RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Resources whose They can be renewed Renewable resources Biotic resources that Example: Wind, water,
quantity is not or reproduced by like sunlight, wind, are renewable, may forests, etc.
reduced due to use physical, chemical or water are flow be temporarily
and which can be mechanical process. resources, whose diminished but may
repeatedly used stock is continuous be renewed again by
without fear of and are being used natural process and
exhaustion are since time proper management.
termed as renewable immemorial.
resources.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Substances whose They cannot be Their quantity is more These resources can Example: fossil fuels
stock gets reduced increased or or less fixed because never be renewed or like coal, petroleum
and are gradually recovered. their formation takes replenished. and minerals.
exhausted with use long geological period
are termed as of millions of years.
non-renewable
resources. They are
exhaustible
resources.

ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

Individual Community National International

Owned privately by
individuals e.g.,
plots, house, car,
wells, etc.
Accessible to all the
members of the
community e.g., public
parks, picnic spots,
playgrounds, etc.
Technically, all the resources The oceanic resources
available in the country are beyond 200 km of the
national resources e.g., forests, Exclusive Economic
wildlife, land division and the Zone belong the
political territories international

ON THE BASIS OF STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT

Potential Developed Stock Reserves

Which are found in Which are surveyed and Which have the potential to Can be put into use with
a region but have their quality, quantity satisfy human needs but the help of technical
not been yet has been determined they do not have appropriate know-how but their use
utilised for utilisation technology to access them has not been started

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

Major Problems and Need for Sustainable Development Need for Resource
Planning

Accumulation of resources in few hands dividing the society in

‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’
There are regions which
are rich in certain
Indiscriminate use of resources leading to global warming, ozone resources and deficient in
layer depletion and environmental pollution, land degradation some other resources

Resource planning needed for sustainable existence of all Arunachal Pradesh has
forms of life abundance of water but
lacks infrastructural
development
Sustainable economic development is development that
should take place without damaging the environment

Rajasthan has abundance

of solar and wind energy
The first International Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in but lacks in water resources
1992, attended by 100 countries

Adopted Agenda 21 to achieve global sustainable development

and to combat poverty, disease from the world

RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA

A complex process involving Conservation of

three processes Resources

(i) Identification and inventory of resources Vital for any development activity

(ii) Evolving a planning structure Irrational consumption and

overutilisation lead to socio-economic
and environmental problems
(iii) Matching the resource development plan
with national development plans

Five year plans launched after independence

Indian resource development depends on

technology, quality of human resources and
historical experiences of people

LAND RESOURCES

Importance of Land Relief Features Land Utilisation

Perform all economic Variety of relief features in Forests

activities on land India

Land not available for

It’s a natural resource Plains — Covering cultivation—Barren and
supporting natural 43% area wasteland
vegetation, wildlife, economic
activities, transport and
communication systems
Mountains — Covering Permanent pastures and
30% area grazing lands

An asset of a finite
magnitude
Plateaus — Covering Land under miscellaneous
27% area trees and culturable
wastelands

Possesses rich resources in

all these relief features Fallow lands and Net Sown
Area

LAND RESOURCES

Land use Pattern of Land Conservation of

India Degradation Land

Determined by both physical Degraded land — 130 million Afforestation and proper
and human factors hectare. 28% forest management of grazing lands
degraded, 56% water eroded,
certain human activities
Land use data available only Planting of shelter belts
for 93% area
Mining sites are abandoned

Control on overgrazing

Overgrazing and over

irrigation is responsible for
alkalinity Thorny bushes to stabilise
sand dunes

Mineral processing like

cement industry, industrial Control on mining activities
effluents

Proper discharge and disposal

of industrial effluents

SOIL AS A RESOURCE

ALLUVIAL SOIL

The entire northern plains
are made up of alluvial soil.
These have been deposited
by these important
Himalayan river systems.
Alluvial soil is also found The alluvial soil consists of Mostly these soils contain
in the eastern coastal various proportions of adequate proportion of
plains particularly in the sand, silt and clay. potash, phosphoric acid
deltas of and lime which are ideal for
the growth of sugarcane,
paddy, wheat and other
cereal and pulse crops.
Mahanadi Krishna Alluvial soils are described
river river on the basis of their age.

Godavari Kaveri
Indus Brahmaputra river river

Ganga
(Old) Bangar (New) Khadar

has higher concentration has less concentration of

of ‘Kanker’ nodules ‘Kanker’ nodules than Bangar

less fertile is more fertile

than Khadar than Bangar

BLACK SOIL

These soils are They are ideal for This type of soil is The black soils are These soils are
black in colour growing cotton typical of the made up of sticky when wet
and are also known and is also known Deccan trap
as ‘regur’ soils. as ‘black cotton’ (Basalt) region, clayey material work on unless
soil. spread over tilled immediately
northwest
Deccan plateau shower or during
and is made up of the pre-monsoon
lava flows. period.

RED AND YELLOW SOILS

Red soil develops on
crystalline igneous rocks in
areas of low rainfall in the
eastern and southern parts
of the Deccan plateau.
Yellow and red soils are These soils develop a
found in parts of Orissa, reddish colour due to
Chhattisgarh, southern parts diffusion of iron in
of the middle Ganga plain crystalline and
and along the piedmont zone metamorphic rocks.
of the western ghats. It looks yellow when it
occurs in a hydrated form.

LATERITE SOIL

The laterite develops
in areas with high
temperature and
heavy rainfall.
This soil is suitable These soils are After adopting
for cultivation with mainly found in appropriate soil
adequate doses of Karnataka, Kerala, conservative
manures and Tamil Nadu, Madhya techniques,
fertilizers. Pradesh and the hilly particularly in the hilly
areas of Orissa and areas of Karnataka,
Assam. Kerala and Tamil
Nadu, this soil is very
useful for growing
Tea and Coffee.

ARID SOILS

Arid soils range from They are generally In some areas, the The bottom layer of After proper irrigation,
red to brown in sandy in texture and salt content is very Kankar restricts the these soils become
colour. saline in nature. high and common infiltration of water. cultivable as has
salt is obtained by been in the case of
evaporating the western Rajasthan.
water.

Soil Erosion Soil Conservation

Denudation of soil cover and subsequent Ploughing along contour lines—

washing down is called soil erosion Contour ploughing

Due to human activities like deforestation, Steps can be cut on slopes—

overgrazing, construction and mining Terrace farming

Natural forces like wind, water, glacier and Strips of grass are left to grow between
water lead to soil erosion crops called—strip cropping

Running water cuts through clayey soil and

forms gullies

Also caused due to defective method of

farming-ploughing in a wrong manner