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views
or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB
does not guarantee the source, originality, accuracy, completeness or reliability of any statement, information, data,
finding, interpretation, advice, opinion, or view presented, nor does it make any representation concerning the same.

Fig.1: District Poverty in Bangladesh, 2005 

.8
.6
mean of v17
.4.2
0

bagerhat
bandarban
barguna
brahmanbaria
barisal
bhola
bogra
chandpur
chittagong
chuadanga
cox's
comilla
dhaka
dnajpur
faridpur
bazar
gaibandha
feni
gopalganj
gazipur
habiganj
joypurhat
jamalpur
jhalakathi
jessore
khagrachhari
jhenaidah
kishoreganj
khulna
kurigram
lakshmipur
kushtia
lalmonirhat
madaripur
manikganj
magura
moulvi
meherpur
munshiganj
mymensingh
noagaon
narayanganj
bazar
narshingdi
narail
nawabganj
natore
netrakona
nilphamari
noakhali
panchagarh
pabna
patuakhali
pirojpur
rajshahi
rangamati
rajbari
shariatpur
rangpur
satkhira
sirajganj
sunamganj
sherpur
thakurgaon
sylhet
tangail
 

 

 
 

Fig. 2: Upazila Poverty in Bangladesh 
.8
.6
mean of v17
.4.2
0

bagerhat
bandarban
naikhongchhari
rowangchhari
chitalmari
barguna
morrelganj
mollahat
sarakhola
fakirhat
alikadam
kachua
mongla
brahmanbaria
barisal
mehendiganj
pathargata
rampal
agailjhara
banaripara
burhanuddin
bakerganj
bayejid
bhola
thanchi
babuganj
char
chittagnong
bamna
banchharampur
gaurnadi
lama
amtali
daulatkhan
tazumuddin
double
bogra
ruma
betagi
dupchancia
wazirpur
adamdighi
shajahanpur
lalmohan
chandpur
manpura
muladi
nandigram
sariakandi
chandgaon
hizla
kahaloo
bijoynagar
dhunat
halishahar
sadar
gabtali
shibganj
sonatala
nasirnagar
sherpur
nabinagar
akhaura
ashuganj
uttar
bakalia
panchlaish
karnafuli
comilla
chandanaish
haimchar
fasson
faridganj
pahartali
banshkhali
chuadanga
kotwali
sadar
khulshi
shahrasti
kasba
hajiganj
patenga
sadar
anowara
kachua
fatikchhari
boalkhali
sarail
matlab
sadar
hathazari
bostami
brahman
mirsharai
cox's
mooring
lohagara
chauddagram
alamdanga
comilla
bimanbandar
damurhuda
jiban
rangunia
sitakunda
dakshinkhan
matlab
cantonment
manoharganj
sandwip
satkania
darus
kamrangir
tejgaon
burichang
chak
sher-e-bangla
patiya
raozan
daudkandi
muradnagar
chandina
bangshal
dhanmondi
mohammadpur
maheshkhali
debidwar
adabar
ashulia
barura
gendaraia
nangalkot
hazaribag
sadar
badda
kalabagan
meghna
thana
homna
kadamtali
laksam
adarsha
chakaria
port
demra
gulshan
jatrabari
kutubdia
new
khilgaon
sadar
thana
khilkhet
bazar
motijheel
thana
kafrul
sabujbagh
pekua
nagar
lalbagh
kotwali
teknaf
titas
thana
ramu
thana
mirpur
ukhia
rampura
dhamrai
bazar
shahbag
pallabi
shympur
keraniganj
shah
uttar
paltan
ramna
thana
salam
sutrapur
sadar
dohar
tejgaon
nwabganj
thana
para
sadar
market
uttara
indutrial
turag
dinajpur
chirirbandar
thana
charbhadrasan
bochaganj
faridpur
birampur
thana
gaibandha
savar
sadar
khansama
daganbhuiyan
nawabganj
thana
hakimpur
chhagalnaiya
ghoragat
char
parbatipur
madhukhali
nagarkanda
birganj
kaharole
alfadanga
khan
thana
sadar
ali
gopalganj
thana
fulbari
boalmari
thana
gobindaganj
gazipur
thana
biral
bhanga
parshuram
feni
sadarpur
thana
thana
thana
palashbari
sunderganj
sadullapur
sonagazi
habiganj
fulchhari
thana
joypurhat
saltha
thana
fulgazi
saghatta
chunarughat
muksudpur
nagar
baniachong
thana
kaliakair
kotalipara
jamalpur
thana
thana
kaliganj
ajmiriganj
tungipara
mahdabpur
kapasia
kashiani
thana
sreepur
