. ~ , ..

:-~ Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering15 (1996) 111-118

Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Limited
Printed in G r e a t Britain. All rights reserved
0267-7261(95)00025-9 0267-7261/96/$ i 5.00
ELSEVIER

3-D seismic response analysis of long lined tunnels

in half-space
A. A. Stamos & D. E. Beskos
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras GR-26500 Patras, Greece

(Received 6 June 1995; accepted 19 July 1995)

The dynamic response of infinitely long lined tunnels with a uniform cross-section
buried into an elastic or viscoelastic half-space to body and surface harmonic
seis~cdc waves is numerically determined by a special direct boundary element
method in the frequency domain. The waves have an arbitrary direction of
propagation with respect to the axis of the tunnel and this renders the problem
three-dimensional. However, this problem is effectively reduced to a two-dimen-
sional one by a coordinate transformation and appropriate integration of the full-
spao,~ dynamic fundamental solution along the direction of the tunnel axis.
Quadratic isoparametric boundary line elements and advanced numerical integra-
tion techniques for the treatment of singular integrals produce results of high
accuracy. Numerical results are presented for the case of an infinitely long lined
tunnel of circular cross-section and compared against those of a full three-
dimensional boundary element analysis, as well as those of other methods. Thus
the proposed method is illustrated and its merits demonstrated.

Key words: Boundary Element Method, dimensional reduction, frequency

domain, half-space, lined tunnels, seismic response, seismic waves.

