1. What is morphology?

The branch of linguistics that deals with the inner structure of words.
2. What is a morpheme? Morph? Allomorph?
The smallest language unit that has both sound form and meaning. It represents
the correlation between the form and the meaning. It is abstract, and the real part
of the morpheme is called a morph or an allomorph. Morpheme is in slanted
brackets //.
3. What is grammar?
A system of rules that can be formulated as algorithms.
4. Inflectional morphology? Illustrate.
Inflection is the process of creating new word forms of a lexeme by adding
inflectional suffixes. It retains its part of speech quality.
5. Example of minimal pairs in morphology.
All the same but one thing. Heartache – heartbreak, bottle-washer – bottle-washer
(different marker)
6. Two examples of multimember inflectional paradigms.
Inflections like un- im- in- il- ir- are a paradigm
Inflectional paradigms are those where words have the same meaning but differ in
endings. toy-toys the same category of number but differ in plural marker.
7. Give a set around: read, man, hat, bed
Lexical paradigm: read, reading, reads…
Man, manly, manning…
Hat, hatter, hats…
Bed, embed, embedded…
8. lexical paradigm that share prefix re-, un-
reappear, reload, remember, redo, recover…
undo, unmake, undoing, untamed…
9. -||- suffixes: -let, -ward
Pamphlet, cutlet, starlet, piglet
Westward, eastward, southward, northward
10. Give a rule of thumb definition of a word.
A word is the smallest language unit which has a definite morphological structure
and meaning and which can be used in isolation.
11. Functional words
Functional or grammatical words are: pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs,
prepositions and conjunctions. They are also known as empty words because they
have no semantic meaning of their own. Their number is finite.
12. Free and Bound morphemes
Free morphs are usually called just morphs, they can stand alone and are not
dependant, for example bag, slave, happy, chair, spoon… in the word happily, the
morph happy is potentially free because it can be used on it’s own.
13. Lexically complex and semantically simplex idioms ????
An idiom is a group of words that has different meaning than that of the words by
themselves.
14. Simple/ complex words????
15. Transparent/Opaque lexemes? Undertake, understand, underneath…
Opaque refers to the lexeme in terms of analyzability. The ones that cannot be
clearly analyzed are called Opaque, and the ones that can, Transparent. For
example –age in spillage and leakage makes them transparent because they refer
to the act of spilling or leaking, but in carriage, bondage, dosage, barrage it is
opaque.
16. bases of words (inconsolable, malnourished)
Base is any item to which affixes can be added. Work in worker is a base.
Roots and stems are special kinds of base. (consolable, console; nourished,
nourish.)
17. root of the words (biosphere, microscope)
Root is what is left when all the affixes are removed. (bio, sphere, micro, scope)
There can be bound-morph roots. (tele in telephone)
18. grammatical categories
Grammatical categories are superordinate to features such as number, aspect,
tense, and person.
19. inflectional morphemes
Inflectional morphemes are those that are added to the stems and produce new
word forms.
20. Exponents of the past tense marker????
Past tense markers are usually the inflection “-ed”
21. Allomorphs that realize articles????

22. dual gender nouns

There are dual gender nouns such as criminal, artist, cook, doctor, enemy, fool
etc… Though their gender can be lexically marked: male nurse, he-goat,
girlfriend…
23. sentence government
Government means that one element in a sentence determines which morpheme is
added to another element, for example preposition and the noun or pronoun: about
whom, from whom, to whom, about me…
24. language strata
Stratal theory of morphology is a theory that assumes that word building proceeds
in several stages and in fixed order. Strata means layers. For example: Authorit(y)
+ arian + ism; the inflectional suffix is always the last to be added to the base as in
the example: nominal + iz(e) + ation + s
25. word formation
It refers to either the variety of morphological word-forming processes or to the
stuffy of such processes. There are verb, noun and adjective processes that are
most productive and adverb producing processes are the least effective. And there
are a certain set of rules that determine the possibility of a new word.
26. demarcation problems???
27. contrastiveness
Or contrastive analysis is a detailed synchronic comparison of the structure of a
native language and a target language. It can be done on many linguistic levels.
28. syntagmatic chain????
29. orthographic words
An orthographic word is a unit in the written language. It is a unit between the
blanks when it is written, “none are deaf” contain three orthographic words.
30. language universals
The things all languages have for example: All languages have vowels and
consonants.
31. difference between a morpheme and a syllable
Morpheme is a unit of morphology that carries a certain semantic content within,
and it may consist of several syllables, and syllable as a unit doesn’t have any
lexical meaning what so ever but sometimes may have the same form as a
morpheme.
32. ablaut
is a regular alternation of a word element usually a vowel, changing a
grammatical function (sing, sang, sung) sometimes used in word formation
especially in reduplication (tip-top, zig-zag)
33. Suppletive forms
Phonetically unrelated members of a paradigm. Usually irregular. Go – went –
gone. Same paradigm different (idiosyncratic) elements.
34. portmanteau morph
Portmanteau morph is a morph that represent several different grammatical
elements for example “-s” third person, singular number, present tense.
35. replacive morph (foot feet)
Replacive morph is a replacement of a phoneme or a sequence of morphs (foot,
feet)
36. discontinuous morph
Discontinuous morph is a morph interrupted by some other speech material for
example have + n in we have taken it
37. zero morph
Zero morph is the lack of a marker for example third person marker in cut, put,
shut….
38. markers
Are kinds of binary flags that say whether a component has or hasn’t something
marked for plural means it is in plural.
39. exponence
it is the case when a single morphological property is realized by two or more
morphs or several morphological properties by a single morpheme.
40. derivational morphemes, root morphemes
Derivation morphemes are affixes (suffixes and prefixes) and root morphemes are
those to which you add the affix to.
41. syncretism
Refers to the situation where the same form is used to represent distinct
morphological concepts e.g. washed as past simple and past participle
42. Superfix
Refers to stress change that changes meaning con’vict – ‘convict
43. Infix
Bloody in funbloddytastic.