khagrachhari
bahubal
area
thana
bakshiganj
jhalokati
jhenaidah
sadar
dewanganj
jhikargachha
bagher
akkelpur
panchbibi
abhaynagar
chaugachha
sadar
khan
melandaha
madarganj
sarishabari
manirampur
khulna
sadar
lakhai
islampur
keshabpur
harinakunda
khetlal
lakshmichhari
3677
kotchandpur
daulatpur
khalishpur
kalai
sonadanga
maheshpur
kanthalia
mahalchhari
shailakupa
sharsha
mankchhari
kotwali
sadar
nalchity
kishoreganj
dighinala
rajapur
kaliganj
matiranga
sadar
thana
batiaghata
panchhari
thana
paikgachha
sadar
ramgarh
sadar
jahan
dumuria
dacope
austagram
dighalia
bhurungamari
kurigram
terokhada
hossainpur
sadar
lakshmipur
phultala
char
karimganj
mithamain
sadar
kuliarchar
lalmonirhat
bajitpur
koyra
para
bhairab
rupsa
sadar
kushtia
pakundia
madaripur
nageswari
sadar
katiadi
bheramara
kumarkhali
kamalnagar
chilmari
phulbari
mohammadpur
manikganj
daulatpur
itna
rajarhat
magura
maulvibazar
raumari
sadar
hatibandha
tarail
nikli
meherpur
khoksa
munshiganj
ulipur
ramganj
mirpur
aditmari
ramgati
ali
rajibpur
thana
mymensingh
patgram
roypur
kaliganj
harirampur
shibchar
sadar
daulatpur
thana
mujibnagar
shalikha
kalkini
shibalaya
sreepur
sreemangal
kamalganj
rajoir
thana
serajdikhan
barlekha
saturia
thana
muktagachha
singair
gangni
ghior
narayanganj
sreenagar
naogaon
rajnagar
sadar
kulaura
gaffargaon
lohajang
sadar
dhobaura
ishwarganj
tongibari
gazaria
badalgachhi
haluaghat
mahadebpur
bhaluka
dhamoirhat
noakhali
gauripur
narsingdi
juri
fulbari
niamatpur
narail
nandail
phulpur
sadar
nababganj
raninagar
patnitala
sonargaon
trishal
manda
sadar
araihazar
lphagara
sapahar
manohardi
natore
porsha
netrokona
atrai
gurudaspur
bagatipara
gomastapur
nilphamari
baraigram
sadar
bandar
rupganj
sadar
kalia
belabo
kalmakanda
roypura
shibpur
palash
bholahat
nesarabad
mohanganj
purbadhala
nachole
shibganj
durgapur
khaliajuri
sadar
panchagarh
companiganj
kishoreganj
barhatta
lalpur
singra
sadar
begumganj
subarna
atpara
kendua
sadar
madan
jaldhaka
shah
patuakhali
sadar
pabna
sonaimuri
domar
saidpur
chatmohar
chatkhil
sadar
dimla
senbagh
kabirhat
sadar
bhangura
sujanagar
hatiya
pirojpur
sadar
ishwardi
kawkhali
faridpur
sadar
dashmina
debiganj
santhia
galachipa
7605
matihar
bhandaria
boalia
sadar
bauphal
bera
tentulia
mathbaria
kalapara
miraganj
atwari
rajpara
kawkhali
baghmara
goalandaghat
boda
rangamati
dumki
nazirpur
baghai
zianagar
sadar
mohanpur
rajbari
charghat
durgapur
makhdum
godagari
sadar
baliakandi
belai
bagha
rangpur
jurai
sadar
maniarchar
pangsha
sadar
gangachara
(sudharam)
puthia
palong
char
mitha
tanore
paba
badarganj
rajasthali
langadu
satkhira
bhederganj
barkal
(swarupkati)
dakhin
pirgachha
kaptai
sirajganj
kamarkhanda
shyamnagar
damudya
gosairhat
kaunia
taraganj
bishwambarpur
thana
sadar
sunamganj
pirganj
sherpur
assasuni
sadar
shahjadpur
8550
debhata
dharampasha
thana
zanjira
(betbunia)
kaliganj
kalaroa
chhari
thana
belkuchi
chauhali
dowarabazar
jagannathpur
naria
jhenaigati
sadar
ullahpara
chhari
nalitabari
royganj
sreebardi
dakhin
companiganj
beani
tarash
jamalganj
bishwanath
chhatak
pukur
tala
thakurgaon
fenchuganj
gowainghat
nakla
sylhet
sadar
balaganj
(sadar)
golabganj
tahirpur
sadar
derai
tangail
jaintapur
thana
kanighat
sunamganj
sulla
zakiganj
madhupur
bhuapur
dhanbari
sadar
gopalpur
baliadangi
delduar
ranisankail
mirzapur
nagarpur
basail
sakhipur
ghatail
kalihati
sadar
sadar
haripur
pirganj
bazar
surma
sadar
sadar
sadar
sadar
 

