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46737projectreport1 160528152807
46737projectreport1 160528152807
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Place : Surat
Date:
Date:
This is to certify that the project work entitled “SOLAR INVERTER”
submitted by SINGH SHIVAM M., ANSARI ASHAB A., THAKUR ALOK R.
in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor Engineering in the Department of
Electrical Engineering (8th Semester) at Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmadabad during the academic year 2016.
Examiners:
[1]
[2]
First of all, we are thankful to god and our parents who always bless & inspire us to achieve our
goal.
It’s our great pleasure at the completion of our project on “SOLAR INVERTER”. It has given
us great joy of working with challenges and complexity of manufacturing system or process &
term work. This project work will be really helpful for our carrier.
We are very much thankful to our guide, MR. VIVEK PATEL for giving us individual
guidance throughout the project work.
We have completed our project with great satisfaction. We are very thankful to our head of
department, Mrs. SUMITA CHAKRABORTTY to help us for providing required lab facility
to complete our project in college. Also all of us thankful to the entire electrical department’s
faculties who directly or indirectly help us.
For all these, the credit goes to unity and management of our project group. Our group members
give their best efforts for it.
~ THAKUR ALOK
SINGH SHIVAM
ASHAB ANSARI
The world demand for electric energy is constantly increasing and conventional energy resources
are diminishing and are at the edge of extinction, moreover their prices are rising. For all these
reasons , the need for alternative energy sources has become necessary and solar energy in
particular has proved to be a very promising alternative because of its easy availability and
pollution-free nature. Due to increasing efficiency , decreasing cost of solar panels and
improvement of the switching technology used for the power conversion , we are interested in
developing an inverter powered by pv panels that could supply stand-alone ac loads . Solar
panels produce direct currents (dc) and to use them in home and industrial appliances , we should
have ac output at certain required voltage level and frequency. Thus , solar inverter converts the
solar energy of sun into useful electrical energy (dc to ac).
1. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction to solar inverter 2
1.2 Solar energy description 3
1.3 Inverter and their types 4
1.4 Advantages of solar inverter 6
1.5 Application of solar inverter 8
2. CHAPTER-2 COMPONENTS 9
2.1 Solar Panel 10
2.2 Relay Switch 12
2.3 Voltage Regulator 13
2.4 ADC 0804 14
2.4.1 Pin description 14
2.5 Microcontroller 89S52 15
2.5.1 Features 15
2.5.2 Pin out Description 16
5 CHAPTER -5 HARDWARE 32
5.1 Working model of solar inverter 33
5.2 Controller circuit 34
5.3 Inverter circuit 35
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using range of technologies
such as solar heating, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and photosynthesis. It is
important source of renewable energy and it technologies are broadly characterized as either
passive solar or active solar depending on way they capture and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include use of photo-voltaic systems, concentrated solar power and
solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar technique include orienting building
to Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
Solar technology is broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on way they
capture, convert & distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different
levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from equator. Although solar energy
refers primarily to use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than
geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in direct or indirect way.
The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from amount of solar energy
present near surface of the planet because factors such as geography, cloud cover, and land
available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that it can acquire
Solar concentrating technologies like as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can
provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. first commercial system was
the Solar Total Energy Project in Shenandoah, Georgia. Its grid-connected cogeneration
system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in form of 401 kW steam and 468
kW chilled water and had one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation pond is shallow
pool that concentrate dissolved solid through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to
obtain salt from sea water one of the oldest application of solar energy. Modern use of
include concentrating brine solution used in the leach mining and removing dissolved solid
from waste stream.
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity or directly using photo voltaics,
indirectly using concentrated solar power. CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking
system to focus large area of sunlight into little beam. PV convert the light into electric
current using the photoelectric effect.
The variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The Solar chemical process
use solar energy to drive chemical reaction.Hydrogen production technology has been a
significant area of the solar chemical research. Another vision involves all the human
structures covering the earth surface doing photosynthesis much efficiently than plants.
In this way, classify inverters on the requirement of their output characteristics. So there are
three different types of outputs we get from inverters.