INTRODUCTION medium and hence an extensive and uneconomical

The study of the dynamic behavior of long underground
structures, such as transportation tunnels or pipe lines,
to seismic waves is an important engineering problem of
dynamic soil-structure interaction. The existing litera-
ture on the subject of seismic analysis and design of
underground structures i,,; not so extensive as for the
above ground structures. Information concerning the
dynamic analysis of underground structures can be
found in the articles of Manolis, 1 Von Estorff et al. 2
and Stamos & Beskos, 3 the technical report of Owen &
Scholl, 4 the book of Manolis & Beskos, 5 the recent
review work of Beskos 6 and especially the very recent
article of Stamos & Beskos 7 with an extensive literature
survey on the subject.
It is apparent that seismic wave diffraction by under-
ground structures is a complex problem, which can only
be solved accurately, economically and under realistic
conditions with the aid of numerical methods, such as the
Finite Difference Method (FDM), the Finite Element
Method (FEM) and the Boundary Element Method
(BEM). However, use of either the F D M or F E M
requires, in addition to an interior discretization, artifi-
cial boundaries for the infinite or semi-infinite soil
111
mesh or expensive special absorbing boundaries. The
BEM, on the other hand, requires only a surface dis-
cretization and takes automatically into account the
radiation condition at infinity in the infinite or semi-
infinite soil media. Thus, use of the BEM results in
matrix equations of a much smaller size than those of
the FEM, but with fully populated and nonsymmetric
matrices.
Even though most of dynamic soil-structure interac-
tion problems are presently solved by combining the
F E M (for the structure) with the BEM (for the soil) in
the frequency or time domain, use of the BEM for both
the soil and the structure has been recently shown by
Stamos & Beskos 3'7 to be more advantageous when the
problem is linear. This is because a coupling between the
two bodies is accomplished at their interface in a more
accurate way than in the case of F E M + BEM and the
nonsyrnmetric matrices of the system are, in general, of
smaller size than those of the hybrid F E M + B E M
scheme.
When the underground structure is infinitely long with
a uniform cross-section (tunnel or pipeline) and the
incident harmonic seismic wave has a direction perpen-
dicular to the axis of the structure and does not vary
112 A. A. Stamos, D. E. Beskos
along this axis, then the problem becomes one of plain
strain. Quite a number of problems of wave diffraction
by tunnels and pipes under conditions of plane strain
have been solved by either the F E M + BEM or the
BEM. 6'7 However, when the direction of wave propaga-
tion is arbitrary with respect to the axis of the structure
the problem becomes three-dimensional. Of course, one
can treat these problems as truly three-dimensional and
analyse them with the aid of, e.g. the BEM for both
the structure and the soil as described in Stamos &
Beskos. 3'7 In this work, however, a special direct BEM
in the frequency domain for both the structure and the
soil is employed which effectively reduces the above
three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one
by a coordinate transformation and appropriate integra-
tion of the full-space Green's function along the direction
of the tunnel axis. This idea of dimensionality reduction
has been employed by Hwang & Lysmers in connection
with the seismic response of tunnels to travelling waves,
Khair et al. 9 and Liu et al. ~°'11 in connection with wave
diffraction by alluvial valleys and tunnels, Luco et al. 12
and Luco & de Barros 13 in connection with wave diffrac-
tion by canyons and tunnels and Zhang & Chopra 14-16 in
connection with wave diffraction by canyons and arch
dam-canyon systems. Reference 8 describes a special
FEM in the frequency domain, Refs 9-11 a frequency
domain FEM + BEM scheme in conjunction with a half-
space Green's function and finally Refs 14-16 a direct
frequency domain BEM in conjunction with the full
space Green's function. Layered ground was considered
in Refs 8, 10-13 and homogenous soil in the remaining
ones.
Out of these Refs 8-16, only Refs 8, 11 and 13 deal
with tunnels like the present work. However, the direct
BEM for both the structure and the soil employed here
has some advantages over the methods presented in Refs
8, 11 and 13. The FEM of Ref. 8 has the problems of all
domain methods (FDM, FEM) previously reported and
in addition its stiffness matrices are no longer real and
symmetric. The special FEM + BEM scheme of Ref. 11 is
characterized by the disadvantages previously mentioned
over the BEM used for both the structure and the soil
and in addition is not as accurate as the present one
utilizing quadratic elements and advanced singular inter-
action techniques 17 thus avoiding the placement of
sources inside the contour at a distance which can
only be empirically determined for obtaining good
results. Finally the special BEM of Ref. 13 has also the
problems of Ref. 11 associated with the placement of
sources inside the contour and in addition uses different
Green's functions for the soil and the cylindrical thin
shell (Donnell's theory) representing the tunnel lining
thereby making the method less general than the present
one, which can treat by the BEM any structure. Of
course, all the methods of Refs 8, 11 and 13 can treat
layered soils, while the present method is restricted only
to homogeneous ones. In addition, Refs 11 and 14
\
i 2 ,X -
P,sv,s~ y'
Fig. 1. Seismicwaves incident upon a long cylindricaltunnel in
half-space.
employ half-space Green's functions and thus a free
soil surface discretization is avoided. A certain portion
of the free soil surface around the area of interest has to
be discretized when employing the present BEM asso-
ciated with the full-space Green's function. However, the
expression of the full-space Green's function is much
simpler than that of the half-space one leading to com-
putational gains. Finally, it should be mentioned that the
present method can be thought of as an extension of the
method of Zhang & Chopra 14'15from canyons to tunnels
characterized by higher accuracy due to employment of
quadratic elements and a high accuracy singular integra-
tion algorithm.17
For illustration purposes, the response of a circular
cylindrical lined tunnel to incident P and SV harmonic
waves is numerically computed by the present method
and the results are compared against those of other
methods in order to assess its accuracy.
FREE FIELD WAVES
Consider an infinitely long lined tunnel with a uniform
cross-section buried into the elastic half-space and sub-
jetted to plane harmonic body (P, SV, SH) or surface (R)
waves of an arbitrary direction of propagation with
respect to the axis x of the tunnel, as shown in Fig. 1.
The free field motion is the total motion in the half-
space in the absence of the tunnel and consists of the
incident wave motion plus the reflected (at the free soil
surface) wave motion. This free-field wave motion with a
propagation direction along x' axis can by expressed in
the x ' y ' z ' coordinate system in terms of displacements as
{Uf(X')} r-t, " l - i k ' x ' +itot
= (Uf~Z)ie (1)
 3-D seismic response analysis 113

where {u~(z')} are the displacement components at the

plane x r = 0,k is the wavenumber, ~v is the circular
frequency of vibration, t is the time and i is the imaginary
unit. The quantities {u~(z')} and k' have different
expressions for the different kinds of waves SH, SV, P ~ S 1 .-" "°'°s°~~
and R. For example, for horizontally polarized shear c /
waves SH one has

/°/ gos~~. . "~Ss2 ~

" ~.

