BIO 127 LEC
Prof. J. Mancera
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Mandrake (mandragora officinarum)
 Specie name: genus name + specific
 Italicize Specie name
 (If not typed) When you write them, dont
italicize; underline them
 Mediterranean Folklore: Mandrake is a
source of psychoactive compounds
o May Hallucination daw when
consumed
o Its roots also resemble that of limbs
o Harvest Superstition: if you uproot
the whole plant, you will die; so, tie
the plant to an animal instead
o You can trace what the plant is with
the experience of ancient people
through legends
 Mandrake roots:
o Herb
o Thick roots
o No stem
o Only have THICKED BRANCHES
o Leaves from the center
o Flowers in the center
 Salameceae
 Nightshade Family
 Produces Alkaloids
 Compounds were only discovered due to
phytochemical techniques
 “Deliriant and narcotic”
 This shows important of local knowledge;
if not for superstitions, such properties will
not be discovered
ETHNOBOTANY
 Interrelationship of plants and people (and
culture)
 More multidisciplinary than other natural
sciences
We study this to explore the use of Plants:
 Food (agriculture)
 Natural Dyes
o We want to study how to apply
natural colors and pigments
 Essential oils
o On how to extract plant oils
 Wax and Resins
 Logs: Construction and Buildings
materials
 Therapies
o Aromatherapy
 Medicine
o Used to cure ailment or any other
human illness
o How people were able to derive
use of that particular plant, just
because of their experience
o That’s how we discover drugs
o From traditional folks via traditional
experience
o We need to interact with those who
have personal experience with
those plants
HISTORY
 60,000BC
o A Neanderthal remains have plants
with him
o Plants were already used for curing
illnesses or for burial rites
 2,700 BC – China
o Use of plants in Medicine
 They view it the same way
on how they view balance in
the body;
 Relates them with elements
(Fire, Water etc)
 1600 BC - Ancient Egyptians
o Priests are also Physicians /
Doctors
o Many of them have left documents
o Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC)
 Oldest documentation of
how plants are used for
medicine
 400 BC - Hippocrates
o “Our food should be our medicine,
and our medicine should be our
food”
 whatever you eat has effect
in your health
 300 BC - Theophrastus
o Student of Aristotle; Father of
Botany
o Plants can be medicinal in nature
o Even early botanists were able to
explore the effects of plants from
the experiences of people
 60 AD – Pedanius Dioscorides – Materia
Medica
PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL BOTANY (1700)
 One of the largest compedia
of medicinal plants
 What organs targeted
(by the plant);
 how plant is prepared
 Largest compilation of
plants and their
functions
 MIDDLE AGES – Monks
o Monastic Gardens
o Diseases of the Spirit
 Hildegard of Bingen (1155 AD)
o Prominent woman in Germany
o Mothers – first hand botanical
experience
 India (1200 AD)
o Ayurvedic Medicine
o Predicaments in Food
 Paracelsus (1500 AD)
o Pharmacist, Chemist
o Doctrine of Signature
 Plants that has similar shape or
figure with an organ can heal
that organ
 Dr. William Withering (1780 AD)
o Edema in child patients
o Foxglove soup – increases heart rate,
digoxin and digitoxin
 Friedrich Serturner
o Opium Poppy (Fruit)
 Morphine – found in the
superior ovary
o Aconitum (Buttercup Family)
 Multiple Stamen and ovaries
(Primitive characteristics)
o Night Shade (Atropa Belladona)
 Fused corolla
 Black berry
 Atropine
o Cinchona Officinalis (Rubiaceae)
 Rotate corolla (fused)
 Quinine (anti-Malaria)
o Salix (Salicaceae) – 1850
 Salicin
 Salicylic Acid (Biogesic)
 Rev. George Joseph Kamel
o Commissioned by the King of Spain
o Work: Herbarium aliarumque stirpium
 Malaspina Commission (1800)
o Sent Spanish botanists
o Publication of Bettlenut
 Mastication (Relaxing) “nga nga”
 Francisco Manuel Blanco (1850)
o Flora de Filipinas (3 vol.)
o Plants found in the Philippines, with
Illustrations
  Sebastian Vidal y Soler (1890)
o Recognized the importance of a good
library and Herbarium
o Had an herbarium (housed in the
Bureau of Forestry)
o Headed the First Bureau of Forestry
 August Loher (1910)
o German
o Herbarium Philipense
 Elmer Merrill (1920)
o English Botanist
o Bureau of Botanical Science
Laboratory
o Established the Herbarium in Manila
(in present day PGH)
o Taught in UP
o Herbarium was destroyed by WWII
 Replicates by taxonomists
were sent back to reestablish
what was destroyed
 Eduardo Quisumbing (1950)
o National Scientist
o “Medicinal Plants of the Philippines”
 First formal publication by a
Filipino on Plants
o First director of Philippine National
Herbarium and the Philippine National
Museum
 Leonard Co (1980)
o UP Diliman Student
o Discovered the Rafflessia (Rafflessia
leonardi) (2008)
o “Common Medicinal Plants of the
Cordillera Region”
o Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines
ETHNOBOTANICAL ETHICS
ETHICS OF RESEARCHERS, SCIENTISTS
GOOD RESEARCH PRACTICES - RESEARCHERS
CODE OF CONDUCT
1. Honest in reporting data and citing references
2. Open to discussion with and review by peers
3. Critical of own results
4. Responsible in storing data
5. Grateful to contributions by collaborators and
participants
6. Protective of all those involved in the research
7. Fair in disclosing conflicts of interest
Alan Trounson – Stem Cell
 “Reputation in science is everything; once
gone it is extremely hard to get back”
PROTECTION OF PARTICIPANTS
 Researcher has duty of care to all those
involved in research
o Duty of care
o safety from harm
o Full awareness of risks and dangers in
advance
o Confidentiality of identities; unless
given consent
o Appropriate informed consent
 By Peter Loewen – viewpoint of
protecting the rights and
interests of participants
BRIEF HISTORY
 Nazi Experiments and Nuremberg Trials
 Tuskegee Syphilis Study
o Alabama
o Lack of informed consent
o Continued even after the discovery of
Penicillin
 Willowbrook Study
o biggest State funded school
o Hepatatis A and B
o catered to mentally challenged people
 Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
o Injected Cancer to healthy people
 San Antonio Contraceptive Study
o 2 groups of women
o 1 Group: given contraceptives; the
other given but merely were placebo
o In the middle of research, switched
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
1. Do no harm
 2. Dignity is priority o No intrusion of local values and
3. Full prior informed consent lifestyle
4. Privacy (as individuals) o Bioprospecting should not result in
5. Confidentiality biopiracy
6. Anonymity o First and foremost, IT MUST SERVE
7. No deception or exaggeration THE PEOPLE
8. No misleading information
9. Declare conflicts of interest
10. Honest and transparent communication
 Respect for persons and their autonomy
o Right to refuse
PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE o Privacy and confidentiality
PARTICIPANTS o Legal capacity to give consent
o Free power of choice
o Fiduciary relationship (relationship built
 Who? Those who:
on trust)
o Insufficient power, intelligence,
 Beneficence and Non-maleficence
resources, strength or other needed
o Right to information
attributes to protect their own interests
o Primum no nocere
o May be unduly influenced by the
 First, do no harm
expectation of benefits associated with
o Disclosure of Findings
participation
o Privacy and Confidentiality
 Fetuses
 Human IVF
 Pregnant women, Children and
dependents Information >>> Understanding >>> Consent
 Prisoners
SAMPLE INFORMED CONSENT
 Uncomprehending
 Mentally challenged and Ill
 People in emergency  Social Value
 The poor  Justification
 Privacy and confidentiality
 Recruitment and informed consent process
 Methodologic issues
 Risk-benefit assessment
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 Compensation
o Justify Inclusion of Vulnerable
Individuals
o Minimize potential harm
o Balance harms with commensurable
benefits
o Provide extra protection
o Obtain valid informed consent
o Seek assent (expression of approval)
o Ensure independent review and
oversight

