Kaysons Education Coordinate Systems and Coordinates

Chapter Coordinate Systems and

1 Coordinates
Day – 1
1. Co- ordinate Axes

1.1 Rectangular Cartesian co – ordinates of a point

(i) The ordinate of every point on x – axis is 0.
(ii) The abscissa of every point on y – axis is 0.
(iii) The abscissa and ordinate of the origin O(0, 0) are both zero.
(iv) The abscissa and ordinate of a point are at perpendicular distance from y – axis and x – axis
respectively.

1.2 Distance Between Two Points

Theorem

The distance PQ between the points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is given by

Corollary – 1
The above formula is true for all positions of the points (i.e., either points are not in the 1 st
quadrant) keeping in mind, the proper signs of their co – ordinates.
Corollary – 2
The distance of the point P(x1, y1) and O (0, 0) is given by

Page 1
Kaysons Education Coordinate Systems and Coordinates

Corollary –3

Corollary –4
(i) If PQ is parallel to x – axis, then y1 = y2 and so

(i) If PQ is parallel to y – axis, then x1 = x2 and so

Note:- (1) When three points are given and it is required to:
(i) An isosceles triangle, show that two of its sides (or two angles) are equal.
(ii) An equilateral triangle, show that its all sides are equal or each angle is of 60 0.
(iii) A right angle triangle, show that the sum of the squares of two sides is equal to square of the
side.
(iv) An isosceles right angled triangle, show that two of its sides are equal and the sum of the
squares of two equal to the square of the third side.
(v) A scalene triangle, show that its all sides are unequal.
(2) When four points are given and it required to:
(i) A square, show that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are also equal.
(ii) A rhombus, show that the opposite are equal and the diagonals are also equal.
(iii) A rectangle, show that the opposite sides are equal the diagonals are also equal.
(iv) A parallelogram, show that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are not equal.
Illustration
Prove that the distance of the point from the origin is independent of α.
Solution

Illustration
If the point (x, y) be equidistant from the points (6, – 1) and (2, 3) prove that x – y = 3.
Solution

By the given conditions, PA = PB

or 8x – 8y = 24
or x – y = 3.

Page 2
Kaysons Education Coordinate Systems and Coordinates

Self Efforts

1. Find the distance between the point where t1 ans t2 are the roots of the
equation

2. If (at2, 2at), be any three points, show that is independent of t.

3. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the points (a, 1), (1, b), prove that (0, 0) form an
equilateral triangle, find a and b.

4. Prove that the points (3, 4), (8, -6) and (13, 9) are the vertices of a right angled triangle.

5. Show that the four points (1, – 2), (3, 6), (5, 10) and (3, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

Answers
1. 8a

Page 3
Kaysons Education Coordinate Systems and Coordinates

Day – 2

1. Section Formulae
Definition
If P be any point on the line AB between A and B then we
say that P divides segment AB, AB internally in the AP : PB.
Also, if P be any point the line AB but not between A and
B (P may be to the right or the left of the points A, B) then
P divides AB externally in the ratio AP : PB

1.1 Formula For Internal Division

Theorem
If the point P(x, y) divides the line segment joining the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in
the ratio m: n, then

Corollary
If P is the midpoint of AB then m = n, the co –ordinates of the middle point of AB are

Note:-
(i) For finding ratio, use ratio λ : 1 then co – ordinates of P are
If λ is positive then divides internally and if λ is negative then divides externally.
(ii) The straight line ax + by + c = 0 divides the joint of points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) in the ratio.

If ratio is positive then divides internally and if is negative

then divides externally.
Proof:-
Co-ordinates of a P are

Illustration
Find the co – ordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the pints (5, – 2) and
(9, 6) in the ratio 3 : 1.

Page 4
Kaysons Education Coordinate Systems and Coordinates

Solution
Let the required point be (x, y), then

Thus the co – ordinates of the required point are (8, 4).

Short Cut Method:-

According to Note (ii) :

λ : 1 = 2 : 3.

