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Charcoal Cinder Briquettes As Cooking Fuel Alternative
Charcoal Cinder Briquettes As Cooking Fuel Alternative
In partial fulfilment of the research in
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 and
INQUIRY, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION
TEMPLA, JUAN MIGUEL JONATHAN H.
DOMINGUEZ, JASHLEY BLAISE D.
CELMAR, KHARL ANDREW M.
BUSILAOCO, JUSTIN JOHN S.
AHAT, TRISHA MAE C.
OCHEA, VINCENT P.
GRADE 12- EXCELLENCE
OCTOBER 2019
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter of the paper presents the background of the study,
statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and delimitations,
Background of the Study
As the world advances into a more modernized living, the demands for
increases (Akpalu et al, 2011). With the lack of such, people are subjected to
Petroleum Gas (LPG) and commercially sold charcoal (World Bank, 2009).
The susceptibility of inflation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is
considerably high as there are numerous variables that can affect it, such as
natural disasters (WLPGA, 2018). In developing countries, the struggles of
using cooking fuels such as LPG mainly concerns of its availability and
affordability (WLPGA, 2018). Charcoal, on the other hand, is directed to be
countries, particularly in peri-urban areas, which is due to the fact that
producing charcoal needs forest wood and consequently more forest area in
order to meet the same energy needs compared to firewood (Sepp, 2014).
The Philippines is a developing country and is home to 92.3 million
residents, 45.3%, 41.9 million, of which are living in areas classified as urban
and 54.7 %, 50.5 million, are in rural places (Philippine Statistics Authority,
2010). Considering that the population of residents in rural places is
exceptionally higher than that of urban places, the numbers of people who
higher as well (Smith and Peele 2010). About 15.1% of the population use
36.1% on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Trading Economics (2018). The
country is agriculturally rich and therefore is abundant in biomass energy
rice straw, coconut husk, coconut shell and bagasse (Zafar, 2019). With the
availability of bioresources, the utilization of these waste into refined
products for innovative and efficient use becomes possible (Eionet, 2019).
The city of Mati is regarded as the “coconut city” because of its coconut
plantations, reaching as far as 26, 386 hectares, one of the biggest in the
Philippines (Perez, 2012). These agro-based industries become one of the
primary sources of agricultural wastes (Department of Energy, 2010). Copra
cinders out from the production of charcoal. These wastes are out from the
potential energy output, such as charcoal residue which approximately has a
rough estimate of 30MJ/kg, the utilization of these waste into more
productive and efficient use becomes a recommended option (Sepp, 2014).
with high pressure, will best fit as the process of innovative utilization with
The lack of alternative cooking fuels that are affordable and
ecologically friendly has caused an increase in demand for such cooking fuels.
With the availability of potential waste resources such as charcoal residues,
briquetting of these charcoal residues deem to counter the problem. This
study aims to produce briquettes out of charcoal cinder residues. Also, this
study seeks to determine the effectivity of charcoal cinder briquettes in terms
Research Hypothesis
the following hypothesis which will serve as temporary answers for the 1st
I.)
A. Working Hypothesis
II.)
The charcoal cinder briquettes can be an effective cooking fuel
alternative.
alternative.
C. Null Hypothesis (Ho)
The charcoal cinder briquettes is not an effective cooking fuel
alternative.
the effectivity of the alternative source of fuel in cooking in terms of its
temperature and duration. Also, this study seeks to understand the level of
competency of charcoal cinder briquettes as alternative cooking fuel. The
of the study.
The data gathered will determine the potency of charcoal cinder
briquettes as solid fuel as the future of sustainable energy. The study aims to
provide a cheaper source of fuel for cooking and aims to provide a more
the information dissemination of the data of the study about charcoal cinder
briquettes as an alternative for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and butane.
Family members can make use of charcoal cinder briquettes as a source of fuel
in their daily cooking. This way, families could lessen their expenses in terms
restaurants by providing knowledge about an alternative source of fuel for
cooking. Therefore, owners and managers of restaurants can use charcoal
cinder briquettes as a substitute or alternative for fuel. Those who are opening
up a restaurant can start up with charcoal cinder briquettes as their fuel
source for cooking. In this way, it would lessen their expenses as charcoal
Copra companies. Out from the data of this study, copra companies
can produce charcoal cinder briquettes with the charcoal cinder residue left
out from the production of their charcoal products. This way, copra
produced by the companies could also be a substitute fuel source for burning.
Future researchers. This research will be a useful reference for future
researchers who would venture on related studies about charcoal cinder
briquettes as an alternative fuel source for cooking. Future researchers can use
the following information in comparative studies. It will serve as a guide
which would show them the methods the researchers have done to produce
the study. Also, the results of the study can be used by future researchers to
conclude the efficiency of charcoal cinder briquettes as an alternative source
of fuel in cooking.