Hence classify inverters into three primary types ,which are as follows:
(1) Square Wave inverter
(2) Modified Sine wave inverter
(3) Pure sine wave inverter
But the output of this inverter is not pure AC, The simplest construction of square wave
inverter can be achieved by using On/Off switches.
Output Waveform of Square Wave inverter as shown below:
Another way to obtain sine output is to obtain a square wave output from a square wave
inverter and then modify this output to achieve pure sine wave.
A pure sine wave inverter has several advantages over its previous two forms:
More efficiency, hence consumes less power.
Solar energy is a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas of the
world and is available every day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some of the
other sources of energy. Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun,
therefore sunlight will be available to people for at least 5 billion years, when according
to scientists the sun is going to die.
Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your solar
system has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your bill will be
dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or heat usage. Moreover, not
only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but if you generate more electricity than you
use, the surplus will be exported back to the grid and you will receive bonus payments for
that amount (considering that your solar panel system is connected to the grid). Savings can
be further grown if you sell excess electricity at high rates during the day and then buy
electricity from the grid during the evening when the rates are lower.
3. Diverse Applications
Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can generate electricity
(photovoltaics) or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to produce electricity in
areas without access to the energy grid, to distill water in regions with limited clean
water supplies and to power satellites in the space. Solar energy can also be integrated in
the materials used for buildings. Not long ago Sharp introduced transparent solar energy
windows.
Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in induction
heating.
A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10
solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that
generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each
module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges
from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the
same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16%
efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19%
efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most
installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an
array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and
interconnection wiring.
Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-
film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a
module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from
mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in
parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current
off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition
metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the
system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4
connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to
maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.
Some recent solar module designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses
or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per
unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
7805 is a regulated integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the
fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant
value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805
provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values may be connected at
input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
The time taken by the ADC to convert analog data into digital form is dependent on the
frequency of clock source. ADC0804 can be given clock from external source. It also has an
internal clock. However the conversion time cannot be more than110us.
The frequency is given by the relation f= 1/ (1.1RC). The circuit uses a resistance of 10k and
a capacitor of 150pF to generate clock for ADC0804. Vin, which is the input pin, is
connected to a preset to provide analog input.
5. INTR, Interrupt: This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the
conversion is over.
6. Vin+ : Analog Input .
2. Keep monitoring the INTR pin. If INTR is low, go to next step else keep checking the
status.
3. A high to low pulse is sent to the RD pin to bring the converted data on the output pins.
2.5.1 Features
Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0) appears on it
every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory.
Pin 30: ALE Prior to reading from external memory, the microcontroller puts the lower
address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and activates the ALE output. After receiving signal from the
ALE pin, the external register (usually 74HCT373 or 74HCT375 add-on chip) memorizes the
state of P0 and uses it as a memory chip address. Immediately after that, the ALU pin is
returned its previous logic state and P0 is now used as a Data Bus. As seen, port data
multiplexing is performed by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit. In
other words, this port is used for both data and address transmission.
Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address
transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. It means that even
there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed. Instead, the program
written to external ROM will be executed. By applying logic one to the EA pin, the
microcontroller will use both memories, first internal then external (if exists).
Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to P2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as
general inputs/outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE
pin is driven high (1) or as data output (Data Bus) when the ALE pin is driven low (0).
Pin 40: VCC +5V power supply.
4 RS 0 = Instruction input
1 = Data input
6 EN Enable signal
2.7 Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an
electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating voltages in electric power
applications.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer core and a varying field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use of
Faraday's Law in conjunction with very high magnetic permeability core properties,
transformers can be designed to change, efficiently AC voltages from one voltage level to
another within power networks.
Since the invention of the first constant potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current
electrical energy. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in the electronic and
electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a
Transformers are used to increase (or step-up) voltage before transmitting electrical energy
over long distances through wires. Wires have resistance which loses energy through joule
heating at a rate corresponding to square of current. By transforming power to a higher
voltage transformers enable economical transmission of power and distribution.
Consequently, transformers have shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting generation
to be located remotely from points of demand. All but tiny fraction of the world's electrical
power has passed through a series of transformers by the time it reaches the consumer.
Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to decrease (or step-down) the
supply voltage to the level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. The transformer
also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage.