1.2 Formula For External Division

If the point P(x, y) divides the line joining the points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) externally in the ratio
m : n then prove that

Illustration
Find the co – ordinates of a point which divides externally the line joining (1, –3) and (–3, 9) in
the ratio 1 : 3.
Solution
Let the co –ordinates of the required point be P(x, y).

i.e., x = 3 and y = – 9
Hence the required point is (3, – 9).

Page 5
Kaysons Education The straight Line

Chapter
2 The Straight Line
Day – 1

1. Angle of inclination of line

The angle of inclination of a line is the measure of the angle between the x – axis and the line measured in
the anticlockwise direction.

Note:-
(i) When two lines are parallel, they have the same inclination.
(ii) The inclination of a line which is parallel to x – axis or coinciding with x – axis is 0o.
(iii) The angle of inclination of the line lies between 0o and 180o i.e.,
1.1 Slope of gradient of a line
If inclination of a line is (θ ≠ 90o) then tan θ is called the slope or gradient of the line. It is usually
denoted by m. θ is positive or negative according as it is measured in anticlockwise or clockwise
direction.

Note:-
(1) Slope of a line is not the angle but is the tangent of the inclination of the line.
(2) If a line is parallel to x –axis then its slope = tan 0o = 0.
(3) Slope of a line parallel to y- axis or perpendicular to x- axis is not defined. Whenever we say
that slope of a line is not defined.
(4) If a line is equally inclined to the axes, then it will make an angle of 45 o or 135o with the
positive direction of x – axis. Slope in this case will be tan 45o or tan 135o. i.e.,±1.
Theorem
If P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are two points on a line l, then the slope m of the line l is given by

Page 18
Kaysons Education The straight Line

If x1 = x2, then m is not defined. In that case the line is perpendicular to x – axis.
Illustration
Find the inclination of the whose slope is
Solution
Let α be the Inclination of a line then its slope = tan α

Illustration
Find the slope of the line through the points (4, – 6), (–2, – 4).
Solution

Illustration
Determine λ, so that 2 is the slope of the line through (2, 5) and (λ, 3).
Solution
Slope of the line joining (2, 5) and (λ, 3)

1.2 Angle between two lines

Theorem
The acute angle θ between the lines having slopes m1 and m2 is given by.

Corollary
(1) If two lines, whose slopes are m1 and m2 are parallel, iff

Thus when two lines are parallel, their slopes are equal.
(2) If two lines, whose slopes are m1 and m2 are perpendicular, iff

Thus, when two lines are perpendicular, the product of their slopes is -1 .The slope of each is the
negative reciprocal of the slope of other i.e., if m is the slope of a line, then slope of a line
perpendicular to it is

Page 19
Kaysons Education The straight Line

Illustration
The angle between two lines is and the slope of one them is . Find the slope of the other line.
Solution
If θ be the acute angle between the lines with slopes m1 and m2 then

Taking positive sign then,

And taking negative sign then,

1 – 2m2 = 2 – m2
∴ m2 = 3
Hence the slope of the other line is either or 3.
1.3 Line parallel to co – ordination axes
(i) Equation of a line parallel to y – axis :-
Let l be a straight line parallel to y – axis and at a distance a from it, a being the directed distance
of the line from the y – axis. Therefore, the line lies on the right of y – axis if a > 0 and if a < 0
then the line would lies on the left of y – axis.

Let P(x, y) be any point on the line l, then

x = a is the required equation.
Remark
In particular equation of y –axis is x = 0 (∵ a = 0)

Note:- A line to y–axis, at a distance from it and on the negative side of y–axis, then its equation is
x = – a.

Page 20
Kaysons Education The straight Line

(ii) Equation of a line parallel to x – axis:-

Let l be a straight line parallel to x – axis and at a distance b from it, b being the direct distance of
the line from the x – axis. Therefore, the line lies above the x – axis, if b > 0 and if b < 0, then the
line would lie below the x – axis.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the line l, then y = b is the required equation.

