Professional Documents
Culture Documents
John McCormick
INTRODUCTION
In this, the 4th edition of "Songs With Guitar From the Age of
Napoleon", I have added substantially to the list of composers and
songs. Most significantly, I have added selected works from the
collection of Kenneth Sparr, whose complete collection appears at his
own site. He was kind enough to allow me to extract material from his
catalogue. For those whose interests in guitar music from this period
are much broader than that which is offered here, as well as in lute
music, his is a site that is well worth visiting. The selections I have
extracted are what appear to be songs that were originally written by
their respective composers with guitar accompaniment. I am trying to
limit this list to only such works, with only the small exceptions I
explain later.
The list remains far from complete. As time goes by, I will hopefully
continue to add many more names, specific songs, locations, and
additional biographic material. This being the case, I invite anyone
who shares my interest in this music, and has any additional
information on these or any other composers from this period,
especially Italian ones, to contact me. I have a deep interest in this
as an ongoing project. Any additional information will be greatly
appreciated, especially with respect to those composers in the
following list whose names are not followed by any biographical
information, song titles, or library locations. I am interested in
music that does not show up in RISM on-line, especially in small
Italian libraries, of which there are many. Quite naturally, I am
curious about songs with guitar that may have been written by Nicolo
Paganini. I am also interested in ones by any of the Moretti's, other
than the twelve Spanish songs published in facsimile by Tecla. I would
like to acquire film or photocopies of such music for the purpose of
performance and recording, as well as for possible modern publication.
It is my strong belief that much of this music, once it is identified,
should be heard, rather than merely written about and catalogued. If
you have any such information you would be willing to share, you can
contact me either directly or through Editions Orphe�.
I have now included some material I initially vowed I would not. That
is, in a few isolated cases, I have listed songs with guitar which are
shown as being "arrangements". I have done so in cases where the
composer was primarily a composer of operas, in addition to having
written a few songs with guitar. Arias from operas were set to guitar
accompaniment in many instances. Where there is an indication that such
settings were done by someone else, I have not included them. When
there is no such indication, there seems to be the possibility that the
composer of the original also made the arrangement. Although I have no
way now of confirming this speculation, I have included some of these,
just to be on the safe side. Finally, I have gone through this
presentation to correct some typographical errors. I imagine that in
the process, I have substituted some new ones, but, over time, I will
hopefully spot these as well. As is the case when one embarks on this
sort of correction, there is the tendency to look at other aspects of
writing with a critical eye. This being the case, I have rearranged the
text into a more coherent order and added more material.
The biographical sketches I have included with many of the entries have
been obtained from standard reference sources. What constantly strikes
me about these sources is the nearly total absence of any mention of
guitar accompanied song, in spite of its obvious and widespread
popularity during this period. Even in the instances where listings of
a given composer's works are included, many of which are purported to
be "complete", reference is very seldom made to works for voice and
guitar. I am mystified by such a massive oversight. Those of us who are
attracted to the guitar and its music are also aware of the fact that
among all musical instruments, it is arguably the most pervasive. Since
the time of the renaissance, it has been employed in every form of
music in every European nationality. As far as I know, no other musical
instrument can make that statement. Likewise, what other instrument has
accompanied as many singers around the world as has the guitar?
Over several years of playing such music, I have noticed that those who
were primarily guitarists wrote most of the currently published songs
with guitar from this period. They were re-discovered almost by
accident by people who were searching from the guitarists' point of
view. The result is that the current repertory for voice and guitar is
very small as compared to songs written with piano accompaniment. This
is even the case if one includes renaissance, baroque, and modern songs
with guitar. In terms of sheer numbers, the piano still wins out.
No, I am not picking on Mr. Bellow. Nor do I quarrel with the statement
based on its face value. It is merely one of many such statements I
have read in which the author makes a similar point by comparing solo
guitar music to that of accompaniment, a role which is one of many the
guitar has assumed. Such statements subliminally encourage serious
players of the guitar to avoid the"mere" role of accompanist.
