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Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Micro-Strip Antenna: A Project Report
Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Micro-Strip Antenna: A Project Report
A PROJECT REPORT
Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
By
SAURAV CHANDAK(15BEC1088)
A. SUBRAMANIAN(15BEC1209)
Dr. Chandrasekaran N.
(APRIL 2019)
1
CERTIFICATE
work done under my guidance. The contents of this Project work, in full or in
parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor have been submitted to
any other Institute or University for award of any degree or diploma and the same
is certified.
Dr.Chandrasekaran N.
(Guide)
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express my thanks and gratitude to all those who have accompanied and
helped us during this project work.
First of all, we would like to profess our sincerest gratitude to our Honorable Chancellor, Dr. G.
Viswanathan, for providing us with this opportunity to complete this course in this prestigious
Institution.
Additionally, we would like to thank Dr. Kanchana Bhaskaran V.S - Dean Academics; Dr. A.
Sivasubramanian - Dean, School of Electronics Engineering; Dr. Vetrivelan, Program Chair and
Prof. Reena Monica – Co-Chair for their support and Dr. Usha Kiran K. for providing us with the
required facilities of anechoic chamber for testing to complete this project.
We would also like to express my special gratitude and thanks to Mrs. Priyanka Usha (Research
Associate) and Mr. Anand S. (Lab assistants) for helping us at the fabrication and testing of the
project. We also thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff for their invaluable co-operation and
support during the course of our project.
Last but not the least we would like to place a deep sense of gratitude to our parents and friends who
have been constant source of inspiration and motivation.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 OBJECTIVE 12
1.2 BACKGROUND 12
12
1.2.1 TYPES OF RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA
1.2.2 MICRO-STRIP PATCH ANTENNA 12
1.2.3 FEED MATCHING TECHNIQUE
14
1.2.4 ANTENNA USING SWITCHES 15
16
1.2.5 SPLIT RING RESONATOR
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 18
2.1 STANDARDS 18
2.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 21
2.3 FLOWCHART 23
2.4 DESIGN APPROACH 24
2.5 CONSTRAINTS, ALTERNATIVES & TRADEOFFS 27
3 PROJECT DEMONSTRATION 28
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36
5 COST ANALYSIS 39
6 CONCLUSION 40
7 REFERENCES 41
5
LIST OF TABLES
6
LIST OF FIGURES
7
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BW : Bandwidth
VNA : Vector Network Analyzer
ISM : Industrial, Scientific, Medical
IEC : International Electro-technical Commission
EMC : Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
UNII : Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
CP : Circular Polarization
LP : Linear Polarization
AR : Axial Ratio
NRW : Nicolson Ross Weir
HFSS : High-Frequency Structure Simulator
IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
8
LIST OF SYMBOLS
9
ABSTRACT
With the advancement in communication technology and ever increasing customer needs,
wireless communication systems demand devices, which would have multiple characteristic like
frequency, pattern or polarization reconfiguration. So in order to fulfill the demands, the concept
of reconfiguration was introduced. The antenna which has the capability of reconfiguring
its important characteristic like frequency, polarization, bandwidth and pattern to fulfill the need
of environment is called as reconfigurable antenna. Reconfigurable antennas have the capability
to add ample degrees of freedom and functionality to mobile communication applications
and phased array systems.
Reconfigurable antennas are multi-functionality antennas which has the potential to
change the operating frequency, radiation pattern or polarization without changing the
whole antenna structure. To achieve reconfigurability properties of operating frequency, the
effective length of the antenna has to be changed dynamically using different kind of RF
switches, such as PIN diodes, FETs, varactor diodes, and RF-MEMS switches.
10
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
With the colossal growth and advancement in the wireless communication
technology
increases the demand of highly dynamic and efficient compact devices. It is a challenge to be
compatible with a wide range of small-scale applications while giving good results and
maintaining good performance. In the RF and microwave research arena, micro-strip patch
antennas are a smart solution for compact and cost effective wireless communication systems as
it employs light weight, low volume, low profile, low fabrication cost, robustness, ease of
mounting on the host surface and integration with printed circuits led their use in a wide range of
applications. wireless communication systems demand devices, which would have multiple
characteristic like frequency, pattern or polarization reconfiguration. So in order to fulfill
the demands, the concept of reconfiguration was introduced. The antenna which has the
capability of reconfiguring its important characteristic like frequency, polarization, bandwidth
and pattern to fulfill the need of environment is called as reconfigurable antenna. Reconfigurable
antennas have the capability to add ample degrees of freedom and functionality to mobile
communication applications and phased array systems.
Reconfigurable antennas are multi-functionality antennas which has the ability to change
the operating frequency, radiation pattern or polarization without changing the shape and size of
the whole antenna structure. To achieve reconfigurability properties of operating frequency,
the effective length of the antenna has to be changed dynamically using different kind of
RF switches, such as PIN diodes, FETs, varactor diodes, and RF-MEMS switches.
11
1.2 BACKGROUND
12
substrate. The height of the substrate should be (0.003 λ0 ≤ h ≥ 0.05 λ0), whereas, the dielectric
constant (generally, 2.2 ≤ εr ≥ 12).
Besides being mechanically strong because of the thicker substrate, it will also increase the
radiating power, reduce loss in the conductor and improve impedance bandwidth.
The task of the feed is to couple the electromagnetic wave propagating on a transmission line
to the radiating element as efficiently as possible. The input impedance of the
antenna is greatly affected and controlled by the location of the feed point. Varying
the feed point location may result in a small shift in resonant frequency, but radiation
pattern remains unchanged. Micro-strip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods.
