Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 9

$FWDKXPDQLWDULFDXQLYHUVLWDWLV6DXOHQVLV7  í

,661

1DPHVDQG5HYLVLRQLVW5H1DPLQJLQWKH3RHWU\
RI6\OYLD3ODWK

Irena 5$*$,â,(1Ơ
9\WDXWR'LGåLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV

.H\ZRUGVUHYLVLRQLVPLQWHUWH[WXDOLW\JHQGHUVXEMHFWLYLW\LGHQWLW\ELEOLFDO
DQGP\WKRORJLFDODVVRFLDWLRQV.

7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUGLVFXVVHVWKHUHYLVLRQLVWVLJQL¿FDWLRQVHQFRGHGLQWKHDEXQ
GDQWXVHRIQDPHVLQWKHSRHWU\E\WKH$PHULFDQZULWHU6\OYLD3ODWK ± 
7KH SDSHU DWWHPSWV WR VKRZ WKDW WKHUH LV DQ XQGHQLDEOH FRQWLQXLW\ RI WKH WKHPH
ERWKZLWKLQ3ODWK¶VSRHWU\DQGLQKHUVHPLDXWRELRJUDSKLFDOSURVH¿FWLRQ,WLVKLJK
OLJKWHGWKDW3ODWK¶VFRQVLVWHQWXVHRIQDPHVFRQWDLQVDQLQWURVSHFWLYHVHOIDQDO\VLV
DQGDUHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRISHUVRQDOFXOWXUDOELEOLFDODQGP\WKRORJLFDOPHDQLQJV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHQDPHVWKDWIUHTXHQW3ODWK¶VSRHWU\7RLOOXVWUDWHWKLVSRLQWDQG
WRVKRZWKHGLIIHUHQWVLJQL¿FDWLRQVWKDWWKHUHYLVLRQLVWWUHDWPHQWRIQDPHVDFTXLUHV
LQ3ODWK¶VRHXYUHWKHSUHVHQWSDSHUIRFXVHVRQKHUODWHSRHPV³/DG\/D]DUXV´DQG
³)HYHUÛ´ 3 O D W K  
7REHJLQZLWKWKHLQFOXVLRQRIWKHP\ULDGRIQDPHVLQWRWKHSRHWLFWH[WXUHRI
3ODWK¶VZRUNVPD\EHUHJDUGHGDVDIRUPRILQWHUWH[WXDOLW\LQNHHSLQJZLWK-XOLD
.ULVWHYD¶VGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHWHUPDVLQWHUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKRWKHUWH[WVWKURXJKGLI
IHUHQWWH[WXDOIHDWXUHVDQGPRGHVRIUHYLVLRQ$FFRUGLQJWR.ULVWHYD³DQ\WH[W
LVFRQVWUXFWHGDVDPRVDLFRITXRWDWLRQVDQ\WH[WLVWKHDEVRUSWLRQDQGWUDQVIRU
PDWLRQRIDQRWKHU´ . U L V W H Y D  $SDUWIURPWKHPHDQLQJRIOLWHUDU\
LQÀXHQFHVWKHWHUPLQWHUWH[WXDOLW\FRPHVWRVLJQLI\WKDWDQ\WH[WLVDSURGXFWRID
VSHFL¿FFXOWXUHWKHLGHRORJLFDOSDUWLFXODULWLHVRIZKLFKPDQLIHVWWKHPVHOYHVLQVSH
FL¿FGLVFXUVLYHVWUXFWXUHVUHÀHFWLYHRIWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHSUHYDLOLQJLGHROR
JLHV7KHWH[WLQRWKHUZRUGVSHUFHLYHGDVDZHERILQWHUWH[WXDOOLQNVUHYHDOVWKH
ZRUNLQJVRIGRPLQDQWLGHRORJLHVDQGLQKHUHQWVWUXFWXUHVWKDWFRQVWLWXWHWKHEDVLV
RILQGLYLGXDOSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHZRUOG ,ELG 
7KXVWDNHQDQDPHDVDSDUWLFOHRIDQLQWHUWH[WXDOZHEZKHQLQFRUSRUDWHGLQ
DKRVWWH[WXQDYRLGDEO\SURYLGHVUHVRQDQFHWRWKHLGLRV\QFUDV\RIWKHFUHDWHGWH[W
E\XQIROGLQJDQDUUDWLYHRILWVRZQFRQVWLWXHQF\,Q3ODWK¶VRHXYUHWKLVUHVRQDQFH
PRUH WKDQ RIWHQ IXQFWLRQV DV D UHYLVLRQ RU FULWLTXH RI PHDQLQJV LQKHULWHG IURP
¿FWLRQDOWH[WVUHOLJLRQDQG FXOWXUDO P\WKRORJ\,WLVQDPHO\WKLVUHYLVLRQLVWQD
WXUH DFWLYDWHGWKURXJK LQWHUWH[WXDO OLQNV WKDW XQGHUFXWV WKH DXWKRULW\ SUHVHQW RU
LPSOLHGLQWKHQDUUDWLYHVRIZKLFKWKHQDPHVWKDWDERXQGLQ3ODWK¶VZRUNVDUHD
227
,UHQD5DJDLãLHQơ