Guitarists therefore, might not be inclined to search out such material
as a primary interest, or even as a secondary one. There is, quite
rightly, a natural inclination among guitarists and guitar enthusiasts
to search for music that will offer technical and musical challenges
and expand the solo repertory. Song accompaniments, especially those
that come from the 18th and 19th centuries, are not thought to be, for
the most part, technically demanding. While this may be generally true,
there are many exceptions which are as technically and artistically
demanding as numerous solo pieces from the period played regularly by
concert guitarists the world over. On the other hand, even the easier
accompaniments can be somewhat deceptive. I have found that in order to
play such music effectively, it is necessary to continue practicing
music that is more challenging in order to keep one's technique at a
high level. This is due to the artistic demands that are present
calling for careful control of tone and phrasing in a way that becomes
a sympathetic reflection of the vocal line.
Another factor that may also hold back contemporary interest in such
songs could be a lack of interest on the part of many singers and
teachers of singing. Song literature is vast and international,
especially that which utilizes the piano. Capable pianists outnumber
capable guitarists by a large margin. As a matter of convenience, it is
only natural that a serious singer, when casting about for an
accompanist, will think first of a pianist, unless the singer has a
specific interest in guitar accompanied song, a relative rarity. In
addition, most students of singing are encouraged to pursue opera.
Current vocal technique is generally designed to develop a large volume
of sound for this purpose. The presentation of song recitals is viewed
as a secondary activity, since fewer opportunities to do so are thought
to exist. At least this seems to be the conventional music school
wisdom.
While the guitarist may not face many heavy technical demands, the
singer also is not called upon to stretch the voice beyond reasonable
limits. This was the age of bel canto, and as such, great respect was
accorded the artistic capabilities of the human voice. This being the
case, there are demands related to nuance, language, idiom and a
relaxed, linear production of tone of which few of today's singers are
capable.
I have also avoided going too far into the 19th century. In my opinion,
what began as purposeful art, tended to later degenerate into the
maudlin and sentimental, at least in the context of guitar accompanied
song. This tendency seems to have been parallel to the general decline
in the popularity of the guitar as a serious instrument and the rise of
the piano as the principle accompaniment for the voice. The one
composer from this slightly later period, which I have included, is
Stephen Foster and the 18 songs he wrote with a simple guitar
accompaniment. I have done this for two reasons. The first is to
illustrate how pervasive the guitar had become in this medium in a
relatively short period. The other is simply to list the songs for
those who may not be aware of Fosters having written them in this
manner.
Thus began a serious search. Sure enough, many who had written
guitar-accompanied songs were indeed, primarily composers of opera.
Further search revealed also that the ones who do not appear to have
written operas, were in some cases rather prolific songwriters. Due to
the concurrent popularity at the time of both the piano and the guitar
as accompanying instruments, they wrote for both. One was not a
composer at all until his later years, after he had retired as an opera
singer. The rest are somewhat obscure composers for the guitar.
The list may not be entirely accurate in some respects, largely because
of some of the sources I have used. For example, some of these names
come from the well-known book by P.J. Bone, The Guitar and Mandolin.
Since I have had this book for some years, this was where I started. I
simply excerpted all the composers he claimed had written songs with
guitar. I have not yet had a chance to follow up on the accuracy of
many of these claims. The ones I have located thus far, however, tend
to confirm them. I mention this only because several people of my
acquaintance who are far more experienced in musical research than I
have questioned the accuracy of some of Mr. Bone's material. I am not
in a position to say one way or the other. I happened on to this book
sometime in the late fifties or earlier sixties through an
advertisement in The Guitar Review. The signed and numbered copy I
received directly from Mr. Bone was a source of great inspiration at a
time when I was just getting into playing the guitar. It became one of
several books and articles I poured over repeatedly, almost to the
point of literal memorization. Furthermore, thinking about this and
other such pioneering efforts on behalf of the guitar, as well as other
such research, is quite humbling for a person such as myself who is, in
effect, just getting into such activities relatively late in life.
