WILL AND GOING TO

SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL)

USE
- For predictions. For example: Paco will pass selectivity (but still does not know)
- For spontaneous decisions: "Which do you prefer tea or coffee? - I will have a coffee "
- To express actions that will be 100% safe: I will be 18 next month.

TRAINING
- Affirmative: subject + will + infinitive without -to + complements
Example: She will fly to New York
- Negative: subject + will not + infinitive sin-to + complements
Example: She will not fly to New York
- Interrogative: Will + subject + infinitive without -to + complements?
Example: Will she fly to New York?

PLANNED FUTURE (GOING TO)

USE
- It is a planned future because we say when the action is going to be executed. For example: I am
going to go to David's party this weekend.

TRAINING
- Affirmative: subject + am / is / are + going to + infinitive + complements
Example: She is going to visit her aunt on Saturday
- Negative: subject + am / is / are + not + going to + infinitive + complements
Example: She is not going to visit her aunt on Saturday
- Interrogative: am / is / are + subject + going to + add-ons?
Example: Is she going to visit her aunt on Saturday?

USES
The forms "will" and "going to" are used to express the future. The difference between "going to" and
"will" is the sense of planning and the probability of an action happening. In general, "going to" is used
for concrete plans, when we are sure that something will happen.

1. "will" is used with voluntary actions.

Examples:
 Will you help me move? (Will you help me move?)

 They will clean their rooms. (They will clean their rooms.)

 She will not work with Paul. (Will not work with Paul.)

2. "will" is used to express a promise.

Examples:
  When I am president, I will lower taxes. (When I'm president, I'll lower taxes.)

 I have promises he will call when I arrive. (He promises that he will call when he arrives.)

3. "going to" is used for plans. The intention to do something is indicated.

Examples:

 We're going to have a party tonight. (We're having a party tonight.)

 Richard is going to take an English class. (Richard is going to take an English class.)

 Are they going to play football later? (Are they going to play soccer later?)

4. You can use "will" or "going to" to make predictions. When there is evidence that something is
going to happen we use "going to".
Examples:

 It will be a great party. / It's going to be a great party (It'll be a great party.

 It will not rain. / It's not going to rain. (It's not going to rain.)

Note: There are some situations in which we use the present continuous or the present simple to
express actions in the future.

1. The present continuous can be used for safe actions in the near future.
Examples:

 Sarah is arriving tonight. (Sarah arrives tonight.)

 I'm going to the doctor this afternoon. (I'm going to the doctor this afternoon.)

2. The present simple is used for scheduled events in the near future and train schedules, flights,
etc.
Examples:

 The party starts at 9pm. (The party starts at 9pm.)

 The train leaves at 10am. (The train departs at 10am.)

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed action in a time
before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in
the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important.
Examples
  John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
 My father died last year.
 He lived in Fiji in 1976.
 We crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain
past time expressions
 frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
 a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
 an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.

The spelling of the simple past form (-ed forms)

You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you continue the lesson study
the following examples and try to see how the verbs are spelled.
The rules of the simple past tense forms:
Here are the rules:
1. Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past participle:
Example:
close=closed
2. Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle:
Example:
play=played
3. Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past and past participle
(the y becomes an i followed by /-ed/)
Example:
marry=married
4. All the other regular vebs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle.
Example:
visit=visited
Special cases of the -ed forms:
Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)
 If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word, double the consonant
stop – stopped
ban - banned
swap - swapped
In British English we double the last l even though the last vowel is not stressed. Here are some
examples:
 travel - travelled
 cancel - cancelled
 marvel – marvelled

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous is often used to talk about actions that occur while talking or situations that
happen around the time spoken .
The following examples will be used in the explanation. We use two examples to verify the changes
that take place in the third person singular.
They are talking now . He is working at this time.

WHAT IS ?
• This tense is used to talk couple of situations that are happening at the time spoken (Ie It's raining at
the moment )
• We also use the present continuous to talk about things that happen around the time the talk (Ie I'm
studying in an Inglés Inglés Academy)
• Future plans (Ie This Afternoon I'm playing tennis ) .