SDUW1DPHVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGDFWDVDEULGJHWRFXOWXUHDQGDZD\RIFULWLFL]LQJ
liPLWDWLRQVLPSRVHGRQZRPHQRI3ODWK¶VJHQHUDWLRQE\WKHVWULFWJHQGHUSROLWLFV
of the Cold War era.
$VDUJXHGE\3DW0DFSKHUVRQ3ODWK¶VZULWLQJGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWWKHVRFLDORU
GHUHQFRGHGLQWKHV\VWHPRIV\PEROL]DWLRQGLGQRWKHOSDFUHDWLYHZRPDQLQVRFLH
W\ZKLFKIXQFWLRQHGDFFRUGLQJWRULJLGJHQGHUQRUPV³LQSRVWZDUPDVVFXOWXUHD
PRQVWURXVQRUPRI)DPLO\ZDVKDWFKHG7DNLQJ)UHXGLDQLGHDVDERXWKRZFKLOGUHQ
DFTXLUHJHQGHULGHQWLW\DQGDYRLGLQJDQ\FODLPVRIWKHXQFRQVFLRXV´DPRGHORI
WKHQXFOHDUIDPLO\ZDVFUHDWHGWKHLQGLYLGXDOLW\RIZKRVHPHPEHUVZDVGH¿QHG
³E\PHDQVRIVH[UROHV´,QVXFKDJHQGHUHGFXOWXUHZRPHQZHUHFRQVLGHUHGµ³H[
SUHVVLYH´ERWKE\QDWXUHDQGQXUWXUH´ZKLOHPHQZHUHUHJDUGHGDV³LQVWUXPHQWDO´
0DFSKHUVRQDOVRVWDWHVWKDWµWKHFUXHOOHVWDVVXPSWLRQ«!ZDVWKHSDUDGR[WKDW
RQH¶VUROHFDPHQDWXUDOO\DQGIDLOXUHWREHIXO¿OOHGZDVDVLJQRIVLFNQHVV6RHDFK
FLWL]HQZDVVHWVHOISROLFLQJWRHQDFWDµIXO¿OOHG¶FRQIRUPLW\FRQYLQFLQJWRRWKHUV
LIDOZD\VIUDXGXOHQWWRRQHVHOI´ 0 D F S K H U V R Q  
*HQGHUFRQÀLFWDQGWKHH[SORUDWLRQRIWKHIHPLQLQHLGHQWLW\DUHPXFKDSDUWRI
6\OYLD3ODWK¶VSRHWU\,QPDQ\RIWKHZD\VHOXFLGDWHGE\P\WKDQGDUFKHW\SDOFUL
WLFV3ODWK¶VZULWLQJLVUHYLVLRQLVW7KH$PHULFDQFULWLF$OLFLD2VWULNHUGH¿QHVWKH
UHYLVLRQLVWPRGHRIZULWLQJDVDFKDOOHQJHWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOGH¿QLWLRQVRIZRPDQ
DVDEVHQFHRU2WKHU$UHYLVLRQRIWKHPDQQHULQZKLFKQDPLQJIXQFWLRQVDQGKRZ
that involves a construction of identity and subjectivity constitutes the focus of fe-
minist revisionist criticism. According to Ostriker,
:KHQHYHUDSRHWHPSOR\VD¿JXUHRUVWRU\SUHYLRXVO\DFFHSWHGDQGGH¿QHGE\D
FXOWXUHWKHSRHWLVXVLQJP\WKDQGWKHSRWHQWLDOLVDOZD\VSUHVHQWWKDWWKHXVHZLOO
EHUHYLVLRQLVWWKDWLVWKH¿JXUHRUWDOHZLOOEHDSSURSULDWHGIRUDOWHUHGHQGVWKHROG
YHVVHO¿OOHGZLWKQHZZLQHLQLWLDOO\VDWLVI\LQJWKHWKLUVWRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOSRHWEXW
XOWLPDWHO\PDNLQJFXOWXUDOFKDQJHSRVVLEOH 2 V W U L N H U ± 
%\LPSOLFDWLRQWKHUHYLVLRQRIP\WKHQWDLOVERWKDFORVHDWWHQWLRQWRLWVRULJLQDO
PHDQLQJDQGDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKHLQHYLWDELOLW\RILWVFKDQJH6LQ
FHFKDQJHLQHYLWDEO\LPSOLHVUHFUHDWLRQLWVHUYHVDVDQDI¿UPDWLRQRIWKHFUHDWRU¶V
DJHQF\DQGVXEMHFWLYLW\5HYLVLRQDOVRLPSOLHVUHEHOOLRXVQHVVVLQFHLWGHPRQVWUDWHV
DUHIXVDOWRDFFHSWZKDWPD\H[LVWDVDUFKHW\SDOWUXWKVRUFXOWXUDOQRUPV ,ELG
 5DFKHO%ODX'X3OHVVLVVLPLODUO\QRWHVWKDWWKHUHYLVLRQRIP\WKVPDQLIHVWV
LWVHOIDVUHSODFLQJRI³DUFKHW\SHVE\SURWRW\SHV7KH\GRQRWLQYHVWLJDWHPRPHQWV
RIHWHUQDOUHFXUUHQFHEXWUDWKHUEUHDNZLWKWKHLGHDRIDQHVVHQWLDOO\XQFKDQJLQJ
UHDOLW\´ )XUWKHUPRUH SURWRW\SHV ³RIIHU VLPLODU SDWWHUQV RI H[SHULHQFH to others
UDWKHUWKDQLPSRVLQJWKHVHSDWWHUQVRQRWKHUV´ 'X3OHVVLV . As argued
E\5RZHQD)RZOHU³FRQWHPSRUDU\ZRPHQSRHWVRIIHUXVDVHULRXVHQJDJHGDQG
IRUPLGDEO\VDWLVI\LQJHQFRXQWHUZLWKFODVVLFDOP\WK7KHSDVWLVUHYHDOHGDVDFRQV
WDQWSUHVHQFHZKLFKWKHSRHWPXVWERWKHVFDSHDQGFRQIURQW´ )RZOHU 
In Plath’s ZULWLQJWKHSURMHFWLRQRIPXOWLSOHLGHQWLWLHVRQWKHP\ULDGRIQDPHV
UHYHDODVWUXJJOHWRIRUJHDQLGHQWLW\DVZHOODVWRHVWDEOLVKWKHZULWLQJVXEMHFW¶V
SRVLWLRQZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHQDUUDWLYHVWKDWWKHVHQDPHVHPERG\'UDZLQJRQSusan

