_bmMo ñdê$n - S>m°. [d.Jmo. Imo~aoH$a
26. _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg : _amR>m H$mbI§S> : KmoanSo>. 92. [edH$mbsZ amOZsVs Am[U aUZsVs
[edH$mb : B.g. 1630-1707 59. [d[dY H$mbI§S>mVsb H$V¥©ËddmZ g§^mOs - - lsYa a§JZmW Hw$bH$Uu
S>m°. [d.Jmo. Imo~aoH$a. àXsn gmoiw§Ho$. 93. [edH$mbsZ _hmamîQ´> - S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu.
27. [edM[aÌ - n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s. 60. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` g_a : N>ÌnVr g§^mOs - 94. Aes hmoVs [edemhs - S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu.
28. [edM[aÌ-EH$ Aä`mg-n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s. àm. e.ls. nwam[UH$. 95. _amRo> d _hmamîQ´> - S>m°. A.am. Hw$bH$Uu.
29. ~hy AgmoV g§wXa - n§. goVw_mYdamd nJS>s. 61. _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í`g_a : N>ÌnVr amOmam_ d 96. [edN>ÌnVtMs Ý`m`ZsVs - S>m°. Q>s.Q>s. _hmOZ.
30. nwÊ`íbmoH$ N>ÌnVr [edmOs : I§S> 1 Vo 4 - Vmam~mB© - àm. e.ls. nwam[UH$. 97. _hmamOm§À`m bT>m`m - _o. _w.Zm. Omoes ([Z.)
~miemós haXmg. 62. ls N>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamO Am[U ZoV¥ËdhsZ
31. amOm [edN>ÌnVs - ~._mo. nwa§Xao. qh§Xds ñdamÁ`m§Mm _moJbm§es PJS>m g§nH©$ : 0231-23222642
32. N>ÌnVs [edam` : I§S> 1 d 2 - [dO` Xoe_wI. - dm.gs. ~|Ðo.
33. [edM[aÌmMo n¡by - _._. XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma. 63. qhXds ñdamÁ` Am[U _moJb - n§.
goVw_mYdamd nJS>s.
90 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
^md[ZH$ Am[U ~m¡[ÕH$ _mZX§S>
dm L>²_`[Z[_©Vs XmoZ àH$maMs AgVo.
[Zìdi d¡Mm[aH$ ImÚ nwa[dÊ`mè`m
J«§Wm§Mo godZ H$aUmam dJ© àË`oH$
^sS> AmS>ds `oVo. åhUyZM H$moUsVar A[^OmV
gm[hË`mMs `mXs H$amd`mg hds hmoVs. AWm©V,
Aem àH$maMs `mXs H$aUo ho WmoSo> YmS>gmMoM H$m_
"_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'Zo à[gÕ Ho$boë`m XsS>eo
[ZdS>H$ d Ë`mZ§Va dmMH$m§À`m [e\$magtda
AmYmaboë`m OmoS>-`mXsVsb gÎmmdsg Aem EH§$Xa
g_mOmV bhmZM AgVmo. gO©Zesb gm[hË`hs AgVo. H$maU, A[^OmV gm[hË`mMo bjU R>a[dUo EH$eogÎ`mhÎma J«§Wm§Ms hs `mXs, n[hë`m XsS>eo
d¡Mm[aH$ ImÚ nwadVo. \$º$ Ë`m ImÚmbm H$mì` dm H$_©H$R>sU AgVo. EImÚmÀ`m AmOmamda Zo_Ho$ d J«§Wm§Ms `mXs à[gÕ H$aVmZm g§nmXH$s` [Q>ßnUs_Ü`o
H$WoMo ê$n XoD$Z nmH$H¥$Vs nMdmd`mg gmons Ho$bs _moOHo$ Cnm` EImXm d¡Ú gm§Jy eHo$b; nU, åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, "Á`m _amR>s J«§Wm§Zs _hmamîQ´>s` _Z
OmVo. [edm` d¡Mm[aH$ ImÚmV ~w[Õàm_mÊ` OmñV A[^OmV gm[hË`mMo JwU Aem Zo_Š`m d _moOŠ`m à^m[dV Ho$bo. _amR>s dmL>²_`mMm _moham ~Xbbm,
AgVo Va gO©Zesb ImÚmV ^mdZmàYmZVm A[YH$ eãXm§V gm§JVm `oV ZmhsV Am[U Ë`m_wioM A[^OmV [dMmam§Ms Zds [Xem XmI[dbs, Zì`m Om[Udm
AgVo. XmoÝhs àH$maÀ`m dmL>²_`[Z[_©VsV g§»`mË_H$ [Z_m©U Ho$ë`m, Zdm gm[hË`àH$ma ê$T> Ho$bm, VgoM
A§Va [OVHo$ H$_s AgVo [VVH$m Vmo g_mO AéU [Q>Ho$H$a Oo J«§W _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m ^md[ZH$ Am[U ~m¡[ÕH$
gm§ñH¥$[VH$ÑîQ>çm A[YH$ ls_§V hmoVmo. Amnë`m [dH$mg_mJm©V _mZX§S> hmoD$Z am[hbo. WmoS>Š`mV,
g_mOmV ~w[Õàm_mÊ`dmXs J«§W[Z[_©Vs H$_s à_mUmV gm[hË`mMs gmons d gai ì`m»`m H$aVm `oV Zmhs. Á`m gm[hË`H¥$Vs [nT>çmZ²[nT>çm dmMë`m Joë`m
hmoV Amho Va ^mdZmàYmZ gm[hË` A[YH$m[YH$ Mm§Jë`m gm[hË`mMo gd©_mÝ` JwU Á`m AmhoV [H¨$dm dmMë`m OmVsb Aem XsS>eo [ZdS>H$
à_mUmda [Z_m©U hmoV Amho. `mo½` à_mU amImd`mMo dmL>²_`H¥$VsV AmhoV d Os H$mimÀ`m àdmhmV J«§Wm§Ms hs H$mbmZwH«$_o Ho$bobs `mXs
Agob Va àË`oH$ g_mOKQ>H$mbm Am[W©H$ Q§>MmB©À`m [Q>Ho$b [Vbm A[^OmV åhQ>bo OmVo. dmMZmMs JmoS>s MH«$Yañdm_tÀ`m bsimM[aÌmnmgyZ Vs gwê$ Pmbs
d YmdnisÀ`m OsdZmVhs H$mhs K[Q>H$m dmMZ bmdmd`mMs Va _amR>s ^mfoVsb Aem A[^OmV Am[U WoQ> 1985V à[gÕ Pmboë`m J«§Wmn`ªV `oD$Z
H$aÊ`mgmR>s Ama[jV Ro>dUo AJË`mMo R>aob. `m gm[hË`H¥$VtMs `mXs Zì`m dmMH$mÀ`m hmVs nS>Uo Ro>nbs.
H$m_s emgZ nwañH¥$V d AÝ` g§ñWm nwañH¥$V ñdñV Amdí`H$ hmoVo, nU gdªH$f [ZH$fm§da `mXs V`ma H$mhs MmoI§Xi dmMH$m§À`m d gm[hË`J«UsÀ`m
[H¨$_VsV CnbãY H$ê$Z [Xboë`m A[^OmV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ AdKS> Amho. åhUyZM gëë`mZo V`ma Ho$bs Agbs Var Aem àH$mao \$º$
d¡Mm[aH$ d gO©Zesb gm[hË`mMm dmQ>m A[YH$ XsS>eo J«§Wm§Ms `mXs H$aUo åhUOo Zì`m dmXmbm Vm|S>
R>aUma Amho. XoUo ho "_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'À`m g§nmXH$m§Zs AmYsM
IaoVa, dmMH$mMs gX²[^éMs hs VmS>bo Agmdo. H$maU, `mM g§nmXH$s` [Q>ßnUs_Ü`o
Zoh_sÀ`m e¡j[UH$ Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ KS>V Jobs Ë`m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "_amR>s dmL>²_`mÀ`m ^mam^a
nm[hOo. nU, e¡j[UH$ [dH$mg H$s [dñVma `m noMmV g§gmamVyZ \$º$ XsS>eo _mohao [ZdS>Ê`mMo H$m_
nS>boë`m emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmVyZ [_imboë`m AWm©VM XwîH$a Amho. hs `mXs IynM [dMmanyd©H$
[ejUmVyZ ho KS>Uo eŠ` Amho Ago dmQ>V Zmhs. Ho$bobs Agbs Var Aem àH$maÀ`m `mXsV
Ë`m_wio AÝ` à`ËZm§ZsM ho KS>[dVm `oB©b, Ago EH$dmŠ`Vm AgUo eŠ` Zmhs `mMshs OmU Amho.
dmQ>Vo. [d[dY gm[hË`g§ñWm§Zs `m H$m_s nwT>mH$ma nU, hs `mXs à[gÕ H$aÊ`m_mJMm Ë`m§Mm hoVy
KoVë`mg _mJ© gwb^ hmoB©b. àH$meH$m§Zs Ho$di gwOmU d BÀNw>H$ _amR>s dmMH$mbm Vs _mJ©Xe©H$
Jëë`mda ÑîQ>s Ro>dy Z`o, boIH$m§Zshs "_mJUs Vgm R>amds EdT>mM Agë`mMo Ë`m§Zs åhQ>bo Amho; Am[U
nwadR>m' ho YmoaU A§_bmV AmUy Z`o. ñdV:g H$mhs Vmo ~ìh§es `eñds Pmbm Amho ho [Z{íMV.