Signal and audio transformers are used to couple stages of amplifiers and to match devices
such as microphones and record players to the input of amplifiers. Audio transformers
allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way conversation over a single pair of wires.
Abalun transformer converts the signal that is referenced to ground to the signal that has
balanced voltages to ground, such as between external cables and internal circuits.
2.8 MOSFET
The IGFET or MOSFET is a voltage controlled field effect transistor that differs from a
JFET in that it has a “Metal Oxide” Gate electrode which is electrically insulated from the
main semiconductor N-channel or P-channel by a very thin layer of insulating material
usually silicon dioxide, commonly known as glass.
This ultra thin insulated metal gate electrode can be thought of as one plate of a capacitor.
The isolation of the controlling Gate makes the input resistance of A MOSFET extremely
high way up in the Mega-ohms ( MΩ ) region thereby making it almost infinite.
The symbols and basic construction for both configurations of MOSFET are shown below.
AUTHORS:
DISCRIPTION:
Fully electric cars are now available. This technology offers exciting opportunities, especially
to citizens of developing countries in equatorial regions having highconcentrations of solar
energy. The major motivation behind adoption of electric vehicles is reduced CO2 output.
However, most electric vehicle batteries are charged by electrical grids powered by coal and
oil, which themselves produce significant amounts of CO2. Charging electric vehicles with
solar energy can dramatically reduce CO2 generation. The authors have demonstrated a low-
cost electric vehicle charging station using 4 solar panels of 255 watts each, batteries, a
charge controller, and an inverter. For 3 months, a SMART Electric Drive automobile was
successfully charged using only solar energy. The proposed “Sun-Car System” presents a
low-cost opportunity for poorer populations such as those found on Indian reservations in the
southwestern United States and tribal Africa. Community owned electric vehicles could be
charged solely with solar power.The demonstrated off-grid solar charging system is relatively
low-cost, and would not require an electrical grid or an expensive gasoline/diesel delivery
infrastructure.
INFORMATIONS COLLECTED:
The solar electric vehicle charging station is also an excellent teaching tool for high-school
and college students,who need to understand the concepts of volts, amperes, watts,kilowatt-
hours, miles per gallon, MPGe, and the intricacies of solar collectors, charge controllers,
batteries, kilowatt inverters,and of energy and transportation systems in general.This idea is
certainly not new. Solar charging stations for electric vehicles already exist in places such as
New Mexico and Arizona, Mississippi, and even Maine. However,the concept is especially
promising in developing nations and areas. The introduction in these regions can have a
profound effect in raising the quality of life for vast populations around the world, which, in
turn, will bring new educational and economic possibilities to millions. This can only benefit
the world as a whole.
AUTHORS:
Siqiang FAN, He TANG, Hui ZHAO, Xin WANG, Albert WANG, Bin ZHAO, Gary G
ZHANG
1. Freescale Semiconductor, Inc, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
2. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,
USA;
3. Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Irvine, CA 92617, USA
DISCRIPTION:
This paper presents a new combined AC/DC-coupled output averaging technique for input
amplifier design of flash analog to digital converters (ADC). The new offset averaging design
technique takes full advantage of traditional DC-coupled resistance averaging and AC-
coupled capacitance averaging techniques to minimize offset-induced ADC nonlinearities.
Circuit analysis allows selection of optimum resistance and capacitance averaging factors to
achieve maximum offset reduction in ADC designs. The new averaging method is verified in
designing a 4 bit 1 Gs/s flash ADC that is implemented in foundry 0.13m CMOS technology
INFORMATION COLLECTED:
High-speed ADCs are essential to high-performance systems, such as disk drive read
channels, fiber optic receiver front-end and data communication links using multilevel
signaling. Flash ADC structure is the architecture of choice for ADCs featuring very high
sampling rates and low to moderate resolution. For highspeedADCs designed in advanced
integrated circuit (IC) technologies, a reduced power supply voltage is essential to prevent
CMOS gate oxide breakdowns,which, in turn, requires smaller signal swings that can
significantly affect the critical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As the signal quantization level
decreases, the offset-introduced integral non-linearity (INL) and differential non-linearity
(DNL) will become a severe problem in ADC designs. It is well-known that the static and
dynamic offset reduction is a challenge in flash type ADC designs. Meanwhile, low-voltage
low-power ADCs are highly desired potable electronics to improve operation hours.