(PSKDVHVLQWKHRULJLQDO

1DPHVDQG5HYLVLRQLVW5H1DPLQJLQWKH3RHWU\RI6\OYLD3ODWK

59DQ'\QHVXFKWUDMHFWRULHVRIVHOIKRRGFDQEHUHDGDVDQXUJHWRHVFDSHIURP
FRQ¿QHPHQWLQWKHVXEMHFWLYHRUDGHVLUHWR³UHYLVLWOLIH´2 in order to construct a
QHZLGHQWLW\WKURXJKDSURELQJLQWRSHUVRQDODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ 9 D Q  ' \ Q H
 ,QWKLVUHJDUG3ODWKUHYLVLWVQRWRQO\KHUOLYHEXWDOVRRIIHUVDUHYLVHG
YHUVLRQRI ZRPDQ¶V KLVWRU\:HPD\UHPHPEHUKHUHWKHJRDOVRIWKHUHYLVLRQLVW
PRGHRISRHWU\H[SOLFDWHGE\$OLFLD2VWULNHU³6LQFHWKHFRUHRIUHYLVLRQLVWP\W
KPDNLQJIRUZRPHQSRHWVOLHVLQWKHFKDOOHQJHWRDQGFRUUHFWLRQRIJHQGHUVWHUHR
W\SHVHPERGLHGLQP\WKUHYLVLRQLVPLQLWVPRVWREYLRXVIRUPFRQVLVWVRIKLWDQG
UXQDWWDFNVRQIDPLOLDULPDJHVDQGWKHVRFLDODQGOLWHUDU\FRQYHQWLRQVVXSSRUWLQJ
WKHP´ 2 V W U L N H U  
7KHSRHWLFSHUVRQDHRI3ODWK¶VODWHSRHPVSXEOLVKHGLQ$ULHOGHPRQVWUDWHKRZ
PXFK3ODWK¶VYLVLRQRIZRPDQKRRGE\LPSOLFDWLRQSHUVRQDOLGHQWLW\KDVFKDQJHG
IURPWKHSHUIHFWLRQLVW6PLWKJLUOFRQWHPSODWLQJSRVVLELOLWLHVRIUHOHDVLQJDJHQLXV
IURPDIHPDOHERG\ZKLFKVKHHQYLVLRQHGDV³DQHQJLQHRIHFVWDV\´ 3 O D W K 
 $VPHQWLRQHGE\QXPHURXVFULWLFVLQWKHVHSRVWKXPRXVO\SXEOLVKHGSRHPV
3ODWK¶VVHOILGHQWL¿FDWLRQZLWKWKHELEOLFDO/D]DUXVLQ³/DG\/D]DUXV´RUZLWKWKH
9LUJLQ0DU\LQ³)HYHUÛ´PD\EHUHDGDVDSRHWLFHPERGLPHQWRIWUDQVFHQGHQW
VWDWHVZKHUHJHQGHUHGPLQGERG\GLYLVLRQVDUHHQVKURXGHGLQUHYLVLRQLVWVLJQL¿FD
WLRQV$FFRUGLQJWR5REHUW/RZHOOWKH$ULHOSRHPVIHDWXUHDUHERUQVHOIFUHDWHG
ZRPDQ
,QWKHVHSRHPVZULWWHQLQWKHODVWPRQWKVRIKHUOLIHDQGRIWHQUXVKHGRXWDW
WKHUDWHRIWZRRUWKUHHDGD\6\OYLD3ODWKEHFRPHVKHUVHOIEHFRPHVVRPHWKLQJ
LPDJLQDU\QHZO\ZLOGO\DQGVXEWO\FUHDWHG±KDUGO\DSHUVRQDWDOORUDZRPDQ
FHUWDLQO\QRWDQRWKHUµSRHWHVV¶EXWRQHRIWKRVHVXSHUUHDOK\SQRWLFJUHDWFODVVLFDO
KHURLQHV /RZHOOIURQWFRYHU 
/RZHOOVXJJHVWVWKDWLQKHUODWHSRHWU\3ODWKPDQDJHGWREUHDNWKURXJKOD\HUV
RIDPELJXLW\DQGVHOIGRXEWDQGJLYHYRLFHWRKHUFUHDWLYHVHOI:KHQ/RZHOOVWDWHV
WKDW3ODWKEHFDPH³FHUWDLQO\QRWDQRWKHUµSRHWHVV¶´KHVHHPVWRUHIHUWRKHUSRHWLF
HIIRUWWRDYRLGEHLQJDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH³PRERIVFULEEOLQJZRPHQ´/RZHOOVXJ
2
7KLVLVDSDUDSKUDVHGYHUVLRQRI9DQ'\QH¶VERRN5HYLVLWLQJ/LIH6\OYLD3ODWK¶V$ULHO
3RHPV  

,DPUHIHUULQJKHUHWR3ODWK¶VFROOHFWLRQRISRHPV$ULHOSXEOLVKHGSRVWKXPRXVO\LQ
$FFRUGLQJWR3HWHU3RUWHUWKLVFROOHFWLRQFRQWDLQV³SRHPVZULWWHQMXVWEHIRUHKHUGHDWK´
$ULHO³ZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWSRZHUIXOERRNVZULWWHQVLQFHWKHZDU´ 3RUWHU 7KHRWKHU
FROOHFWLRQVZHUH7KH&RORVVXV  &URVVLQJWKH:DWHU  DQG:LQWHU7UHHV  
(Ibid.).

.UROO  5RVH  DQG0DUVDFN  WRPHQWLRQEXWDIHZ

$FFRUGLQJWR0DF.HWKDQDQG0LOOHU³,QWKHPLGV1DWKDQLHO+DZWKRUQHZURWHD
OHWWHUWRKLVSXEOLVKHUDQJULO\ODVKLQJRXWDWWKH³GDPQHGPRERIVFULEEOLQJZRPHQ´ZKRVH
books often sold in the thousands, sometimes hundreds of thousands, driving more deser-
YLQJZULWHUV VXFKDV+DZWKRUQH RXWRIWKHOLWHUDU\PDUNHWSODFH+LVQRZRIWHQTXRWHG
DQGLQWHPSHUDWHSULYDWHFRPPHQWZDVODWHUUHFXSHUDWHGDQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGDVSDUWRID
JHQHUDO FDPSDLJQ DJDLQVW QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\$PHULFDQ ZRPHQ ZULWHUV LQ SDUWLFXODU DQG
ZRPHQ¶VZULWLQJLQJHQHUDO´ 0DF.HWKDQDQG0LOOHU 
229
,UHQD5DJDLãLHQơ