These efforts were made long before the advent of the computer. Were it
not for this technology, I'm not sure I would even know where to begin
such a search, let alone develop the incentive to do so in the first
place.
My wife and I have so far made two trips to Italy. In each case,
discoveries were made that would not have been possible otherwise. In
one instance, we were there to obtain a copy of songs by Carulli. In
the process, we came across two other collections of songs with guitar
by composers previously unknown to us.
The second trip yielded 147 pages of manuscripts and published music,
some of which was by anonymous composers, with guitar-accompanied songs
by Paisiello, Crescentini, Carulli and others. One of the most
interesting in the group was a set of six songs and six duets for
voice(s) and guitar by Domenico Puccini, the Grandfather of the much
more famous Giacomo.
The Italian preoccupation with vocal music in the late 18th century,
opera in particular, made it necessary for Italian guitarist-composers
to go elsewhere. The extreme popularity of the solo guitar at the time
prevailed nearly everywhere except in Italy. London, Paris and Vienna
were the major centers of guitar activity.
This, however, is not to say the guitar was totally absent in Italy.
While it was not very healthy as a solo instrument, the guitar was
widely accepted as an accompaniment to the voice. In fact, it seems to
have been appreciated in this role with considerable justification from
a purely vocal perspective since tastes in singing styles and in the
role of singing were undergoing drastic changes.
Beginning in the second half of the 18th century, however, this all
began to change. Audiences, performers and composers alike began to
view such practices as straying far afield from the intrinsic spirit of
music, and in particular, of singing. The pendulum began to swing
completely toward simplicity, expressivity, and respect for the wishes
of the composer. In both opera and song, the emphasis became that of
placing great importance on communication of the text, on a beautiful,
flowing legato line, and on musical simplicity.
Although there were undoubtedly other poets who were also popular, the
majority of Italian songs at this time, whether they were written with
guitar or other instruments, used as their texts the poetry of Pietro
Metastasio. According to the Oxford Companion to Music, Metastasio was
"born in Rome in 1698 and died in Vienna in 1782, aged eighty-four. He
was a grocer's son who, being heard at the age of eleven publicly
improvising verses in the street, was adopted and educated by a wealthy
man of learning, Gravina, who later left him a fortune. He now climbed
rapidly, devoting himself particularly to the provision of texts for
music, and becoming the most celebrated librettist in Europe--almost
The Librettist, for his dramas were accepted as the perfection of their
kind, some of them being set by twenty or thirty different composers,
so that their every word was known in advance by the audiences of the
day, as regular church-goers know their book of prayers. Gluck, Handel,
Haydn and Mozart were amongst his clients. Hasse set all his librettos
once and some twice. His poetic works, other than those for music, were
translated into many languages. For over half a century he lived in
Vienna as court poet."
During the years Metastasio lived in Vienna, which was most of his
professional life, he was responsible for providing libretti on which
operas were written for numerous specific royal events; birthdays,
anniversaries, visiting dignitaries, marriages and more. Most of the
reference material I have encountered thus far focuses more on his
opera libretti than on his poetry and song texts. In this light, it is
observed that his popularity as a librettist declined during the latter
part of the 18th century. This was largely due to the subject matter he
chose, which reflected political views he held that had gone out of
fashion. This falling out of favor that befell his libretti was
certainly not the case with his poetry. Throughout the late 18th and
early 19th centuries, his poetry remained the most popular literary
vehicle for songwriters of several nationalities.
As such, it contributed in no small way to the Italian vision of
wedding verse and melody, exerting an influence of such magnitude that
it was to affect the writing of vocal composers the world over from
that time on. The evolution of opera on this basis is well known. Not
so universally accepted is the role Italian song played in the writings
of non-Italian composers.