HOW HOW ?
Is formed with the verb 'to be' accompanied by a gerund . When we speak of a gerund we refer to verbs
ending in " _ing " , ie , the verb 'to eat' gerund would be ' eating ' .

YES: To form affirmative put the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' accompanied the gerund .
 They're talking now .
 He's working at the moment .
* We must consider the forms of the verb 'to be' relevant and contracted forms.
NEGATIVE : To form the negative deny the verb 'to be .''
 They aren't talking now .
 I is not working at the moment .
* As in the affirmative, can find the full ( am not, is not, are not) or the contracted form ( ' m not, not,
are not )
INTERROGATIVE : To form the interrogative we must invest the verb 'to be' and the subject.
  Are they talking now ?
 Is he working at the moment ?
SHORT ANSWER : To give short answers must use the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' .
Remember that short answers are very common because when we talk we avoid repeating what has
already been said.
 Are they talking now ?
 Yes, they are / No, they aren't
 Is he working at the moment ?
 Yes, he is / No , I is not
* You must bear in mind that we use the full form in the affirmative short answers , as we use the
contracted form in negative short answers.

ING

A verb ending in "-ing" can be a "present participle" or a "gerund". Both forms have identical spellings,
what differentiates them are their functions within the sentence.
Present participle

The "present participle" is usually used as a component of the progressive form of a verb, after verbs of
perception and movement, or as an adjective.
"Present participle" in the progressive form of the verb

The "present participle" is one of the elements that make up the progressive forms ("continuous") of the
verbs in English, whether in present, past, future, conditional, etc. The auxiliary verb is the one that is
conjugated to indicate the verb tense, while the "present participle" remains unchanged.
Examples

He is painting.
She was waiting.
They will be coming.
We would be staying.
I would have been leaving.

"Present participle" after perception verbs

The "present participle" can be used after verbs that express perception, following the construction verb
+ object + "present participle", to indicate the perceived action.
Examples

We saw him swimming across the pond.

I watched her painting Sarah's portrait.
I could not hear her singing because of the noise.
I would like to see you knitting sometime.

"Present participle" after verbs of movement, action or position to indicate parallel activities.
Examples
 She sat looking at the sea.
He walks reading his newspaper.
I cook listening to the radio.
Sally lay listening to the bugs in the grass.

"Present participle" as an adjective

Examples

Did you read that amazing book?

This movie is so exciting!
His economics class is boring.

Consult more information about the use of the "present participle".

Gerund

The English "gerund" always has the same function as a name, despite looking like a verb. It can be
used in the same way as a noun.
The "gerund" as a subject of prayer
Examples

Eating people is wrong.

Driving too fast is dangerous.
Walking is good for you.
Your knitting is beautiful.

The "gerund" after preposition

Examples

Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

She is good at painting.
I was the fastest at climbing the rope.
I have learned music by listening to the chords.

The "gerund" after certain verbs

Examples

I like cooking.
I have walking.
They hate milking cows.
I can imagine drifting away in a balloon.

The "gerund" in compound names

Examples

I took her to her driving lessons.

We are going to the swimming pool.
My uncle does a lot of bird watching.
I found this foot by dumpster-diving.
 THIS, THESE, THOSE, THAT
Why do we use this and these?
We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:
- to talk about people or things near us:
This is a nice cup of tea.
Whose shoes are these?
- to introduce people:
This is Janet.
These are my friends, John and Michael.
WARNING:
We don’t say These are John and Michael.
We say This is John and this is Michael.
- to introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:
Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

Why do we use that and those?

We use that (singular) and those (plural):
- to talk about things that are not near us:
What’s that?
This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.
- We also use that to refer back to something someone said or did:
- Shall we go to the cinema?
- Yes, that’s a good idea.
- I’ve got a new job.
- That’s great.
- I’m very tired.
- Why is that?

this, these, that, those with nouns

We also use this, these, that and those with nouns to show proximity
We use this and these for people or things near us:
We have lived in this house for twenty years.
Have you read all of these books?
… and that and those for people or things that are not near us:
Who lives in that house?
Who are those people?