JHVWVWKDWLQKHUODWHSRHWU\3ODWKWXUQHGGHHSHULQWRKHUVHOIDQGUHÀHFWHGWKLVLQ
WURVSHFWLRQLQZULWLQJZKLFKJDYHELUWKWRZKDWKHFDOOV³VXSHUUHDOK\SQRWLFJUHDW
FODVVLFDOKHURLQHV´+RZHYHUZKHQ3ODWKVRXJKWWRUHSUHVHQWZKDWVKHLPDJLQHG
ZDVKHUUHDOVHOIWKHSRZHURISDLQFDXVHGE\WKHDEDQGRQPHQWRIKHUKXVEDQGDQG
WKHGDUNQHVVRIKHULQQHUODQGVFDSH6EHFDPHVRLQWHQVHWKDWLWHQJXOIHGWKHSDUWRI
LGHQWLW\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH³JUHDWFODVVLFDOKHURLQHV´DQGFDOOHGIRUWKLQVWHDG³VX
SHUUHDOK\SQRWLF´UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHVXIIHULQJVHOI
7KH SRHP ³/DG\ /D]DUXV´ VWDQGV RXW LQ 3ODWK¶V SDQWKHRQ RI WKH LPDJLQDU\
QHZO\ZLOGO\DQGVXEWO\FUHDWHGKHURLQHV5HQGHUHGWKURXJKWKHWUDQVPXWHGIRUP
RIWKHELEOLFDOQDUUDWLYHRIWKH/D]DUXVUHVXUUHFWLRQ -RKQ 3ODWK¶VYHUVLRQ
GHSLFWVDZRPDQZKRLVVKHGGLQJRIIWKHUHOLFWVRIGHDWKVXFKDV³WKHVRXUEUHDWK´
DQG³WKHQDSNLQ´ 3 O D W K OLQHV $FFRUGLQJWR/HRQDUG6DQD]D
UR³3ODWK¶V/DG\/D]DUXVKDVDGLVWXUELQJDSSHDUDQFH+HUERG\LVDQLFRQRIWKH
:RUOG:DU,,DWURFLWLHV+HUVNLQLVDVµ%ULJKWDVD1D]LODPSVKDGH¶KHUµULJKWIRRW¶
LVDµSDSHUZHLJKW¶DQGKHUIDFHLVµDIHDWXUHOHVV¿QH-HZOLQHQ¶´ 6 D Q D ] D U R
 $VVWDWHGE\/LQGD:DJQHUWKHVSHDNHURI³/DG\/D]DUXV´KDV³WKHJUH
DWDQGWHUULEOHJLIWRIEHLQJUHERUQ«!VKHLVWKH3KRHQL[WKHOLEHUWDULDQVSLULW´
: D J Q H U  
+RZHYHUWKHVSHDNHUGRHVQRWGHSHQGRQ*RG¶VZLOOIRUKHUUHVXUUHFWLRQ5DW
KHU VKH HQYLVLRQV KHUVHOI DV D ZLOOIXO PDJLFLDQ ZKR FDQ SUHVLGH RYHU KHU RZQ
GHDWKDQGUHVXUUHFWLRQ ,ELG 7KHVSHDNHU¶VVHOILGHQWL¿FDWLRQZLWKWKHQDUUDWLYH
RIUHVXUUHFWLRQLPSOLFLWLQWKHQDPHRI/D]DUXVUHPLQGVXVRI6LU-DPHV*HRUJH
)UD]HU¶VGHVFULSWLRQRISULPLWLYHSHRSOHV¶SHUFHSWLRQRIWKHLUQDPH³XQDEOHWRGLVF
ULPLQDWHFOHDUO\EHWZHHQZRUGVDQGWKLQJVWKHVDYDJHFRPPRQO\IDQFLHVWKDWWKH
OLQNEHWZHHQDQDPHDQGWKHSHUVRQRUWKLQJGHQRPLQDWHGE\LWLVQRWDPHUHDUELW
UDU\DQGLGHDODVVRFLDWLRQ«!SULPLWLYHPDQUHJDUGVKLVQDPHDVDYLWDOSRUWLRQ
RIKLPVHOI!RIKLVSHUVRQDOLW\´ ) U D ] H U  7KHDVVRFLDWLRQRID
QDPHZLWKPDJLFWKDW³/DG\/D]DUXV´VXJJHVWVFDQEHH[SODLQHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR
6WHYHQ$[HOURGZKRVWDWHVWKDW³KDYLQJVWXGLHG6LJPXQG)UHXGDQG-DPHV)UD]HU
>3ODWK@«!ZURWHSRHPVZLWKSV\FKRDQDO\WLFDQGP\WKLFGLPHQVLRQVWKHPRVW
VWDUWOLQJDQGXQVHWWOLQJVXFKSRHPVRIKHUWLPH7KHVHSRHPVHQDFWORVVDQGJULHI
LQVXFKDGHYDVWDWLQJIDVKLRQWKDWRQHZRQGHUVKRZWKHUHDGHUPXFKOHVVWKHDXW
KRUFDQVXUYLYHWKHP´ $ [ H O U R G  
7KHPLUDFOHRIUHVXUUHFWLRQRURQJRLQJVXUYLYDOVWUHVVHVWKHSDUDGR[EHWZHHQ
GHDWKDVLVRODWLRQDQGOLIHDVVDUFDVWLFHPRWLRQDOH[KLELWLRQLVP/DG\/D]DUXVXQ
YHLOVWKHERG\VHOIDQGWKLVDFWPD\EHUHDGDVWKHH[KLELWLRQLVWVHOIVFUXWLQ\DQG
DQLURQLFDOLPLWDWLRQRIWKHSV\FKRDQDO\WLFDOWUHDWPHQWRIWKHSV\FKLFZRXQGVE\
³WKHWDONLQJFXUH´3V\FKRDQDO\WLFDOHQFRXQWHULQWKHZRUGVRI(OL]DEHWK:ULJKW
³UHVWDJHVWKHROGGUDPDWKURXJKµWUDQVIHUHQFH¶´DQGLQWKLVZD\³RIIHUVRQHVHOID
FKDQFHWRHPDQFLSDWH>RQHVHOI@DQHZ´ : U L J K W  ,Q3ODWK¶VSXEOLF