= + 1 e i(~/c~)c°s°~z'
ro .o"°
0
(2)

k' = (~V/Cs)sin 0v, c2 = p~/P (3)

where # is the shear modulus, p is the mass density of the
soil medium, cs is the shear wave velocity and 0v is the
angle between the wave propagation direction and the z'
axis is shown in Fig. 1. Expressions of {uf(z')} and k' for
other types of waves can be found, e.g. in Achenbach) 8
The free field displacement is conveniently trans-
formed into the x y z coordinate system of the tunnel as
shown in Fig. 1. The two systems x'y'z' and x y z are
connected by the relation
{X'} [ COS0ho si:a0h i ] {i}
y' = --sin0h COS0h = [T] r
zr 0
where Oh is the angle between the x and x' axes and thus
the free field displacement at a point x = (x, y, z) has the
form 14
{us(x/} = { s(x0 }e
= [T]{u'f(z )}e tkyslnOhe ikx
where {~f(x0)} denotes the displacements at
x0 = (0, y, z) on the y - z plane, k has different expressions
for different types of waves (e.g. k = (w/c;)sin 0~ cos Oh
for SH waves) and the factor e i~' has been omitted here
and in the following fiar brevity. Amplitudes like
{~f(x0)} are, of course, functions of frequency. When
the tunnel is present, the total displacement field {u(x)}
and corresponding traction vector {t(x)} are given by
{u(x)} = {uf(x)} + {u~(x)}
(t(x)} = {tf(x)) + {ts(x)}
where the subscriptsf and s stand for free and scattered,
respectively and where {tf(x)} is obtained from {uf(x)}
through Hooke's law and has the form
Fig. 2. Geometry of a long cylindrical tunnel in half-space.
{ts(X)} = {ts(x0)}e -/kx (10)
It is now obvious from the form of eqns (5)-(10) that the
three-dimensional problem of wave diffraction by a long
cylindrical tunnel is reducible to a two-dimensional one,
since one needs only to compute displacements and
tractions at the x = 0 plane. The solution of this problem
can be obtained numerically by the BEM as explained in
the next section.
(4)
SPECIAL DIRECT BEM IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Consider an infinitely long cylindrical cavity of surface
$2 in the three-dimensional, homogeneous isotropic and
linearly elastic half-space with a volume V and a free
surface $1, as shown in Fig. 2. Plane harmonic seismic
(5) waves characterized by their free-field amplitude uf(x)i
are diffracted by the cavity and the resulting total dis-
placement and traction fields u(x)/ and t(x)/, respec-
tively, are connected through the boundary integral
equation (Niwa et al. 19)
CijUs(X)i= IS2 U ( x , y)ijt(y)idS(y)
- Js2 r(x, y)iju(y)idS(y)
(6)
+ Is1 U(x'y)ijts(y)idS(y)
(7)
- ds[t T(x,y)us(Y)idS(y) + Aijuf(x)i (11)
where

{tf(x)} = {?f(x0)}e -/kx (8) Aij = 6~j - c~j, if x ~ $2

(12)
Thus, since the free field is given, in order to compute the Aij = 0, if x E S1
total field one has to determine the scattered field, which
can also be expressed in tlhe form 6ij is Kronecker's delta, cij depends on the local geometry
of the boundary at x(cij = 0"56ij for x smooth or a
{us(x)} = {~(Xo)}e -/k~: (9) function of the angles of tangent lines passing through
114 A. A. Stamos, D. E. Beskos