Remark
In particular equation of x–axis is y–axis (∵ a = 0)
Note:- A line parallel to x–axis at a distance b from it and is on the negative side of x–axis, then its
equation is y = – b.
Illustration
Find the equation of the straight line parallel to y–axis and at a distance (i)3 units to the right (ii) 2
units to the left.
Solution
(i) Equation of straight line parallel to y – axis at a distance a units to the right is x = a.
∴ Required equation is x = 3
(ii) Equation of straight line parallel to y –axis at a distance a units to the left is x = – a.
∴ Required equation is x = –2.
Illustration
Find the equation of the straight line parallel to x–axis and at a distance (i) 5 units above the x–axis
(ii) 9 units below the x–axis.
Solution
(i) Equation of straight line parallel to x – axis at a distance b units to the right is x = a.
∴ Required equation is x = 3
(ii) Equation of straight line parallel to x –axis at a distance b units below the x – axis is y = – b.
∴ Required equation is x = –2.

Page 21
Kaysons Education The straight Line

Self Efforts

1. A line passes through the points A (2, – 3) and B(6, 3). Find the slopes of the lines which are:
(i) Parallel to AB (ii) Perpendicular to AB

2. Find the equation of a line which is equidistant from the line

3. For what value of k the points (k, 2 – 2k), (–k + 1, 2k) and (– 4 – k, 6 – 2k) are collinear?

4. A straight line through the origin meets the parallel lines 4x + 2y = 9 and 2x + y + 6 = 0 at the points P
and Q respectively. Then the point O divides the segment PQ in the ratio:
(a) 1: 2 (b) 3:4 (c) 2:1 (d) 4:3

5. Using coordinate geometry, prove that the three altitudes of any triangle are concurrent.

6. If A and B are the points (–2, 2) and (3, –1), then the coordinates of the point C and AB produced such
that AC = 2BC are
(a) (8, –4) (b) (3, 2) (c) (4, 5) (d) (1/2, 1/2)

Answer
1. (i) (3/2), (ii) (–2/3) 2. (x = 2) 3. (k = –1) 4. (b) 6. (a)

Page 22
Kaysons Education Pair of straight line

Chapter
3 Pair of straight line

Day – 1

1. Pair of Straight Line

Let a1x + b1y + c1= 0, and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are the equation of two straight line.
Then their combined equation is known as Pair of Straight Line.
(a1x + b1y + c1) (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0
Note:- First make RHS of two lines equal to zero and then multiply the equations.

Illustration
Find the joint equation of lines.
y = x and y = –x.
Solution
First make RHS = 0
i.e., y–x=0
and y+x=0
So their combined equation is (y – x).(y + x) = 0
Note:- To find the separate equations of two lines when their joint equation is given first of all
make RHS equal to zero and resolve LHS into two linear factors or use Shri Dharacharya Method.

Illustration
Find the separate equation of lines represented by the equation
Solution

1.1 Homogeneous Equation in Two Variables

An equation of the form

In which sum of powers of x and y in every form is the same, is called an homogeneous equation.
Divided by xn we get,

Page 48
Kaysons Education Pair of straight line

Above is an equation of nth degree in .

let the roots be m1, m2, m3….mn
Then

Since ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is a homogenous equation of second degree

so two equations are y = m1x and y = m2x are two straight line which pass through origin.
(i) The lines are real and distinct if h2 – ab > 0
(ii) The lines are coincident if h2 – ab = 0
(iii) The lines are imaginary if h2 – ab < 0

1.2 Two Very Useful Identities

Comparing

Illustration
Find the condition that the slope of one of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 should be
n times the slope of the other

Solution
Let the lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 are y = m1x and y = m2x

Illustration
Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and lx + my + n = 0 is

Page 49
Kaysons Education Pair of straight line

Solution

1.3 Angle between the pair of straight line y = m2x and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

Let y = m1x and y = m2x be the line represented by

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

Since θ be the angle between the lines y = m1x and y = m2x

(i) Two lines are perpendicular if (a + b) = 0 b = – a

Hence perpendicular lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0

(ii) Pairs of lines perpendicular to the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and through origin

y = m1x, y = m2x

For perpendicular lines inter charge the coefficient of x2 and y2 and change sigh of xy.
(iii) Condition for the lines to be coincident θ = 0 or π
h2 – ab = 0 ⇒ h2 = ab
if h2 = ab then ax2 + 2hxy + by2 is a perfect square.