,DPXVLQJWKHSKUDVH³LQQHUODQGVFDSH´LQWKHVDPHVHQVHDV/LQGEHUJ6H\HUVWHGZKRUH
6

DG3ODWK¶VGHVFULSWLRQRIODQGVFDSHDVVHWWLQJDVDSURMHFWLRQRILQQHUVWDWHV / L Q G E H U J
6 H \ H U V W H G  

1DPHVDQG5HYLVLRQLVW5H1DPLQJLQWKH3RHWU\RI6\OYLD3ODWK

SVHXGRSV\FKRDQDO\WLFDOHQFRXQWHUWKHVSHDNHUGRHVQRWVRPXFKWU\WRUHGXFHWKH
WHQVLRQVDQGH[FLWDWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWUDXPDDQGGHVLUHWKURXJKWUDQVIHUHQFH
DVVKHLVIRFXVHGRQWUDQVIRUPLQJKHUVHOILQWRDPRQVWHUSRVVHVVLQJWKHSRZHUWR
DQQLKLODWHKHU'RFWRUZKRKDVOHDGWKHVSHDNHUWRWKLVVXLFLGDOVKRZ'DYLG:R
od holds that the imagery and tone of Lady Lazarus may have been affected by a
VXJJHVWLRQWR3ODWK³WREHWKHVWDJHKRVWHVVIRUWKH$PHULFDQQLJKWRIDSURSRVHG
SRHWU\IHVWLYDOGXHLQ«!´7KLV³PD\ZHOOKDYHSURYLGHGWKHLQVSLUDWLRQ
IRUWKHLPDJHWKDWKHOSV/DG\/D]DUXVSOD\RXWWKHWHQVLRQVZLWKLQKHUE\VWDJH
PDQDJLQJKHURZQGH¿DQWUHFRYHU\LQWKHSXEOLFH\H´E\DGGUHVVLQJWKHSHRSOH
VKHNQHZDQGWHOOLQJWKHPUHVROXWHO\RIKHULQWHQVLRQWRGLYRUFHKHUKXVEDQGWKH
IDPRXV%ULWLVKSRHW7HG+XJKHV:RRGJRHVRQWRVD\WKDWWKHGUDPDWLVSHUVRQD
PHGLDWHVLQDV\PEROLFIRUPZKDWKDVWRUPHQWHGKHURUPLJKWWRUPHQWKHULQWKH
IXWXUH : R R G  
³)HYHUÛ´VWDQGVDVDODQGPDUNRI3ODWK¶VSRHWLFYLVLRQRIKHULGHQWLW\WKDW
LV PDSSHG DV D VHOILGHQWL¿FDWLRQ ZLWK QDPHV OLNH WKH 9LUJLQ 0DU\ DQG ,VDGRUD
'XQFDQVXJJHVWHGE\WKHUHIHUHQFHWR³,VDGRUD¶VVFDUYHV´ 3 O D W K OLQH
 7KHMX[WDSRVLWLRQRIWKHVHQDPHVPD\EHUHDGLQWKHOLJKWRI3ODWK¶VVWDWHPHQW
WKDWWKHSRHPLV³DERXWWZRNLQGVRI¿UH±WKH¿UHVRIKHOOZKLFKPHUHO\DJRQL]H
DQGWKH¿UHVRIKHDYHQZKLFKSXULI\'XULQJWKHSRHPWKH¿UVWVRUWRI¿UHVXIIHUV
LWVHOILQWRWKHVHFRQG´ TXRWHGLQ% X W V F K H U  7KHWUHDWPHQWRI³WKH
¿UHVRIKHDYHQ´DVDWUDQVIRUPHGYHUVLRQRI³WKH¿UHVRIKHOO´UHFDOOVWKH5RVLFUX
FLDQPDQGDODZKLFKLQWKHZRUGVRI-RODQGH-DFRE\GHSLFWV³WKH6DYLRXULQWKH
FHQWHURIDÀRZHUZLWKDGRXEOHURZRIHLJKWSHWDOVVXUURXQGHGE\D¿HU\JDUODQG
RIUD\V,WLVGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUSDUWVE\DFURVVZKRVHORZHUVKDIWVDUHEXUQLQJLQ
WKH¿UHRIWKHLQVWLQFWVDQGZKRVHXSSHUVKDIWVDUHVSULQNOHGZLWKWHDUVRIKHDYHQO\
dew´ - D F R E \  7$ORQJWKH-XQJLDQP\WKRSV\FKRORJLFDOOLQHVWKLV
V\PPHWU\PD\EHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDVWULYLQJIRUWKHXQL¿FDWLRQRIRSSRVLWHVDQGWKH
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQRILQVWLQFWXDOHQHUJ\LQWRVSLULWXDOHQHUJ\WKURXJKWKHFDQDOL]DWLRQ
RIOLELGRLQWRDQDQDORJRXVV\PEROLFIRUPZKLFKOHDGVLQWRSXUL¿HGWUDQVFHQGHQWDO
states.7KHTXHVWLRQLQJRIWKHHPSLULFDODQGDHVWKHWLFUHDOLWLHVHQFRGHGLQWKHDER
YHGLVFXVVHGGLFKRWRP\PD\DOVRSRLQWWR3ODWK¶VIDPLOLDULW\ZLWK-XQJ¶VDQDO\WLFDO
SV\FKRORJ\EDVHGRQWKHVWXG\RIP\WKDQGUHOLJLRQ9.
³)HYHU Û´ RSHQV ZLWK D TXHVWLRQ ³3XUH":KDW GRHV WKLV PHDQ"´ 3 O D W K
OLQH DQGFORVHVE\VXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKHNQRZOHGJHRISXULW\DVDQDEVW
UDFWFRQFHSWFDQEHDSSUHKHQGHGRQO\DIWHUWKHERG\ DQGWKHWH[W DUHWUDQVIRUPHG
DQGUHQHZHG,QWKDWWKHSRHPLURQL]HVWKHFKLDVPEHWZHHQWKHPDWWHUDQGWKHVSL
rit embodied in the Virgin Mary7RUHLQIRUFHWKLVDVVRFLDWLRQWKHSRHPLQFOXGHV
DQRWKHUQDPHUHIHUHQFH,VDGRUD'XQFDQ³/RYHORYHWKHORZVPRNHVUROO)URP
PHOLNH,VDGRUD¶VVFDUYHV,¶PLQDIULJKW2QHVFDUIZLOOFDWFKDQGDQFKRULQWKH
7
0\HPSKDVLV