 

 
 

Table 1: Descriptive of Upazila Poverty by Coastal Area Status 

Upazila  Number   Poverty Headcount  Std. Dev. 


Index (%) 

Coastal   47  47.7  19.5 

Non‐coastal  461  41.0  16.2 

All  508  41.6  16.6 

Note: Estimated poverty estimates for upazila are based on the unpublished poverty data from the Spatial Poverty 
Map (BBS 2009). 

Table 2: Spatial Poverty Regression with Coastal Area Fixed Effects (Upazila level data) 

VARIABLES Headcount 2005 Headcount 2005 Headcount 2005

coastal upazila dummy 0.07* 0.08** 0.07*


literacy rate 2001 ‐0.33**
population density 2001 (log) ‐0.05*** ‐0.05***
population growth rate 1981‐2001 (av‐0.96* ‐0.92* ‐1.46***
literacy rate 1991 ‐0.42** ‐0.43***
population density 1981 (log) ‐0.05***
Constant 0.96*** 0.92*** 0.95***

Observations 467 466 466


Adjusted R‐squared 0.25 0.25 0.25  
Note:  The  figures  represent  OLS  estimates  of  regression  coefficients  of  a  spatial  poverty  headcount  regression 
model.  The  dependent  variable  is  upazila  poverty  headcount  ratio  (as  estimated  from  the  spatial  poverty  map). 
The significance is based on the clustered standard errors.  

 
 

Table 3: Correlates of Per Capita Consumption Expenditure of HIES Households with Coastal Area Fixed 
Effects
VARIABLES pcexp (HIES 2000‐2005) pcexp (HIES 2005) pcexp (HIES 2000)

dummy for coastal districts ‐732.56*** ‐586.37 ‐707.31***


Eduaction (RC‐‐Illiterate):
below primary 1,210.14*** 1,445.09*** 896.45***
primary  1,278.82*** 1,303.01*** 1,194.06***
below secondary  2,230.18*** 2,436.72*** 1,868.25***
ssc 2,704.29*** 2,560.46*** 2,856.25***
hsc 4,496.70*** 3,758.41*** 4,903.75***
graduate 10,075.61*** 9,645.46*** 9,516.77***
others 12,851.25*** 16,949.75*** 8,014.47***
age of household head 45.09*** 37.12*** 50.63***
female head 830.06** 1,212.94** ‐412.76
land owned (log) 1,841.62*** 2,655.67*** 1,164.69***
total earners 226.21* 212.27 275.96*
Sanitation (RC‐Sanitary latrine):
sanitation pucca (water resist) 636.68 1,029.35 ‐43.36
sanitation pucca (no water resist) ‐269.88 614.93 ‐2,004.97***
sanitation kutcha (permanent) ‐1,871.32*** ‐1,437.34*** ‐2,542.81***
sanitation kutcha (temporary) ‐2,063.38*** ‐1,371.74*** ‐3,056.17***
open space ‐2,288.37*** ‐1,576.01*** ‐3,235.69***
number of rooms 1,941.28*** 1,880.38*** 1,703.37***
electricity access 2,359.12*** 2,157.27*** 2,715.09***
cell phone use 10,281.86*** 9,043.10*** 22,795.35***
household size ‐1,550.55*** ‐1,733.98*** ‐1,277.22***
dumy for year 2005 842.86***
Division (RC‐Rajshahi)
dhaka div 3,632.85*** 3,954.75*** 2,873.51***
khulna div 235.02 ‐254.82 724.43***
barisal div 345.46 280.17 206.54
ctg div 3,822.88*** 4,219.97*** 3,566.89***
dummy for urban 1,571.23*** 1,289.85*** 1,702.40***
Constant 9,039.19*** 10,667.88*** 8,832.97***
Observations 17210 10070 7140
Adjusted R‐squared 0.36 0.35 0.39
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Note: The figures represent OLS estimates of regression coefficients of a typical multivariate consumption 
regression model. The dependent variable is per capita consumption expenditure of household. The significance is 
based on the robust standard errors.  

