Research problem: The effect of vinegar and chili in the number of

pest specially worms.

General problem: The effect of the pest(worms) to affected plant.

Specific problem:

1. The amount of plant harvested.

2. The damage of the worms in the plant.
3. The growth of plant this includes the height.

Research background:

“Metabolic syndrome, a coexisting of high blood glucose, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension,
is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease occurrence and mortality. Recently, there is
a rising demand for herbal drugs which have less adverse effects and have shown more beneficial
effects in comparison with synthetic options. Red pepper, with the scientific name of Capsicum
annuum, belongs to the Solanaceae family. The lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and
anti-obesity effects of C. annuum have been demonstrated in several studies”, based on the Iran J
Basic Med Sci.

According to these studies, red pepper as well as capsaicin has ability to control of metabolic
syndrome and its related disorders such as obesity, disrupted lipid profile, diabetes and its
complications.
“Chili has culinary as well as medical importance. Studies in humans, using a wide range of doses
of chili intake (varying from a single meal to a continuous uptake for up to 12 weeks), concluded
that it facilitates weight loss. In regard to this, the main targets of chili are fat metabolism, energy
expenditure, and thermogenesis. To induce weight loss, the active substance of chili, capsaicin,
activates Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel sub-family V member 1 (TRPV1) channels)
receptors causing an increase in intracellular calcium levels and triggering the sympathetic nervous
system. Apart from TRPV1, chili directly reduces energy expenditure by activating Brown
Adipose Tissue. Weight loss by chili is also the result of an improved control of insulin, which
supports weight management and has positive effects for treatment for diseases like obesity,
diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. This review summarizes the major pathways by which chili
contributes to ameliorating parameters that help weight management and how the consumption of
chili can help in accelerating weight loss through dietary modifications”, according to International
Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

Agricultural change encompasses both social and ecological alterations, some negative, some
positive. Studies of land change and land degradation treat plant pest and diseases triggered by
agricultural change in an inconsistent fashion. A study of the southern Yucatán region of Mexico
reveals that the shift to commercial chili cultivation yields both positive and negative
consequences, akin to the concepts of creative destruction and destructive creation. The negative
consequences are dramatically amplified by persistent plant pest and diseases apparently triggered
by the means of cultivation and by the inclusion of the region into a national marketing structure.
Thus, while providing economic benefits to some of the farmers of the region the short‐ and long‐
term impacts of chili cultivation on farmer households is mixed. Studies of agricultural land‐use
change and household economics will benefit by incorporating plant pests and diseases as one of
the suite of factors involved in land degradation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

“Vinegar is acid based. Vinegar comes from a biological process where grains, fruits, and
vegetables are broken down and turns carbohydrates into acetic acid. Vinegar is not harmful to the
environment because it is biodegradable. Vinegar wipes out bacteria, germs, and molds. Vinegar
can break up water mineral deposits because vinegar is an acid. It can clean drains, showers, and
sinks”, Aaron Leong Mr. Dahlhausen.
“A variety of natural vinegar products are found in civilizations around the world. A review of
research on these fermented products indicates numerous reports of health benefits derived by
consumption of vinegar components. Therapeutic effects of vinegar arising from consuming the
inherent bioactive components including acetic acid, gallic acid, catechin, ephicatechin,
chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid, and ferulic acid cause antioxidative, antidiabetic,
antimicrobial, antitumor, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and cholesterol‐lowering responses. The
aims of this article are to discuss vinegar history, production, varieties, acetic acid bacteria, and
functional properties of vinegars”, from the Journal of Food Science.

Related literature and studies:

This study analyses the economic aspects of chilli in Central Java where chilli is massively and
intensively cultivated. Data for this study is compiled during 2009-2011 in three chilli producing
districts: Brebes, Magelang and Rembang. Analyses is con- ducted using qualitative and
quantitative approaches. The results indicate that many important findings related to economic
aspects of chilli. There are various ranges of economic aspects across regions. The main findings
is that chilli provided positive net returns, has relatively high economic risk and intensive use of
chemicals. The policies related to improvement of chilli cultivation need to be formulated based
on local specific constraints.