[Z{íMV gm§Jmd`mMo Agob VaM [bhmdo. dmQ>ë`mg hs `mXs J«§Wmbs A[^Zd dmMH$ Midi
[bhmdo hdo VodTo;> nU, Ë`mVsb _hÎdmMo VodTo>M nw{ñVHo$À`m ñdê$nmV à[gÕ H$ê$Z gm_mÝ`
à[gÕ H$amdo. ho gd© gm§JUo gmono Amho `mMs H$ënZm dmMH$m§À`m hmVs XoV Amho d AYw§H$ COoS> XoUmè`m
Amho. nU, gdmªZs Amnë`m boIZ d [dMma nUVsbm A[YH$ _m[hVsÀ`m ê$nmZo A[YH$ _moR>s
ñdmV§Í`mbm AmnU hmoD$Z [H$_mZ XOm©Ms _`m©Xm VobdmV bmdyZ Ro>dV Amho. hmhs gm_mÝ`
KmbyZ KoVë`m[edm` [MÌ nmbQo>b Ago [XgV dmMH$mÀ`m ÑîQ>sZo Mm§Jbm `moJm`moJ Amho. `m
Zmhs. "_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'Zo 29 OyZ 1986À`m VobdmVsÀ`m nUVsMo ê$nm§Va A[YH$ àH$me
a[ddmaÀ`m A§H$mV XsS>eo _amR>s gm[hË`boÊ`m§Ms gd©gmYmaUnUo _mÝ` hmoB©b Aes `mXs H$amd`mMo XoUmè`m [Xì`mV hmodmo. _amR>s dmMH$m§Ms Am[U
`mXs N>mnÊ`mMm Omo CnH«$_ Ho$bm Vmo _bm ì`{º$e: AZoH$ à`ËZ Pmbo, Varhs ~hwVm§e A`eñds Pmbo. Ë`mVhs gwOmU dmMH$m§Ms g§»`m dmT>mo. _amR>s
ñdmJVmh© AemgmR>s dmQ>bm H$s, Ho$di A[^OmV Aes `mXs V`ma H$ê$Z Vs à[gÕ H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g boIH$ d àH$meH$m§Zm g§»`mË_H$ ÑîQ>snojm XOm©À`m
gm[hË` dmMm AWdm nyd©gwatMo ^mZ Ro>dm Ago "_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg'À`m g§nmXH$m§Zs XmI[dbo. `m ÑîQ>sZo _amR>s dmL>²_` g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mMo ^m½` bm^mo
gm§JÊ`mZo gm_mÝ` dmMH$mbm \$mago [X½Xe©Z hmoUmao Ë`m§À`m `eñds à`ËZmMo ñdmJV Pmbo. _w»` åhUOo hsM BÀN>m.
Zmhs. dmMZmMs AmdS> AgUmè`mbm ~è`mMXm d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hs `mXs gm_mÝ` (‘amR>rVrb gm[hË` boUr `m nw{ñVHo$Vrb
H$m` dmMmdo ho H$iV Zmhs. H$moUmg [dMmamdo Va dmMH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMbs. àñVmdUoMm H$mhr ^mJ. g§nyU© `mXr nwT>rb nmZm§da)
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 91
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[ZdSH$> J«§Wm§Ms hr `mXs _hmamîQ´> Q>mBågÀ`m [X. 29 OyZ 1986À`m a[ddma Amd¥ÎmsV à[gÕ Pmbs hmoVs. Vr V`ma
Ho$br hmoVr : JmoqdX VidbH$a, nw.b. Xoenm§S>o, AéU AmR>ë`o Am{U AéU {Q>Ho$H$a `m ‘mÝ`dam§Zr!
hr ‘m{hVr AmVm àW‘M dmMH$m§g‘moa `oV Amho.
bsimM[aÌ -------------------- dmB©H$a ^Q>Os --------------------
ls. MH«$Yañdm_s _w§~B©Mo dU©Z YZwYm©ar (am.[d. [Q>Ho$H$a) XwX£ds a§Jy AWdm
boIZH$mi eHo$ 1208 nydu Jmo[d¨X Zmam`U _mS>JmdH$a nyU©M§ÐmoX`, ~S>moXo, 1898 nm[ZnVMm eodQ>Mm g§J«m_
_hmamîQ´> amÁ` gm[hË` g§ñH¥$Vs _§S>i, B§XwàH$me, 1863 -------------------- qMVm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú
_w§~B©, 1978 -------------------- g§JsV emaXm [MÌemim, nwUo, 1914
-------------------- bmoH$[hVdmXtMs eVnÌo Jmo[d¨X ~„mi Xodb --------------------
Zm_XodmMo A^§J Jmonmi har Xoe_wI Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1899 [Q>iH$m§Ms H$[dVm
Zm_Xod (eHo$ 1192-1272) à[gÕs-1848-1850 -------------------- aoìh. Zmam`U dm_Z [Q>iH$
B§[Xam, nwUo g§nmXH$-lsnmX am_M§Ð [Q>Ho$H$a, H$mi nÌmVsb [ZdS>H$ [Z~§Y _m¡O, _w§~B©, 1940
eHo$ 1830 Cfm àH$meZ, Am¢Y, 1940 [edam_ _hmXod nam§Ono --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- boIZH$mb-1900 Vo 1908, nwUo JmdJmS>m
kmZoûdar _moMZJS> (n[hbs Eo[ Vhm[gH$ -------------------- Í`§~H$ Zmam`U AÌo
kmZoûda (kmZXod) H$mX§~ar) g§JsV gm¡^Ð Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1915
boIZH$mi-eHo$ 1212 am_M§Ð [^H$mOs Jw§OsH$a AÊUmgmho~ [H$bm}ñH$a, 1882 --------------------
-------------------- nwéfmoÎm_ Jmo[d¨X ZmS>H$Uu, Z°eZb, -------------------- am[JUs AWdm
VwH$mam_~mdm§À`m A^§Jm§Ms JmWm _w§~B©, 1871 _mPm àdmg H$mì`emó[dZmoX
VwH$mam_ -------------------- AWdm gZ 1857 gmbÀ`m dm._. Omoes
boIZH$mb-eHo$ 1546 Z§Va eoVH$è`mMm AmgyS> ~§S>mMs h{H$H$V _Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1915
-------------------- _hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo, 1883 [dîUw^Q> JmoS>go --------------------
Xmg~moY -------------------- g§nmXH$-[M¨Vm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú Ho$edgwV `m§Ms H$[dVm
g_W© am_Xmg ^{º$_mJ©àXsn B§XwàH$me, _w§~B©, 1907 H¥$îUmOs Ho$ed Xm_bo
aMZmH$mb-eHo$ 1581 g§J«m. b.am. nm§JmaH$a -------------------- OiJmd, 1916
-------------------- VÎd[ddoMH$, _w§~B©, 1904 Am_À`m Am`wî`mVsb --------------------
ZdZsV -------------------- H$mhs AmR>dUs _amRo> d B§J«O
g§nmXH$-naewam_ ~„mi JmoS>~mobo [Z~§Y_mbm a_m~mB© amZSo> _amRo>emhsMo eVgm§dËg[aH$
gaH$mar [dÚmImVo, _w§~B©, 1858 [dîUwemós [MniyUH$a _w§~B© d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1910 dmL>²_`lmÕ
-------------------- ls[edmOs, nwUo -------------------- Zag[g¨h [M¨Vm_U Ho$iH$a
`_wZmn`©Q>Z AWdm am_OmoesH¥$V bmdÊ`m H$sMH$dY [MÌemim, OJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1918
qhXwñWmZmVsb [dYdm§À`m am_Omoes (1758-1812) H¥$îUmOs à^mH$a Im[S>bH$a --------------------
{ñWVsMo [Zê$nU OJ{hVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1889 [MÌemim, nwUo, 1907 ls_Ý_hm^maVmMo _amR>s
~m~m nX²_ZOs, Q>m°_g J«°h_ `mMm N>m. -------------------- -------------------- gwag ^mfm§Va
_w§~B©, 1857 ^mD$gmho~m§Ms ~Ia gwXmå`mMo nmoho `m J«§WmMm Cng§hma (^mJ 10dm)
-------------------- H¥$îUmOs í`m_amd AWm©V AR>am YmÝ`m§Mo H$S>~moio qMVm_U [dZm`H$ d¡Ú, nwUo, 1918
doXmoº$Y_©àH$me g§nmXH$-H$m.Zm. gmZo, lsnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a --------------------
[dîUw~m~m ~«÷Mmar [edmOs, nwUo, 1886 _w§~B© d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1910 _wº$mË_m
JUnV H¥$îUmOs, _w§~B© -------------------- -------------------- J.Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a, 1933
eHo$ 1781 Á`mo[V[d©bmg AWdm Vm§~o `m§Ms g_` H$[dVm _hmamîQ´> gmañdV
-------------------- amÌsMs XmoZ KQ>H$m _m¡O ^mñH$a am_M§Ð Vm§~o, 1935 [dZm`H$ bú_U ^mdo
AmkmnÌ e§H$a ~miH¥$îU Xs[jV, nwUo Am`m©^maV [d.Jmo. [dOmnyaH$a, H$moëhmnya,
am_M§Ðn§V A_mË` ~mdSo>H$a -------------------- _moamon§V namS>H$a 1898-99
boIZH$mb-21-11-1716 nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo? boIZH$mi 1772 Vo 1782 --------------------
-------------------- har Zmam`U AmnQo> -------------------- EH$M ß`mbm
Wmoabo _mYdamd noedo Am`©^yfU, nwUo, AmË_d¥Îm am_ JUoe JS>H$ar
[dZm`H$ OZmX©Z H$sV©Zo 1893 Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} [MÌemim, nwUo, 1919
B§XwàH$me N>mnImZm, 1861 -------------------- _Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1915 --------------------
92 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
dm½d¡O`§Vs(H$mì`g§J«h) Zm[gH$ `oWsb ñdmV§Í`emhsa ñ_¥[V[MÌo --------------------
Jmo[d¨XmJ«O (am_ JUoe JS>H$ar) H$ds JmoqdX `m§Ms H$[dVm bú_s~mB© [Q>iH$ _mÂ`m AmR>dUs d AZw^d
OmJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1921 JmoqdX Í`§~H$ XaoH$a, 1930 Ho$.[^. T>dio, _w§~B©, 1940 H$_©dsa [dÇ>b am_Os [e¨Xo
