Wireless Electricity

(WITRICITY)

Submitted by
Debashish Deb(17UEEE0015)
Ritwik Biswas(17UEEE0036)
Sunil Kumar Yadav(17UEEE0503)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NOV 2019
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATER
NOV 2019

Certified this this seminar report titled “Wireless Electricity

(WITRICTY)” is the bonafide work of Debashish Deb
(17UEEE0042), Ritwik Biswas (17UEEE0020), Sunil Kumar
Yadav (17UEEE0503).

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DR.P.CHANDRASEKAR
Associate professor
Department of EEE

Submitted for seminar evaluation held on…………………..

SRC MEMBER 1 SRC MEMBER 2

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our respected FOUNDER

PRESIDENT Col. Proff. Dr. R. RANGRAJAN, Chairperson
managing trustee and vice president we are very thankful to our
beloved chancellor DR. BEELA SATYANARAYANA for
providing us with an environment to complete the work
successfully. We obligated to our beloved registrar N.S. PREM,
for providing immense support in all our endeavours. We
thankful to our esteemed director academics Dr. ANNE
KOTESWARA RAO, for providing a wonderful environment to
complete work successfully. We extremely thankful and pay my
gratitude to our Dean DR. V. JAYASANKAR for his valuable
guidance and support on completion of this seminar in it
presently. It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledgement the
assistance and contributions of our HEAD OF THE
DEPARTMENT Dr . P. CHANDRA SEKAR for his useful
suggestions, which helped us in completing the work, in time and
we thank him for being instrumental in the completion of third
year with his encouragement and unwavering support during the
entire course. We thank our department faculty, supporting staffs
for their help and guidance to complete this project.
 Table of content

S.No Title Page no.

1. Abstract 1
2. History of wireless power 2
3. Need of WITRICITY 3
4. Basic principle 3
5. Theoretical Model for Self Resonant Circuits 4
6. Analysis 5
7. Advantages 9
8. Disadvantages 10
9. Practicality and Safety 10
10. Applications 11
11. Conclusion 12
12. References 13
 1. ABSTRACT

The technology used for wireless power transmission is known as

WITRICITY. Wireless power transmission is not a new idea,
Nikola Tesla proposed theories of wireless power transmission in
the late 1800s and early 1900s. Tesla's work was impressive, but
it did not immediately lead to wide spread practical methods for
wireless power transmission. Since then many researchers have
developed several techniques for moving electricity over long
distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or
prototypes, but others are already in use. In 2006 researchers at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Marine Soljacic
discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils
separated by a few meters. They have dubbed this technology as
“WITRICITY”. The physical phenomenon of long-lifetime
resonant electromagnetic states with localized slowly-evanescent
field patterns used to transfer energy efficiently over non-
negligible distances like 8 times the radius of the coil, even in the
presence of extraneous environmental objects was experimentally
demonstrated.
 2. HISTORY OF WIRELESS POWER

Wireless power transmission is not new for us. Various

methods of Transmitting power wirelessly have been known for
centuries. In 1899, Sir Nikola Tesla proposed a method to
transmit energy over long distances wirelessly using
ElectroMagnetic radiation principle, but such radiation is
excellent for wireless transmission of Information, it is not
feasible to Power transmission.
Directed radiation modes like Lasers or highly-directional
antennas can be efficiently used for energy transfer even for
long distances but require existence of an uninterruptible line-of-
sight and a complicated tracking system in the case of mobile
objects and also not Eco friendly. So these procedures are
insufficient to Wireless power transmission.
Witricity is a new technology used for wireless power
transmission. The inventors of witricity are the researchers from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This method is
mainly based on the transmission of magnetic energy by taking
two Magnetically Resonant objects in Strongly Coupled regime.
The source and load are coupled to the coils which are
magnetically resonant and transmit energy in the magnetic form
in strongly coupled regime. As they are in magnetic resonance,
there is no possibility of external disturbances.
 3. NEED OF WITRICITY

Now a days there is a Rapid development of autonomous

electronics like laptops, cell-phones, house-hold robots and all the
above devices typically rely on chemical energy storage(Battery)
.As they are becoming daily needs to present generation, Wireless
energy transfer would be useful for many applications as above
and they need midrange energy.
If we adopt this witricity concept to these devices, we may
eliminate the problems caused by the batteries. We may use this
by fixing on our room ceiling to charge our devices wirelessly.

