Cyclic Softened Membrane

Model

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 Outlines
• Developed by T.T.C. Hsu and M. Mansour (2005)
• Extension of Softened Membrane Model to predict the behavior of 2D RC
elements under reversed cyclic shear loads.
• Based on same equilibrium and compatibility equations as SMM
• Constitutive relationships of steel and concrete are generalized for application
to reversed cyclic loading.
• Constitutive relations of steel and concrete during unloading and reloading
are implemented
• Predicts hysteretic loops, ductility, energy dissipation and pinching effect in
2D RC elements subjected to cyclic shear loads

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 2D Element Under Cyclic Shear

• Positive shear in element corresponds to tensile horizontal stress (sH) and

compressive vertical stress (sV)
• Negative shear in element corresponds to compressive horizontal stress (sH)
and tensile vertical stress (sV)
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Cyclic Constitutive Laws of Concrete

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 Cyclic Constitutive Laws of Concrete
• Constitutive relationships of smeared concrete include equations of
tensile and compressive envelop curves applicable to both positive
and negative directions of cyclic loading
• Unloading & reloading curves of concrete in both tension and
compression are defined by a series of straight lines
• Softening coefficient for SMM is applicable to the envelop curves
of cyclic loading for concrete
• A damage coefficient (D) is implemented into the compressive
stress strain relationship to consider the damaging effect of
orthogonal compressive strains under cyclic shear loading.
• Starting point of compressive stress strain curve of concrete is
adjusted to the end of the unloading stage of tensile stress.
• Hsu/Zhu ratio (nCT and nTC) are as follows:
nTC = 1 nCT = 0
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Cyclic Constitutive Laws of Steel

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 Cyclic Constitutive Laws of Steel

• Constitutive relationships of steel embedded in concrete include

equations of tensile and compressive envelop curves applicable to
both positive and negative directions of cyclic loading
• Envelop curves match closely with monotonic stress strain curves
• Unloading & reloading curves of steel consider Bauschinger effect
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Solution Algorithm

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Hysteretic Loops

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Hysteretic Loops

First post-yield hysteretic loop

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Pinching Effect

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Hysteretic Loops

Variation of Vertical and Horizontal Strain

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Pinching Effect in Shear Walls

Shear walls with steel along horizontal and vertical directions

Shear walls with steel along diagonal directions 13