-------------------- -------------------- -------------------- hZw_mZ, nwUo, 1940
bmo. [Q>iH$m§Mo Ho$garVsb boI nmonQ>n§Ms H$m[bXmg --------------------
~mi J§JmYa [Q>iH$ O`H¥$îU Ho$ed CnmÜ`o dm.[d. [_ames YwŠ`mVyZ bmb Vmè`mH$So>
Ho$gar-_amR>m g§ñWm, nwUo, 1922 _hmamîQ´> n{ãb[e¨J hmD$g, nwUo, Zd^maV J«§W_mbm, ZmJnya, 1934 AZ§V H$mUoH$a, 1940
-------------------- 1929 -------------------- --------------------
gJZ^mD$H¥$V bmdÊ`m d nmodmSo> -------------------- Kam~mhoa Cno[jVm§Mo A§Va§J
g§nm. Jmonmi Jmo[d¨X A[YH$mar ~«m÷UH$Ý`m àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo ls._. _mQo>, nwUo, 1941
hZw_mZ, nwUo, 1924 lsYa ì`§H$Qo>e Ho$VH$a _w§~B©, 1934 --------------------
-------------------- _w§~B©, 1930 -------------------- Am`mªÀ`m gUm§Mm àmMsZ d
[ZdoXZ (AmË_ M[aÌna J«§W) -------------------- \w$bm§Ms Am§oOi Adm©MsZ B[Vhmg
Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s \w$bdmV ~s. (Zmam`U _wabsYa Jwáo) F$½doXs (dm_Z _§Joe Xw^mfs)
_Zmoa§OZ, _w§~B©, 1924 A[Zb (AmË_mam_ amdOs Xoenm§So>) 1934 à^mH$a, _w§~B©, 1942
-------------------- lsJUoe, nwUo, 1962 -------------------- --------------------
[edN>ÌnVs `m§Ms g^mgX -------------------- í`m_Ms AmB© Hw$bdYy
~Ia JwOJmoîQ>s gmZo JwéOs (nm§Sw>a§J gXm[ed gmZo) _mo.J. am§JUoH$a
H¥$îUmOs AZ§V g^mgX Zmam`U gsVmam_ \$S>Ho$ bmoH$g§J«h, nwUo, 1943 à^m Am[U H§$nZs, _w§~B©, 1942
Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1923 g_W© ^maV, nwUo, 1933 -------------------- --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- g§nyU© AmJaH$a [Z~§Yg§J«h ~mbH$dtMs g_J« H$[dVm
amOm [edmOs YmdVm YmoQ>m Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a Í`§~H$ ~mnyOs R>mo_ao
ZmdmMs dsaagàYmZ H$[dVm ^mJ©dam_ [dÇ>b daoaH$a Am`©[dO`, nwUo, 1895 g§nm. ^m.b. nmQ>UH$a
_._mo. Hw$§Qo>, B§XwàH$me, _w§~B©, 1869 lsbú_sZmam`U, _w§~B©, 1930 -------------------- amîQ´>d¡^d, _w§~B©, 1942
-------------------- -------------------- AmYw[ZH$ ^maV --------------------
P|Sy>Ms \w$bo H$ù`m§Mo [Z:ûdmg AmMm`© e§.Xm. OmdSo>H$a [demIm
àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo [d^mdar [eéaH$a (_mbVs~mB© ls[gÕoûda, H$moëhmnya, 1938 Hw$gw_mJ«O ([d.dm. [eadmS>H$a)
lsg_W©, nwUo, 1925 ~oSo>H$a), Am`©^yfU, nwUo, 1933 -------------------- H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, 1942
-------------------- -------------------- AY©M§Ðü --------------------
[dahVa§J (XsK©H$mì`) [M_UamdmMo MèhmQ> AWdm n§[S>V gào JsVm àdMZo
_mYd Oy[b`Z (_mYd Í`§~H$ e§^ amVë`m EH$m _Zwî`mMo bmoH$g§J«h, nwUo, 1938 [dZmo~m ^mdo, 1932, na§Ym_
nQ>dY©Z) qM.am. XodKa, nwUo, AmË_M[aÌ -------------------- àH$meZ, J«m_ godm _§S>i, ndZma
1926 qMVm_U [dZm`H$ Omoes bmoH$_mVm AWm©V --------------------
-------------------- lsam_[dO`, ~S>moXo, 1933 ^maVdfm©Vsb ZÚm§Mo dU©Z H$mhs H$[dVm
aUXw§Xw[^ -------------------- XÎmmÌ` ~miH¥$îU D$\©$ H$mH$m ~m.gs. _T}>H$a, `wJdmUs àH$meZ,
dm_Zamd Omoes [XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>m H$mbobH$a _w§~B©, 1947
lsJUoe, nwUo, 1927 e§H$a H$m[eZmW JJ} -------------------- --------------------
-------------------- Am`©^yfU, nwUo aUm§JU XyYgmJa
_mPo am_m`U -------------------- [dlm_ ~oSo>H$a ~m.^. ~moaH$a, H$Zm©Q>H$, _w§~B©,
XÎmmo AßnmOs VwiOmnyaH$a AmOH$mbMm _hmamîQ´> Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1939 1947
lsbú_sZmam`U, _w§~B©, 1927 à^mH$a nmÜ`o -------------------- --------------------
-------------------- gmhm.-ls.am. [Q>Ho$H$a nmUH$im amd~hmXya XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§J
Xm¡bV ^maV Jm¡ad J«§W_mbm Z§. 100, a.dm. [XKo, AmË_M[aÌ d M[aÌ
Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$, [dO`, nwUo, 1929 1935 g_W© ^maV, nwUo, 1939 g§nm. AZ§V H$mH$~m [à`moiH$a
_mPs OÝ_Ro>n Am§Yù`mMs emim _mPm g§JsV ì`mg§J _mUXoes _mUg§
[dZm`H$ Xm_moXa gmdaH$a lsYa [dZm`H$ dV©H$ Jmo[d¨Xamd Q|>~o ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a
Ho$.E_. [gZH$a, _w§~B©, 1927 VÎd[ddoMH$, _w§~B©, 1943 [H$bm}ñH$a N>mnImZm, A[^Zd àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1949
-------------------- -------------------- [H$bm}ñH$admS>s, 1939 --------------------
bmoH$_mÝ` [Q>iH$ `m§Mo M[aÌ XmoZ Yw«d -------------------- gVamdo df©
Za[g¨h [M¨Vm_U Ho$iH$a [d.g. Im§So>H$a, Xoe_wI Am[U H$mhs åhmVmao d EH$ åhmVmar nw.^m. ^mdo, H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ,
OJ{ÕVoÀNw>, nwUo, 1923 H§$nZs, AmZ§X, nwUo, 1949 [d.X. KmQo>, ñd{ñVH$ n{ãb[e¨J gwb^, nwUo, 1949
-------------------- -------------------- hmD$g, _w§~B©, 1939 --------------------
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 93
Zds _idmQ> eod½`mÀ`m e§oJm ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo> BamdVs H$d}
eaíM§Ð _w{º$~moY `.Jmo. Omoes nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963 Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1967
gwéMs, ZmJnya, 1949 `ed§V àH$meZ, 1955 -------------------- --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- ñdm_s _hmË_m OmoVsamd \w$bo :
~mi J§JmYaemós Om§^oH$a ls_§V aU[OV XogmB© Am_À`m g_mOH«$m§VsMo OZH$
(1812-1846) [dO` V|Sw>bH$a Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1962 YZ§O` H$sa
`m§Mo OsdZd¥Îm d boIZg§J«h _w§~B©, 1955 -------------------- nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©
g§nm. J.J§. Om§^oH$a -------------------- _mÂ`m AmR>dUs --------------------
bmoH$[ejU H$m`m©b`, nwUo, 1950 F$VwMH«$ nm§Sw>a§J [M_UmOs nmQ>sb [ZdS>H$ R>UR>Unmi
-------------------- XwJm© ^mJdV _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, 1964 O`d§V Xids
g§VdmL>²_`mMs gm_m[OH$ \$blwVs nm°ß`wba ~wH$ So>nmo, _w§~B©, 1956 -------------------- _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1969
J§.~m. gaXma -------------------- MH«$ --------------------
_hmamîQ´> gm[hË` n[afX, nwUo, 1950 JsVam_m`U O`d§V Xids g_mYs d BVa ghm JmoîQ>s
-------------------- J.[X. _mS>JyiH$a _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963 [XdmH$a H¥$îU ([XdmH$a H¥$îU
d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm [dH$mg _m[hVs d Z^modmUs -------------------- Ho$iH$a)
bú_Uemós Omoes _§Ìmb`, [X„s, 1957 AmYw[ ZH$ Am¡Ú mo[JH$ ^maVmMo Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1949
àmk nmR>emim _§S>i, dmB©, 1972 -------------------- [eënH$ma dmbM§X [hamM§X, --------------------
-------------------- ~hwê$ns ì`º$s, H$mi d H$V¥©Ëd Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo
H$_iU qMVm_Uamd H$moëhQ>H$a J§.Xo. ImbmobH$a JmoXmdar néioH$a
AaqdX JmoIbo 1957 eoQ> dmbM§X [hamM§X _o_mo[a`b Q´>ñQ>, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, 1970
-------------------- _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B© _w§~B©, 1965 --------------------
