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80-Watt Piezoelectric Crosswalk Energy Harvesting System: Technological Institute of The Philippines Manila Campus
80-Watt Piezoelectric Crosswalk Energy Harvesting System: Technological Institute of The Philippines Manila Campus
Manila Campus
October 8, 2016
The group would like to thank to the Creator who gives us strength, courage, wisdom,
blessings, guidance and power to overcome the obstacles throughout this semester to finish
It would not have made possible without the help and assist of the TIP Electronics and
To Engr. Maurice Sorita, our instructor and mentor, for his relentless guidance and support
in accomplishing the group’s project study as well as his lectures in the course wherein he
has provided a great leap in preparation for our journey to the professional world.
Abstract
Walking may be considered the simplest mode of transportation, especially for short trips,
and although, there has been a decline in the number of people involved, part of the process,
inevitably, includes crossing a road. Energy exists almost everywhere in the environment
and with the ever-increasing demand for power, energy solutions in both the macro and
micro-scale has become a drive for scientists and engineers. And over the decades, energy
has been harnessed in the forms of wind, solar and hydropower. Today, the development
of micro-energy harvesting technology has increased with the goal of providing low-power
i. Acknowledgement
ii. Abstract
iii. Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Problem and Its Background
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Problem and Its Background
Cleaner, alternative sources of energy have been a constant problem in a world of ever-
increasing demand for power, in which our continuous dependence on fossil fuels has taken
its toll on the environment, and with the emergence of macro-scale energy harvesting in
the forms of solar, wind and hydroelectricity for decades, solutions to energy management
increase with the goal to reduce reliance on oil. In order to further contribute to power
solutions, micro-scale energy harvesting has been discovered to provide small, intermittent
energy for ultra-low power (ULP), perpetual devices. (Texas Instruments, 2009)
Sources of micro-energy include vibration, body heat, radio frequency emissions and light
wherein vibration energy can be scaled from industries down to a man’s footstep.
systems, a walking individual can generate up to 7 watts of power output from a single
footstep alone whereas 2.5 Watts alone can be used to charge an iPhone. (The Guardian,
Pedestrian crossings are crucial tools wherein it serves as a safety reminder and instills
discipline to both pedestrians and vehicle drivers on the road, especially in school areas
such as P. Casal street which divides the Casal and Arlegui campuses of TIP in between
wherein a single lane at the P. Casal crossing measures about 4.88 meters long and 3.96
meters wide. Majority of those who cross the said street are those students, faculty
members and staff, etc. of the institution who usually needs to get between the campuses,
throughout the day. On the other hand, devices such as traffic signals, street lights, etc. are
being utilized to further observe safety, however, requires energy in order function.
With the gut-wrenching prices of electricity in Metro Manila, the researchers propose a
means to innovate and utilize simple concepts to harvest cleaner energy wherein the kinetic
energy exerted by crossing pedestrians as well as vehicles passing by are to be made use
of; and at the same time, promote safety and discipline to the students of TIP – Manila who
cross the P. Casal street from the Casal campus to that of Arlegui and vice versa.
The group aims to design and build a 4.50-meter by 3.50-meter piezoelectric footstep
system, which will be installed between the TIP – Manila campuses, and serve as a
pedestrian crossing, to gather the energy exerted from the weight of pedestrians and
vehicles passing by, further converting into electrical energy and distributing the power to
two 40-Watt fluorescent lamps (total of 80 Watts) that are installed at the waiting shed near
the P. Casal street. The focus of the study centers on the design of the system wherein it
should withstand the forces of pedestrian footfalls, as well as impact of vehicles, especially
The scenario has inspired the group to conduct the study wherein the energy exerted by the
pedestrians and vehicles passing by will provide benefit in powering simple but vital
The study aims to play a significant role for students who wish to conduct future research
as well as provide a background in the application of Basic Electrical and Electronics; help
the government realize applications in alternate sources of electrical energy thus saving
costs; and more importantly, emphasize and promote the importance of safety to the
The group proposes to design and install the said system in either the North or South-bound
direction of P. Casal street, containing three lanes for traffic, and spans about 32 feet in
total width. Although a pedestrian crossing serves its purpose by meeting two ends of a
road, the study will be scaled down to a single lane that spans about 4.5 meters.