This study focuses on creating and introducing an alternative fuel for
cooking made out of discarded charcoal residue and the effectivity of the
data gathered by the results acquired after several experiments, specifically
with an experimental control group and treatment group to measure the
boiling point and combustion period. The control group will be charcoal
products from MRS Agri Trading and the treatment group will be our
produced charcoal cinder briquettes. The main component of the briquettes
will be charcoal cinder residue taken from MRS Agri Trading which will
replication in the experiment. The binders used for the briquettes will be a
mixture of 200 grams of cassava starch and 2 liters of water. Separate pipes
with a diameter of 1.5 inch and each with a length of 2.5 inches will be used as
tools to compact the charcoal cinders. Thus, the dimensions of the final
charcoal briquettes will be 1.5in in diameter and 2.5in in length. The
experiments will be conducted at one of the researchers’ houses, specifically
in NHA Dahican, Mati City, on November 5 to 12. The production of the
1. Alternative It is a term that refers to another option of fuel
source.
production of briquettes.
6. Efficiency It is a term that refers to the effectiveness of the
fuel.
CHAPTER II
This section presents other studies related to this study that are from
other research theories from researchers that may help fill the gap and give
enough information needed in the studied problem. This part of the research
will also indicate various arguments and cases related to this study that are
Independent Variable
briquette
In developing countries, such as Ghana, the primary sources of
renewable energy are firewood, twigs, and charcoal. Rural and urban
the year 2000 to 2008, Ghana has been consistent in using fuelwood for
cooking and heating applications than using other sources of energy. Due to
the over-reliance of forest wood in order to produce charcoal, depletion of
According to a study about biomass briquettes by Styles, Throne, et al.,
briquettes are a key technology for increasing biomass use in both electricity
study showed that briquettes manufactured from sawdust had low moisture
content, high calorific value, and low ash content. There is also an indication
nitrogen content. It revealed that sawdust generated in large quantities and
and durable solid fuel briquettes that will be suitable for both domestic and
From the survey conducted, it indicated that the briquette is easy to
ignite, has a long burning time and has good heat output. It was also
observed by the respondents that the briquettes did not give off sparks and
had less smoke and ash content as compared to the regular charcoal they
often used. Finally, 93% of the respondents indicated their willingness to use
Dependent Variable
Life Cycle Costing of Alternative Value Chains of Biomass Energy for
In poor households of East Africa, wood-based biomass energy will
still remain as the main cooking energy in the near future. However, viable
alternative biomass fuels exist (UN, 2015). These cooking fuel alternatives
have the potential to influence adoption which is important in economic
viability. This study evaluates and analyzes the efficacy and potency of
different alternative biomass cooking fuels such as firewood, charcoal, biogas,
jatropha oil, and crop residue briquettes value chains in the rural-urban
situations of Kitui, Kenya, Moshi, and Tanzania, by using Life Cycle Costing
(LCC) methodology (Legros et al., 2009). Through the use of LCC, the
chains are identified. Among the alternative cooking fuels, jatropha oil
manual value chain has the highest cost and firewood is the most
cost-efficient. The cost of charcoal is increased by royalty fees in Moshi.
Similarly, in Kitui’s rural context, it is less likely that it would be economically
The cost is covered by the provision of fuel in comparison to the cost of
stoves. Hence, the improvement of adoption and of improved stoves due to
payment schemes will be perceived as pricey and thus will reduce the cost of
fuel. The enhancement of the availability and accessibility of technologies
such as briquette presses will improve the convenience of biomass energy;
In many developing countries, a large amount of coal is still used as
major fuel. Of these resources, a huge and significant quantity of biowastes
by the combustion of raw coal that contains high sulfur content which emits
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), they also face certain
problems in terms of transportation and storage because they are vulnerable
to moisture (Lu et al. 1995, Kim et al. 2002, Xu et al. 2000). Lime based
desulfurizing agents (DSA) such as CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2 was later
introduced into bio briquettes which lessens SO2 emissions by up to 80-90%,
reducing coal combustion pollution. Compared to coal, bio briquettes have
better combustion and fuel characteristics which can be used as a substitute
values, compared to biomass, are greater (Singh et al. 1996). For cooking
purposes, different residual biomass was blended with a low-grade class to
achieve bio briquettes were tested. The results found shows that bio
briquettes were more promising to animal dung or even fuelwood and
comparable to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in terms of the cooking test
(Singh et al. 1997). Consequently, charcoal briquettes can be used as an
alternative fuel source in cooking as it suffices the conditions that of similar
modern energy sources but instead uses a variety of fuel sources
(Mwampamba, 2013). The study of Ethiopia (A. Mekonnen, G. Köhlin.