~[hUmB©Ms JmUs -------------------- -------------------- am_ZJar
~[hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar n§[S>VamO OJÞmW _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm CËH$f© am_ ZJaH$a
Á`moVs [n[aAm°[S>H$ëg, _w§~B©, 1952 [dÚmYa JmoIbo _hmXod Jmo[d¨X amZSo> _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1975
------------------ _w§~B© AZwdmX-Z.a. \$mQ>H$ --------------------
Jma§~sMm ~mny -------------------- -------------------- ZQ>g_«mQ>
ls.Zm. n|S>go YJ EH$ eyÝ` ~mOsamd [d.dm. [eadmS>H$a
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1952 CÕd O. eoiHo$ qM. Í`§. ImZmobH$a nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1971
-------------------- nm°ß`wba àH$meZ _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1966 --------------------
esi 1960 -------------------- JmoVmdim
Zm.K. Xoenm§So>, 1954 -------------------- _mPo [dÚmnsR> AmZ§X `mXd
-------------------- AZm[_H$mMs [M¨V[ZH$m Zmam`U gwd} _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1971
_¥XJ§Y nw.`. Xoenm§So> nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1966 --------------------
qdXm H$a§XsH$a -------------------- -------------------- Yma Am[U H$mR>
nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1954 nm[ZnV 1761 ~Q>mQ>çmMs Mmi Zaha Hw$é§XH$a
-------------------- Í`§.e§. eoOdiH$a nw.b. Xoenm§So> Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo
VbmdmVsb Mm§XUo Omoes Am[U bmoI§So> àH$meZ, nwUo, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1958 --------------------
J§JmYa JmS>Jsi 1961 -------------------- AR>ameo gÎmmdZMo
bmImUs ~wH$ So>nmo, _w§~B©, 1954 -------------------- AmXe© ^maV godH$ ñdmV§Í`g_a
-------------------- gm[dÌs Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIbo `m§Mo M[aÌ ñdmV§Í`dsa [d.Xm. gmdaH$a
Xod Mmbbo nw.{e. aoJo Z.a. \$mQ>H$ 1909
[X.~m. _moH$mes, 1961 Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1971 _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1967 --------------------
nS>Kdbs ì`º$s Am[U d„s amZmVë`m H$[dVm H$mOi_m`m
Jmo.Zs. Xm§So>H$a nw.b. Xoenm§So> Zm.Ym|. _hmZmoa Os.E. Hw$iH$Uu
1956 Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1967 nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1972
_m¡O àH$meZ J«h, _w§~B© -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
-------------------- am`JS>mbm Ooìhm OmJ `oVo g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m H$[dVm a§J _mPm doJim
_|Xs dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a J«og (_m[UH$ JmoS>KmQo>) gwaoe ^Q>
B§[Xam g§V nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1962 nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1967 _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1974
H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, 1955 -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
-------------------- H$mogbm `wJmÝV eyÐ nydu H$moU hmoVo?
94 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
^s_amd am_Os D$\©$ ~m~mgmho~ g§dmX ZdOsdZ, nwUo, 1948 em_amB©
Am§~oS>H$a [dO`m amOmÜ`j -------------------- í`m_amd AmoH$
AZwdmX-Mm§JXod ^dmZamd I¡a_moSo> J«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B© _s H$gm Pmbmo? H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo
gwJV àH$meZ, ZmJnya -------------------- AmMm`© àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo --------------------
-------------------- JsVmahñ` 1953 nmoV
ZjÌm§Mo XoUo bmoH$_mÝ` ~mi J§JmYa [Q>iH$ naMwao àH$meZ _§[Xa, _w§~B© X.J. JmoS>go
AmaVs à^y ([M¨.Í`§. ImZmobH$a) [MÌemim, nwUo, 1915 -------------------- nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1963
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1975 dsaYdb ~ZJadmS>s n[WH$, Z.[d. JmS>Jsi (H$mH$mgmho~
-------------------- ZmW _mYd (ÛmaH$mZmW _mYd ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JyiH$a JmS>Jsi), 1964-65
^maVs` [ddmhg§ñWoMm B[Vhmg [nVio) am_H¥$îU, _w§~B©, 1923 _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1955 --------------------
[d.H$m. amOdmSo> -------------------- -------------------- AmZ§Xs Jmonmi
boIZH$mb-1923-24 Z nQ>Umar JmoîQ> amOm [edN>ÌnVs ls.O. Omoes
àmJ[VH$ nwñVH$ àH$meZ, nwUo, Zmam`U har AmnQo> ~._mo. nwa§Xao _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1968
1976 JmodY©Z, nwUo, 1923 nwa§Xao àH$meZ, nwUo, 1983 --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- -------------------- `wÕ-ZoV¥Ëd
~bwV§ `emoYZ ``mVs [X.[d. JmoIbo
X`m ndma H$ds `ed§V (`ed§V [XZH$a [d.g. Im§So>H$a _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1966
J«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B© n|T>aH$a) [dO`, nwUo, 1929 Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo, 1959 --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ls_mZ `moJs
AmR>dUtMo njs JsVmB© [Oßgs aU[OV XogmB©
à.B©. gmoZH$m§~io AmMm`© [dZmo~m ^mdo _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a Xoe_wI Am[U H§$nZs, nwUo
MoVZm àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1979 g_W©, Ywio, 1933 nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1953 --------------------
-------------------- -------------------- -------------------- _w§~B© [XZm§H$
`jm§Ms XoUJs à[V^m-gmYZ g§ñH¥$Vr-g§J_ AéU gmYy
O`§V ZmaisH$a Zm.gs. \$S>Ho$, [dO`, nwUo X.Ho$. Ho$iH$a _°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1972
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1975 -------------------- amOJwê$, nwUo, 1941 --------------------
-------------------- XmOs -------------------- gm§JË`o EoH$m
Cnam Zm.Ym|. VmåhUH$a _hmamîQ´>-g§ñH¥$Vs h§gm dmS>H$a
bú_U _mZo [H$bm}ñH$a, [H$bm}ñH$admS>s, 1938 nw.J. ghò~wÕo amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo, 1970
J«§Wmbs àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1982 _I_bsMm nS>Xm H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo, --------------------
-------------------- dg§V em§Vmam_ XogmB© 1979 emoY ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm
EH$m OÝ_mVë`m JmR>s nÙ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1947 -------------------- `.[X. \$S>Ho$
eaíM§Ð dmgwXodo [Ma_wio -------------------- ì`mgnd© ls[dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo, 1977
_°Oo{ñQ>H$ àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1985 [dkmZ~moYmMs àñVmdZm XwJm© àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1962
-------------------- ls._. _mQo> --------------------
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 95
AmUIr H$mhr g§X^©J«§W (1960-2010)
Aä`mgH$m§Zm Cn`wº$ R>aVsb Aem ÑîQ>sZo S>m°. gwf_m nm¡S>dmb, J«§Wnmb, Eg. EZ. S>s. Q>s. _[hbm [dÚmnsR> `m§Zs V`ma Ho$bobs hs gyMs!