Page 50
Kaysons Education Pair of straight line

Illustration
Show that the straight lines x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 and line x – y = 4 form an equilateral triangle.
Solution

Illustration
Show that the condition that two of the three straight lines represent by ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3 = 0
may be at right angle if a2 + ac + bd + d2 = 0.
Solution
Let y = m1x, y = m2x be the lines represented by the equation ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3 = 0. Then

On equating the coefficients of x3, x2y and xy2 on both sides, we get

Let the perpendicular lines be y = m1x, y = m2x, then

Putting y = m3x in equation (i), then

1.4 Bisectors of the Angle Between the Lines Given by a Homogeneous Equation.

i.e., coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0

Hence the bisectors of the angle between the lines are always perpendicular to each other.
 If a = b bisector x2 – y2 = 0
i.e., x – y = 0 or x + y = 0

Page 51
Kaysons Education Pair of straight line

 If h = 0 bisector are xy = 0
i.e., x = 0, y = 0

Illustration
Find the equation of the bisectors of the angle between the line represented by 3x2 – 5xy + 4y2 = 0.
Solution
Given equation is

Comparing it with the equation

Then a = 3, h = –5/2, b = 4
Hence equation of bisectors of the angle between the pair of the lines (i) is

.
Illustration
Show that the line y = mx bisects the angle between the lines ax2 – 2hxy + by2 = 0 if

Solution
Equation of pair of bisectors of angles between lines ax2 – 2hxy + by2 = 0 is

but y = mx is one of these lines, then it will satisfy it. Substituting y = mx in (i)

Dividing by x2,

Illustration
If pairs of straight line x2 – 2pxy – y2 = 0 and x2 – 2qxy – y2 = 0 be such that each pair bisects the
angle between the other pair. Prove that pq = – 1.
Solution
According to the question, the equation of the bisectors of the angle between the lines

∴The equation of bisectors of the angle between the lines (i) is

Since (ii) and (iii) are identical, comparing (ii) and (iii), we get

Page 52
Kaysons Education Circle

Chapter
4 Circle
Day – 1

1. Circle
Definition
A circle is a locus of a point which moves in a plane, so that its distance from a fixed point in the
plane is always constant.
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the constant distance is called its radius.

1.1 Equation of a Circle

The curve traced by the moving point is called its circumference.
i.e., the equation of any circle is satisfied by coordinates of all points on its circumference.

1.2 Chord and Diameter

Chord
The line joining any two points on the circle is called a chord.
Diameter
A chord passing through is called diameter.
AB = Chord, PQ = Diameter
1.3 Equation of Circles in Different Forms
1. Centre – Radius Form
Let ‘a’ be radius and C (h, k) be the centre of any circle.
If P (x, y) be any point of the circle.

Note: C(0, 0)

2. Parametric Form

Page 63
Kaysons Education Circle

Note:- Equation of the chord joining

1.4 General Form

Coordinates of the centre

1.5 Note 1. Rule For Finding the Centre and Radius of a Circle
(i) Make the coefficient of x2 and y2 equal to 1 and right hand R.H.S. = 0.
(ii) Then coordinate of centre

2. Conditions For a Circle

A general equation of second degree in x, y represent a
circle if,

(ii) Coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2

(iii) Coefficient of x y = 0.
3. Nature of the Circle
Radius of a circle
Now following cases are possible.
(i) If than a (radius of the circle) is real, hence a real circle is possible.
(ii) If than a (radius of the circle) is real. Hence in this case it is called a point
circle.
(iii) If radius is imaginary ⇒ Virtual or imaginary circle.
4. Concentric Circle
Two circles having the same centre C (h, k) but different radii r1 and r2 respectively are called
concentric circle. Then for the equation of concentric circles differ only in constant term.
Illustration
Find the centre and radius of the circle.

Page 64
Kaysons Education Circle

Solution
Given equation of circle is

Illustration
Prove that the radii of the circles are A.P.
.
Solution
Given circle are

Let r1, r2, r3 be the radii of the circles (1), (2) and (3) respectively.