6HH-XQJ ± 
9
&KULVWRGRXOLGHVZULWHVDERXW3ODWK¶VLQWHUHVWLQ-XQJ QG 

)RUWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIWKLVGXDOLVPVHH2VWULNHU  

,UHQD5DJDLãLHQơ

ZKHHO´ ,ELGOLQHV± 5RE\Q0DUVDFNVXJJHVWVWKDW3ODWK¶VSRHP³UHIHUVWR


WKHGHDWKRI,VDGRUD'XQFDQZKRUHYROXWLRQDOL]HGPRGHUQGDQFHZLWKKHUEDUHIRRW
SHUIRUPDQFHVLQÀRDWLQJFKLIIRQDQGZKRZDVFKRNHGWRGHDWKZKHQKHUORQJVFDUI
FDXJKWLQWKHZKHHORIDFDU´ 0 D U V D F N  7KHVXJJHVWLRQWKDWFUHDWLYH
ZRPHQDUHGHVWUR\HGLIWKH\FKRRVHWRGHI\VRFLDOO\DSSURYHGJHQGHUEHKDYLRXU
FDQ DOVR EH WUDFHG LQ 3ODWK¶V VHPLDXWRELRJUDSKLFDO QRYHO 7KH %HOO -DU (P l a t h
 7KHUHWKHWUHDWPHQWRIWKH5RVHQEHUJH[HFXWLRQDQGWKHQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGH
RIWKHSURWDJRQLVW(VWHUWRWKHSUHYDLOLQJJHQGHUQRUPVHPERG\3ODWK¶VFULWLTXH
RIWKHUHVWULFWLYHJHQGHUSROLWLFVRIWKHV,Q³)HYHUÛ´WKHUHFRJQLWLRQRI
KHUVHOIDVVSLULWXOL]HGDQGSHUIHFWRFFXUVDIWHUWKHVSHDNHUUHFRJQL]HVKHUVHOIDV³D
SXUHDFHW\OHQH9LUJLQ$WWHQGHGE\URVHV´ 3 O D W K OLQHV +R
ZHYHUWKHSDLQIXOLURQ\KHUHLVWKDWWKHVSHDNHUFRPSDUHVKHUVHOIWRDQDFHW\OHQH
torch about as transcendent as the gas oven that one year later took Plath to her
death by suicide at the age of thirty.
7KXVWDNHQERWKSRHPV³)HYHUÛ´DQG³/DG\/D]DUXV´H[KLELWRYHUWLQWHU
WH[WXDOLW\LQ.ULVWHYD¶VVHQVH7KHSRHPVQRWRQO\H[SRVHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ
WH[WVDQGGLVFRXUVHVRSHUDWLYHLQP\WKRORJ\UHOLJLRQDQGFXOWXUHEXWDOVRRIIHU
RYHUWFULWLTXHRIWKHSUHYDLOLQJLGHRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUHVDQGVWULFWXUHVLQKHUHQWLQWKH
VHGLVFRXUVHV7KLVLVDOVRYHU\PXFKLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHWHQHWVRIUHYLVLRQLVW
ZULWLQJ DV GHOLQHDWHG E\$OLFLD 2VWULNHU 6KH DUJXHV WKDW ZKHQ ZRPHQ WXUQ WR
PDOHGHYLVHGFXOWXUDODQGDUFKHW\SDOP\WKVDQGOLWHUDWXUHWKH\¿QGWKDWWKHLUKLV
WRU\LVGLVWRUWHG:KHQVHDUFKLQJLQWKHSDVWDZRPDQSRHWRIWHQIHHOVDOLHQDWHG
IURPWKHSDVWDQGKHUVHOI1HYHUWKHOHVVDUHWXUQWRP\WKRUDQ\RWKHUQDUUDWLYHRI
XQLYHUVDOVLJQL¿FDQFHIURPDQHZSRLQWRIYLHZDOORZVDZRPDQDUWLVWWREHFRPH
YLVLEOHE\DI¿UPLQJKHUVXEMHFWLYLW\DQGFRQVWUXFWLQJKHULGHQWLW\DVDZRPDQ³XVX
DOO\E\WKHVLPSOHGHYLFHRIPDNLQJ2WKHULQWR6XEMHFW´ 2 V W U L N H U  
7KHFHOHEUDWLRQRIVXEMHFWLYLW\WKDWLVLPSOLFLWLQWKHDQDO\]HGSRHPVGHOLQHDWHVD
FRQWUDVWLQJO\GLIIHUHQWVHOIKRRGLIFRPSDUHGWRWKHSRUWUD\DORIZRPDQKRRGLQ
DSDWULDUFKDO FXOWXUHUHOLJLRQDQGFODVVLFDOP\WKRORJ\)XUWKHUPRUHUHYLVLRQRI
QDUUDWLYHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVSHFL¿FQDPHVPD\VHUYHDVDQH[DPSOHRIDSDUDGLJP
RIZRPDQDUWLVW¶VVWUXJJOHWRQDPHKHUVHOIDVDVXEMHFWLQKHURZQULJKW)URPVXFK
DSHUVSHFWLYHWKHDFWRIWXUQLQJEDFNLQWRWKHQDUUDWLYHVWKDWWKHDERYHGLVFXVVHG
QDPHVXQIROGPD\EHUHDGDVDVHDUFKIRUSRLQWVRILGHQWL¿FDWLRQDQGUHVLVWDQFH
reminiscent of the revisionist stance advocated by Adrienne Rich. She holds that
UHYLVLRQRIWH[WV³ZRXOGWDNHWKHZRUN¿UVWRIDOODVDFOXHWRKRZZHOLYHKRZZH
KDYHEHHQOLYLQJKRZZHKDYHEHHQOHGWRLPDJLQHRXUVHOYHVKRZRXUODQJXDJH
KDVWUDSSHGDVZHOODVOLEHUDWHGXVKRZWKHYHU\DFWRIQDPLQJKDVEHHQWLOOQRZD
PDOHSUHURJDWLYHDQGKRZZHFDQEHJLQWRVHHDQGQDPH±DQGWKHUHIRUHOLYH±DI
UHVK´ 5 L F K  ,QWKLVOLJKW6\OYLD3ODWK¶VUHYLVLRQLVWUHQDPLQJPD\EH
YLHZHGDVDPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIKHUGHVLUHWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHKHUVHOIIURPDVLOHQWVLOHQ
FHGIHPDOHDQFHVWU\DQGDPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIKHUZLOOWRQDPHKHU VHOI UDWKHUWKDQ
DOORZRWKHUVWRQDPHDQGGH¿QHKHU