4. BASIC PRINCIPLE

The basic concept behind WITRICITY-Wireless Electricity

is Magnetic Resonance. Two resonant objects of the same
resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while
dissipating relatively little energy in extraneous off-resonant
objects. In systems of coupled resonances, there is often a general
“Strongly Coupled” regime of operation. If one can operate in
that regime in a given system, the energy transfer is expected to
be very efficient. Midrange power transfer implemented in this
way can be nearly omni-directional and efficient, irrespective of
the geometry of the surrounding space, with low interference and
losses into environmental objects. The above considerations apply
irrespective of the physical nature of the resonances.
 5. THEORETICAL MODEL FOR SELF
RESONANT CIRCUITS

The experimental realization of the scheme consists of two self-

resonant coils.
One coil (source coil) is coupled inductively to an oscillating
circuit; the other (device coil) is inductively to a resistive load.
Self-resonant coils relay on the interplay between distributed
inductance to achieve resonance.
The two coils are made up of an electrically conducting wire of
total length l and cross sectional area a, wound into a helix of n
turns, radius r & height h.
When turned on, the sender coil emits electricity in the form of a
magnetic field, oscillating at a specific frequency in few MHz
The receiver coil picks up the transmission which must also be
resonating at same frequency, while the rest of the environment is
unaffected.
Energy not transferred to the devices is re-absorbed by the source
coil.
Figure shows the schematic of the experimental setup. A is a
single copper loop of radius 25 cm that is part of the driving
circuit, which outputs a sine wave with frequency 9.9 MHz. S and
D are respectively the source and device coils referred to in the
text. B is a loop of wire attached to the load (light bulb). The
various s represent direct couplings between the objects
indicated by the arrows. The angle between coil D and the loop A
is adjusted to ensure that their direct coupling is zero. Coils S and
D are aligned coaxially. The direct couplings between B and A
and between B and S are negligible.

6. ANALYSIS

Coil is resonant, the current and charge density profiles are /2 out
of phase from each other, meaning that the real part of one is
maximum when the real part of the other is zero. Equivalently, the
energy contained in the coil is at certain points in time completely
due to the current, and at other points it is completely due to the
charge. Using electromagnetic theory, we can define an effective
inductance L and an effective capacitance C for each coil as
follows:

(1)

(2)
where the spatial current J(r) and charge density (r) are obtained
respectively from the current and charge densities along the
isolated coil, in conjunction with the geometry of the object. As
defined, L and C have the property that the energy U contained in
the coil is given by

(3)

With this relation and the equation of continuity, the resulting

resonant frequency is f0 = 1/[2 (LC)1/2]. This coil can be treated as
a standard oscillator in coupled-mode theory by
defining a(t)=[(L/2)1/2]I0(t) according to the coupled mode theory.

The power dissipated can be estimated by noting that the

sinusoidal profile of the current distribution implies that the
spatial average of the peak current squared is |I0|2/2. For a coil
with n turns and made of a material with conductivity ,the
standard formulas for ohmic (Ro) and radiation (Rr) resistance can
be modified accordingly:

(4)
The first term in Eq. 5 is a magnetic dipole radiation term
(assuming r << 2 c/ , where c is the speed of light); the second
term is due to the electric dipole of the coil and is smaller than the
first term for our experimental parameters. The coupled-mode
theory decay constant for the coil is therefore =(Ro + Rr)/2L, and
its quality factor is Q = /2 .
The coupling coefficient DS can be found from the
power transferred from the source to the device coil, assuming a
steady-state solution in which currents and charge densities vary
in time as exp(i t):

(5)