Hence r1, r2 and r3 are in A.P.

Illustration
Find the equation of circle whose centre is the point of intersection of the lines.
and passes through origin.
Solution
The point of intersection of the lines 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 5 = 0 is

Therefore, the centre of the circle is at

Since the origin lies on the circle, its distance from the centre of the circle is radius of the circle,
therefore

∴ The equation of the circle becomes

Page 65
Kaysons Education Circle

Illustration
Find the equation of the circle concentric with the circle and passing
through (–2, –7).
Solution
The given equation of circle is

Therefore, the centre of the circle is at (4, – 3). Since the required circle is concentric with this
circle, therefore, the centre of the required circle is also at (4, – 3). Since the point (–2, –7) lies on
the circle, the distance of the centre from this point is the radius of the circle. Therefore, we get,

Hence, the equation of the circle becomes

Illustration
A circle has radius 3 units and its centre lies on the line y = x – 1. Find the equation of the circle is
it passes through (7, 3).
Solution
Let the centre of the circle be (h, k). Since the center lies on y = x – 1, we get
k=h–1 … (i)
Since the circle passes through the point (7, 3), therefore the distance of the centre from this point
is the radius r of the circle. We have

For h = 7, we get k = 6 from (1)

And for h = 4, we get k = 3 from (1).
Hence there are two circle which satisfy the given conditions. They are

Illustration
Find the area of an equilateral Δ inscribed in the circle

Solution
Given circle is

Let O be the centre and ABC be an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle (1).

Page 66
Kaysons Education Circle

Illustration
Find the parametric form of the equation of circle. .
Solution
Equation of the circle can be re-written n the form

Therefore, the parametric form of the equation of the given circle is

.
Illustration
If the parametric form of the circle is given by

Solution
(i) The given equations are

Squaring and adding (1) and (2)

(ii) The given equations are

Squaring and adding (1) and (2), then

Page 67
Kaysons Education Parabola

Chapter
5 Parabola
Day – 1

1. Conic Section
Definition
The locus of a point which moves in a plane such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point to
its perpendicular distance from a fixed straight line is always constant is known as conic section.
The fixed point is called a focus of the conic and this fixed line is called the directrix of the conic,
also this constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the conic and is denoted by e.
If
e = 1, ⟹ Parabola
e<1 ⟹ Ellipse
e>1 ⟹ Hyperbola
e=0 ⟹ Circle
e=∞ ⟹ Pair of straight lines.
In the figure:

1.1 Equation of Conic Section

If the focus is (α, β) and the directrix is ax + by + c = 0 then the equation of the conic section
whose eccentricity is e
PS = ePM

1.2 Some Important Terms

1. Axis
The straight line passing through the focus and parallel to the directrix is called the axis of conic
section.
2. Vertex
The points of intersection of the conic section and the axis is (are) called vertex (vertices) of conic
section.
3. Focal Chord

Page 110
Kaysons Education Parabola

Any chord passing through the focus is called focal chord.

4. Double Ordinate
A straight line drawn perpendicular to the axis and terminated at both end of the curve is a double
ordinate.
5. Latus Rectum (LR)
The double ordinate passing through the focus is called latus rectum.
6. Centre
The point which bisects every chord of the conic passing through it, is called the centre of the
conic section.

Illustration
Find the locus of a point, which moves such that its distances from the point (0, –1) is twice its
distance from the line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0.
Solution
Let P(x1, y1) be the point is required.
Its distance from (0, –1) = 2 × its distance from the line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0

Squaring and simplifying, we get

Hence the locus (x1, y1) is

1.3 Recognisation of Conics

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Δ = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2
Case I Δ=0 Degenerate Conics
Case II Δ≠0 Non-Degenerate Conics

Conditions Nature of Conics

Δ ≠ 0, h = 0, a = b Circle
Δ ≠ 0 ab – h2 = 0 A Parabola
Δ ≠ 0 ab – h2 > 0 A Ellipse or empty set
Δ ≠ 0 ab – h2 < 0 A Hyperbola
Δ ≠ 0 ab – h2 < 0 a + b = 0 A Rectangular Hyperbola