 
 

Table  4:  Propensity  Score  Matching  (PSM)  Estimates  of  ‘the  average  effect  of  treatment  on  the 
treated’  (ATT)  for  Per  Capita  Consumption  Expenditure  due  to  Adverse  Ecology  in  Coastal  Areas  of 
Bangladesh based on Kernel and Nearest Neighbor Matching Methods 

  Sample Type  Treatment  Control  Δ  S.E.  T‐Stat 

(Coastal Areas) (Non‐
Coastal 
Areas) 

Per capita expenditure  Unmatched  13804.0254  13935.6246 ‐131.599153  220.58507  ‐0.60 

(kernel)  Matched  13804.0254  15187.8133 ‐1383.78784   224.635595 ‐6.16*** 

Per capita expenditure  Unmatched  13804.0254  13935.6246 ‐131.599153  220.58507  ‐0.60 

(Nearest Neighbor)   Matched  13791.8867  15256.121  ‐1464.2343  242.945523 ‐6.03*** 

Note:*, **, and*** denote statistical significance at the 10, 5, and 1percent levels, respectively. Estimated from 
the pulled HIES 2005 and 2000 data. A Caliper value of 0.005 has been considered for judging the treatment‐
control difference in the “nearest neighbor” method. 

   

 
 

Table 5: Characterization of Poverty in the Coastal Region 
 
Dependent Variables  HH Food Security Status  Saving 
Estimation Method  Ordered Logit  Logit 
Distance from sea (km)  ‐0.006  ‐0.005 
  (0.005)  (0.007) 
If HH received remittance  0.703*  0.819** 
  (0.367)  (0.393) 
If HH is rural  ‐0.644*  ‐0.465 
  (0.367)  (0.504) 
If HH is exposed to sea  ‐0.786**  0.103 
  (0.322)  (0.343) 
If HH is cyclone prone  1.003***  ‐0.421 
  (0.335)  (0.324) 
If HH head has environment dependent occupation  0.356  0.567 
  (0.301)  (0.433) 
If HH head does not have environment dependent occupation  0.875***  0.503 
  (0.302)  (0.411) 
LR Test χ2(k)  102.99[0.00]  50.51[0.00] 
Pseudo R2  0.054  0.080 
Observations   532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the 
regressions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6: Characterization of General Household Risks 
 
Dependent Variables  Number of times affected by  Number of meals the HH afforded 
disaster  during disaster 
Estimation Method  Poisson  Ordered  Logit 
Distance from sea (km)  0.002  0.010*** 
  (0.001)  (0.003) 
HH Food Security Status  ‐0.007  0.096*** 
  (0.007)  (0.025) 
If HH is rural  ‐0.083  ‐0.657*** 
  (0.075)  (0.242) 
If HH is exposed to sea  0.069  ‐0.312* 
  (0.066)  (0.183) 
If HH is cyclone prone  ‐0.483***  ‐0.467** 
  (0.063)  (0.228) 
Number of disasters during  0.076***  ‐ 
last 20 years  (0.005)  ‐ 
2
LR Test χ (k)  488.01[0.00]  46.51[0.00] 
Pseudo R2  0.233  0.046 
Observations  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant  at  10%,  two  asterisks  imply  significant  at  5%  and  three  asterisks  imply  significant  at  1%  respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the 
regressions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 7: Characterization of Housing Related Risks of Households 
 
Dependent Variables  Number of days remained homeless  Reconstruction costs of houses 
Estimation Method  Negative Binomial  Tobit 
Distance from sea (km)  ‐0.009***  ‐16.913 
  (0.003)  (37.192) 
HH Food Security Status   ‐0.018  709.278** 
  (0.021)  (286.173) 
If HH is rural  0.722***  ‐10,993.846*** 
  (0.206)  (2,775.588) 
If HH is exposed to sea  ‐0.614***  1,946.662 
  (0.157)  (2,049.408) 
If HH is cyclone prone  0.843***  4,682.211* 
  (0.195)  (2,591.074) 
Strong House  ‐0.355***  ‐ 
  (0.096)  ‐ 
If the houses were  damaged  ‐  8,533.626*** 
  ‐  (1,377.778) 
Number of houses  ‐  2,288.894* 
  ‐  (1,182.062) 
LR Test χ2(k)  97.36[0.00]  81.55[0.00] 
Pseudo R2  0.034  0.007 
Observations  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the 
regressions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 8: Characterization of Health Related Risks of Households 
 
