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The Group 1 Elements: The Alkali Metals: "Read in The Name Your God Who Created " Chemistry of Elements
The Group 1 Elements: The Alkali Metals: "Read in The Name Your God Who Created " Chemistry of Elements
The Group 1 Elements: The Alkali Metals: "Read in The Name Your God Who Created " Chemistry of Elements
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Intro
• alkali metal cations are extremely difficult to reduce to get metal.
KOH K
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11.1. Group Trends
• All of the alkali metals are shiny
(silver-colored), and have high
electrical and thermal conductivities.
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They have Low m.p
Low m.p and soft are due to
the weak metalic bonding
from the small enthalpy of
atomization.
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They have low density.
½ water density!
No!
very reactive with water
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• Must be stored under oil.
exposed to air a thick coating of oxidation
products covers the lustrous surface very
rapidly :
white smoke
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• Dramatic reaction with water supermetals
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11.2. Feature of alkali metal compounds
All are metals have common features :
KMnO4
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Stabilization of Large Anions :
Na through Cs are the only cations that form solid hydrogen carbonate salts:
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Ion Hydration
Hydration in the crystalline solid balance of lattice energy (U) and ∆Hhydration of ions .
U = electrostatic attraction between the cations and anions:
c.d ion ↑ U ↑.
• Low lattice energy U favors the loss of an ion’s hydration sphere on crystallization
(to give the small anhydrous ion).
• But ∆Hhydration depends on the attraction between the ion and the surrounding
polar water molecules.
charge density of the ions strengthen of the ion-dipole attraction
• Here, high charge density usually favors retention of all or part of the hydration
sphere in the solid phase, while salts of low-charge ions tend to be anhydrous.
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Low charge densities (compared to other metals).
majority of solid alkali metal salts are anhydrous !
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11.3. Solubility of alkali metal salts
so useful as reagents in the laboratory of the required anions.
Fact,
why ?
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Solubility vs M+ a smooth curve.
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11.4. Lithium
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Uses of Lithium
- Aerospace alloy
Density of alloy LA 141
(14%Li,1%Al, 85%Mg)=1.35 g/cm3 (=1/2 Aldensity )
density (g•cm-3):
Lithium = 0.53
Al = 67,5
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Iron = 7.874
Chemistry Department
Iridium = 22.65
Lithium batteries
As anode material:
Ø Eo >>>
Ø Low density (1/20 of Pb) mass saving.
Ø very low mass per unit of stored energy
compact high-voltage cells.
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Lithium batteries
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11.5. Sodium
Uses Of Sodium:
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The Industrial Extraction of Sodium
Downs process
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11.6 Potassium
• K in the environment is a bit radioactive (0.012% of
K are K-40 radioactive). human body radiation.
•
• K-40 to Ar-40 ratio for dating rocks.
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Insoluble Potassium Compounds
yellow
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The Industrial Extraction of Potassium
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11.7 Oxides
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Dioxide(2-)
Sodium dioxide(2-) :
• diamagnetic,
• bond length is about 149 pm
Dioxygen :
• paramagnetic,
• bond length is about 121 pm
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dioxide(1-)
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11.8 Hydroxides
Alkali metal hydroxides are :
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The Industrial Synthesis of Sodium Hydroxide
Diaphragm cell
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Commercial Uses of Sodium Hydroxide
• Reagent , synthesis of other inorganic chemical, pulp
and paper industry, and etc .
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to evaporate seawater
11.10 Sodium Chloride
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11.10 Potassium chloride
• KCl is recovered from ancient dried lake
deposits (like NaCl).
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11.11 Sodium Carbonate
• exists as anhydrous state (soda ash),
monohydrate, Na2CO3.H2O, and decahydrate,
Na2CO3.10H2O (washing soda).
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Uses of Sodium Carbonate
• in glass manufacture:
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11.12 Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
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11.13 Ammonia Reaction
• The alkali metals if dissolved in liquid
ammonia to yield solutions deep that
conduct current :
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11.14 Ammonium Ion as Pseudo-Alkali-
Metal Ion
A polyatomic ion whose behavior in many ways mimics that of an
ion of an element or of a group of elements.
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11.15 Biological Aspect
• Na+ and K+ are essential to life.
• at least 1 g of Na+ per day in our diet --> OK
• less K+ in food, --> bananas and coffee.
Na+ and K+
1. to balance the negative charge of protein
units in the body.
2. maintain the osmotic pressure within cells,
preventing them from collapsing.
3. to produce electrical potential across the cell
membrane for heart’s generation of rhythmic
electrical signals, the kidney’s unceasing
separation of vital and toxic solutes in the
blood, and the eye’s precise control of the
lens’s refractive index.
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• 10 W of power produced by the human brain results from the Na+/K+
ATP enzyme pumping K+ into and Na+ out of brain cells.
• When we “go into shock”, it is a massive leakage of the alkali metal
ions through the cell walls that causes the phenomenon.
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11.16 Element Reaction flowcharts
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