The great reproductive potential and keen ability for invasion combined with easy adaptation to
newly invaded areas are a few of the qualities which make Scirtothrips species major concerns for
agriculture in many countries. From the beginning, S. dorsalis has been reported as an
opportunistic generalist species that is able to feed on a variety of host plants, depending upon
availability in the region of incidence. The first reference to S. dorsalis was in early 1900’s when
it was reported damaging the tea crop in the Tocklai area of Assam state in India. In later years S.
dorsalis was responsible for damaging the tea crops in all of the major tea growing regions of
eastern India including Cachar, the Assam Valley, Terai and the Dooars. In 1916, this pest was
reported infesting castor in the Coimbatore district of the southern part of India and later was found
infesting other hosts in the region including chilli, groundnuts, mango, beans, cotton, brinjal
(eggplant) and Casia fistula. Young leaves, buds, and tender stems of the host plants were severely
damaged. Thrips repeated puncturing of tender leaf tissues with their stylet produces ‘sandy paper
lines’ on the epidermis of the leaves and eventual crinkling of leaves. In India, the characteristic
leaf curl damage caused by this pest is known as “Murda” (Hindi meaning- dead body) disease,
because infestations resulted in the death of plants. Many different scientific names have been
assigned to S. dorsalis since it was first described in 1919, mainly because of the lack of sufficient
scientific literature regarding morphological differences and variations in host range from the
different geographical regions. During the last 100 years, the host range and the bio-geographical
range of S. dorsalis have broadened. The thrips is established in all of the habitable continents
except Europe, where repeated introductions have been intercepted and eliminated. Studying the
history of S. dorsalis aids in the understanding of behavioral and morphological diversity exhibited
by this species as a result of biological and ecological variations that have occurred during its long
migration to different parts of the world.

Capsicum species are not only cultivated as vegetable and condiment crops but are also
incorporated into a number of medicinal preparations in the ancient literature around the world.
‘Naga chilli’ or ‘Bhoot Jolokia’ (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is a chilli variety indigenous to the
northeast region of India and has been recognized as the hottest chilli in the world. It has also been
used conventionally in treating various human ailments since time immemorial by the indigenous
people of the northeast India. Despite being an important crop of the northeast India, the
information on the biology and cultivation of Naga chilli is very scanty and scattered. The present
article reviews the scientific literature on above aspects with particular emphasis on identifying
the key regional issues which need to be addressed urgently by the policy makers in order to
harness its potential as an important source of capsaicinoids. Further, an attempt has been made to
collate the potential of capsaicinoids in various ethnopharmacological applications such as pain
therapy, body temperature regulation, anti-obesity treatments, anticancer therapy and as
antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. We anticipate that this literature analysis of traditional
medicinal uses and experimental trials of Capsicum using modern scientific approaches shall
provide a basis for suggesting important areas where sincere research efforts are warranted to
bridge the gap between traditional medicinal knowledge and modern biomedical knowledge.
Biotechnology techniques involving plant tissue culture and recombinant DNA technologies are
powerful tools that can complement conventional breeding and expedite Capsicum improvement.
The rate of progress in Capsicum is relatively slower than other members of Solanaceae because
of its high genotypic dependence and recalcitrant nature. Capsicum is a recalcitrant plant in terms
of in vitro cell, tissue and organ differentiation, plant regeneration and genetic transformation
which makes it difficult to apply recombinant DNA technologies aimed at genetic improvement
against pests, diseases and abiotic stress. Despite this, application of tissue culture and genetic
transformation have led to significant development in chilli pepper plants, and studies are
underway to achieve the targets of pre-harvest improvement and post-harvest characterization for
value addition to this crop. This review presents a consolidated account of in vitro propagation and
focuses upon contemporary information on biotechnological advances made in Capsicum.