1DPHVDQG5HYLVLRQLVW5H1DPLQJLQWKH3RHWU\RI6\OYLD3ODWK

5HIHUHQFHV
$ [ H O U R G ±6WHYHQ$[HOURG´6\OYLD3ODWK ± ´7KH/LWHUDU\(QF\F
ORSHGLDDFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZOLWHQF\FFRPSKSVSHRSOHSKS"UHF
WUXH 8,' 9.
% X W V F K H U ±(GZDUG%XWVFKHU6\OYLD3ODWK0HWKRGDQG0DGQHVV1HZ<RUN
Seabury P.
& K U L V W R G R X O L G H V  1 G ± 1HSKLH &KULVWRGRXOLGHV ³6\OYLD 3ODWK¶V µ7KH 0DJLF
0LUURU¶$-XQJLDQ$OFKHPLFDO5HDGLQJ´DFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZ
LXQHGXaSODWKYROFKULVWRGRXOLGHVSGI
' X  3 O H V V L V   ± 5DFKHO %ODX 'X3OHVVLV ³7KH &ULWLTXH RI &RQVFLRXVQHVV DQG
0\WKLQ/HYHUWRY5LFKDQG5XNH\VHU´6KDNHVSHDUH¶V6LVWHUV)HPLQLVW(VVD\VRQ:R
PHQ3RHWV,eds. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar,%ORRPLQJWRQ,QGLDQD83
) R Z O H U ±5RZHQD)RZOHU³µ7KLVWDUWIDEOH¶'DSKQHDQG$SROORLQ0RGHUQ:R
PHQ¶V 3RHWU\´ /DXJKLQJ ZLWK 0HGXVD &ODVVLFDO 0\WK DQG )HPLQLVW 7KRXJKW, eds.
9DQGD6DMNRDQG0LULDP/HRQDUG2[IRUG2[IRUG83
) U D ] H U ±-DPHV*HRUJH)UD]HU7KH*ROGHQ%RXJK$6WXG\LQ0DJLFDQG5HOL
gionDEULGJHGHGLWLRQ/RQGRQ0DFPLOODQ
- D F R E L ±-RODQGH-DFREL7KH3V\FKRORJ\RI&*-XQJ1HZ+DYHQ<DOH83
- X Q J ±&DUO*XVWDY-XQJ7KH&ROOHFWHG:RUNVRI&*-XQJYROHGV6LU+HU
EHUW5HDG-XQJ&DUO0LFKDHO)RUGKDP*HUKDUG$GOHUWUDQV5)&+XOO/RQGRQ
Routledge Kegan Paul.
. U L V W H Y D ±-XOLD.ULVWHYD³:RUG'LDORJXH1RYHO´7KH.ULVWHYD5HDGHU, ed.
7RULO0RL2[IRUG%DVLO%ODFNZHOO
. U R O O ±-XGLWK.UROO&KDSWHUVLQD0\WKRORJ\7KH3RHWU\RI6\OYLD3ODWK1HZ
<RUN+DUSHU
/ L Q G E H U J6 H \ H U V W H G ±%ULWD/LQGEHUJ6H\HUVWHG6\OYLD3ODWK6WXGLHVLQ
+HU3RHWU\DQG+HU3HUVRQDOLW\2VOR1RYXV3UHVV
/ R Z H O O   ± 5REHUW /RZHOO ³,QWURGXFWLRQ´ $ULHO 3RHPV E\ 6\OYLD 3ODWK 1HZ
<RUN+DUSHU 5RZ
0 D F . H W K D Q0 L O O H U ±/XFLQGD+0DF.HWKDQDQG-DPHV$0LOOHU³6FULE
EOLQJ:RPHQ´DFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZVFULEEOLQJZRPHQRUJLQWUR
html.
0 D F S K H U V R Q ±3DW0DFSKHUVRQ5HÀHFWLQJRQ7KH%HOO-DU/RQGRQ5RXWOHG
ge.
0 D U V D F N ±5RE\Q0DUVDFN6\OYLD3ODWK, BXFNLQJKDP2SHQ83
2 V W U L N H U ±$OLFLD6XVNLQ2VWULNHU6WHDOLQJWKH/DQJXDJH7KH(PHUJHQFHRI
:RPHQ¶V3RHWU\LQ$PHULFD/RQGRQ:RPHQ¶V3UHVV
)HPLQLVW5HYLVLRQDQGWKH%LEOH&DPEULGJH%ODFNZHOO
3 O D W K ±6\OYLD3ODWK6\OYLD7KH%HOO-DU/RQGRQ)DEHUDQG)DEHU
&ROOHFWHG3RHPVHGLWHGZLWKDQLQWURGXFWLRQE\7HG+XJKHV/RQGRQ)DEHU
and Faber.
7KH-RXUQDOV RI6\OYLD3ODWK, ed. Frances McCullough, Ted Hughes, consulting
HGLWRU1HZ<RUN5DQGRP
3 R U W H U ±3HWHU3RUWHU³&ROOHFWLQJKHU6WUHQJWK´1HZ6WDWHVPDQ. 6\OYLD3ODWK
WKH&ULWLFDO+HULWDJHHG/LQGD::DJQHU/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH
5 L F K ±$GULHQQH5LFK2Q/LHV6HFUHWVDQG6LOHQFH6HOHFWHG3URVH±,
1HZ<RUN1RUWRQ


,UHQD5DJDLãLHQơ

5 R V H ±-DFTXHOLQH5RVH7KH+DXQWLQJRI6\OYLD3ODWK/RQGRQ9LUDJR
6 D Q D ] D U R ±/HRQDUG6DQD]DUR³Plath¶Vµ/DG\/D]DUXV¶´ 7KH([SOLFDWRU

7KH+RO\%LEOH±7KH+RO\%LEOH&RQWDLQLQJWKH2OGDQGWKH1HZ7HVWDPHQWV. Tran-
VODWHGRXWRIWKH2ULJLQDO7RQJXHVDQGZLWKWKH)RUPHU7UDQVODWLRQVGLOLJHQWO\FRP
SDUHG DQG UHYLVHG &RPPRQO\ NQRZQ DV WKH$XWKRUL]HG .LQJ -DPHV  9HUVLRQ 7KH
Gideons International,
9 D Q  ' \ Q H ±6XVDQ59DQ'\QH5HYLVLWLQJ/LIH6\OYLD3ODWK¶V$ULHO3RHPV,
&KDSHO+LOO8RI1RUWK&DUROLQD3
: D J Q H U ±/LQGD::DJQHU&ULWLFDO(VVD\VRQ6\OYLD3ODWK%RVWRQ*.+DOO
&RPSDQ\
: R R G ±'DYLG-RKQ:RRG$&ULWLFDO6WXG\RIWKH%LUWK,PDJHU\RI6\OYLD3ODWK
$PHULFDQ3RHW/HZLVWRQ1<(GZLQ0HOOHQ
: U L J K W ±(OL]DEHWK:ULJKW3V\FKRDQDO\WLF&ULWLFLVP7KHRU\LQ3UDFWLFH(VVH[
Methuen.