Like his libretti before, some of his many verses that were used by
songwriters quickly became favorites and were used repeatedly in a
variety of settings. One such was Ecco quel fiero istante. It was set
to music not only by Metastasio himself, but by no less a composer than
Mozart. Others included Zingarelli, Johann Gottlieb Naumann and
Pellegrini. Among the composers of guitar accompanied song who used
this verse were Carulli, Crescentini, Brambilli and Melia, to name a
few. It was also used by numerous anonymous writers of songs with
guitar, piano, and orchestra. It was set for duets, vocal trios and
choruses. This verse was only one of many that enjoyed such repeated
use. Among the many songs with guitar in the Italian language I have
encountered, whether the composer in Italian or another nationality, it
is somewhat rare that one of them has verses by a poet other than
Mestastasio.
* Agliasti, Luigi
* Alstr�m, Olof (1756-1835) - Louises Graf * S�rg ej den gryende dagen
(voice and lute) * H�r vid denna silver b�chen (voice and lute) [38]
* Albenese (1729-1800) � Wrote three collections of songs with guitar and
violin which were published in Paris. These collections included a few
guitar solos as well, along with vocal duets, songs with one and two
violins and bass; voice, guitar and bass, and other combinations. The
songs are mostly on French texts and are in a popular vein. In some
cases, it is difficult to tell whether a particular songs is an
arrangement or an original composition. All of the accompaniments were
written for five-string guitar.
* Alt, E. - So ist mein Wunsch (1825) [10]
* .Ambrosche, Joseph Charles (Bohemia) (1759-1822) �- Als ich auf meines
Bleiche [10] * Romance des Pagen aus Figaros, op. 5 - (Several songs
with guitar published mainly between 1800 and 1817.) Here is one of a
number of examples I have found thus far of singers who also composed.
Unlike some of the others, Ambrosche limited himself to writing songs.
Although his output was relatively small as compared to other such
composers, he did write a significant number, many of which were with
guitar. According to the article in Groves, "his lied style ranges from
simple, strophic, folk-like works to more complex pieces.........His
accompaniments are quite simple, but his vocal lines often have
numerous embellishments". His singing career began in Prague. After he
made his debut at Bayreuth, he remained in Germany for the rest of his
life. He remained a prominent and respected musical figure in Berlin
until his death.
* Amon, Johann Andreas (1763-1825) - Wahrsagenlied [10]
* Andrade, Jean Auguste (d. 1793) - Souvenir [5]
* Andreozzi - Tout m'alarme tout excite et ma crainte et mes regrets [5]
* Drexel, Friedrich � (Early 19th cent.) - 6 songs, op. 16; 6 lieder, op.
20; Twenty songs, op. 32
* Dusik, Jan Ladislav (1760-1812) - Fernandos Hochgesang an Clara [10]
* Ebers, Karl Friedrich (1770-1836) - Vergessner Schwur [10]
* Eberwein, Carl (1786-1868) - Elegie auf die Treue ihres Geschlechts
[10]
* Fabricatoriello, Giuseppe - E la bella m'a cercato * Me vogli anzurare
dinto fratta * Chi t'a fatta sta bella * Piccere si m'ave nattanno
bella cosa [17]
* Farinelli, Giuseppe (1769-1836) - Ah potessi in quella tomba [1]
* Ferrari - En vain de la nature je revois la parure (2 voices & guitar)
* Il n'est point d'amant Elvire [5]
* Ferrari, Giacomo Goffredo (1763-1842) - Quand l'Amour nacquit � Cith�re
[22]
* Fiocchi, Vincenzo (1767-1843) - Pourquoi [31]
* Fioravante, Valentino (1764-1837) - Placida campagna (2 voices, bass &
guitar) [28]
* Flora - Coleccion de Canciones espa�olas [44]
* Flotow, Friedrich Ludwig Ferdinand (1783-1858) - Charade [10]
* Fortunato, Giovanni ca. 1800 - Pien di contento * Ecco ridente il cielo
* Se il mio nome saper voi bramate * Sorte mia tiranna [22]
* Foster, Stephen Collins (1826-1864) - Old Memories * Gentle Annie *
Hard Times Come Again No More * Come With Thy Sweet Voice Again *
Willie We Have Missed You * Some Folks * Old Dog Tray * Oh Boys, Carry
Me Along * My Old Kentucky Home * Massa's in de Cold Ground * Maggie by
my Side * Little Ella * Farewell My Lilly Dear * Eulalie * Fairy Belle
* Camptown Races * Willie My Brave * Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair -
I acquired these songs quite by accident. During a casual conversation,
a colleague at the university where I was teaching informed me that the
library had facsimile copies of first editions of the complete works of
Stephen Foster. Among these works, he told me, were many songs with
guitar. I later made copies of them just to have them. Aside from
perhaps one or two, the guitar accompaniments, simple as they are, were
written by Foster himself rather than by someone else hired by his
publisher. Apparently there was a demand for these versions, which were
issued along with their piano accompanied companions.