 THREE PRINCIPLES OF
ETHNOBOTANICAL ETHICS
PLANT NOMENCLATURE
RULES VS REGULATION
1. Describe the plant
2. Identify the plant using taxonomic key  Rules = Required
3. Naming via Nomenclature  Recommendations = not required
4. Classify

SCIENTIFIC NAME
PLANT NOMENCLATURE
 names assigned by rule of ICBN
 Nomenclature: Assigning a name, utilizing a  In Latin
formal system  Species name: Genus + Specific Epithet
o ICBN: International Code of Botanical  Binomial "two names”
Nomenclature
 International Code of Nomenclature for Carolus Linnaeus
Algae, Fungi and Plants  First to use binomials
1. Naming new Taxa o e. g. Qerus dumosa
2. Determining correct name for  Father of Taxonomy
previously named taxa (altered in
some way) RANK
 Legitimate and Illegitimate names:  hierarchical classifications
o Legit: in accordance with the rules of  higher rank is inclusive of all lower ranks
the ICBN
o Illegit: Violates 1 or more rules of ICBN POSITION
 International Botanical Congress
o last: Melbourne, AU - July 2011  Placement as a member of a taxon of the next
higher rank
 e.g. Aster & Rosa – same rank (genus)
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT NOMENCLATURE o different positions (Asteraceae and
Rosaceae)
1. Independent of Zoological and Bacteriological
Nomenclature
2. Application of Botanical Names is determined AUTHORSHIP PUBLICATION
by means of nomenclature types (collection)  name of the person who first validly published
or type specimen used to describe a the name
specimen as references  some authors are often abbreviated
o Type: new; Basis for comparison for Criteria
plants of the same species
3. Botanical Nomenclature is based upon priority 1. Names must be effectively published
of publication o Can now be online
o First author to publish, description and 2. Must be translated into Latin
name it, gets the priority o 2012: Either Latin or English
4. Each taxon of a particular circumscription, 3. Names must be published with Latin
position and rank have only one correct name, description or diagnosis
the earliest in accordance with the rules
[Fundamental Principle]
o Taxon: group of organisms
5. Scientific Names are treated as Latin
6. Retroactive
o Retroactive: changes are also applied
to past documents
SYNONYM

 a rejected name
 can be by a particular author/s
 first published but did not follow rules or
taxonomic judgement
 indicated by brackets
 e.g. Malosma laurina Abrams [Rhus laurina
NVH]

LANGUAGE

 Latin
 Gender

SOME GUIDELINES IN LATIN NAMING

GENDER

 Masculine = -us
 Feminine = -a
 Neuter = -um

Many classical trees are feminine

 For honoring a person

o Vowel + a
o Consonant + ia
o -a + ea
o -er + a
 Based on a place
o Arabis – Arabia
o Sibiraea – Siberia
 Morphological Character
o Xanthoxylon (Yellow Wood)
 Aborigina lNames
o Narcissus – Greek

Latinzing Species names

 Person
o Vowel + i
o -a + e
o Consonant + ii
o -r/y + I
 Female -ie or -iea
 Morphological Character
 “alba” – white
 Phase
 -ensis