Where M is the effective mutual inductance, is the scalar

potential, A is the vector potential, and the subscript S indicates
that the electric field is due to the source. We then conclude from
standard coupled-mode theory arguments that DS = SD = =
M/[2(LSLD1/2)]. When the distance D between the centres of the
coils is much larger than their characteristic size, scales with
the D–3 dependence characteristic of dipole-dipole coupling.
Both and are functions of the frequency, and / and the
efficiency are maximized for a particular value of f, which is in
the range 1 to 50 MHz for typical parameters of interest. Thus an
appropriate frequency for a given coil size, plays a major role in
optimizing the power transfer.
In order for the power transfer to be efficient, we design the
system such that the rate of energy transfer between the emitter
and the receiver is greater than the rate of energy dissipation. This
way the device can capture the energy and use it for useful work
before too much of it get wasted away.
We determine the efficiency of transfer of energy taking place
between the source coil and the load by measuring the current at
the midpoint of the self-resonant coils with a current probe. This
gives a measurement of the current parameters Is and Id
Then the efficiency can be calculated PS,D = L|IS,D|2 and obtain
the efficiency from = PW/(PS + PD +PW)
 7. ADVANTAGES

 The main advantages of this system is that we can get

electricity anywhere without wires.
 The nature of power delivery is Omni directional i.e. in
every direction.
 Magnetic resonances are particularly suitable for everyday
application because most of the common materials do not
interact with magnetic fields, so interactions with
environmental objects are suppressed even further.
 Significant decluttering of office space.
 No need for meter rooms and electrical closets.
 Reduction of e-waste by eliminating the need for power
cords.
 Negative health implications - By the use of resonant
coupling wave lengths produced are far lower and thus make
it harmless.
 Less costly - The components of transmitter and receivers
are cheaper. So this system is less costly.
 8. DISADVANTAGES

 Wireless power transmission can be possible only in few

meters.
 Efficiency is only about 40%.
 Retrofitting old equipment or purchasing new equipment
could become a very expensive endeavor
 Possibility of “energy theft”. Wi Fi, someone can be using
your internet or your power.
As WITRICITY is in development stage, lot of work
is done for improving the efficiency and distance between
transmitter and receiver.

9. PRACTICALITY AND SAFETY:

 WITRICITY demonstration is still too recent, and too
focused, to produce any definite conclusions.
 With the WITRICITY method ,they anticipate transmitting
power over distances about a meter, which is much less than
ideal but still very impressive.
 If the technology is improved and honed to a point where it
can be “productized", it stands to turn any number of
industries on their respective ears.
 The MIT team said its discovery is different from all
previous effort because it uses “magnetically coupled
resonance", which means it will not only be safe but it will
be fairly efficient.
 10. APPLICATIONS

WITRICITY has a bright future in providing wireless

electricity. There are no limitations in WITRICITY power
applications. Some of the potential applications are powering of
cell phones, laptops and other devices that normally run with the
help of batteries or plugging in wires. WITRICITY applications
are expected to work on the gadgets that are in close proximity to
a source of wireless power, where in the gadgets charges
automatically without necessarily, having to get plugged in. By
the use of WITRICITY there is no need of batteries or
remembering to recharge batteries periodically. If a source is
placed in each room to provide power supply to the whole house
WITRICITY has many medical applications. It is
used for providing electric power in many commercially available
medical implantable devices.
Another application of this technology includes
transmission of information. It would not interfere with radio
waves and it is cheap and efficient.
 11. CONCLUSION

Wireless Electricity concept is a boon for devices which

uses midrange energy. The Power transfer is explained with the
help of Magnetic resonance and Coupled mode theory.
The power transfer is not visibly affected as humans
and various everyday objects, such as metals, wood, and
electronic devices large and small, are placed between the two
coils—even in cases where they completely obstruct the line of
sight between source and device. External objects have a
noticeable effect only when they are within a few centimetres
from either one of the coils. Some materials mostly just shift the
resonant frequency, which can in principle be easily corrected
with a feedback circuit; other materials lower Q when placed
closer than a few centimetres from the coil, thereby lowering the
efficiency of the transfer.
WITRICITY is in development stage, lots of work
is to be done to use it for wireless power applications. Currently
the project is looking for power transmission in the range of
100w. Before the establishment of this technology the detailed
study must be done to check whether it cause any harm on any
living beings.
 12. REFERENCES

An article published in the Science Magazine as “Wireless Power

Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances” by
Andrekurs, Science 317,83(2007);Dol:10.1126/science.1143254.
H. Haus, “Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics”, Prentice hall
Publishers, Englewood.
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice
A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljacic, Ann. Phys.,
10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017 (2007).

N. Tesla, U.S. patent 1,119,732 (1914).