1. H$X_ ZmJZmW Ym|. _hmamîQ´>mVsb ^Q>H$m g_mO : g§ñH¥$Vs d gm[hË` nwUo : à[V_m, 1995
2. H§$Q>H$ ào_m gË`mJ«hs _hmamîQ´> nwUo : gwb^ amîQ´>s` J«§W_mbm, 1940
3. H$mbobH$a Jmo[d¨X _§Joe _w§~B© Bbm»`m§Vsb OmVs _w§~B© : 1928
4. Ho$VH$a Hw$_ma H$Wm ñdmV§Í`mMs nwUo : _hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR>çnwñVH$ [Z[_©Vs
d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>i, 1985.
5. IS>noH$a [dZ`m ós ñdmV§Í`dm[XZs : _w§~B© : nm°ß`wba, 1991
[dgmì`m eVH$mVsb n[adV©Z
6. JS>H$ar _mYd g§`wº$ _hmamîQ´> bT>çmMo _hmaWs nwUo : _Zmo[dH$mg, 1987
7. JéS> AÊUmgmho~ _hmamîQ´>mVsb g_mOgwYmaUoMm B[Vhmg Am¡a§Jm~mX : H¡$bmg nmQ>sb, 1995
8. JmS>Jsi ^m.`. AmYw[ZH$ amîQ´>dmX : ^maV d _hmamîQ´> nwUo : a[damO, 1992
9. Jm`H$dmS Za|Ð _amR>dmS>çmVsb X[bV Midi nwUo : gwJmdm, 1990
Am[U h¡Xam~mXMm ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_
10. Jmoao Jmo[d¨X Am[U _hmamîQ´>mVsb X[bV-emoY Am[U ~moY _w§~B© : ghmÜ``Z, 1973
[b_`o [eé^mD$
11. KmoS>Ho$ h._. _hmamîQ´>JmWm ^mJ. 2 nwUo : amOh§g, 2005
12. MìhmU `ed§Vamd gømÐsMo dmao _w§~B© : _hmamîQ´> emgZ, 1962
13. Mm¡Yar Ho$.Ho$. Pw§Oma nwUo : dgmhVdmX d gm_m[OH$ [df_Voes bT>m nwUo : H$m°{ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b, 2008
14. Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ ZdamÌ _w§~B© : bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 2000
15. Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ _hmË_m \w$bo Am[U eoVH$ar Midi _w§~B© : bmoH$dmL>²_` J¥h, 1998
16. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU Eogm kmZgmJê$ : ~Ia _w§~B© [dÚmnsR>mMs _w§~B© : nm°ß`wba, 2007
17. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU (g§nm.) eha nwUo : EH$m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ g§[MVmMm _mJmodm (I§S>-2) nwUo : [Ziw^mD$ [b_`o \$mD§$So>eZ, 2000
18. [Q>Ho$H$a AéU ñWb-H$mb _w§~B© : _m¡O, 2004
19. [VWm©bs emo^m AmYw[ZH$ _hmamîQ´>mMm B[Vhmg _w§~B© : àmMs, 2000
20. XmñVmZo g§Vmof _hmamîQ´> 2003 Vo 2010 nwUo : XmñVmZo am_M§Ð Am[U H§$, 2003 Vo 2010
21. Xoenm§So dg§V dmgwXod _hmamîQ´>mMs gwdU©JmWm XmXa : J«§Wmbs, 2011
22. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) Ag§J«[hV a.Ym|. H$d} nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
23. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) [ZdS>H$ emaXoMs nÌo nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
24. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) H$d} a.Ym|. : ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmX nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
AZwdmX : _YwH$a VmoaS>_b
25. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) a.Ym|.H$d}, _Vo Am[U _Vm§Vao nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
26. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) _monm§gmÀ`m H$Wm AZwdmX : a.Ym|. H$d} nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
27. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) H$d} a.Ym|. : eof g_mOñdmñÏ` nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
28. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) "g_mOñdmñÏ`'H$ma nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
29. Xoe_wI AZ§V (g§nm.) "g_mOñdmñÏ`'_Ysb [ZdS>H$ boI nwUo : nÙJ§Ym, 2010
30. ZmB©H$dmSo AemoH$ (g§nm.) gwdU© _hmoËgds _hmamîQ´> Am¡a§Jm~mX : kmZoe, 2010
31. n§[S>V Z[bZs _hmamîQ´>mVsb amîQ´>dmXmMm [dH$mg nwUo : _m°S>Z© ~wH$ So>nmo, 1972
32. ndma Jmo._m. _hfu [dÇb am_Os [e¨Xo … OsdZ d H$m`© bmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h : 2004
33. nmQ>sb d.~. [dgmì`m eVH$mVsb _hmamîQ´>m_Ysb g_mO gwYmaUoMm B[Vhmg nwUo : Ho$. gmJa, 2004
34. nmÜ`o à^mH$a AmOH$mbMm _hmamîQ´ >:d¡Mm[aH$ àJVs _w§~B© :^maV-Jm¡ad J«§W_mbm, 1935
35. nmoVXma _mYd am. ^maVmMm n[hbm amîQ´>nwéf Zm_Xma OJÞmW e§H$aeoR> nwUo : AZw~§Y, 2002
(_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥$[VH$ B[VhmgmVsb EH$ nd©)
36. àYmZ am_ (g§nm.) eãXm§Mo gm_Ï`© nwUo : A_o`, 2000
37. \$S>Ho$ `.[X. Am§~oS>H$ar Midi nwUo : ls[dÚm, 1990
38. \$S>Ho$ `.[X. [dgmì`m eVH$mVsb _hmamîQ´> : (I§S> 1 Vo 8) nwUo : Ho$. gmJa, ls[dÚm
39. \$mQ>H$ Z.a. _§w~B© ZJar _w§~B© ~¥hÝ_§~B© _hmnm[bH$m eVmãXs, 1981
40. \$S>Usg OJZ gÎmoMo _mohao : _hmamîQ´>mVsb H$m±J«ogMo amOH$maU _w§~B© : J«§Wmbs, 1977
41. ~mi àH$me _w§~B© : H$mbMs Am[U AmOMs _w§~B© : ~m~yamd gm_§V Jm¡adJ«§W, 1997
42. ~oSo>H$a [X.Ho$. g§`wº$ _hmamîQ´> nwUo : Ho$.Eg. Jwáo, 1947
96 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
43. ^mJdV [dÚwV _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm_[OH$ B[VhmgmÀ`m [XeoZo nwUo : ós Aä`mg Ho§$X«, 1990
44. ^mJdV [dÚwV ^maVmVsb g_H$mbsZ H$mimMo àíZ nwUo :ós Aä`mg Ho§$Ð, 2000
Am[U aoJo e[_©bm
45. [^So> J.a§. Am[U H$moëhmnya Xe©Z nwUo : B§Q>aZ°eZb n{ãb[e§J g{ìh©g
Xoenm§So> nw.b. (g§nm.)
46. ^moio ^mñH$a bú_U Am[U ~XbVm _hmamîQ´ >: gmR>moÎma n[adV©ZmMm _mJmodm gmVmam : Am§~oS>H$a AH$mX_s, 2003
~oS>[H$hmi [H$emoa (g§nm.)
47. qeXo [dÇ>b am_Os ^maVs` Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ ZmJnya : Zd^maV J«§W_mbm H$m`m©b`, 1955
48. gaXma J§JmYa ~mi _hmamîQ´>mMo Cno[jV _mZH$ar nwUo : J§.~m. gaXma, 1941
49. gaXma J§JmYa ~mi _hmamîQ´>-OsdZ : na§nam, àJVs Am[U g_ñ`m nwUo : Omoes Am[U bmoI§So>, 1960
50. gmIiH$a EH$ZmW _hmamîQ´>mMs _mZ[MÝho _w§~B© : _°Oo{ñQ>H$, 2000
Am[U ^o§So gw^mf
51. gw_§V `ed§V Am[U _hmamîQ´>mVsb Om[Vg§ñWm[df`H$ [dMma nwUo : à[V_m, 1988
nw§So> XÎmmÌ` (g§nm.)
52. gwamUm nÞmbmb Amnbm _hmamîQ´> nwUo : g_mO à~moYZ g§ñWm, 1960
53. gwamUm nÞmbmb Am[U AmOMm _hmamîQ´> : 1947-1987 `m H$mimVsb _hmamîQ´>mMs nwUo : ls[dÚm, 1998
~oS>[H$hb [H$emoa amOH$s` Am[W©H$ OS>U-KS>U
54. gmIiH$a EH$ZmW _hmamîQ´>mMs _mZ[MÝho _w§~B© : _°Oo{ñQ>H$, 2000
Am[U ^|So> gw^mf (g§nm.)
55. gmodZs _YwH$a [dîUy _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m H$mb_wÐm nwUo : [ZVsZ, 1982
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 97
e§^a nwñVH$m§da `oVmZm...
g§ nmXH$m§Zs "nÅ>sÀ`m dmMH$mH$So>
Agm`bm hdsM Aes e§^a nwñVHo$'
gwMdm`bm gm§[JVbs AmhoV. hs gyMZm
B[Vhmg, dmagm, na§nam Am[U Ë`mMm dV©_mZ H$mi
VnmgVm `mdm. Amnbs g§ñH¥$Vs, AW©ì`dhma,
amOH$s` ì`dhma `mVë`m Jw§VmJw§VtMm A§XmO `mdm.