Apparently, complex design tradeoffs among power dissipation, sampling speed, resolution,
and chip size are challenging ADC design tasks. Though some offset averaging techniques
have been demonstrated to effectively reduce the DNL and INL of flash ADCs where the
averaging devices can be resistors or capacitors used to reduce the offset of the amplifiers,
advanced flash ADCs require further offset reduction in designs. This paper presents an
enhanced coupled resistor-capacitor offset averaging design technique to achieve better
amplifier offset reduction in flash ADC circuitry.
A novel single phase cascaded multilevel inverter for hybrid renewable energy sources
AUTHORS:
M. Kaliamoorthy (Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng, PSNA Coll. of Eng. & Technol.,
Dindigul, India)
V. Rajasekaran, G. PraveenRaj
DISCRIPTION:
This paper presents a novel single phase cascaded multilevel inverter for renewable energy
applications. The proposed inverter consists of two H Bridge inverter connected in cascade.
The top H Bridge inverter is a conventional H bridge inverter and is capable of developing
three level output whereas the bottom H bridge inverter is a novel inverter which is capable
of developing multilevel output. The proposed inverter is driven from a novel hybrid
modulation technique, which eliminates the problem of capacitor voltage balancing issues.
The proposed novel hybrid modulation technique switches the top inverter switches at high
frequency and the bottom inverter switches at low frequency. The proposed inverter can be
fed from any renewable energy source. In this paper, the top inverter is fed from PV arrays
where as the bottom inverter is fed from wind turbine. The proposed inverter has many
advantages such as; it has minimum number of power electronic devices, minimum
conduction and switching losses, improved efficiency and minimum voltage stress on the
devices. The proposed inverter fed from renewable energy sources is simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. To validate the simulation results laboratory prototype
is also built. The entire hardware setup is controlled by using FPGA-SPATRAN 3A DSP
board.
INFORMATION COLLECTED:
Power electronic inverters are becoming more and more popular for various industrial drive
applications. Many kinds of multilevel inverter topologies have been proposed to enhance the
performance of motor drive system. In this paper, the power flow management for a new
hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter is present. In this new hybrid inverter, the H-bridge
inverter (main inverter) and the 3-level diode clamped inverter (conditioning inverter) are
connected together to drive motor, but only the main inverter needs DC voltage source. The
conditioning inverter just uses non-supplied ultra capacitors as its power source. Thanks to
the proposed power flow management, conditioning inverter can be used to store and reuse
the braking energy of motor load. Therefore, compared with conventional H- bridge inverter,
considerable energy efficiency improvement is achieved. Additionally, when the motor is at a
steady speed, the conditioning inverter can provide the reactive power to the motor and
improve the system dynamic performance. This control scheme has a wide range of practical
applications, especially in the electric vehicle motor drive and marine propulsion system.
AUTHORS:
DISCRIPTION:
A charge pump design is presented to operate at 10 kHz with 100 ìÁin a liquid crystal
display(LCD) driver for cell phone. Optimal channel widths are designed by estimating the
power consumption of the Fibonacci-like charge pump. An optimal frequency is a
compromise between the rise time and the dynamic power dissipation. The optimization of
the two-phase nonoverlapping clock generator circuit improves the efficiency. Simulation
results based on1. 2 complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology
parameters verify the efficiency of the design.
INFORMATION COLLECTED:
Most topologies of charge pumps are based on three types — Dickson,Makowski, and cross
connecting. Cross-connecting is always used in a voltage doubler. For k capacitors, in two-
phase multipliers the attainable DC conversion ratio for a Makowski circuit is the £-th
Fibonacci number[ 1 ' 2 ].The ratio is higher than the same stage in a Dickson circuit. A
Makowski charge pump is illustrated in Fig. 1. It can reach the maximal boosting ratio.The
canon Makowski circuit realization ofmaximum voltage ratio (M = Vout/Vin = 5).In this
work, a charge pump is designed which can step up to two, three, four or five times toward
10 - 15 V with 100 ìÁfrom a 2. 4 - 5. 5 source. Dickson and cross-connecting circuits are
not suitable for high boosting ratios and heavy load applications, for they need more stages to
reach the goal. To reduce the die size, the Makowski, or 518 Tsinghua Science and
Technology, October 2002, 7(5): 517 – 520 called Fibonacci-like, circuit is chosen in this
two-phase charge pump with four or five boosting research demonstrates the four-stage ratios
on which the following discussion is based.