* Furstenau, Caspar (b. 1772) � Famous flutist and composer who wrote a
set of six songs with flute and guitar accompaniment, as well as six
songs with guitar or piano, according to P. J. Bone.
* Garcia - (15 Boleri) - Un fraile se que, Para campana grande, Muchos
hai que se casan, Con los aficialitos, Al entrar en ducasa, Tiene sin
su barbero, Todos de las mujeres, Yome halle, Te dico a su marido,
Mujer que llego, Todos dicen, Pienso en ti solamente, Un rosal que
tenia, De los calvos no quieras, Non temas que te de puisa [4] * Amores
y dolores guitan el sue�o (2 voices and guitar) [35]
* Garcia, Manuel Vicente (1775-1832) - El bajelito nuevo [44]
* Gaveaux, Pierre (1760-1825) - Patrie absente [31]
* Giuliani, Mauro (1781-1829) � Trois Romances, op.13 * Trois Romances.
Op.22 * Marie Louise au Berceau de son Fils, op.27 * Sei Cavatine,
op.39 * Sechs Lieder op.89 * Sei Ariette, op. 95 * Pastorale a due
voci, op.149 * Romance "Pr�s d'un volcan", op.151 * Anacreontic Ode,
op. 151bis (Most of the above are published in facsmile by Tecla) - One
of the most famous guitarists of his time. He composed numerous songs,
many with guitar, to German French and Italian texts. Those listed
below are all with guitar.
* Glachant, Antoine-Charles (1770-1851) - Sophie (Romance) [44]
* Glaesser, Karl (1784-1829) � "Numerous songs with guitar" (P. J. Bone)
LIBRARY ADDRESSES
[1] [I Tf] Academia Filarmonica, Achivio, Piazza San Carlo 183, Torino
10123 (Italy)
[4] [I BGc] Biblioteca Civica Angelo Mai, Piazza Vecchia 15, Bergamo
24129 (Italy)
[11] [I Vlevi] Fondazione Ugo e Olga Levi, Biblioteca, San Marco 2893,
Venezia 30124
[17] [US NYp] New York Public Library at Lincoln Center, Music
Division, 111 Amsterdam Ave., New York NY 10023 (Tel. 1-212-870-1650 -
Fax. 1-212-787-3852)
[20] [US SFsc] San Francisco State University, Col. Frank V. de Bellis
Collection, 1630 Holloway Ave., San Fancisco CA 94132
[33] [DK Kc] Carl Claudius musikhistoriske Samling, Abenra 32-34, Carit
Etlarsvej 3, Kobenhavn 1124 1814
[34] [HR Zha] Zbirka Don Nicole Udina Algarotti, Gunduliceva 6, Zagreb
41000
[36] [CZ BER] Okresni archiv, Seydlovo n�m. 24, Beroun 266 01 (Czech
Republic)
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