A§V[d©amoYm§Zm g_§OgnUo gm_moao OmÊ`mMo ~i
JǤWdmMZmVyZ [_imdo. [ZXmZ _s `m _VmMm Amho.
Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmgmR>s, doi KmbdÊ`mgmR>s _s
H$aVmZm _amR>s ^mfH$ g_mOmVbm dmMH$ A[^àoV `m H$m_s _XV gwMdUmao J«§W `m[Z[_ÎmmZo g_moa g_OwVsV Amë`mnmgyZ AmOda H$YsM H$mhs
Amho. Ro>dÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ Amho. dmMbo Zmhs. BWyZ nwTo> Vs eŠ`Vm Va A[O~mV
"nÅ>sMm dmMH$' hm Am`wî`mV H$Ys Zm H$YsVar [dnwb dmMZmgmR>s AÝ` n`m©` AmhoV. gbJ Zmhs.
ñdV:À`m J«§Wg§J«hmH$So> diVmo. nwTo> hm Ë`mMm g§J«h dmMm`À`m gm[hË`mH$So> AÝ` _mJmªZs OmVm `oB©b. nwTo> gwMdbobs e§^a nwñVHo$ `m ^y[_Ho$VyZ
dmT>V OmVmo. AJXs Vmo bmImn`ªV dmT>V Joë`mMs `mAmYs Aem nmhÊ`m Pmë`m AmhoV. dm[f©H$, MmiUs bmdV bmdV AmUbs AmhoV. H$mX§~ar,
Zm|X _amR>s g_mOmVhs Amho. e§^a J«§W hs _`m©Xm Xedm[f©H$, EHy$U _amR>s gm[hË`mVsb boUs, H$Wm, H$[dVm, ZmQ>H$, AZwdm[XV H$bmH¥$Vs Am[U
_mZdÊ`mgmaIs Zmhs Am[U Varhs Vs ñdsH$maUo MmoI§Xi dmMH$ Aem [d[dY [ZdS>s `mAmYs [H$VsVar d¡Mm[aH$ J«§Wm§Zm ~mOybm Ro>dmdo bmJbo.
^mJ Amho. AmhoV. hs Ë`mhyZ doJis dmQ> Amho. [VMo [ZH$f n[hë`m `mXsnmgyZ A§[V_ `mXsn`ªVMs hs dmQ>Mmb
ñdV:À`m KaÀ`m J«§Wg§J«hmMs JaO OmUdVo \$º$ gm[hË`_yë`m§VJ©V ZmhsV. AdKS> Am[U H«y$ahs dmQ>bs. AmnUm gdmªZm _mÌ
`mMo H$maU amÌs ~oamÌs H$mhs AmR>dmdo, gwMmdo `m `mXsV ^a KmbÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho `mMm AmZ§X
Am[U Ë`m dois [H$_mZ H$mhs g§X^© VnmgVm `mdoV. gVse H$migoH$a dmQ>Vmo.
AÝ`Wm J«§Wg§J«hmÀ`m dmT>sbm Ves _`m©Xm ZgVo. _hmamîQ´> amÁ` ñWmnZm Am[U 1960Z§VaMm
"Vw_À`m g§J«hmVbo gJio J«§W Vwåhs dmMbo [d[dY àH$maMo H$moe g§X^m©gmR>s hdo AgVmV. Joë`m nÞmg dfmªMm H$mi hm _mÂ`m dmMZmVë`m
AmhoV H$m`?' Agm àíZ OJ^aÀ`m AZoH$ BWbs g§X^© H$moem§Ms g§»`m Va \$maM Anwar Amho. ^aU-nmofUmMm H$mi Amho. Ë`m H$mimda Va
J«§Wg§J«mhH$m§Zm [dMmabm Amho Am[U Ë`mMo J§^sa H$mhs H$moem§Mo, J«§Wm§Mo AZoH$ I§S> AgVmV. EH$ gdm©[YH$ AÝ`m` Pmbm Amho. Ë`mVë`m Á`oîR>m§À`m
CÎma "ho J«§W dmMm`Mo AmhoV' hoM am[hbo Amho. I§S> åhUOo EH$ nwñVH$ Ago J[UV ñdsH$maUo Am[U loîR>m§À`m gm[hË`mÀ`m [ZdS>sbm dmd am[hbm
EH$m Am`wî`mVë`m dmMZmbm _`m©Xm AgVmV Am[U AeŠ` Amho. Zmhs. g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmMs nm`m^yV gmYZ
nwñVH$ hdo AgÊ`mMs AmoT> AZmda AgVo. `m gJù`m Jw§Ë`mVyZ dmQ> H$mT>V Ho$bobm hm gm_J«s XoUmar AmË_M[aÌo, H$Wm, H$[dVm, H$mX§~ar
BWo Va _amR>s Kam§gmR>s- nÅ>sMm dmMH$ KamoKa à`ËZ Amho. "í`m_Ms AmB©' `m gmZo JwéOtÀ`m Am[U AÝ` AZoH$ boIZo Aem AmdS>boë`m
Agmdm Aem ew^oÀN>m§gh- Ho$di e§^a J«§Wm§Zm boIZmV "amÌ EH$moU[Vgmds : _moR>m hmoÊ`mgmR>s Ag§»` [Z[_©Vsbm ~mOybm Ro>dmdo bmJbo.
Amnë`m Kar OmJm Úm`Ms Amho. `mgmR>s _mPm Mmoar' Aes EH$ JmoîQ> Amho. Amnbo dmMZ Am[U AmnU _mÌ Amnbm J«§Wg§J«h `m `mXsMm AmYma
_w»` ^a Amho Vmo `m e§^a J«§Wm§Zs Amnë`m Amnbo dV©Z `mVë`m ZmVo g§~§Ymda Ë`mV H$mhs KoV dmX à[VdmX Am[U g§dmX Agm àdmg H$aV
dmMZmbm H$mhs A[YH$Mo g§X^© nwadmdoV. dmMVmZm gwMdbo Amho. Vo AmnU _wimVyZ dmMmdo. J«§W dmMZ [Xgm_mOs "ls_§V' H$amdm.
`oUmè`m AS>Wù`m§VyZ nwTo> OmÊ`mMo _mJ© gwMdmdoV. Amnë`m dV©ZmMs [Xem gwMdVo. Amnë`m Am_oZ.