Illustration
What conic does 13x2 – 18y + y2 + 2x + 14y – 2 = 0 represents.
Solution

Page 111
Kaysons Education Parabola

Compare the given equation with

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Then Δ = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2

Illustration
x2 – y2 – 2x + 2y + λ = 0 represent a degenerate conic. Find λ.
Solution
For degenerate conic Δ = 0
Compare the given equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Then Δ = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2

1.4 Standard Equation of Parabola

Let S be the focus and Z be the directrix of the parabola. Draw SZ perpendicular to ZM, let A be
the mid - point of XZ, then as
AS = AZ
So A lies on the parabola. Takes A as the origin and a line AY through A perpendicular to AX as
Y-axis.
Let AS = AZ = a (> 0)
Then co-ordinate of S is (a, 0) and the equation of ZM is

Not for the parabola

Which is the required equation of the parabola.

Page 112
Kaysons Education Parabola

1.5 Some Terms Related to the Parabola

1. Equation y2 = 4ax
or y2 = (Lotus Rectum) × x
2. A is the midpoint of Z and S so, AZ = AS.
3. Directrix is always perpendicular to the axis of the parabola.
4. Parabola is always symmetric about its axis.
5. Latus Rectum L.R. = 4a. (end point (a, 2a), (a, –2a)).
6. Focal chord: A chord of parabola which passes through focus is a Focal chord.
In objective questions use LL‟ as Focal chord in subjective questions use PP‟ as Focal chord.
7. Focal Distance: The Focal distance from the focus i.e., SP.
SP = PM = | x + a |
8. Parametric Equation
x = at2, y = 2at.
Other forms of parabola with latus rectum 4a
1. Parabola opening to left
(i) Vertex is A(0, 0)
(ii) Focus is S (–a, 0)
(iii) Equation of directrix is x – a = 0
(iv) Equation of the axis is y = 0
(v) Equation of tangent at vertex is x = 0
(vi) Length of latus rectum is 4a.
(vii) Extremities of latus rectum are L(–a, 2a) and L‟(–a, –2a)
(viii) Equation of latus rectum is x = –a i.e., x + a = 0
(ix) Parametric co-ordinates is
2. Parabola opening upward. x2 = 4ay, a > 0
(i) Vertex is A(0, 0)
(ii) Directrix y + a = 0
(iii) Focas (0, a)
(iv) L.R. = 4a
(v) Focal distance = | y + a |.
(vi) End point of L.R. = (2a, a)
(vii) Axis of the parabola x = 0
(viii) Parametric co-ordinate (2at, at2)
3. Parabola opening downwards x2 = –4ay
(i) Vertex is A(0, 0)
(ii) S (0, –a)
(iii) Directrix y – a = 0
(iv) L.R. = 4a
(v) Focal distance = | y – a |.
(vi) End point of L.R. = (2a, –a), (–2a, –a)
(vii) Parametric (2at, –at2)

Page 113
Kaysons Education Parabola

Self Effort

1. What conic does the equation

25(x2 + y2 – 2x + 1) = (4x – 3y + 1)2 represents.

2. What conic is represented by the equation

3. If the equation x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y + c = 0 represent an empty set the value of c.

4. Prove that the equation of the parabola whose focus is (0, 0) and tangent at the vertex is is
.

Answer
1. Parabola 2. Parabola 3. 2

Page 114
Kaysons Education Ellipse

Chapter
6
Ellipse

Day – 1
1. Ellipse Definition
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a foxed point
(i.e., focus) is a constant ratio from a fixed line (i.e., directrix). This ratio is called eccentricity and
is denoted by e. For an ellipse e < 1.