These methods can be classified into two categories i.e- contacting and non-contacting.
13
Figure 1.2: Common feeding Methods in Antenna
In the contacting method, the RF power is directly fed to the radiating patch using a
connecting element such as micro-strip line, whereas in the non-contacting method,
the power transfer is done by electromagnetic field coupling between the micro-strip
line and radiating patch. The four most popular feed techniques are line feed, coaxial
probe feed, Aperture coupling, Proximity coupling.
14
transformer is the other way around; it is a pre-determined length and the termination is
designed to produce the required impedance.
The relationship between the characteristic impedance, Z0, input impedance, Zin and load
impedance, ZL is
15
Figure 1.4: A diagram of
FET
PIN diode is another commonly used microwave switch. It has strongly doped p-type and n-
type areas, which are disconnected by a wide, weakly-doped intrinsic area. Forward
biasing a PIN diode generates a very low resistance on high frequencies, but reverse biasing
of the diode causes an open circuit. The PIN diode is current managed.
16
A single cell SRR consists of a pair of enclosed loops with splits in them at opposite
ends. The loops of the SRR are made of non-magnetic metal like copper and
have a small gap between them. The loops of SRR can either be concentric, or square,
and gapped as required.The magnetic flux that penetrates the metal rings will induce
rotating currents in the rings, which produce self-induced flux to enhance or oppose the
incident field (depending on the SRRs resonant properties). The pattern of this field is
bipolar.
There are many SRR and periodic structures like rod-split rings, nested split rings,
single- split rings, deformed split rings, spiral split rings and extended S-structures.
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CHAPTER – 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 STANDARDS:
B. IEEE 802.11a
The IEEE 802.11a standard is capable of giving a high level of performance. Offering a
high data rate, it operates at a 5 GHz ISM band. Some standard values of parameters under
this section are stated in Table 2.2.
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PARAMETER VALUE
Date of standard approval July 1999
Maximum data rate (Mbps) 54
Typical data rate (Mbps) 25
Typical Range(indoors) ~30 m
Modulation OFDM
Number of spatial streams 1
Channel Width(MHz) 20
C. IEEE 802.11b
The IEEE 802.11b boasts an impressive performance. It is able to transfer data with raw data
rates up to 11 Mbps, and has a good range, although not when operating at its full data rate.
Some standard values of parameters under this section are stated in Table 2.3.
PARAMETER VALUE
Date of standard approval July 1999
Maximum data rate (Mbps) 11
Typical data rate (Mbps) 5
Typical range indoors (Meters) ~30
Modulation CCK(DSSS)
RF Band(Ghz) 2.4
Channel width(Mhz) 20
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and educational use including equipment and computing devices for – measurement and test;
– control; – laboratory use; – accessories intended for use with the above (such as sample
handling equipment), intended to be used in industrial and non-industrial locations. This
second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2005and it also constitutes a
technical revision.
Feed Calculation
Formulas for microstrip line feed are:
…. (vi)
…. (vii)
…. (viii)
…. (ix)
For 50Ω feed line, the value of Width of feed (wf) is calculated to be 3.05 mm
D.CONSTRAINTS, ALTERNATIVES AND TRADEOFFS
CHAPTER – 3
PROJECT DEMONSTRATION
1. PROPOSED DESIGN
Proposed antenna with detailed design
I. Prototype Antenna design
The below figure shown is the first prototype which resonates at frequency 5Ghz
which is the frequency application of W-Max.
The three proposed antenna resonates at frequencies 5Ghz, 7.6Ghz and 8.4Ghz
which are application frequency of Radar communication, Satellite television
broadcasting and wireless lan .
Parameter
Line No. Length Width
(mm) (mm)
1 25.46 3.06
2 17.12 0.71
3 6.0 0.71
4 12.03 1.62
5 8.5 3.06
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. S – PARAMETER
The S – parameter represents the Scattering Matrix which describes the
input- output relationship between the ports in an electrical system. The simulated
and measured S11 of the antenna is shown in figure 4.1.
B. VSWR
The VSWR represents the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, which gives the
measure which numerically states the matching of antenna’s impedance to the
radio or transmission line to which it is connected to. The simulated and measured
S11 of the antenna is shown in figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2: VSWR Vs Frequency (Comparison Analysis)
C. RETURN LOSS
The power loss in the reflected signal when there is a discontinuity in a transmission line or
optical fiber. This discontinuity can be due to a mismatch with the terminating load or device
inserted in the line.
The return loss for the above stated prototypes is shown in the figures below respectively.
The above figure shows that the resonant frequency of each of the prototype is different which
resonates at frequency 5Ghz, 5.1Ghz and 2.4Ghz resp
CHAPTER – 5
COST ANALYSIS
Substrate Cost: Substrate chosen here is FR-4 which is a cheaper alternative to materials like
Teflon, RT- Duroid. Having an acceptable dielectric permittivity εr of 4.4 (test condition εr>1)
and desirable heat tolerance due to soldering of SMA connectors, this serves the purpose in a
very economic manner.
Testing Cost: Testing cost of the circuits on mutual coupling ground normally goes upto 2-3k
(INR) depending on the number of calibrations and outputs observed. Fortunately, since we have
Vector Network Analyzer in our Microwave facility, hence with the help of lab professionals, the
testing is carried without costing anything in the process.
Connectors Cost: T- type straight solder PCB mount connectors are being used here, although
they are available online at sites like Amazon at a price of 70 INR per pc. But fortunately they
can be bought at electronics shop at a lesser price of around 50 INR per piece.