Dependent Variables  Direct Costs Incurred due to  
  Sickness  Injury 
Estimation Method  Tobit  Tobit 
Distance from sea (km)  15.853**  3.862 
  (7.220)  (11.378) 
HH Food Security Status   141.067**  ‐95.502 
  (55.135)  (87.032) 
If HH is rural  ‐298.635  1,030.698 
  (555.822)  (944.393) 
If HH is exposed to sea  389.994  1,116.972 
  (420.102)  (709.529) 
If HH is cyclone prone  980.674**  1,205.146 
  (480.954)  (811.617) 
Number of members became sick/injured  3,929.234***  5,779.242*** 
  (304.823)  (675.601) 
Total person‐days of sickness due to illness/accident  9.355**  21.231*** 
   (3.854)  (7.011) 
2
LR Test χ (k)  327.22[0.00]  220.43[0.00] 
Pseudo R2  0.094  0.132 
Observations  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the 
regressions. 
 

 
Table 9: Characterization of Livelihood Related Risks of Households 
 
Dependent Variables  Damage to 
  Crop  Livestock and  Fish and Shrimp  Homestead Trees 
Poultry 
Estimation Method  Tobit  Tobit  Tobit  Tobit 
Distance from sea (km)  131.622**  ‐91.415**  ‐216.181  ‐549.945*** 
  (59.979)  (41.014)  (146.540)  (188.975) 
HH Food Security Status  2,201.985***  912.620***  4,682.138***  1,699.646 
  (481.968)  (304.148)  (1,144.301)  (1,354.360) 
If HH is rural  8,168.033  4,352.319  2,717.806  10,322.084 
  (5,010.102)  (3,021.814)  (9,466.463)  (13,576.792) 
If HH is exposed to sea  9,281.648***  7,037.382***  11,517.402  30,138.330*** 
  (3,448.909)  (2,266.878)  (7,560.503)  (10,312.713) 
If HH is cyclone prone  ‐4,416.822  71.352  ‐18,156.964**  ‐8,349.921 
  (4,195.717)  (2,765.965)  (8,846.577)  (12,411.045) 
LR Test χ2(k)  42.02[0.00]  22.13[0.00]  31.14[0.00]  33.07[0.00] 
Pseudo R2  0.014  0.003  0.021  0.004 
Observations  532  532  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the 
regressions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

10 

 
Table 10: Characterization of Livelihood Related Risks of Households 
 
Dependent Variables  Damage to 
  Agricultural and Fishing Equipments  Household Effects 
Estimation Method  Tobit  Tobit 
Distance from sea (km)  168.494  118.143* 
  (119.312)  (67.760) 
HH Food Security Status  999.711  1,870.563*** 
  (912.102)  (524.618) 
If HH is rural  19,674.611*  ‐22,684.773*** 
  (10,577.603)  (4,688.422) 
If HH is exposed to sea   1,411.050  8,164.604** 
  (7,046.010)  (3,808.743) 
If HH is cyclone prone  ‐14,821.783*  1,235.961 
  (8,384.833)  (4,633.466) 
LR Test χ2(k)  17.40[0.03]  48.14[0.00] 
Pseudo R2  0.006  0.012 
Observations  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies significant 
at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. Figures in brackets are p‐
values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the regressions. 

11 

 
Table 11a: Characterization of Coping Mechanism of Households 
 
Dependent Variables  Coping risks through 
  Use of  Number of Sources  Number of  Number of Types 
Saving  of Help Received  Sources of Loan  Assets Mortgaged 
Received 
Estimation Method  Logit  Poisson  Poisson  Poisson 
Distance from sea (km)  0.002  0.003**  0.004**  0.006 
  (0.006)  (0.001)  (0.001)  (0.005) 
HH Food Security Status  0.322***  0.014  0.041***  0.227*** 
  (0.056)  (0.011)  (0.011)  (0.044) 
If HH is rural  ‐1.345**  0.371**  ‐0.230*  ‐0.958** 
  (0.643)  (0.148)  (0.135)  (0.438) 
If HH is exposed to sea   0.420  ‐0.431***  0.177**  0.703** 
  (0.388)  (0.089)  (0.088)  (0.311) 
If HH is cyclone prone  ‐0.336  ‐0.171*  ‐0.202**  ‐1.040*** 
  (0.285)  (0.102)  (0.099)  (0.291) 
If HH received remittance  0.660  ‐0.347**  ‐0.274*  0.123 
  (0.449)  (0.165)  (0.160)  (0.429) 
Extent of amenity in the village  ‐0.232**  ‐0.023  ‐0.059**  ‐0.200** 
  (0.100)  (0.023)  (0.024)  (0.089) 
2
LR Test χ (k)  67.47[0.00]  76.90[0.00]  41.65[0.00]  80.63[0.00] 
Pseudo R2  0.207  0.049  0.030  0.208 
Observations  532  532  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the 
regressions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