Determinants of household fuel choice in major cities in Ethiopia
Environment for Development, 36 (8) (2008), pp. 2785-2790) has stated that
households do not completely switch from biofuel to modern fuels. Instead,
they increase the number of fuel reserves they have. The dust residues from
Results of the case study show that 100% of households prefer fuel
that fuel briquettes burn longer which makes it suitable for preparing foods
that require a long time to cook, such as dry grains. Moreover, briquettes
produce less smoke and that residents have easy access to briquettes.
cooking test (CCT) was carried out on three nourishment things specifically
white yam, rice, and white beans, separately utilizing combined sawdust
briquette fuel and lamp oil (Adegoke and Mohammed, 2002). The foremost
negligible express fuel utilization is the yam which has an estimation of
fuel was utilized. Another is the rice which had specific fuel consumption
(SFC) of 0.195kg/kg when the briquette was used and 0.0795kg/kg when
lamp oil was utilized whereas the most elevated SFC is the white beans which
had an estimation of 0.32kg/kg and 0.1425kg/kg for lamp fuel. At that point
once more from the time went through to plan nourishment things, yam has
the foremost negligible time went in cooking per kg of 40.34min/kg for
40.38min/kg for composite sawdust briquette and 31.1min/kg for lamp oil
1992). From the delayed consequence of the ANOVA completed, the impact
of the sort of arranged nourishment thing on the SFC just as the time went
through in preparing 1kg of food thing is significantly tremendous at 0.05 and
0.01 degrees of importance. Then again, the impact of the sort of fuel utilized
degree of essentialness. There is no communication between the sort of
cooked nourishment thing and the sort of fuel utilized at 0.05 and 0.01
degrees of hugeness.
Nigeria, as a developing country, is home to vast natural resources
especially forestlands. Majority of the households within the country solely
rely on solid biofuels as cooking fuels. Among these solid biofuels are
bio-waste from trees, wood, and dried leaves. Unfortunately, due to the use of
charcoal firewood, its demand increases and thus an escalation of
deforestation follows (Amous, 1999). The more they use these solid biofuels,
the more wood will cut down. The use of solid biofuels is linked to being a
source of particulate and carbon monoxide emission and therefore is highly
correlated to harmful health effects, mostly respiratory (Bruce, Padilla, &
Albalak, 2000). The use of bio-waste as an alternative fuel for cooking in
Nigeria is still in its infancy and hence there is a need for research. The
binders and biomass used to produce the bio-briquettes or Refuse Derived
Fuel (RDF), most commonly known as pellets, are starch and spent oil, and
rice husk and sawdust; respectively (Faborode, 1988). The properties that
were determined for the RDF were moisture content (%), ash content (%),
tensile strength (N/mm) and higher heating value (kJ/kg). Prior to the
production of the pellets or RDF, the properties were as follow, 5.72% and
17.14% for the moisture content, and 15% and 10.23% for the ash contents of
rice husk and sawdust, respectively. After the production of RDF, the
properties of the rice husk in terms of its moisture content, ash content, tensile
strength, and heating value were 0.908%, 11.5%, 6160.7kJ/kg and 508.7
N/mm2, respectively. The RDF produced from sawdust, on the other hand,
measures are as follows: moisture content of 0.93%, ash content of 16.5%,
higher heating of 7808.1 kJ/kg and tensile strength of 576.8% N/mm2. The
results of the research showed high similarities to previous research about
RDFs sourced from bio-wastes. These RDFs is an effective substitute for
cooking fuels, especially for wood, since it reduces greenhouse gas emissions
and lessens the demand for solid fuels (Crane and Baker, 2012).
Conceptual Framework
to be produced. It is the product to be created and manipulated by the
of the product as alternative cooking fuel. It includes factors such as the
independent variable will serve as a determinant of the efficiency and
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the research design, resource locale, the materials
data treatment.
Research design
This study is a quantitative study wherein the data to be collected and
gathered are through scientific methods and are interpreted statistically in
research design to effectively achieve the research objectives and answer the
research questions of the study. An experimental research controls over all
factors that may affect the result of an experiment. It enables the researchers
to test the hypothesis of the study by reaching valid conclusions about the
As referred by the conceptual framework, the independent variable of the
study is the charcoal cinder briquettes, and the dependent variable is the
primarily concerned with constructing research that is high in causal validity
(Mitchell, 2015). Therefore, the independent, which is the charcoal cinder
briquette, is manipulated to determine its effect on the independent variable.