Ë`mVyZ Amnë`m KamnmgyZ- [dûdmn`ªVMm ngmam OJÊ`mÀ`m X¡Z§[XZ ì`dhmamda J«§W dmMZmMm
g_OmdyZ KoVm `mdm. Amnbm g_mO, Ë`mMm A§Hw$e Agmdm. OJÊ`mVë`m ghòmdYs
98 OyZ-Owb¡ 2011
25. AmË_d¥Îm Am[U M[aÌ : Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} / Zm._. nQ>dY©Z 65. _èhmR>çmg§~§YmZo Mma CX²Jma : amOmam_emós ^mJdV
26. Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s `m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ ([ZdoXZ) Am[U M[aÌ : 66. ^maVs` Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ : [dÇ>b am_Os qeXo
g§. O.g. gwIQ>UH$a 67. qhX ñdamÁ` : _hmË_m Jm§Ys
27. _mPs OsdZJmWm : à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao 68. J«m_JsVm : amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOs _hmamO
28. gË`mMo à`moJ AWdm AmË_H$Wm : _hmË_m Jm§Ys : AZw. Aßnm 69. JmddmS>m : [̨.Zm. AÌo
nQ>dY©Z (gsVmam_ nwéfmoÎm_ nQ>dY©Z) 70. í`m_Ms AmB© : gmZo JwéOs
29. AmË_d¥Îm : Aßnm nQ>dY©Z (gsVmam_ nwéfmoÎm_ nQ>dY©Z) 71. [ZdS>H$ boI g§J«h : Í`§.e§. eoOdbH$a
30. AmXe© ^maV godH$ : Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIbo M[aÌ : Z.a. \$mQ>H$ 72. "g_mO ñdmñÏ`'_Ysb [ZdS>H$ boI :
a.Ym|. H$d} : g§. S>m°. AZ§V Xoe_wI
g§H$sU© 73. ^JdmZ ~wÕ Am[U Ë`mMm Yå_ : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
31. The Story of civilization : Will Durant 74. bmoH$emhsa AÊUm ^mD$ gmRo> : [ZdS>H$ dmL>²_`
32. A Study of History : Arnold Toynbee 75. `wJm§V : BamdVs H$d}
33. The Social History of Art : Arnold Hauser : 4 I§S> 76. bÁOmJm¡ar : am.[M¨. To>ao
34. A History of the World : Eric Hobsbawm : 4 I§S> 77. _mZd Am[U Y_©[M¨VZ : amdgmho~ H$g~o
35. g¥îQ>s [dkmZ JmWm : S>m°. O`§V ZmaisH$a, S>m°. lsam_ JsV : 2 I§S> 78. bmoH$_mÝ` Vo _hmË_m : S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao
36. Y_©emómMm B[Vhmg : _._. nm§.dm.H$mUo : g§[já Amd¥Îms : 2 79. dmX-g§dmX[à` ^maVs` : A_Ë`© goZ : AZw. emaXm gmRo>
I§S> : AZw. `ed§V ^Q> 80. ìhmoëJm Vo J§Jm : amhwb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z
37. OmJ[VH$ B[VhmgmMo AmoPaVo Xe©Z : n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ : AZw. 81. _hmamîQ´>mMo _hm_§WZ : bmbOs n|S>go
[e.Jmo. ^mdo : 4 I§S> 82. àmMsZ ^maV : g_mO Am[U g§ñH¥$Vs : _.A. _oh§Xio
38. ^maVmMm emoY : n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ : AZw. gmZo JwéOs 83. JmdJmS>çm~mhoa : à^mH$a _m§So>
39. [dlãY emaXm : g§. h.[d. _moQo> : 3 I§S> 84. _mUgmÀ`m Eo[hH$ gwImMs JmoîQ>
40. n[dÌ Hw$amU : AZw. _m¡bds _sa _moh_X `mHw$~ ImZ : [bAmo øy~a_Z : AZw. H$m§MZ [ZËgwao, a_oe nmÜ`o
41. gw~moY ~m`~b : AZw. \$mXa \«$m{Ýgg [X~«oQ>mo 85. [H$_`mJma : AÀ`wV JmoS>~mobo
42. ZdZsV : eV gm§dËg[aH$ 18ds Amd¥Îms : naewam_ ~„mi 86. Am{ñVH$ [eamo_Us Mmdm©H$ : S>m°. Am.h. gmiw§Io
JmoS>~mobo : g§. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a 87. Xmg ewÐm§Ms Jwbm_[Jar : 2 I§S> : eaX nmQ>sb : àmk nmR>embm
43. Mma OwZo _amR>s AW©emós` J«§W (1843-1855) : 88. _amR>s J«§Wm§Mo AmXe© g§J«hmb` : A.H$m. [à`moiH$a
g§. [X.Ho$. ~oSo>H$a 89. _w§~B©Mo dU©Z : Jmo.Zm. _mS>JmdH$a
44. hmb gmVdmhZmMs JmWm gáeVs : g§. g.Am. OmoJioH$a 90. nwUo dU©Z : Zm.[d. Omoes
45. d¡[XH$ g§ñH¥$VsMm B[Vhmg : bú_Uemós Omoes 91. OZ-_Z : AéU [Q>Ho$H$a
46. H$m¡[Q>bs` AW©emó : ^mfm§Va : a.n§. H§$Jbo 92. Ñí`m§Va : ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMs _amR>s H$[dVm : g§. M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>sb
47. ls_Ý_mYdmMm`© à[UV gd©Xe©Z g§J«h : ^mfm§Va : a.n§. H§$Jbo 93. n[aÑí` : ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMs _amR>s H$Wm : g§. [Z[eH$m§V R>H$ma
48. ^maVs` [ddmhg§ñWoMm B[Vhmg : B[VhmgmMm`© [d.H$m. amOdmSo> 94. ~[hUmB©Ms JmUs : ~[hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar
49. gmVdmhZ Am[U n{íM_ jÌn `m§Mm B[Vhmg Am[U H$moard boI : 95. X[bV gm[hË` : AmOMo H«$m§Vs [dkmZ : ~m~wamd ~mJwb
dm.[d. [_ames 96. Znojm : AemoH$ ehmUo
50. _èhmQ>s g§ñH¥$Vs : H$mhs g_ñ`m : e§H$a ~mi Xr[jV Omoes 97. Q>sH$m-ñd`§da : ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>
: g§. dg§V g. Omoes 98. gm[hË` Am[U A{ñVËd^mZ : [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo
51. bsimM[aÌ : g§. [d.[^. H$mobVo 99. A{ñVËdmÀ`m aofm : amOm T>mbo
52. n§Mmonm»`mZ : g§. [d.[^. H$mobVo 100. H$Wm _w§~B©À`m [JaUJmdmMs : Zsam AmS>maH$a / _sZm _oZZ
53. AmYw[ZH$ ^maV : AmMm`© e§.Xm. OmdSo>H$a
54. nwamUH$Wm Am[U dmñVdVm : Xm_moXa Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s : A[YH$Ms e§^a
AZw. dg§V Vwinwio 1. BgmnZsVs
55. dmMy AmZ§Xo : g§. _mYwar nwa§Xao : nyU© 4 ^mJm§Mm g§M 2. _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm CËH$f© : _.Jmo. amZSo> : AZw. Z.a. \$mQ>H$
56. [bhmdo ZoQ>Ho$ : g§. _mYwar nwa§Xao : nyU© 3 ^mJm§Mm g§M 3. ~m¡Õ Y_m©darb Mma [Z~§Y : Y_m©Z§X H$mog§~s
57. F$½doXmMo _amR>s ^mfm§Va : [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd 4. JsVmB© : [dZmo~m ^mdo
58. AWd©doXmMo _amR>s ^mfm§Va : [gÕoûdaemós [MÌmd 5. ^maVs` à~moYZ : e§H$aamd Xod Jm¡ad J«§W :
59. Lokayata : Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya g§. [X.Ho$. ~oSo>H$a / ^m.e§. ^UJo
60. Xmg H$m[nQ>mb : gw~moY n[aM` : gwhmg nam§Ono 6. _hmamîQ´>-OsdZ : 2 I§S> : g§. J§.~m. gaXma
61. bmoH$[hVdmXsH¥$V [Z~§Y g§J«h : g§. A.H$m. [à`moiH$a 7. g§H«$_U H$mimMo AmìhmZ : g§. J§.~m. gaXma
62. _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>‘` 8. A{ñ_Vm _hmamîQ´>mMs : _amR>m _§[Xa am¡ß` _hmoËgds J«§W
63. ós-nwéf VwbZm : Vmam~mB© qeXo : g§. ^s_amd Hw$bH$Uu
64. AmJaH$a boIg§J«h : gm[hË` AH$mX_s 9. ~XbVm _hmamîQ´> : àm. EZ.S>s. nmQ>sb Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. ^m.b. ^moio
OyZ-Owb¡ 2011 99
10. EH$m [nT>sMo AmË_H$WZ : dm.am. T>dio Jm¡ad J«§W 56. ~moaH$am§Ms H$[dVm : ~m.^. ~moaH$a : g§. _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a
11. _amR>s gm[hË` : àoaUm d ñdê$n : 57. gwöXJmWm : nw.[e. aoJo : g§. J§JmYa nmQ>sb
(1950-1975) g§. Jmo._m. ndma / _.X. hmVH$U§JboH$a 58. Am[XË` : _Z_mohZ : g§. e§H$a d¡Ú
12. gm[hË` [dMma Am[U g_mO[M¨VZ : 59. gË`mMs OmV : eaíM§Ð _w{º$~moY
J§.~m. gaXma Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. ^m.e§. ^UJo 60. ag`mÌm : Hw$gw_mJ«O : g§. ~m.^. ~moaH$a / e§H$a d¡Ú
13. g_Vm : [dMma / ì`dhma / ^[dVì` : 61. g§[hVm : [d¨Xm H$a§XsH$a : g§. _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a
XmXmgmho~ ê$ndVo Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. amdgmho~ H$g~o 62. gZX : Zmam`U gwd}
14. PmoV-gm_m[OH$ Ý`m`mda : amdgmho~ Jm¡ad J«§W : g§. CÎm_ H$m§~io 63. [^OH$s dhs : AéU H$mobQ>H$a