New multilevel inverter topology with reduced number of switches using advanced
modulation strategies
AUTHORS:
S. N. Rao
Dept. of EEE, RGMCET, Nandyal
D. V. A. Kumar ; C. S. Babu
DISCRIPTION:
This paper presents a new class of three phase seven level inverter based on a multilevel DC
link (MLDCL) and a bridge inverter to reduce the number of switches. There are 3 types of
multilevel inverters named as diode clamped multilevel inverter, flying capacitor multilevel
inverter and cascaded multilevel inverter. Compared to diode clamped & flying capacitor
type multilevel inverters cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter requires least no. of
components to achieve same no of voltage levels and optimized circuit layout is possible
because each level have same structure and there is no extra clamping diodes or capacitors.
However as number of voltage levels m grows the number of active switches increases
according to 2×(m-1) for the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters. Compared with the
existing type of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter, the proposed MLDCL inverters can
significantly reduce the switch count as well as the number of gate drivers as the number of
voltage levels increases. For a given number of voltage levels, required number of active
switches is 2 (m-1) for the existing multilevel inverters, but it is m+3 for the MLDCL
inverters.
INFORMATION COLLECTED:
The output of proposed MLDCL is synthesized as the staircase wave, whose characteristics
are nearer to a desired sinusoidal output. The proposed MLDCL inverter topologies can have
enhanced performance by implementing the pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. This
paper also presents the most relevant control and modulation methods by a new
reference/carrier based PWM scheme for MLDCL inverter and comparing the performance
of the proposed scheme with that of the existing cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter.
Finally, the simulation results are included to verify the effectiveness of the both topologies
in multilevel inverter configuration and validate the proposed theory. A hardware set up was
developed for a one phase 7-level D.C. Link inverter topology using constant pulses.
U1
39
19 P0.0/AD0
XTAL1 38
P0.1/AD1
37
P0.2/AD2
36
18 P0.3/AD3
XTAL2 35
P0.4/AD4
34
P0.5/AD5
33
P0.6/AD6
9 32
RST P0.7/AD7
21
P2.0/A8
22
P2.1/A9
23
P2.2/A10
29 24
P2.3/A11
PSEN 25
30 ALE P2.4/A12
31 26
EA P2.5/A13
27
P2.6/A14
28
P2.7/A15
10
1 P3.0/RXD
P1.0/T2 11
2 P3.1/TXD
P1.1/T2EX 12
3 P3.2/INT0
P1.2 13
4 P3.3/INT1
P1.3 14
5 P3.4/T0
P1.4 15
6 P3.5/T1
P1.5 16
7 P3.6/WR
P1.6 17
8 P3.7/RD
P1.7
AT89C52
10
12
13
14
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
VDD
VSS
VEE
LCD1
LM016L
Fig. 4.3
1. Applying this project on three phase, it can be used for the industrial purpose.
2. Calculating the requirement of total power, solar panels of required capacity can be
arranged together for commercial use.
In this project ,we made an inverter which is sufficient to supply the power to domestic load
and we have indicated on the LCD display battery terminal voltage and the output voltage.
From this observation, the user can get the idea about the availability of the power.
1. Mueller, O.M.; Mueller, E.K,”Off-grid, low-cost, electrical sun-car system for developing
countries”,Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), 2014 IEEE Year:
2014, Pages: 14 -17, [1] DOI: 10.1109/GHTC.2014.6970254.
2. Siqiang FAN, He TANG , Hui ZHAO , Xin WANG , Albert WANG, Bin ZHAO , Gary
G ZHANG, “Enhanced Offset Averaging Technique for Flash ADC Design”, Tsinghua
Science and Technology, June 2011, 16(3): 285-289
4. YU Hairong,CHEN Zhiliang “Charge pump for LCD driver used in cell phone”,
Tsinghua Science and Technology, October 2002, 7(5) : 517 – 520