x at the boundary2°), x and y are two points at the

boundary S1 U $2 and U(x, y)~/and T(x, Y)ij are the full-
space fundamental displacement and traction tensors, +n3\ ox3 + Ox2] (17)
respectively, in the frequency domain. Explicit expres-
sions for U(x, Y)ij and T(x, Y)ij in three-dimensions can ( 2n3 [ OV~. OU~]
be found, e.g. in Manolis & Beskos. 5 These t e n s o r s Uij
and Tij a r e singular for r = Ix - y[ ~ 0 of 0(l/r) and
0(1/r 2) respectively.
Denoting by £1 and £2 the intersection of the bound-
ary surfaces S1 and S~, respectively, with the y - z plane at +"~,Ox3 Ox~jj
x = 0 and recognizing the uniform cross-section and the where
infinite length of the cavity one can rewrite (11) with the
aid of (5)-(10) in the form OOl~ 1
axj = 27rlzr,j
c,ju,(x0), = v " ( x 0 , yo)u.t(Yo)idr(yo)
k2 , _ + k2
- TR(Xo' Y°)iju(y°)idF(Y°)
OU~. 1 ik
+ I q U~(x°' Yo)ifl,(Y0);d£(yo) Ox~ = 2~. " ~{~,s~ [e.r;(e.~)
- %K[,(~,,~)]
- ar[-l TR(x°' Y°)0"u*(y°)dF(y°)
+ ,jr,a [e,2Ko(a,r)
7 - n 2 n
- e~Ko (epr)]} - -
(18)
+ Aijuf (x)i (13)
OU~ 1 ik
where

U~(xo,Yo) = I7oo U(x, yo)ije-i~Xdx (14) + ~,~ r,~ [esKo(o~sr) - ~ K o ( e r r ) ]

2 It -- 2 It --

2 n - 2 tt -
+ (r,~a r,7 +r,~ r,'ra )[c~sKo(asr) - e-eKo(epr)]
T"(xo, Yo) = JT~ T(x'y°)ije-i~dx (15) - - - 3 It/ - 3 lit -
+ r,~ r,7 r,e [esK 0 (esr) - epKo (err)]
receiver points x = (x,y,z) ~ S~ U S2,xo = (O,y,z) ~ £~
i~ F,~ asKro(as~).
UF 2 and source point Yo = (0,y, z) e F1 U £2. k
Almost explicit expressions for U3 and T/~ can be
In the above expressions, ~,/3, 7 = 2, 3;j = 1,2, 3, # and
found in Zhang & Chopra) 4 More explicit expressions
v are the shear modulus and Poisson's ratio, respectively,
for these tensors are given here reading as follows:
of the medium, f is the distance between the source and
_- 1 k2 k2
] receiver points Y0 = (Yol,Yo2,Yo3) and x = (xl,x2,x3),
respectively, projected to the plane x I = 0, i.e.
= [(X2 --Y02) 2 + (X 3 --Y03)2] 1/2, (19)
1 ik ~ ~ _
V~o = V~l = 2n~" ~ [ a , K0(as~) - ~,K0(e,r)] with the notation for the coordinates changed from
( x , y , 2) to ( X l , X 2 , X 3 ) for reasons of compactness,
(16) n = (0, n2, n3) is the o u t w a r d u n i t n o r m a l v e c t o r to the
surface F l U F 2 at point Xo, kp = w/cp and ks = ov/G
1 1 t are wavenumbers for the incident, P and S waves,
Uff~ 27r# respectively, with cp and cs being the P and S wave
velocities, quantities e r and a s are given by
+ ~¢.,[e,~r~'(e,~) = ,, (~r)]
- epK6 _
ep = (k 2 -- k2) 1/2, a s = (k 2 -- ks2) 1/2 (20)
+ ~a~8/Co(e,~)}
the derivatives of ~ have the form
T~=#[n2 (oU~ + ikV~j) + {OU~. .,, ~ ]

f 2n2 r ov~ ov l f ~3, ~,~= ~ ~ ~2

~g = u] _--z-~
~ [ix~'v~ + (1- ~-5~-~ +"-b-~;J (21)
 3-D seismic response analysis 115