15. g_J« am_ JUoe JS>H$ar 64. EHy$U H$[dVm : [Xbsn nwéfmoÎm_ [MÌo
16. g§H$[bV dmL²>_` : g.O. ^mJdV 65. [ZdS>H$ dg§V Am~mOs S>hmHo$
17. [ZdS>H$ _mUyg : _mUyg à[VîR>mZ 66. _s ^`§H$amÀ`m XadmÁ`mV C^m Amho
18. [M_Uamdm§Mo MèhmQ> : [Àm§.[d. Omoes : Zm_Xod T>gmi : g§. gVse H$migoH$a / àkm X`m ndma
19. [ZdS>H$ R>UR>Unmi : O`d§V Xids 67. A^wO _mS> : ^wO§J _olm_
20. nmoV : X.J. JmoS>go 68. Z§Va Ambobo bmoH$ : AéU H$mio
21. éOwdmV : AemoH$ Ho$iH$a 69. `_wZm n`©Q>Z : ~m~m nX²_ZOs
22. ì`mgm§Mm dmagm : AmZ§X [dZm`H$ OmVoJmdH$a 70. YmdVm YmoQ>m : ^m.[d. daoaH$a
23. H$hmUs _mZdàmÊ`mMs : Z§Xm Iao 71. ~ZJadmS>s : ì`§H$Qo>e _mS>JwiH$a
24. _mPm àdmg : JmoS>go ^Q>Os 72. H$mogbm : ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>
25. Am_À`m Am`wî`mVsb H$mhs AmR>dUs : a_m~mB© amZSo> 73. gmV g¸§$ ÌoMmisg : [H$aU ZJaH$a
26. gm§OdmV : AmZ§Xs~mB© Omoes 74. H$m|Sw>am : [Àm§.Í`§. ImZmobH$a
27. H¥$îUmH$mR> : `ed§Vamd MìhmU 75. EÝH$sÀ`m amÁ`mV : [dbmg gma§J
28. Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo : JmoXmdar néioH$a 76. ho B©ûdaamd ho nwéfmoÎm_ amd : í`m_ _Zmoha
29. Vami-A§Vami : e§H$aamd IamV 77. Zm_wíH$sMo ñdJV : a§JZmW nR>mao
30. am_ZJar : am_ ZJaH$a 78. H$in : amOZ Jdg
31. AmR>dUtMo njs : à.B©. gmoZH$m§~io 79. ~mamo_mg : gXmZ§X Xoe_wI
32. ~bwV§ : X`m ndma 80. ~« : H$[dVm _hmOZ
33. CMë`m : bú_U Jm`H$dmS> 81. [ZemUs S>mdm A§JR>m : a_oe B§Jio-CÌmXH$a
34. Cnam : bú_U _mZo 82. H$mOi_m`m : Os.E. Hw$bH$Uu
35. A¸$a_mes : eaUHw$_ma [b¨~mio 83. [X.~m. _moH$mes `m§Ms H$Wm : g§. Aa[d¨X JmoIbo
36. H$mQ>çmdaMs nmoQ§> : CÎm_ ~§Sy> Vwno 84. ls.Xm. nmZdbH$a `m§Ms H$Wm : g§. _.X. hmVH$U§JboH$a
37. J~mi : XmXmgmho~ _moao 85. ^mD$ nmÜ`o : loîR> H$Wm : g§. [X.nw. [MÌo
38. JmdH$s : éñVw_ AMbIm§~ 86. [ZdS>H$ H$_b XogmB©
39. Am^amZ : nmW© nmoiHo$ 87. Kmesam_ H$moVdmb : [dO` V|Sw>bH$a
40. H$moëhmQ>çmM§ nmoa : [H$emoa em§Vm~mB© H$mio 88. `wJm§V : _hoe EbHw$§Mdma
41. Am`XmZ : D$[_©bm ndma 89. gË`emoYH$ : Jmo.nw. Xoenm§So>
42. [~amS> : AemoH$ ndma 90. [ZdS>H$ : ào_mZ§X JÁds
43. AmB© g_OyZ KoVmZm : CÎm_ H$m§~io 91. H$ma_mPH$ ~§Yy : 2 ^mJ : XñV`odñH$s : AZw. ^mD$ Y_m©[YH$mar
44. Imbs O_sZ da AmH$me : gwZsbHw$_ma bdQo> 92. nmS>g : _mOm}ar [H$ZZ am°[b¨½O : AZw. am_ nQ>dY©Z
45. [~ZnQ>mMs Mm¡H$Q> : B§Xw_Vs Om|Yio 93. amOm [b`a : eoŠg[nAa : AZw. Jmo.[d. H$a§XsH$a
46. ~m{áñ_m Vo Y_mªVa : BgmXmg ^S>Ho$ 94. ãbmBªS>Zog : Á`wPo gmam_mJw : AZw. ^m.b. ^moio
47. _hmË_m \w$bo : YZ§O` H$sa 95. PmS§> bmdUmam _mUyg : Om± [OAmZmo : AZw. _mYwar nwa§Xao
48. N>ÌnVs emhy _hmamO : YZ§O` H$sa 96. An Introduction to the study of
49. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : YZ§O` H$sa Indian History : D.D. Kosambi
50. EH$ hmoVm H$mìh©a : dsUm JdmUH$a 97. civilization and capitalism : Fernand Braudel : 3 I§S>
51. àmMsZ JsV-^m§S>ma : g§. Zm.J. Omoes 98. Pandaemonium : Humphrey Jennings
52. àmMsZ JsV-_§Oyfm : g§. Zm.J. Omoes 99. The complete letters of Vincent Van gogh
53. AmR>dUsVë`m H$[dVm : 4 I§S> : g§. nÙmH$a _hmOZ / [XZH$a ~d} 100. Living to tell the tale : Marques Gabriel Garcia
/ a_oe V|Sw>bH$a / am_ nQ>dY©Z
54. g_J« Ho$edgwV : g§. ^.ls. n§[S>V
55. \w$bamUs : ~mbH$ds : g§. am.e§. dm[i¨~o / Hw$gw_mJ«O g§nH©$ : 02143- 692304, 9422689559
lr. Ho$. e§H$aZmam`UZ - ‘m. amÁ`nmb {dbmgamd Xoe‘wI H|$Ðr` J«m‘{dH$mg ‘§Ìr
Through the Corridors of Power
^maVmMm emoY - n§. Zohê$ ì`º$s Am[U d„s - nw.b. Xoenm§So>
(Malayalam version) - Dr. P C Alexander
Pearls of Wisdom - Swami Vivekananda
``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a gbm_ - _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a
Universal Message of Bhagvad Gita - Swami Ranganathananda ls_mZ `moJs - aU[OV XogmB© [demIm - Hw$gw‘mJ«O
Raagam Neelambari - Kamla Das (Malayalam)
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Haimavatha Bhoovil, Malayalam travelogue - M P Veerendra Kumar
Tatvamasi - Sukumar Azhikode
_¥Ë`w§O` - [edmOs gmd§V nm[ZnV - [dûdmg nmQ>sb
The Story of My Experiements with Truth - Mahatma Gandhi
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AmR>dUs - à_moX ZdbH$a Cnam - bú_U _mZo
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Zmnmg _wbm§Ms JmoîQ> - AéU eodVo h_ Vmo _ñV \$H$sa - JmonmbXmg [ZaO
dsO åhUmbs YaVsbm - [d.dm. [eadmS>H$a [ejm _o H«$m§Vs - Amoemo
Zmam`U amUo N>JZ ^wO~i - gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m‘ ‘§Ìr Ama.Ama. nmQ>rb - J¥h‘§Ìr
CÚmoJ ‘§Ìr _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>_` - í`m‘Mr AmB© -gmZo JwéOr
gømÐsMo dmao - `ed§Vamd MìhmU Annihilation of Caste - Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ‘¥Ë`w§O` -{edmOr gmd§V
OmJa - àm. [edmOsamd ^mogbo ñdamÁ`_mbm d _amR>çm§Mm AmË_`k - ZmW_mYd H¥$îUmH$mR> -`ed§Vamd MìhmU
H$èhoMo nmUs - à.Ho$. AÌo ``m[V - [d.g. Im§So>H$a ~bwV§ -X`m ndma
[hQ>ba - [d.g. dm[i¨~o J~Z - _wÝes ào_M§X J«m‘JrVm -VwH$S>moOr ‘hmamO
_hmZm`H$ - [dûdmg nmQ>sb Mother - Maxim Gorky Apñ‘Vm Am{U qhgmMma -A‘Ë`© goZ
Amho H$manmoaoQ> Var - g§O` ^mñH$a Omoer ‘hm^maV - ì`mg True History of the Kelly Gang - Peter Carey
Savaging the Civlised - Ramchandra Guha
J§Jm - Á`w{b`Z H«°$S>m° hm°{bH$ X bmñQ> BÝ’o$ŠeZ - {ZH$m°g H$m°PrZ An End to Suffering - Pankaj Mishra
gm`§Q>r{’$H$ B§{S>`Z - S>m°. AãXwb H$bm‘ OmJa - Zaha H$é§XH$a Vanprastha - Ganesh Devy
^maV Am{U OJ - JmoqdX VidbH$a {hñQ´>r Am°’$ Vyaktighadatar (Gujarati) - Father Valles
{gpìhbm`PoeZ - {db S>çw>amÝQ> Cry, the Beloved Country - Alan Paton
dZ ZmB©Q> A°Q> The Granta Book
X H$m°b g§oQ>a - MoVZ ^JV qhXr ñdamÁ` - ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr of Reportage - Edited by lan jack
H¥$îUmH$mR> - `ed§Vamd MìhmU
S>m`è`m§Ms nwñVH§$
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`wÕ g§në`mda Z`wa|~J© `oWsb OmJ[VH$ IQ>ë`mV g¡Ý`mVsb nÌH$ma-g¡[ZH$. Y_m©Zo Á`w. O_©Z goZm g§nH©$ : 9820124419
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^moJV AgVmZm ñn±S>mo BWë`m Vwé§JmV "ñn±S>mo [dO`s hmoD$Z ~[b©Z_Ü`o [eaoñVmoda J«m°g_Z hm
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Amboë`m AX²^wV dsamÀ`m H$hmUsÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m
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ho g_H$mbsZ dmñVd BW§ Amho. _amR>s H$mX§~arV V§Q>çm - ~m~m ^m§S> : ~bmT>ç [~«[Q>e g§nH©$ : 0240-2332692
"VUH$Q>' hm _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm Amho. Mm¡Ws Amd¥Vs gÎmo[déÕ à§MS> bT>m [Xboë`m gm_mÝ` Am[Xdmgs