Specifically, the study is true experimental which means the data to be
The study will be conducted in the province of Davao Oriental,
particularly in the City of Mati, which has the coordinates of 6.9438° N,
126.2467° E. The research area contains all the ingredients of the charcoal
cinder briquettes. Moreover, it will be conducted at one of the researchers’
house to where the production of the charcoal cinder briquettes will take
place. It will also be where the data collection procedure will take place.
Materials and Equipments
The study as an experimental research will have multiple replications
measurements, materials and equipments are used in both the production of
the charcoal cinder briquettes and the data gathering. These are essential to
quantify the results and for the evaluation of the research objectives. As given,
the researchers will use the following materials and equipment for they are
1. 5 Kg charcoal dust residue - will be the main ingredient for the
briquette
2. 200 grams of cassava starch - will be used as the binding agent for the
briquettes
3. 2 liters of distilled water - will be used to dissolve cassava starch to
4. Metal rod - will be used to apply pressure in the
mixture
5. PVC pipes - will be used to form the mixture in
6. Stirring rod - will be used to mix the charcoal cinder
collection
9. Plastic container - will be used to contain the mixture of
12. Mercury thermometer - will be used to measure the temperature
boiling point
point
data gathering
Production and Data Collection
As part of the researcher’s entry protocol, the researchers will have an
science teacher, and other concerned parties in the academy to obtain
The charcoal cinder residue will be asked from Bitan-agan, Dahican,
City of Mati, from the MRS agri-trading warehouse owner, Mr. Mario Randy
A briquette is an aggregate of charcoal dust and a binder (Pellet
Energy, 2016). In this study, the main composition of the charcoal cinder
30% binder (UNEVOC, 2006). The binder to be used will be cassava starch.
residue or dust, 2 liters of water and 200 grams of cassava starch. Once the
charcoal cinder is prepared and dry from any moisture, and the binder is
cooled down, the two components will be mixed. The resulting mixture will
have a density that will not break apart when compressed. For the
compression of the mixture to form the briquettes, cylindrical tubes with a
diameter of 1.5in that are cut down into pieces with lengths of 2.5in will be
used along with a metal rod that will act as a compressor. The tubes will be
placed vertically on a clean dusted-off permeable cemented surface with one
manually pressed with a metal rod and a hammer. When the mixture is
considerably pressed and tight, space will be formed. More of the mixture will
then be poured into the tube and recompressed, continually repeating the
process until the tube is completely and tightly filled. After so, the now
compressed and moist briquette will then be ejected out from the tube with
the use of the compressor (metal rod), pressed in from the other open end,
bottom side, where the compressor was inserted into for compression. The
briquettes will finally be left out to dry in a well-ventilated and open space
3.)Data collection procedure
In determining the quantifiable data of the study, assigning an
experimental group and a controlled group must be observed in defining the
comprises the compacted aggregate in a form of cylindrical briquettes which
would be the resulting product upon conducting the experiment while the
controlled group is the market sold charcoal product supplemented by MRS
trading that will be used to challenge the experimental group in terms of
observed that uses 500g each of charcoal cinder briquettes during the data
gathering to obtain the mean and have a more precise and accurate result.
One of the qualities defined in effectiveness is the briquette’s
and one from the control group will be used for the first set of data gathering
of this variable which will be lighted with a long-nozzled lighter, noting the
time of lighting and duration of fire will take about 1 minute in both groups.
After exactly a minute, a stopwatch will only be stripped once the cooking
fuel is satisfyingly combusted after the first set and will be repeated until the
5th set.
group to reach the boiling potential of 100 degrees celsius. (insert citation)
Again, using the two furnace but now, pots with 1L of distilled water are
placed on top of these furnaces while adding a mercury thermometer in the
pots filled with water to observe the rise of temperature until the mercury
thermometers reaches 100 degrees celsius. The stopwatch is used to determine
the time taken of the burning material in the experimental group and control
group in attaining the boiling potential of water (100 degrees celsius) while it
Data treatment
cinder briquettes’ average combustion period and the average time to boil
numerical data set, a sum of all the values in a set of data provided, divided
by the number of values in the dataset (Rumsey, n.d.). The mean is a good
measure when a dataset contains values that are relatively and unvaryingly
● Combustion Period
ΣT
T = n
; T = combustion period, n = number of trials
● Time to boil water
Σb
b= n
; b = time to boil water, n = number of trials
In terms of the charcoal cinder briquettes’ affordability, the formula of
is sold (Chegg, n.d. ). It will be best used as the formula for the product since
it seeks to determine the price with consideration of the sales margin and the
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