with 6a7 being Krockener's delta and those of K0 the FORMULATION AND SOLUTION PROCEDURE
form
Consider the complete problem of an infinitely long lined
K~o(Z) = -Kl(Z), Kg(z) = Ko(z ) + Kl(z----~) tunnel of uniform cross-section buried in the half-space
z
(22) and subjected to plane harmonic seismic waves. The two
Kg' (z) = - K l (z) - zK°(z) + 2KI (z) governing equations of motion for the half-space with
z2 the cavity, eqn (23) and the tunnel liner eqn (25), can be
with K0 (z) and K1 (z) being the modified Bessel functions written in partitioned form as
of the second kind, zero and one, respectively, order and
argument z.
The two-dimensional boundary integral eqn (13) is r~l r?2J { 4 LU~l
solved numerically by standard procedures (e.g. Manolis (26)
& BeskosS). In this paper the boundary 1'i U 1'2 is dis-
cretized into a finite number of 3-noded quadratic line [T~z T~3] u~ }, (27)
elements and eqn (13) is employed for all the nodal
points of the discretized boundary. Assemblage of all
LvJ2 ul3j { t]
these equations and use of 116)and (7) produces the BEM where the subscripts 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the free soil
matrix equation surface P1, the ground-liner interface I'2 and the free
[Tg]{US} = [Ug]{t g} + {b} (23) inner surface of the liner I'3, respectively.
Coupling of eqns (26) and (27) is accomplished
where g stands for ground, the influence matrices [Tg] through equilibrium and compatibility at the ground-
and [Ug] consist of integrals over the boundary elements liner interface, which read
involving in their integrands, the reduced fundamental
solution tensors T~ and U/~, respectively, vectors {us} t21= - 2tg, U1 = U~ (28)
and {t g} contain nodal values of total displacement and Thus, eqns (26) and (27) with the help of (28), can be
traction amplitudes at the boundary r 1 u 1'2 and vector combined to yield
{b} contains known boundary values coming out of the
known free wave displacenaent field uf(x). The evalua-
tion of the entries--boundary integrals of matrices [Tg]
and [Ug] is done numerically by standard Gauss quad-
rature when these are regular, i.e. when f # 0. However,
when ~ = 0 one has that Ui~ = 0(lnF) and T~ = 0(l/F)
and the resulting singular integrals are evaluated again
/
1/} 4;
[° 0
:1
-u~2 v]3J
numerically by following the highly accurate direct
approach of Gniggiani & q~asalini. 17
For the case of the tunnel liner with outer and inner
surfaces $2 and $3, respec,Lively, as shown in Fig. 2, the
reduced boundary integral equation analogous to (13)
{t}t,+t{b!} (20)

has simply the form s

Employment of the boundary conditions of the problem
CijU(Xo)i ~" Ir~ur~ gR(x°' Yo),Tt(yo)idF(yo)
tlg = 0 , t]=0 (30)
and rearrangement of eqns (28) results in
- Ir~ur TR(x0, y0)uu(y0)~d1`(y0) (24)
o
where 1'2 and F3 denote the, intersection of the surfaces $2
and $3, respectively, with the y - z plane at x = 0, while o -u~21 4 b2 (31)
the remaining quantities and symbols are analogous to
[Oo / : o
those pertaining to eqn (13). A discretization of the
boundary 1`2 U 1`3 into 3-noded quadratic line elements
T~'2 T~3 v~2 / t~ o
enables one to write (24) in the matrix form Equation (31) can be solved for the total displacements
and tractions at the boundary 1`1 U1`2 U r3. This is
[rll{d} = [Ul]{?} (25) accomplished by a special out of core block equation
where 1 stands for liner [T l] and [U l] are influence solver of Gauss type for non-symmetric matrices
matrices analogous to those in eqn (22), while {u l} and described in Stamos & Beskos. 7 Once the boundary
{ t l} are vectors of the nodal values of total displacement values have been obtained, interior displacements can
and traction amplitudes, respectively, at the boundary be computed from the discretized versions of (13) and
1`2 U 1'3. (14) with cij 6ij and interior stresses from interior
:
116 A. A. Stamos, D. E. B e s k o s