Different strategies have to be involved for keeping the pest in check and stabilizing the
productivity of the cropping system. Date of planting is one of the crop habitat diversifications that
are to be looked into, to minimize the incidence of insect pests on chilli crop so that its yield can
be enhanced. The present study was conducted to observe the activity of insect pests of chilli crop
using variety P-777 at Kunri, Mirpur Khas Sindh during 2014 which was based on a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with four sowing dates, i.e. January 15th (SD1), January 30th
(SD2), February 15th (SD3) and February 28th (SD4) and replicated thrice. The observation of
insect pests was recorded at weekly intervals from first week of transplanting up to maturity. The
results showed that the maximum mean aphids, thrips, jassids whitefly and fruit borer population
of 0.527, 3.68, 0.46, 5.49 and 0.427 leaf-1 were found in SD4 and minimum of 0.36, 1.83, 0.01,
3.41 and 0.27 leaf-1 were present in SD1. However, the maximum bud mites population (0.381
leaf-1) was observed in SD1 followed by 0.26 mites leaf-1 in SD2 and minimum was found in
SD3 and SD4 respectively. As regards to green pod yield, the finding of this study showed that
maximum pod yield of 2.71 t ha-1 was produced in SD1 followed by 2.50 t ha-1 in SD2 and
minimum yield of 1.72 leaf-1 was achieved in SD4. It is inferred that early sowing (January 15th
or January 30th) resulted in lower incidence of aphids, thrips, whitefly and fruit borer except mites.
Such low level of insect pest caused less crop injury which resulted in enhancing the green pod
yield of chilli. So, it is suggested that for early sowing at Kunri region of Mirpur Khas the
appropriate planting time can be January 15th and January 30th.
Vinegar folklore is as colorful as it is practical. Legend states that a courtier in Babylonia (c. 5000
BC) “discovered” wine, formed from unattended grape juice, leading to the eventual discovery of
vinegar and its use as a food preservative. Hippocrates (c. 420 BC) used vinegar medicinally to
manage wounds. Hannibal of Carthage (c. 200 BC), the great military leader and strategist, used
vinegar to dissolve boulders that blocked his army's path. Cleopatra (c. 50 BC) dissolved precious
pearls in vinegar and offered her love potion to Anthony. Sung Tse, the 10th century creator of
forensic medicine, advocated hand washing with sulfur and vinegar to avoid infection during
autopsies. Based on the writings of US medical practitioners dating to the late 18th century, many
ailments, from dropsy to poison ivy, croup, and stomachache, were treated with vinegar and, before
the production and marketing of hypoglycemic agents, vinegar “teas” were commonly consumed
by diabetics to help manage their chronic aliment. This review examines the scientific evidence
for medicinal uses of vinegar, focusing particularly on the recent investigations supporting
vinegar's role as an antiglycemic agent. Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials were identified
by a MEDLINE title/abstract search with the following search terms: vinegar, glucose; vinegar,
cancer; or vinegar, infection. All relevant randomized or case-control trials were included in this
review.

Vinegar is promoted as a natural appetite suppressant, based on previous reports that vinegar
ingestion significantly increases subsequent satiety. However there are concerns about the
appropriateness and safety of this advice, and it is unclear if poor product palatability may
explain previously published effects on appetite.

Vinegar is the all-natural liquid which is the one that kills the insects when made contact. And if
you put the ginger and vinegar together and put them in a spray bottle you will create the organic
insecticide. And when tested it is effective on many insects. Just spray on an insect and you will
see the results.

While the use of vinegar to fight against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to
Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on
biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in
the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods
with a high content of carbohydrates area good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different
studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a
healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of
Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one
of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current reviewpaper is to provide a
detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment
of different diseasesboth in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role
of different bacteria.

Vinegar is a combination of acetic acid and water made by a two-step fermentation process. First,
yeast feed on the sugar or starch of any liquid from a plant food such as fruits, whole grains,
potatoes, or rice. This liquid ferments into alcohol. The alcohol is then exposed to oxygen and the
acetic acid bacteria Acetobacter to ferment again over weeks or months, forming vinegar. The U.S.
Food and Drug Administration requires vinegar to contain at least 4% acetic acid, but may range
up to 8% in commonly used vinegars. Although acetic acid is responsible for the tart and pungent
flavors and odors we recognize, vinegar also contains trace vitamins, mineral salts, amino acids,
and polyphenolic compounds [1]. Flavors range from sour to savory to sweet. Some vinegars, such
as balsamic, can be left to ferment up to 25 years.
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 ILAWOD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ILAWOD CAMALIG ALBAY

PROJECT
IN
RESEARCH II
SUBMITTEB BY:
Princess Dianne
Hazel
Prinsess Jane