1.1 Standard Equation of Ellipse

The focus S is (CS, 0) i.e., (ae, 0)
Now draw PM ⊥ MZ

This is the standard equation of an ellipse, AA’ and BB’ are called the major and minor axes of the
ellipse. (Here b < a) and A and A’ are the vertices of the ellipse.
1.2 Generally
The equation to ellipse, whose focus is the point (h, k) and directrix is lx + my + n = 0 and whose
eccentricity is e, isds

Page 132
Kaysons Education Ellipse

1.3 Some Terms Related to an Ellipse

Let the equation of the ellipse

(1) Centre
All chords passing through C is bisected at C
Here C ≡ (0, 0)
(2) Foci
S and S’ are two foci of the ellipse and their co –ordinations are (ae, 0) and (– ae, 0) respectively.
(3) Directrices
ZM and Z’ M’ are two Directrices of the ellipse and their equation are
respectively.
(4) Axes
The lines AA’ and BB’ are called the major and minor axes of the ellipse
∴ 0<e<1
or 0 < e2 < 1 (∴ 0 > – e2 > – 1)
or 0 < 1 – e2 < 1 (or 1 > 1– e2 > 1 – 1)
2 2 2
or a (1 – e ) a (or 0 < 1 – e2 < 1)
or b 2 < a2
or b<a

(5) Double Ordinates

If P be a point on the ellipse draw PN perpendicular to the axis of the ellipse and produced to meet
the curve again t P’. Then PP’ is called a double ordinate. If abscissa of P is h then ordinate of P,

(6) Latus rectum

The double ordinates LL’ and L1 L1’ are latus – rectums of the ellipse. These line are
perpendicular to major axis A’ A and through thr foci S and S’ respectively.

1.4 Length of the Latus Rectum

Now let LL’ = 2k

Page 133
Kaysons Education Ellipse

Then LS = L’S = k
Co –ordinations of L and L’ are (ae, k) and (ae, – k) lies on the ellipse

(7) Focal chord

A chord of the ellipse passing through its focus is called a focal chord.
(8) Vertices
The vertices of the ellipse are the points where the ellipse meets its major axis.
Hence A and A’ are the vertices
∴ A ≡ (a, 0) and A' ≡ (–a, 0)
(9) Parametric equation of the ellipse
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is called the auxiliary circle of the
ellipse. Let the equation of ellipse be

∴ Equation of its auxiliary circle is x2 + y2 = a2 (∵ AA’ is diameter of the circle)

Let Q be a point on the auxiliary circle x2 + y2 = a2 such that QP produced is perpendicular to the x
– axis.
Then P and Q are the corresponding points on the ellipse and the auxiliary circle respectively.
Let ∠QCA = ϕ (0 ≤ ϕ < 2π)
Ie., the eccentric angle of P on an ellipse is the angle which the radius (or radius vector) through
the corresponding point on the auxiliary circle makes with the major axis.
∴ Q ≡ (a cos ϕ, a sin ϕ)
∴ Now x – co – ordination of P is a cos ϕ

Page 134
Kaysons Education Ellipse

Let y – co-ordination of P is y then (a cos ϕ, y) lies on the ellipse

Co – ordinates of P are (a cos ϕ, b sin ϕ). We hane x = a cos ϕ, y = b sin ϕ are called parametric
equations of the ellipse.
This point (a cos ϕ, b sin ϕ) is also called the point’ ϕ’.

1.5 Focal Distance of a Point

The sum of focal distance of any point on the ellipse is to the major axis.
The ellipse is

The foci S and S’ are (ae, 0) and (–ae, 0).

The equations of its Directrices MZ and M’Z’ are x = a/e and x = – a/e
Let P(x1, y1) be any point on (1)
Now
= a – ex1
and
= a + ex1
SP + S’P = (a – ex1) + (a + ex1)
= 2a = AA’ = major axis

Hence the sum of the focal distance of a point on the ellipse is constant and is equal to the length
of the major axis of the ellipse
1.6 Another Definition of Ellipse
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that the sum of its distance from two
fixed points in the same plane is always constant.
Note :- SP and SP’ are also called focal radii of the ellipse
SP = a – ex1 and S’P = a + ex1.

Page 135
Kaysons Education Ellipse

Self Efforts

1. If a chord joining two points whose eccentricity angles are α, β cut the major axis of an ellipse at a
distance d from the centre. Show that where 2a is the length of major axis.