2.0 12

1.5
__#7 % " l." l
J.0

0.5 .J// X
I I I ~ I I I ' o I I I l I I I
0
0 50 I00 150 200 250 3011 350 o 50 noo 150 200 250 300 350
0o Oo

Fig. 3. Normalized radial displacement amplitude U, vs polar Fig. 5. Normalized hoop stress amplitude ~00 vs polar angle for
angle for P waves: - - * - - present method; -[2]- Stamos & P waves - - * - - present method; - D - Stamos & Beskos;7 + Liu
Beskos;7 + Liu et al n - ' - Luco & de Barros. 13 et al II - . - Luco & de Barros) 3

displacements through Hooke's law. Stresses at the
boundary can finally be obtained in terms of boundary
tractions and tangential displacement derivatives, as
described, e.g. in Manolis & Beskos. 5 In this case, one
tangential direction is parallel to the y - plane, while the
other parallel to the x axis and hence U~,x= iku~, e -kx.
Viscoelastic material behavior in the soil or the liner
can be very easily taken into account in the present
frequency domain formulation either in an exact
manner through the correspondence principle or in an
approximate manner by simply replacing the Lam6
elastic constants A and # by their complex counterparts
A*= A(1 + i ~ ) and #* = # ( 1 +i/3), where fl is the
hysteretic damping coefficient:
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
Consider an infinitely long circular cylindrical tunnel of a
concrete liner o f inner and outer radii ri and r0, respec-
tively and thickness h buried in a half-space of hard soil
medium subjected to nonvertically incident (0~ = 30 °) P
and SV waves impinging in the direction of the tunnel
(Oh = 0°). The concrete material has a mass density
Pl = 2-24 x 103 Kg/m 3, a modulus of elasticity
El = 1.6 x 101° N/m 2 and a Poisson's ratio vl = 0.2,
while the hard soil medium has correspondingly
1.0
pg = 2.664 x 103 Kg/m s, Eg = 7.567 × 10 9 N/m e and
Ug = 0.333. The liner thickness h = 0"lri. The dimen-
sionless frequency ~ = w r o h r c ~ =0.105. Using these
data and employing the proposed method, the normal-
ized displacement amplitudes U r ( r o ) = lu,/AI for the
radial and U x ( r o ) = lux/AI for the axial direction on
r = r 0 and the normalized hoop stress amplitudes
~oo(C~) =- Icroo/Wpgc~A] on the centerline r = a = 1 - 0 5 r i
of the liner have been computed. In the above, A denotes
the amplitude o f the free field displacement) s
Figures 3-5 depict Ur, Ux, and ~ , respectively, vs the
polar angle 0 for the case of P waves, while Figs 6-8 the
same things for the case of SV waves. The proposed
method was used in conjunction with a discretization
involving 36 quadratic boundary elements for the free
soil surface and 20 such dements for each of the two
surfaces of the liner. The above figures also show results
of a full three-dimensional boundary element analysis
conducted by Stamos & Beskos 7 as well as results due to
Liu et al. 11 and Luco & de Barros) s It is apparent that
the present results are in close agreement with those of
Stamos & Beskos 7 and Luco & de Barros, 13 while dis-
agree with those o f L i u et a l ) 1 Thus, the close agreement
of the present results with those of Refs 7 and 13 and the
fact that the results of Ref. 13 have also been verified by
another method due to Luco & de Barros, is dearly
demonstrate the accuracy o f the proposed method.
1.6

0,8

0.6
-

/:/"
.~o;:~'~

\'-._ :
~0s
.02
0.41
:I \ %.I _...,..,,.,.\,,?.,-
.
0.2

0 I
50
I
100
I
150
I
200
I
250
I
300
I]
350
i!/
or0 ,
50
,
tO0
, \#200
150
,
250
"\-:
,
300 350
0o 0o

Fig. 4. Normalized axial displacement amplitude Ux vs polar Fig. 6. Normalized radial displacement amplitude Ur vs polar
angle for P waves: - - * - - present method; - [ ] - Stamos & angle for SV waves: - - , - - present method; -I-1- Stamos &
Beskos;7 + Liu et a111 - . - Luco & de Barros. 13 Beskos;7 + Liu et a111 - . - Luco & de Barros) s
 3-D seismic response analysis 117

