REPORT

ON
"ANALOG VIDEO, DIGITAL VIDEO AND MPEG2 "

Submitted by
Shubham Ganar
Shrinidhi Kulkarni
Piyush Mahadalkar

under the guidance of

Prof. Sushmita Dutta

LOKMANYA TILAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Affiliated to

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Academic Year 2019-2020.
Objective: - To study Analog video, Digital Video and MPEG2

Analog video:
 Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more analog signals.
 Analog color video signals include luminance, brightness (Y)
and chrominance (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case,
among others with NTSC, PAL and SECAM it is called composite video.
 Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two channel S-
Video (YC) and multi-channel component video formats.Analog video is
used in both consumer and professional television
production applications.
 Analog, the signal format most common before the rise of the digital
signal format, is used with various technologies including telephone
communications, broadcast radio, and television worldwide.
 Analog appliances record or transmit, information as a continuous
electrical signal composed of electromagnetic waves. In analog video
cameras waves are created by a charged coupled device or CCD. This
device captures visual information and transforms it into an electrical
signal that can be broadcast directly or recorded on magnetic tape.
When analog video is sent from its source through the air, wire, or other
network conduit, the electromagnetic signals weaken.
 During transmission signals run the risk of picking up vibrations from
other sources that can result in errors or noise. To compensate for the
weakened strength of signals at a distance, amplification is performed at
various points during transit. The amplification of a weakened and
sometimes error-filled signal often results in reduced signal quality and
distortion.

Digital Video:
 Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images
(video) in the form of encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog
video, which represents moving visual images with analog signals. Digital
video comprises a series of digital images displayed in rapid succession.
 Digital video was first introduced commercially in 1986 with the Sony
 D1 format,[1] which recorded an uncompressed standard
definition component video signal in digital form. In addition to
uncompressed formats, popular compressed digital video formats today
include H.264 and MPEG-4. Modern interconnect standards for digital
video include HDMI, DisplayPort, Digital Visual Interface (DVI) and serial
digital interface (SDI).
 Digital video can be copied with no degradation in quality. In contrast,
when analog sources are copied, they experience generation loss. Digital
video can be stored on digital media such as Blu-ray Disc, on computer
data storage or streamed over the Internet to end users who watch
content on a desktop computer screen or a digital smart TV. In everyday
practice, digital video content such as TV shows and movies also includes
a digital audio soundtrack.
 Digital video comprises a series of digital images displayed in rapid
succession. In the context of video these images are
called frames.[e] The rate at which frames are displayed is known as
the frame rate and is measured in frames per second (FPS). Every frame
is an orthogonal bitmap digital image and so comprises a raster of pixels.
Pixels have only one property, their color. The color of a pixel is
represented by a fixed number of bits. The more bits the more subtle
variations of colors can be reproduced. This is called the color depth of
the video.
 Interlacing:
In interlaced video each frame is composed of two halves of an image.
The first half contains only the odd-numbered lines of a full frame. The
second half contains only the even-numbered lines. Those halves are
referred to individually as fields. Two consecutive fields compose a full
frame. If an interlaced video has a frame rate of 30 frames per second
the field rate is 60 fields per second. All the properties discussed here
apply equally to interlaced video but one should be careful not to
confuse the fields-per-second rate with the frames-per-second rate.
 Bit rate and BPP:
By its definition, bit rate is a measure of the rate of information content
of the digital video stream. In the case of uncompressed video, bit rate
corresponds directly to the quality of the video as bit rate is proportional
to every property that affects the video quality. Bit rate is an important
property when transmitting video because the transmission link must be
capable of supporting that bit rate. Bit rate is also important when
 dealing with the storage of video because, as shown above, the video
size is proportional to the bit rate and the duration. Video compression is
used to greatly reduce the bit rate while having a lesser effect on quality.
Bits per pixel (BPP) is a measure of the efficiency of compression. A true-
color video with no compression at all may have a BPP of 24
bits/pixel. Chroma subsampling can reduce the BPP to 16 or 12
bits/pixel. Applying jpeg compression on every frame can reduce the BPP
to 8 or even 1 bits/pixel. Applying video compression algorithms
like MPEG1, MPEG2 or MPEG4 allows for fractional BPP values.
 An example video can have a duration (T) of 1 hour (3600sec), a frame
size of 640x480 (WxH) at a color depth of 24 bits and a frame rate of
25fps. This example video has the following properties:

 pixels per frame = 640 * 480 = 307,200

 bits per frame = 307,200 * 24 = 7,372,800 = 7.37 Mbits
 bit rate (BR) = 7.37 * 25 = 184.25 Mbits/sec
 video size (VS)[8] = 184 Mbits/sec * 3600 sec =
662,400 Mbits = 82,800 Mbytes = 82.8 Gbytes

MPEG-2:
 MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the
generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It
describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data
compression methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies
using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth.
While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such
as H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC, backwards compatibility with existing
hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-
the-air digital television broadcasting and in the DVD-Video standard.
 MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of digital television signals that are
broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast
satellite TV systems. It also specifies the format of movies and other
programs that are distributed on DVD and similar discs. TV stations, TV
receivers, DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this
standard. MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the
 Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) and is an international standard
(ISO/IEC 13818). Parts 1 and 2 of MPEG-2 were developed in a
collaboration with ITU-T, and they have a respective catalog number in
the ITU-T Recommendation Series. While MPEG-2 is the core of most
digital television and DVD formats, it does not completely specify them.
Regional institutions can adapt it to their needs by restricting and
augmenting aspects of the standard.

MPEG-2 evolved out of the shortcomings of MPEG-1.

MPEG-1's known weaknesses:

 An audio compression system limited to two channels (stereo).

 No standardized support for interlaced video with poor compression
when used for interlaced video
 Only one standardized "profile" (Constrained Parameters Bitstream),
which was unsuited for higher resolution video. MPEG-1 could support
4k video but there was no easy way to encode video for higher
resolutions, and identify hardware capable of supporting it, as the
limitations of such hardware were not defined.
 Support for only one chroma subsampling, 4:2:0.

Conclusion:- Hence we learned about Analog video and Digital video, where
we observed that Digital video has better properties than Analog video. We also
learned about the MPEG2 and its properties.