,UHQD5DJDLãLHQơ

9DUGDLLUƳYDUGLMLPRUHYL]DYLPDV6LOYLMRV3ODWKSRH]LMRMH

6DQWUDXND

3DJULQGLQLDLåRGåLDL UHYL]LRQL]PDVLQWHUWHNVWXDOXPDVO\WLVVXEMHNW\YXPDVLGHQWLWH
WDVELEOLQơVLUPLWRORJLQơVDVRFLDFLMRV

6WUDLSVQ\MHQDJULQơMDPRVYDUGDPVVXWHLNLDPRVUHLNãPơV6LOYLMRV3ODWK ± 
;;DDQWURVSXVơVDPHULNLHþLǐSRHWơVNnjU\ERMH3DWHLNLDPDVNnjU\ERVELRJUD¿QLVLUVRFLR
NXOWnjULQLVNRQWHNVWDVSDEUơåLDPDNDG;;DãHãWRMRGHãLPWPHþLRO\þLǐSROLWLNDQXOHPWD
ãDOWRMRNDURJUơVPơVQXVWDWơJULHåWDVY\UǐLUPRWHUǐYHLNORVVULWLV6LOYLMD3ODWKVXVLGnjUơVX
GLOHPD±MDLUHLNơMRDSVLSUĊVWLDUSULLPWLWUDGLFLQHVPRWHULãNXPRQRUPDVDUSDVLSULHãLQWL
GRPLQXRMDQþLDLO\þLǐSROLWLNDLLUWDSWLNnjUơMD1RUVDVPHQLãNDL3ODWKVơNPLQJDLVXGHULQR
HURV ir ORJRVNnjU\ERMHMLGDåQDLJUƳåGDYRSULHWXRPHWXO\WLHVDVSHNWXKLHUDUFKLãNDLWUDNWXR
MDPǐãLǐåPRJDXVEnjWLHVDVSHNWǐ6WUDLSVQ\MHWHLJLDPDNDG3ODWKNULWLQLVSRåLnjULVƳãLąMRV
YLVXRPHQơMHDNFHQWXRMDPąRSR]LFLQĊSULHãSULHãąOHPLDUHLNãPHVVXWHLNLDPDVƳMRVSRH]L
MRVWHNVWnjUąƳSLQWLHPVYDUGDPV9DUGǐVLJQL¿FDFLMRVDQDOL]ơWLULDPDUHPLDQWLV'.ULVWHYRV
LQWHUWHNVWXDOXPRVDPSUDWDEHLDQJORVDNVLãNRMHIHPLQL]PRNULWLNRMHSDWHLNLDPXUHYLGDYLPR
(UHYLVLRQLVP DVSHNWX3DVLULQNWǐ3ODWKHLOơUDãþLǐDQDOL]ơVLHMDPDVXSVLFKRDQDOLWLQơPLVPL
WRORJLQơPLVNXOWnjURORJLQơPLVƳåYDOJRPLV7DLSDGHGDDWVNOHLVWLNRPSOHNVLãNDV3ODWKO\UL
QLǐVXEMHNWǐWDSDW\EơVWUDMHNWRULMDVNXULDVVLHNLDPDPRGHOLXRWLUHYLGXRMDQWHJ]LVWXRMDQþLǐ
QDUDW\YǐYHLNơMǐYDUGXV,ãYDGRVHWHLJLDPDNDG6LOYLMRV3ODWKƳYDUGLMLPRUHYLGDYLPRVWUDWH
JLMDVJDOLPDLQWHUSUHWXRWLNDLSSDVLU\åLPąLãUHLNãWLVDYRVXEMHNW\YXPąWHNVWXLUWDLSVXNXUWL
VDYLWąVDYLYRNRVVNODLGRVLULQGLYLGXDODXVSRåLnjULRƳJ\YHQLPąGLVNXUVLQĊLãUDLãNą


1DPHVDQG5HYLVLRQLVW5H1DPLQJLQWKH3RHWU\RI6\OYLD3ODWK

,UHQD5DJDLãLHQơ

1DPHVDQG5HYLVLRQLVW5H1DPLQJLQWKH3RHWU\RI6\OYLD3ODWK

6XPPDU\

.H\ZRUGV UHYLVLRQLVP LQWHUWH[WXDOLW\ JHQGHU VXEMHFWLYLW\ LGHQWLW\ ELEOLFDO DQG


P\WKRORJLFDODVVRFLDWLRQV.

7KH SUHVHQW GLVFXVVLRQ IRFXVHV RQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI VLJQL¿FDWLRQV VXUURXQGLQJ QDPHV
DQGUHYLVLRQLVWUHQDPLQJLQWKHSRHWU\E\WKHIDPRXVPLGFHQWXU\$PHULFDQSRHW6\OYLD
3ODWK$QDO\VLVRIVHOHFWHGWH[WVLVUHODWHGWRWKHELRJUDSKLFDODQGVRFLRKLVWRULFDOFRQWH[WV
,WLVKLJKOLJKWHGWKDWWKH$PHULFDQVLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ULJLGJHQGHUQRUPVZKHUHDV
GH¿DQFHRIWKHVHQRUPVKDGEHHQUHJDUGHGDVGHYLDQFH$OWKRXJK3ODWKPDQDJHGWRVXFFHV
VIXOO\FRPELQHZULWLQJZLWKPDUULHGOLIHDQGPRWKHUKRRGWKHWKHPHRIJHQGHUGLVWLQFWLRQV
DWWDFKHGWRWKHPLQGERG\GXDOLVPIUHTXHQWO\UHVXUIDFHVLQKHURHXYUH7KHKLHUDUFKLFDO
SRVLWLRQLQJRIWKHVHRSSRVLWLRQVRIWHQGHWHUPLQHVGLVFXUVLYHWUDMHFWRULHVWKDWWKHUHYLVLRQLVW
WUHDWPHQWRIQDPHVDFTXLUHVLQ3ODWK¶VSRHWU\$FFRUGLQJWRDQXPEHURIFULWLFDODFFRXQWV
WKHUHYLVLRQLVWUHQDPLQJVHUYHVDVDSURMHFWLRQRIDVWUXJJOHWRGHOLQHDWHSHUVRQDOLGHQ
WLW\ E\ UHYLVLWLQJ DQG UHYLVLQJ XQLYHUVDOO\ VLJQL¿FDQW QDUUDWLYHV DQG SRVLWLRQLQJ RQHVHOI
ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHLUQDPLQJRIZRPDQ¶VDJHQF\DQGVXEMHFWLYLW\7KHVHWHQHWVDUHDQDO\]HG
WKURXJKWKHOHQVHVRI-XOLD.ULVWHYD¶VWKHRU\RILQWHUWH[WXDOLW\DQGWKHFULWLFDOVWDQFHRIUHYL
VLRQLVPDVGH¿QHGE\FULWLFVOLNH$OLFLD2VWULNHUDQG5DFKHO%ODX'X3OHVVLVWRPHQWLRQEXW
DIHZ7KLVVWXG\DOVRLQFOXGHVFRQFHSWVRISV\FKRDQDO\VLVFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDQGP\WKRORJ\
WR XQFRYHU WKH FRPSOH[ VLJQL¿FDWLRQV WKDW WKH QDPHV HQWZLQHG LQ 3ODWK¶V SRHWLF WH[WXUH
HQFRGH7KXVWDNHQ6\OYLD3ODWK¶VUHYLVLRQLVWUHQDPLQJPD\EHUHDGDVUHSRVLWLRQLQJRI
RQH¶VVHOIKRRGZLWKUHJDUGWRJHQGHUHGVXEMHFWRWKHUSRVLWLRQVSHUSHWXDWLQJWKHSDWULDUFKDO
discourse.

,UHQD5$*$,â,(1Ơ
$QJOǐ¿ORORJLMRVNDWHGUD
9\WDXWR'LGåLRMRXQLYHUVLWHWDV
'RQHODLþLRJ
/7.DXQDV
>LUDJDLVLHQH#KPIYGXOW@



You might also like