3.5~ REFERENCES
3.o]
1. Manolis, G. D. Dynamic behavior of underground
2.5 structures. Shock Vibrat. Digest, 1983, 15 (11), 7-18.
2.01
2. Von Estorff, O., Stamos, A. A., Beskos, D. E. & Antes, H.
J Dynamic interaction effects in underground traffic systems.
1.5 Eng. Analy. Boundary Elements, 1991, 8, 167-75.
3. Stamos, A. A. & Beskos, D. E. Dynamic soil-structure
1.0
interaction in 3-D underground structures. In Boundary
0.5 Elements XIV, Vol. 2, (eds. C. A. Brebbia, J. Dominquez &
F. Paris), Computational Mechanics Publications, South-
I I I I I I I
0
50 100 I.~3 200 250 300 350
ampton, 1992, pp. 169-78.
0
0o 4. Owen, G. N. & Scholl, R. E. Earthquake engineering of
large underground structures. Report No FHWA/RD-80/
195 prepared by URS/J. A. Blume & Associates, Engineers,
Fig. 7. Normalized axial displacement amplitude Ux vs polar
for the Federal Highway Administration, Washington,
angle for SV waves: - - * - - present method; -[2- Stamos &
Beskos; 7 + Liu et a111 - ' - Luco & de Barros) 3 D.C., 1981.
5. Manolis, G. D. & Beskos, D. E. Boundary Element Methods
CONCLUSIONS in Elastodynamics, Unwin Hyman (now Chapman & Hall),
London, 1988.
6. Beskos, D. E. Wave propagation through ground. In
A special BEM in the frequency domain has been devel- Boundary Element Techniques in Geomechanics (eds. G.
oped for the seismic analysis of infinitely long lined D. Manolis & T. G. Davies), Computational Mechanics
tunnels of uniform cross-section buried into a uniform Publications, Southampton, 1993, 259-406.
half-space and subjected to plane harmonic waves of an 7. Stamos, A. A. & Beskos, D. E. Dynamic analysis of large
3-D underground structures by the BEM. Earthq. Engng.
arbitrary direction of propagation. This three-dimen- Struct. Dynam., 1995, 24, 917-34.
sional problem is effectively treated by this special 8. Hwang, R. N. & Lysmer, J. Response of buried structures
method as a two-dimensional one with obvious to travelling waves. J. Geotech. Engng. Div. ASCE, 1981,
computational gains. 107, 183-200.
The use of quadratic boundary elements and advanced 9. Khair, K. R., Datta, S. K. & Shah, A. H. Amplification of
obliquely incident seismic waves by cylindrical alluvial
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS oblique incidence of body waves. Soil Dynam. Earthq.
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The authors are grateful to the Greek General Secretar- 12. Luco, J. E., Wong, L. H. & De Barros, F. C. P. Three-
dimensional response of a cylindrical canyon in a layered
iat for Research and Technology for supporting this half-space Earthq. Engng. Struct. Dynam.,1990, 19, 799-817.
work under grant 7821/13.5.88. They are also thankful 13. Luco, J. E. and de Barros, F. C. P. On the three-dimen-
to Professor A. K. Chopra for furnishing to them Ref. sional seismic response of a class of cylindrical inclusions
14. embedded in layered media. In Soil Dynamics and Earth-
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canyon of uniform cross-section in a homogeneous half-
0o space Earthq Engng. Struct. Dynam., 1991, 20, 1011-27.
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Fig. 8. Normalized hoop stress amplitude E~ vs polar angle Cauchy principal value integrals in advanced boundary
for SV waves: - - , - - present method; - D - Stamos & Beskos; 7 elements, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 1987, 24, 1711-20.
+ Liu et al11 .... Lueo & de Barros. 13
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