Parameters to be considered in the study include the number of crossing pedestrians and
vehicles, as well as the average force exerted wherein the gathered experimental data will
that will withstand the varying weather conditions, the impact of pedestrian and motor
traffic, especially heavy vehicles; and at the same time promote safety as its intended
Code (Chapter IV, Article III), motorists are obliged to provide the right of way to
not until July of 2013 since a crossing pedestrian’s safety was emphasized in which
specifications and dimensions of pedestrian lanes and sidewalks were defined. (DPWH;
Lasco, 2015)
Pedestrian crossings, as stated by the Department of Public Works and Highways (2013),
crossings; and crosswalks for signalized crossings wherein the latter spans about 4 to 8
meters in length.
continuous power in the milliwatt range. An average human expends about 200 Watts of
scenarios, wherein the electrostatic energy can also be harvested through piezoelectric cells
technology and will require highly-efficient converter mechanisms and storage cells.
throughout the years have provided proof that the technology is robust and practical to
power streetlights, traffic lights, etc. With the rise of footfall energy harvesting systems,
the study mentions that there are already 53% patented products, while 32% and 15% make
Table 1: Key players in patenting and manufacturing of footfall energy harvesting floor
technology
that utilizes the piezoelectric effect through electro-magnetic induction wherein their latest
product, the V3 triangular tile, can generate 5 Watts of continuous power from the weight
“Piezo” is derived from the Greek word for squeeze, press, or push, that is piezein,
Specialties, 2006)
electrical charge, or by placing a material under significant strain through heavy pressure.
These harvesters generate electricity based on the amount of force used in compressing or
deforming a material, as well as the amount and type of deformation on the material’s
crystal structure and the speed or frequency of compressions or vibrations to the material.
The potential for piezoelectric energy harvesting is therefore much greater than alternative
force. Actuators work reversely to that of a piezoelectric sensor in which the material
The piezoelectric sensor are versatile devices for measuring changes in pressure,
temperature, force, etc. The materials used are known to have a modulus of elasticity
of up to 1x107 N/m2 wherein the sensing elements show about zero deflection to
compression. This electromechanical system, however, can only be used for dynamic
variables with increasing pressure loads and temperature such as turbulence, ballistics,
Piezo sensors that measure pressure are usually designed with a thin membrane on a
larger base where the former transfers the force to the piezo element. However, pressure
sensors tend to generate false signals when exposed to vibrations, hence, vibration
sensors are created based on pressure sensors with the addition of acceleration elements
that subtracts the combined signal of pressure and acceleration to determine the actual
pressure.
Piezoelectric ceramics and single crystal materials are two main groups of materials
used for piezo sensors in which the former is said to be the most used materials for
other elements, and also possess a high radiating firmness in active environments
higher than that of the natural single crystal single elements. According to PI Ceramic,
for both piezoelectric sensors and actuators for their large piezo charge coefficient and
energy in which is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. It provides more
stability in a machine by increasing its momentum and also generate reserve power in
energy when its source is discontinuous; deliver energy that more than that of a
An application of the fly wheel and piezoelectricity is the staircase step prototype
A developed system that includes the flywheel component is the Pavegen tiles that
electrical energy. The tiles have been installed in densely crowded areas such as the
Heathrow Airport in London, as well as in major events like the 2013 Paris Marathon
(Newsweek, 2016)
The rack and pinion mechanism converts rotational motion into linear motion
comprising a pair of gears wherein the circular gear (pinion) engages teeth on a linear
gear (rack), hence, the motion of the rack is relative to that of the pinion.
Two separate studies in India were conducted wherein each built a footstep power
generation system prototype utilizing the rack-pinion setup. One of the prototypes,
shown in Figure #a, was able to generate 1.27 Watts of output power, while the latter
(Figure #b) was able to gather an output voltage of 3V. (IJERAT, April 2016; May
2016)
(a)
(b)
Figure 4 (a) & (b): Rack-pinion setup for a footfall power generation system
2.5 Patent Search
DPWH (1984) “Right of Way and Signals” of the 1984 Land Transportation and
Azhar, M. et. al. (April 2016) “Generation of Electrical Energy from Foot Step
Ellis, E. G. (2016) “New Floor Tiles Generate Green Energy Via Your Footsteps”
Scope e-Knowledge Center Pvt Ltd (May 2014) “Harnessing Kinetic Energy from
Footfalls” p. 4, 9, 10