2. Find the equation of the ellipse referred to its centre whose minor axis is equal to the distance between
the foci and whose latus rectum is 10.

3. The extremities of a line segment of length l move in two fixed perpendicular straight lines. Find the
locus of that point which divides this line segment in ratio 1 : 2.

4. Show that the equation

(10x – 5)2 + (10y – 5)2 = (3x + 4y – 1)2
Represents an ellipse, find the eccentricity of the ellipse.

Answer
2 2 2 2 2
2. x +2y = 100 3. 9x + 36y = 4l

Page 136
Kaysons Education Hyperbola

Chapter
7
Hyperbola
Day – 1

1. Hyperbola
Definition
The locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point (i.e., focus) is
e times its distance from a fixed line (i.e., directrix) is known as Hyperbola.
For Hyperbola (e > 1)

1.1 Standard Equation of Hyperbola

1.2 General Equation

The equation of Hyperbola whose focus is (h, k) and directrix is lx + my + n = 0 and whose
eccentricity e is

1.3 The Foci and Directrix of a Hyperbola

Foci (± ae, 0) Directrix
Note : Distance between foci SS‟ = 2ae
Distance between directrixes =

1.4 Some Terms Related to Hyperbola

The equation of the Hyperbola be
1. Centre C (0, 0) ⇒ All chord passing through C are bisected at C.
2. Eccentricity b2 = a2(e2 – 1) for Hyperbola

Page 152
Kaysons Education Hyperbola

3. Foci: = (± ae, 0)
4. Axes: The point A(a, 0) and A‟(–a, 0) are called vertices of the Hyperbola and line AA‟ is
called transverse axis and the line perpendicular to transverse axis and passing through C(0, 0) is
called the conjugate axis.
5. Double ordinate: Any line perpendicular to the transverse axis is called Double ordinate.
If the abscissa of Q is h then ordinates of Q are

Hence the coordinate of double ordinate are

6. Latus Rectum: The double ordinates LL‟ and L1L1‟ are the latus rectum of the Hyperbola. These
lines are perpendicular to transverse axis AA‟ and through the foci S and S‟ respectively.

1.5 Length of Latus Rectum

Let LL’ = 2k LS = L’S = k
Coordinate of L, L‟ an (ae, k) (ae, –k)

7. Focal Chord: A chord of the Hyperbola passing through its focus is called a focal chord.
8. Parametric Equation of the Hyperbola
Equation of Hyperbola
Equation of auxiliary circle x2 + y2 = a2

Proof
Let P(x, y) be any point are the Hyperbola draw PN perpendicular to x axis.
2 2 2
Let NQ be a tangent to the auxiliary circle x + y = a join CQ.
Here P and Q are the corresponding points of the Hyperbola and the auxiliary circle φ is
the eccentric angle of P (u ≤ θ ≤ 2π).

Page 153
Kaysons Education Hyperbola

Note:- Equation of chord joining point

If it is a focal chord when it passes through (ae, 0) or (–ae, 0)

If it passes through (–ae, 0) then

Page 154
Kaysons Education Hyperbola

Self Efforts

1. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose directrix is 2x + y = 1, focus (1, 2) and eccentricity

2. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is half of its transverse axis.

3. The foci of a hyperbola coincide with the foci of the ellipse Find the equation of the
hyperbola if its eccentricity is 2.

Answers

Page 155
Kaysons Education Hyperbola

Day – 2

1. Focal Distance
The difference of focal distances of any point on the Hyperbola is constant and equal to length of
the transverse axis of the Hyperbola.

1.1 Definition
A Hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that the difference of its distances
from two fixed points is constant with the fixed points as foci.

1.2 Conjugate Hyperbola

The Hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes are respectively the conjugate and transverse
axis of the given Hyperbola is called Conjugate Hyperbola.

1.3 Some result related to Hyperbola and its conjugate

Hyperbola Basic Result

Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)

Length of Transverse axis AA‟ 2a 2b
Length of Conjugate axis BB‟ 2b 2a
Foci ( ± ae, 0) (0, ± be)

Page 156