12 

 
 
Table 11b: Characterization of Coping Mechanism of Households 
 
Dependent Variables  Coping risks through 
  Sale of Assets  Sale of  Permanent or  Receiving GO/NGO 
Labor  Temporary  Relief/Assistance 
Migration 
Estimation Method  NegBin  Poisson  Poisson  Poisson 
Distance from sea (km)  0.002  ‐0.015***  ‐0.011**  0.002 
  (0.003)  (0.004)  (0.004)  (0.002) 
HH Food Security Status  0.096***  ‐0.110***  ‐0.026  0.010 
  (0.022)  (0.023)  (0.025)  (0.013) 
If HH is rural  ‐0.048  ‐0.147  ‐0.471  0.176 
  (0.265)  (0.292)  (0.329)  (0.169) 
If HH is exposed to sea   0.515***  0.145  ‐0.026  ‐0.307*** 
  (0.166)  (0.174)  (0.201)  (0.105) 
If HH is cyclone prone  ‐0.844***  ‐0.675***  ‐0.879***  ‐0.419*** 
  (0.172)  (0.180)  (0.206)  (0.113) 
If HH received remittance  0.245  ‐0.663  ‐0.611  ‐0.734*** 
  (0.250)  (0.429)  (0.470)  (0.235) 
Extent of amenity in the village  ‐0.090*  ‐0.059  ‐0.101*  ‐0.014 
  (0.047)  (0.051)  (0.061)  (0.027) 
LR Test χ2(k)  71.64[0.00]  88.82[0.00]  52.04[0.00]  76.05[0.00] 
2
Pseudo R   0.081  0.123  0.087  0.059 
Observations  532  532  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. The socio‐demographic characteristics of the households were controlled in the 
regressions. 
 

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Table 11c: Characterization of Coping Mechanism of Households 
 
Dependent Variables  Coping risks through 
  Distressed Sale  Distressed Sale  Amount  Selection Equation 
of Assets  of Assets  Borrowed from  (Whether borrowed 
(Value)  (Rate)  NGO  from NGO) 
Estimation Method  Tobit  Tobit  Heckman<‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐>Probit 
Distance from sea (km)  ‐24.888  ‐0.002  ‐51.028  0.005** 
  (17.408)  (0.002)  (44.922)  (0.002) 
HH Food Security Status  119.591  0.017  706.633**  0.038** 
  (125.300)  (0.014)  (337.644)  (0.016) 
If HH is rural  2,902.607**  0.318**  ‐14,254.335***  0.061 
  (1,369.382)  (0.150)  (3,421.775)  (0.197) 
If HH is exposed to sea   1,424.251  0.166  1,175.475  ‐0.136 
  (922.211)  (0.104)  (2,462.621)  (0.125) 
If HH is cyclone prone  ‐1,839.046*  ‐0.321**  1,305.999  ‐0.421*** 
  (1,094.836)  (0.124)  (3,108.945)  (0.148) 
If HH received remittance  1,901.284  0.155  ‐1,144.596  ‐0.678*** 
  (1,440.739)  (0.167)  (6,663.781)  (0.235) 
Normal value of assets  0.788***  9.99e‐06***  ‐  ‐ 
  (0.012)  (1.42e‐06)  ‐  ‐ 
Extent of amenity in the village  ‐  ‐  ‐  ‐0.017 
  ‐  ‐  ‐  (0.035) 
2
LR Test χ (k)  614.33[0.00]  90.81[0.00]  42.42[0.00]  ‐ 
2
Pseudo R   0.187  0.132  ‐  ‐ 
Observations  532  532  532  532 
Notes: Figures in the parentheses are cluster (union) robust standard errors, where applicable. One asterisk implies 
significant at 10%, two asterisks imply significant at 5% and three asterisks imply significant at 1% respectively. 
Figures in brackets are p‐values. 
 

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